END TERM EXMAINATION(2011) INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER & AUTOCAD

Q 1 Answer the following in brief : a)Distinguish between analog and digital computersAns: Analog 1)They use signal as inputs. 2)They measure physical quantities such as pressure,temperature of body. 3)Eg-thermometer,speedometer. Digital 1)They accept digits and alphabets as input. 2)they carry out operations on discrete data and operates on binary values(0/1) 3)Eg-computers used for business purposes

Q 1 b)Explain applications of softwares with examplesAns: Softwares have a wide range of applications in our lives:-a)Powerpoint is a software used to give presentation on different topics in offices,schools etc. -b)Excel is a software that is widely used in offices to keep record of data . -c)Autocad is also a software that is used for 2D and 3D designing and drafting. -d)Microsoft word is a software that relates with creation of word documents and is widely used. Q 1 c)what is a web browser ? Give examples? Ans:Web browser, a software application used to locate, retrieve and also display content on the World Wide Web, including Web pages, images, video and other files. As a client/server model, the browser is the client run on a computer that contacts the Web server and requests information. The Web server sends the information back to the Web browser which displays the results on the computer or other Internet-enabled device that supports a browser. For example internet explorer Q 1 d)state any three differences between DOS and UNIX operating system? Ans:

DOS DOS is Single-User DOS is Single Process DOS has its command interpreter Some versions of DOS allow password protection on file. DOS has batch files

UNIX UNIX is Multi-User UNIX supports multi-processing, multiple processes per user, and job control from the shell UNIX has the shell UNIX has username/password for logins, and user/group/world permissions on files and directories. UNIX has shell scripts.

Q 1 e)what is the significance of base of a number system? Ans: The total number of digits available in the number system is signified by its base.It is also called as radix.Base of a number system is also useful in conversion of numbers from one number system to another.Example-base for binary number system is 2-i.e. it uses 0 and 1 in its representations. Q 1 f)list out the differences and advantages of 1s compliment and 2s compliment? Ans: Differences:1's complement : change 0 to 1 and 1 to 0 example: 0101 =1010 1's complement 2'complement = 1's complement +1 example: 0101 =1010 1's complement 1010 1's complement +1 = 2'complement = 1011 Advantages:-2s complement takes slightly longer to form the negative of a number, whereas 1scomplement is quicker. - 2s complement has an asymmetrical range, so the largest negative number causes overflow if you try to make it positive, which does not happen with 1s complement. - In 1s complement, there are two different representations of zero, but in 2s complement, there is only one. In practice, this advantage of 2s complement outweighs all the so-called disadvantages. Q 1 g)Discuss rendering in autocad? Ans: The process of generating a shaded image of how geometry might look under a given set of lighting conditions, and based on a given set of materials, is called "rendering." Rendering, the last step in an animation process, gives the final appearance to the models and animation with visual effects such as

shading, texture-mapping, shadows, reflections and motion blurs.Rendenring is used to produce Photorealistic Images.3D geometrical information that fully mathematically describes each object in scene. Q 1 h)classify DOS commands.Give examples? Ans: DOS internal commands:- When the OS is loaded into the computer memory some of the DOS command already gets uploaded into the computer memory. for example: Din, Copy, Rename, Delete etc. DOS external commands:- Those commands that are not uploaded in the computer memory when DOS is installed but are loaded only when there commands being used. These commands are called external commands. For example: Format, Disk copy, Label etc Q 1 i)what is macro? Ans: A macro is a program that repeats pre-set steps over and over again. It is very helpful in ms word and excel. This macro repeats the complex steps which are inserted in macro in a fraction of the time. It is used in different program by different method.

Q 1 j)what is client server technology? Ans: It is a network of shared or distributed computing in which the tasks and computing power are split between the servers and clients. A network is the collection of one or more computers that can transfers data from one point to the other but it can neither generate nor process the information. For performing operations it depends on the application programs running on any station or machine in the network to generate information and may want to send it to some other machine that can receive it. In smaller networks one application initiates the transfer and other machine receives the data. But in larger networks when any one application is on a remote computer the communication becomes a little complex. In such case the client server technology is used to provide proper communication. In fact when one application starts it must wait for the second application to come in contact and the second one must know the location where the first one is waiting for it. The application that waits for the contact is called server and the second that initiates the contact is called client. A client must know the location of the server to contact it. So, it is clear from the process that client and the server both are application programs involved in a communication. We can say that the application that initiates the connection is called as client and the application which passively waits for the connection request is known as server.

UNIT-1 Q 2 (a)classify computer systems on the basis of size and capabilities? Ans : computer systems on the basis of size and capabilities:- Supercomputers - Mainframe Computers - Minicomputers - Microcomputers, or Personal Computers Q 2 b)list out the advantages and limitations of computer systems? Ans: Advantages:-Computer systems respond more quickly than humans. A computer system can take readings from sensors and turn devices on and off many thousands of times a second. -Once the initial purchase cost has been paid, control systems are usually reasonably cheap to run. Most computer control systems have lower operating costs than similar systems which are manned by humans. -Computer control systems are very reliable. Unlike a human a control system will not lose concentration. Computer systems can continue to operate reliably twenty four hours a day. Disadvantages:-The initial cost of designing a new system and purchasing hardware and software may be high. -There may be job losses as computers replace humans. -The control system will only operate correctly if the software program which runs the system has been designed well. Flaws in the design may produce unexpected problems during operation.

Q 2 c)what is biased component? Ans: we use the term bias to refer to computer systems that systematically and unfairly discriminate against certain individuals or groups of individuals in favor of others. A system discriminates unfairly if it denies an opportunity or a good or if it assigns an undesirable outcome to an individual or group of individuals on grounds that are unreasonable or inappropriate Q 3 (a)what is signed magnitude representation? Ans: Signed numbers are basically negative numbers. A positive number doesn't necessarily need a sign for its approval, but a negative number requires a minus sign to show that it's negative/less than zero. Examples include -2, -5, -8 and so on.

Q 3 b)explain about weighted code,unweighted code and reflected code with examples? Ans: Weighted Binary Codes-Weighted binary codes are those which obey the positional weighting principles, each position of the number represents a specific weight. 8421, 2421, and 5211 are weighted binary codes. Unweighted Binary Codes-Non weighted codes are codes that are not positionally weighted. That is, each position within the binary number is not assigned a fixed value. Excess-3 and Gray codes are nonweighted binary codes Reflective Codes-A code is said to be reflective when code for 9 is complement for the code for 0, and so is for 8 and 1 codes, 7 and 2, 6 and 3, 5 and 4. Codes 2421, 5211, and excess-3 are reflective, whereas the 8421 code is not.

Q 3 c)explain about the generations of computer systems? Ans: First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitorsand interfaced with

an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computerfrom the central processing unit and memory to input/output controlson a single chip. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.

UNIT-II Q 4 (a)state the differences between system software and application software,with examples? Ans: system software- A system software is any computer software which manages and controls computer hardware so that application software can perform a task. Operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X or Linux, are prominent examples of system software. System software performs tasks like transferring data from memory to disk, or rendering text onto a display device. Specific kinds of system software include loading programs, operating systems, device drivers, programming tools, compilers, assemblers, linkers, and utility software. Application software- the Application software are designed to perform specific data processing or computational tasks for the user. These programs are specifically designed to meet end-user requirements. (e.g: spreadsheets, word processors, media players and database applications). Application Software are user written program develop to solve a particular application or problem that is unique to that organization while system software are manufacturer supplied programs for controlling the operation of the entire system. Q 4 b)classify operating systems? Ans: Operating systems can be divided broadly into four types:Real time O S : This type of operating systems are used to control Scientific devices and similar small instruments where memory and resources are crucial. Single User single Task:This type of OS is just better version of Real time OS ,where one User can use the computer to do one thing at a time, which means that doing thing more than one thing at a time is difficult in this type of OS.

Single User Multi Task:This is the most common type of operating system used today. Microsoft windows and Apple Macintosh are the living examples of this Genre. These can perform Multi tasking operations, like for example playing a multimedia file, downloading a file from the internet and editing a Text file simultaneously. Multi User :This type of operating systems allow multiple users to use the system resources simultaneously.

Q 4 c)what is spreadsheet? Ans: A spreadsheet is a grid that organizes data into columns and rows. Spreadsheets make it easy to display information, and people can insert formulas to work with the data. For example, there is a particular icon that has a formula to sum up numbers that are given. This icon is called auto sum. Information can also be sorted and filtered. Q 5 (a)draw the UNIX architecture and explain it? Ans:

the kernel is the master program that provide file related activities, process scheduling, memory management, and various other operating system functions through system calls. In other words we can say that it control the resources of the computer system, allocate them to different users and to different tasks. Kernel is divided into two parts: 1. Process management 2. File management

Shells: In Unix we cannot directly deals with kernels. It is the shell, one of the utility program, that starts up the kernel when the user logs in. the shell sends a prompt symbol. The shell prompt waits for input from users. Utility programs: the Unix system contains large number of utility and application programs like editors (ed, ex, vi, sed) and so on. These utility programs and the application programs developed in Unix environment are also easily portable to another machine having same environment.

Q 5 b)state the differences between multiprocessing systems and distributed systems? Ans: Distributed systems -Not all operating systems are on a single CPU - The nature of the distribution varies widely -Thus, so do the possible solutions Multiprocessing systems - Multiple CPUs on a single bus - Current trend in chip and system design - Cause of great complexity all throughout the system - Primary eect: true concurrency; need Test and Set Lock instruction UNIT-III Q 6 (a)list out the applications of Autocad? Ans: The applications of Autocad are:-All functionalities of AutoCAD are always available when you draw in Parabuild (because you use AutoCAD and Parabuild at the same time). -You can draw regular AutoCAD objects (dimensions, lines, ...) and Parabuild profiles in the same drawing. -The basic functions, for example drawing lines and changing view direction, are executed with the AutoCAD commands. So users who are already familiar with the AutoCAD environment can start very quickly with Parabuild. -The drawing you work with can be read from a computer with AutoCAD installed Q 6 b)explain Autocad coordinate systems?

Ans: The three basic coordinate systems in Autocad are absolute, relative and polar coordinate systems. (i)ABSOLUTE COORDINATE SYSYTEMIn this coordinate system all the points are taken in reference to the origin i.e.(0,0) For example-point (2,3) In Autocad th points are specified by giving the x coordinate and y coordinate separated by a comma. (ii)RELATIVE COORDINATE SYSTEMIn the relative coordinate system thje distances are measured with reference to the pervious point instead of origin. Sign convention-The displacements are measured with respect to the previous point.Imagine ahorizontal and a vertical line passing through the point to obtain the 4 quadrants. (iii)POLAR COORDINATE SYYSTEMIn this coordinate system a point is located by defining both the distance of the point from the current point and the angle that the line joining the point makes with X-axis. Sign convention-The angle measured from the horizontal axis at the zero degree base line. + Angle counter clockwise ,- Angle clockwise direction For exampleLINE Specify first point : 2,3 (press enter) Specify next point : @ 4 < 30 (press enter)

Q 6 c)what is UCS in Autocad? Ans: In AutoCAD, there are two coordinate systems: A fixed system called the World Coordinate System (WCS), and a movable system called the User Coordinate System (UCS) . We can relocate the user coordinate system by defining a new origin by aligning the UCS with an existing object or with the current viewing direction by rotating the current UCS around any of its axes by restoring a saved UCS. Q 7 (a)explain any five draw commands and five edit commands in Autocad? Ans: Edit command(i) Erase- this command is used to erase drawing

(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

Copy- it is used to copy existing object Rotate- it is used to rotate an object Chamber- it is used to draw beveled times connecting two lines of specified radius Array- it is used to make multiple copier of an object in a rectangular fashion

Drawing command(i) line- for drawing line (ii) hatch- for hatching lines in a closed boundary region (iii) debit- to edit an existing text through a dialog box (iv) pedit- to edit polyline (v) change- to change the object properties such as color, line type etc. Q 7 b)what is layering in Autocad? Ans: A layer is a sheet of transparent paper on which certain entities are drawn. A user is entitled to create as many numbers of layers he requires in CAD software.

UNIT-IV Q 8 (a)what is search engine?give examples? Ans: A software program that searches a database and gathers and reports information that contains or is related to specified terms is known as a search engine. Search engines are online services that allow users to scan the contents of the Internet to find Web sites or specific information of interest to them. A user inputs a search term, and the search engine attempts to match this term to categories or keywords in its catalog of World Wide Web sites. The search engine then generates a list of sites that match the search criteria, ranked in order of relevance. example internet explorer Q 8 b)write short notes on the followingAns: a)HTML- HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. Basically, it is an authoring language which is used to create documents on the World Wide Web. It describes how a set of text, images, sounds and links should be displayed in a browser. HTML is a Platform Independent Language. Platform Independent means you can write HTML code on any computer running MS Windows, Linux or UNIX. Ans: b)SMTP- SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It's a set of communication guidelines that allow software to transmit email over the Internet. Most email software is designed to use SMTP for communication purposes when sending email, and It only works for outgoing messages. When people set up their email programs, they will typically have to give the address of their Internet service provider's SMTP server for outgoing mail. There are two other protocols - POP3 and IMAP - that are used for retrieving and storing email.

Ans: c)TELNET- Telnet is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communications facility using a virtual terminal connection. User data is interspersed in-band with Telnet control information in an 8-bit byte oriented data connection over the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Telnet was developed in 1969 beginning. Telnet provided access to a command-line interface (usually, of an operating system) on a remote host. Most network equipment and operating systems with a TCP/IP stack support a Telnet service for remote configuration Q 9 (a)write short notes on the following: Ans: (i) FTP- File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard Internet protocol for transmitting files between computers on the Internet. Like the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which transfers displayable Web pages and related files, and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), which transfers e-mail, FTP is an application protocol that uses the Internet's TCP/IP protocols. FTP is commonly used to transfer Web page files from their creator to the computer that acts as their server for everyone on the Internet. It's also commonly used to download programs and other files to your computer from other servers. Ans: (ii) SMTP- SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It's a set of communication guidelines that allow software to transmit email over the Internet. Most email software is designed to use SMTP for communication purposes when sending email, and It only works for outgoing messages. When people set up their email programs, they will typically have to give the address of their Internet service provider's SMTP server for outgoing mail. There are two other protocols - POP3 and IMAP - that are used for retrieving and storing email. Ans: (iii) HTTP- the Hypertext Transfer Protocol - provides a standard for Web browsers and servers to communicate. The definition of HTTP is a technical specification of a network protocol that software must implement. HTTP is an application layer network protocol built on top of TCP. HTTP clients (such as Web browsers) and servers communicate via HTTP request and response messages. The three main HTTP message types are GET, POST, and HEAD.

Q 9 (b)what is world wide web? Ans: WWW- The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet. It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the Internet. The Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of the languages spoken over the Internet, to transmit data. Web services, which use HTTP to allow applications to communicate in order to exchange business logic, use the Web to share information. The Web also utilizes browsers, such as Internet Explorer or Firefox, to access Web documents called Web pages that are linked to each other via hyperlinks. Web documents also contain graphics, sounds, text and video. The Web is just one of the ways that information can be disseminated over the Internet. The Internet, not the Web, is also used for e-mail, which relies on SMTP, Usenet news groups, instant

messaging and FTP. So the Web is just a portion of the Internet, albeit a large portion, but the two terms are not synonymous and should not be confused.

Q 9 (c)state the differences between DHTML and static HTML? Ans: HTML 1. It is referred as a static HTML and static in nature. 2.A plain page without any styles and Scripts called as HTML. 3.HTML sites will be slow upon client-side technologies. DHTML 1.It is referred as a dynamic HTML and dynamic in nature. 2.A page with HTML, CSS, DOM and Scripts called as DHTML. 3.DHTML sites will be fast enough upon client-side technologies.