Chng I.

Tng quan v my cng c CNC Khi gia cng trn cc my cng c thng thng, cc bc gia cng chi tit do ngi th thc hin bng tay nh: iu khin s vng quay, lng chy dao, chiu su ct...Khi gia cng trn my iu khin theo chng trnh s, qu trnh gia cng c thc hin mt cch t ng. Trc khi gia cng ngi th phi da vo h thng iu khin mt chng trnh gia cng di dng mt chui cc lnh iu khin. H thng cc lnh iu khin s c kh nng thc hin cc lnh ny v kim tra chng nh mt h thng o dch chuyn ca cc bn trt ca my. iu khin s (NC) l mt hnh thc ca t ng ho m c th l my gia cng t ng c lp trnh thc hin mt lot cc hot ng mt ch c xc nh trc nhm to ra mt chi tit c kch thc, nhm c tht hon ton d bo trc. Gia cng trn my cng c thng thng, chnh xc gia cng hon ton ph thuc vo k nng tay ngh ca ngi th. Ngc li gia cng trn my cng c iu khin theo chng trnh s (NC, CNC), chnh xc, nhm b mt chi tit ch yu do thit b quyt nh, khng ph thuc vo k nng tay ngh ca ngi th. Trong nhiu thp k qua, iu khin s (NC=Numerical Control) tc ng mnh m n ngnh ch to my. c bit trong nhng nm gn y do c chnh sch m ca, hi nhp, nhiu cng ty nc ngoi u t vo Vit Nam. Nhng thit b v k thut gia cng tin tin trong thit b k thut iu khin theo chng trnh s kh ph bin nhiu cng ty; khng ch nhng cng ty lin doanh vi nc ngoi, m c cc cng ty trong nc. Nhiu cng ty trang b

nhiu thit b gia cng theo chng trnh s, v vy nhu cu lao ng c k thut cao, c kh nng vn hnh, sa cha v thit k h thng iu khin theo chng trnh s ngy cng cao. 1.1. Qu trnh pht trin Qu trnh pht trin ca cng ngh ch to my v ct kim loi tri qua cc giai on: - Cng ngh th cng - Cng ngh c kh ho vi s ra i ca ngnh ch to my cng c
-

T t ng ho c kh sang t ng ho c s tr gip ca my tnh (CNC= Computerized Numerical Control)

Sau y l nhng mc quan trng ca qu trnh pht trin my cng c iu khin s CNC, n gn lin vi qu trnh pht trin ca cng ngh in t v tin hc. Nm 1808: JOSEPB MJAC QUARD dng nhng tm tn c l iu khin t ng cc my dt. - Nm1863: MFO URNEAUX pht minh n dng cm t ng ni ting th gii vi tn gi PIANNOLA. Trong dng mt bng giy c chiu rng 30 cm c c l theo v tr tng thch iu khin lung kh nn tc ng vo cc phm bm c kh. Bng giy c l dng lm vt mang tin c pht minh. - Nm 1946: Dr. JOHNM MAUCHLY v Dr. JSPRESPER ECKERT pht minh ra my tnh in t u tin c tn l ENIAC cho qun i M c ng dng - Nm 1948-1952:

T.PARSON v vin cng ngh MIT (Masachusetts institute of Technology) nghin cu thit k theo hp ng ca khng qun M (US AF) mt h thng iu khin dnh cho my cng c. iu khin trc tip v tr ca cc trc vt me thng qua d liu u ra ca mt my tnh bng chng cho kh nng gia cng mt chi tit T.PARSON a ra bn lun im c bn: + Nhng v tr c tnh ra trn mt bin dng c ghi nh vo ba c l. + Cc ba c l c c trn my mt cch t ng. + Cc v tr c c ra phi c thng bo mt cch lin tc va b sung thm tnh ton cho cc gi tr trung gian. + Cc ng c SERVO (v cp tc ) c th iu khin c chuyn ng ca cc trc. - Nm 1952: Hng MIT cung cp chic my phay u tin mang tn CINCINNATIHYDROTEL c trc thng ng. T iu khin lp bng bng bng in t c th dch chuyn ng thi theo 3 trc. Nhn d liu thng qua bng c l nh phn (Binary Code Punched Band). - Nm 1954: BENDX mua bn quyn pht minh ca T.PARSONS v ch to thit b iu khin NC cng nghip u tin (vn dng bng n in t). - Nm 1957: Nhng my phay u tin c trong phn xng ca khng lc Hoa K, Nht Bn vin cng ngh TOKYO v cng ty IKEGAL lin kt, k tha ch to thnh cng my iu khin s trn c s my thu lc v chic my tin NC u tin ra i Nht Bn. - Nm 1958:

KERNY v TRECKER lin kt gii thiu h thng thay dng c t ng ATC (AutomaticTool Changer) cn gi l Milwaukee Matic gii thiu ng ng lp trnh biu trng u tin APT gn lin vi my tnh IBM704. - Nm 1960: H iu khin NC dng n bn dn thay th cc h iu khin c dng n in t . Cc nh ch to my ngi c trng by chic my iu khin NC u tin ti hi ch HANOVER. - Nm 1965: Gii php thay dng c t ng (ATC) nng cao trnh t ng ho khu gia cng. - Nm 1968: K thut mch tch hp IC (Intergrated Circuits) lm cho cc h iu khin nh gn v tin cy hn. - Nm 1969: Nhng gii php u tin v iu khin lin kt chung t mt my tnh trung tm DNC (Direct Numecial cotrol) thit lp M bng h iu khin (Sundstran Ominicontrol) v my tnh IBM. - Nm 1970: Gii php thay th b g phi t ng (Automatic Palate Changer) - Nm 1972: H iu khin NC u tin c lp mt my vi tnh nh. l h iu khin s dng vi tnh c h vi x l (Microproccessor-CNC) sau ny. - Nm 1976: Cc h vi x l (Micro Processors) to ra cuc cch mng trong l thut CNC. - Nm 1978:

Cc h thng gia cng linh hot c to lp hin thc - Nm 1979: Nhng khp ni lin hon CAD/CAM thit k v ch to c s tr gip ca my tnh (Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing) u tin xut hin. - Nm 1980: Nhng cng c tr gip lp trnh tch hp trong h iu khin CNC to ra cuc tranh ci v quan im ng h hay chng i gii php iu khin qua cp lch trc tip bng tay. - Nm 1984: Xut hin h iu khin CNC c cng nng mnh m c trang b cc cng c tr gip lp trnh ho (Graphic) tin thm mt bc pht trin mi lp trnh ti phn xng. Cc h iu khin CNC c mn hnh CRT l cho ngi ng my nhn thy v thay i chng trnh NC d hn - Nm 1986-1987: Nhng giao din tiu chun ho (Standard Interfaces) m ra con ng tin ti cc x nghip t ng trn c s h thng trao i h thng thng tin lin thng CIM (Computer Intergrated Manufacturing). - Nm 1990: Cc giao din s gia iu khin s NC v h cc khi ng c ci thin chnh xc v c tnh iu chnh ca cc trc iu khin NC v trc chnh. - Nm 1994: Khp kn chui qu trnh CAD/CAM/CNC bng cch s dng h NURBS lm phng php ni suy c truy cp t h CAD nhm din t b mt t mn v sc nt cao. Cho n nay, cc hng sn xut my trn th gii tip tc hon thin cc my CNC c v phn chp hnh v phn iu

khin nhm nng cao chnh xc v tc x l to ra chuyn ng u n ca my, tng tui th ca my v dng c ng thi m rng kh nng cng ngh ca thit b. Cc my CNC hin i c th t chnh xc nh v cao trong mt hng chiu trc (0,008 0,015 mm trn ton b dch chnh) v nh v lp li (0,001 0,002 mm). chnh xc gia cng nhiu trc ph thuc vo chnh xc ca ng bng dn hng v v tr gc gia cc trc do thp hn mt cht. Xu hng mi trong thit k h iu khin CNC l s dng h thng iu khin c lin h ngc (Adptive) m chng truyn v chun nhn cc tham s c tnh nh lc ct, nhit dao, m men ng c v mn dng c m chng khng th c cc h iu khin CNC truyn thng. Cc h c lin h ngc ci bin cc lnh NC sao cho c th ct ti u kim loi v duy tr iu kin an ton. Cc u o c lp vo trc chnh ca my cng c, n c th kim tra v tr lp t nh cc thnh phn kch thc v lm cc sa cha cn thit. s dng u o, h iu khin CNC phi c kh nng t ng thc hin nhiu chng trnh ph o lng hoc chu k o. Song song vi vic hon chnh cc my CNC n l, vic kt ni cc my CNC to thnh mng LAN-mng cc b hoc WAN- mng lin thng ton cu (dng thng tin iu khin c thu pht, truyn giao bng h thng v tinh, thc hin mi lin kt h thng: nhu cu th trng-n t hng-nh thit k-nh ch to-nh cung cp-nh tiu dng...); hay kt ni cc my CNC, cc thit b sn xut t ng v cc thit b truyn ti thng tin to thnh h thng nht khp kn qu trnh sn xut (h thng sn xut linh hot-FMS) hin ti cng ang pht trin trnh cao Hnh1 . H thng sn xut

linh hot khc phc c nhc im ca dy chuyn sn xut t ng l ch ch to mt chng loi sn phm. H thng FMS c tnh linh hot cao, c th gia cng c nhiu chng loi sn phm khc nhau, bt c chi tit no cng c th c a vo h thng theo bt c tun t no v c gia cng vi bt k sn lng no. H thng sn xut linh hot thch hp vi gia cng loi va v nh v iu ny rt ph hp vi tnh trng hin ti v tng lai. Hin nay trong h thng FMS cc my gia cng (cc t bo gia cng) u l cc my CNC, cn h thng vn chuyn phi khng ch cn l h thng cng nh trc na. Cc h thng vn chuyn mm (s dng cc xe ra chuyn ng trn cc ray mm trn nn xng) cho php thch ng nhanh vi qu trnh sn xut v tit kim khng gian nh xng. Vit Nam, nhng nm gn y vi chnh sch m ca pht trin nn kinh t, nhiu khu cng nghip, khu ch xut c xy dng. Nhiu doanh nghip trong v ngoi nc u t thit b cng ngh cao iu khin s CNC. c bit l cc cng ty nc ngoi nh cng ty Robotech khu cng nghip Hi phng, cng ty TOHO khu cng nghip Bc Thng long, cng ty Tsukuba khu cng nghip Si ng... a sang Vit Nam nhng gin thit b tin tin, nhng my CNC, trung tm gia cng hin i gp phn lm phong ph thm cc my CNC Vit Nam. Nhiu trng i hc k thut, trng cao ng k thut, dy ngh. Cng ngh CNC cng c a vo ging dy khng ch l thuyt m c thc hnh. Tuy nhin vi trnh hin ti, cng ngh CNC ca ta cn rt non yu. Chng ta mi ch tp chung phn khai thc vn hnh thit b v thc hin phn duy tu bo dng, sa cha nh. Phn ln cc cng ty khi mua my thng k lun hp ng bo dng bo tr thit b vi nh cung cp. Ni chung cc sai hng

ln trong cc my CNC t xy ra nhng nu xy ra th buc phi c s gii quyt t cc k s ca hng cung cp my. chng ta mt s vin nghin cu, trng i hc cng bt u i vo nghin cu chuyn su v iu khin CNC. Vin nghin cu my v dng c c kh (IMI) trong vi nm gn y thc hin vic nng cp cc my cng c CNC. Cc my CNC c nhp v Vit Nam c sa cha, bo dng v thay th h iu khin c bng h iu khin mi c tnh nng mnh hn, thch hp hn cho qu trnh sn xut. Mt s trng nh trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni, i hc Bch khoa Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Hc vin k thut qun s...cng cho sinh vin i vo nghin cu, thit k h thng iu khin CNC ng dng iu khin trn cc my cng c hin c v bc u cng t c nhng kt qu nht nh. Tuy rng trnh cng ngh CNC trn th gii l rt cao so vi ta hin nay, rt nhiu chng trnh phn mm vi cng nng mnh m c bn sn trn th trng vi gi c hp l. Song vic u t nghin cu thit k, ch to h thng iu khin CNC vn l iu cn thit vi sinh vin ca cc trng i hc k thut, cc cn b nghin cu ca cc Vin. Trong tng lai khng xa, vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t, s i hi gt gao ca th trng, cc my gia cng CNC s c u t nhiu hn vo Vit Nam. Chng ta cn lm ch trang thit b cng ngh, c nh vy mi lm ch c qu trnh sn xut. Vic nghin cu, thit k h thng iu khin CNC s gip cc sinh vin hiu su hn v qu trnh iu khin CNC v nh vy chc chn vic vn hnh, khai thc cc thit b CNC s c hiu qu hn v tng lai s thit k, ch to ra h iu khin cho cc my CNC . Thm vo , vi su th hi nhp pht trin, cc k s, cn b k thut chng ta o to ra khng ch lm vic ti Vit Nam, h c th lm vic khp ni

trn th gii, s l nhng kin thc cn thit gip h tip tc hc tp, nghin cu v pht trin. 1.2 Cc loi my gia cng theo chng trnh s Tng t nh cc loi my thng thng khc, my gia cng iu khin theo chng trnh s hin nay cng rt a dng, phc v trong mi lnh vc: gia cng kim loi, g, nha, knh,... y ch gii thiu mt s loi my CNC thng dng trong sn xut c kh. 1.2.1 My khoan Cc loi my khoan u c hai c im v kt cu nh sau: 1. C mt u trc chnh vi trc khoan thng ng, trn lp dng c gia cng v thc hic chuyn ng tin dao (thng ng theo trc Z). 2. X v Z. V nguyn l chung, my khoan NC cng c c trng ging my khoan vn nng thng thng. Song my khoan NC, CNC vic xc nh v tr cc l khoan, chiu su l khoan do my t iu khin theo chng trnh, thm ch vic thay i dao khoan cc l c ng knh khc nhau cng c my t ng thc hin. My khoan NC c kt cu n gin nht l loi my khoan ch c mt bn to iu khin s. Chiu su khoan c xc nh sn (iu chnh sn) trc khi gia cng bng c hoc rnh cam. nhng my khoan ny, chu trnh khoan c pht lnh thc hin sau khi t ng v tr gia cng, bng tn hiu (bn vo v tr). Chu trnh khoan tin trin m khng c tc ng ca h iu khin NC, m nh h c kh hoc in. Khi kt thc chu trnh khoan, s c C mt bn my, trn g t (nh v v kp cht) phi gia cng v xc nh v tr ca phi theo cc trc

tn hiu thng bo chuyn ti h NC ( a trc i ln), cho qu trnh xc nh v tr tip theo c th bt u. My khoan c kt cu phc tp hn l loi my khoan c h thng thay dao t ng. Vi loi my ny, khi gia cng ngi th ch cn thc hin vic gim st qu trnh vn hnh my. Trn nhng loi my khoan ny, vi nhng chi tit c cc l phn b i xng, c th dng gii php i xng gng n gin khu lp trnh. Cc l hoc c b mt lp li theo cch i xng gng, thng c tnh cht i xng gng theo mt hoc hai trc.Chc nng ny c thc hin c th bng mt cng tc ng vi tng trc, gi l cng tc i xng, bng tay hoc bng cch lp trnh NC vi cc lnh G. Nh vy, gia cng h l i xng ch cn phi lp trnh 1/2 hoc 1/4 s l cn gia cng v km theo s dng lnh i xng gng theo mt trc hoc hai trc. V d: gia cng chi tit c h thng l (nh hnh 1.2.1). Ch cn lp trnh khoan 3 l gc phn t th nht (I) sau dng i xng gng mt trc (Y), i xng hai trc (XY) i xng mt trc (X) my s t ng khoan cc l cc gc phn t th hai (II), th (III), th (IV).
II III I IV

Hnh 1.2.1

Ngoi ra my khoan cng cn c kh nng thc hin cc chu trnh khon lp i lp li, chc nng hiu chnh dng c ct (chc nng b chiu di dao). Chnh lch v chiu di dao, do ngi lp trnh xc nh (thng qua b nh dao), my s t ng iu chnh m bo chiu su cc l khoan theo yu cu. Hnh 1.2.2 m t s chuyn ng ca mi khoan n v tr tm cc l.

1.2.2 My phay

Hnh 1.2.2

My phay c th lm nhiu cng vic khc nhau nh: phay mt phng, phay cc bin dng, cc b mt cong...My phay NC cung cp vic iu khin t nht hai trc chuyn ng ng thi. Thng thng c 3 hoc 4 trc c iu khin. Vic la chn NC ch yu ph thuc vo kiu chi tit c gia cng. Tu theo loi chi tit gia cng m c th chn my phay c h thng NC hnh trnh lin tc, hoc my phay vi h thng NC kiu hn hp. Ngy nay vi kch thc my ti c va, khng th phn bit r gia my phay v trung tm gia cng. Nhiu hng ch to my trang b cho my phay nhng b phn t ng ho v d: tch dng c vi tay tm dng c, c cu thay i phi hoc chi tit gia cng, trc chnh nm ngang v trc chnh thng ng, h CNC vi cc chc nng tng t v nhiu trc NC hot ng ng thi. cc my ln mi phn bit r rng

hn gia my phay v trung tm gia cng. My phay c nhiu dng kt cu. Trc ht ngi ta phn chia my phay theo v tr cu trc phay, c ngha l c my phay ng v my phay ngang (Hnh v).

Hnh My phay ng

Hnh My phay ngang

Hnh Hnh tng th my phay ng

Cc my phay ngy nay c trang b h iu khin theo bin dng, vi t nht l 3 n 5 trc iu khin, vi php ni suy khng gian (ng thi) cho mi trc iu khin. Khu lp chng trnh gia cng c thc hin nh cc h lp trnh c my tnh tr gip v h x l thch nghi ph hp vi my. Ngoi cc chc nng thng thng, hu ht cc my phay cng cn c cc cc chc nng nh: hiu chnh chiu di dng c, hiu chnh (b) bn knh dao, t ng gim st dng c, hiu chnh (b) li nh hng v nhit. Vi loi my phay 5 trc iu khin s (5D) c tnh nng kh rng, cng mt lc c th iu khin nhiu trc cng hot ng. 1.2.3 My tin CNC My tin CNC c nhiu loi khac nhau, song cc b phn chnh v cc chuyn ng c bn ca chng u c nhng nt chung. Hnh 1. gii thiu hnh dng bn ngoi v b phn chnh ca mt loi my tin CNC. My c k hiu SL-153 do hng Mori seiki Nht Bn sn xut.

Hnh My tin CNC - ng L b phn ch yu ca my to ra vn tc ct gt. Bn trong lp trc chnh, ng c bc (iu chnh c cc tc v thay i c chiu quay). Trn u trc chnh mt u c lp vi mm cp dng g v kp cht chi tit gia cng. Pha sau trc chnh lp h thng thu lc hoc kh nn ng, m, kp cht chi tit. - Truyn ng trc chnh ng c trc chnh ca my tin CNC c th l ng c mt chiu hoc ng c xoay chiu. ng c mt chiu iu chnh v cp tc bng kch t. ng c xoay chiu

th iu chnh v cp tc bng b bin i tn s, thay i s vng quay n gin c m men truyn ti cao. - Truyn ng chy dao ng c (mt chiu, xoay chiu) truyn chuyn ng b vt me ai c bi lm cho tng trc dao chy c lp (trc X, Z). Cc loi ng c ny c c tnh u vit cho qu trnh ct, qu trnh hm. Do m men qun tnh nh nn iu chnh cao v chnh xc. B vt me, ai c bi c kh nng bin i truyn dn d dng t ma st, c th chnh khe h hp l khi truyn dn vi tc cao H thng ng

c chy dao

Bng iu khin

6 C P U 5

2 1

3 4

Vt me ai c thc hin chuyn ng chy dao theo trc X

Hnh

Mi lin h truyn ng chy dao

Vt me ai c bi thc hin chuyn ng chy dao theo trc Z

- Mp cp Qu trnh ng m v hm mm cp tho lp chi tit bng h thng thu lc (hoc kh nn) hot ng nhanh,

lc pht ng nh, an ton. i vi my tin CNC thng c gia cng vi tc rt cao. S vng quay ca trc chnh ln (c th ln ti 8000 v/ph-khi gia cng kim loi mu). Do lc ly tm rt ln nn mm cp thng kp cht chi tit bng h thng thu lc (hoc kh nn) t ng. - ng B phn ny bao gm nhiu chi tit dng nh tm v g lp chi tit, iu chnh, kp cht nh h thng thu lc hoc kh nn. - H thng bn xe dao Bao gm hai b phn chnh sau: + Gi tch dao (bn xe dao). B phn ny l b phn cha dao thc hin cc chuyn ng tnh tin ra vo, song song, vung gc vi trc chnh nh ng c bc (cc chuyn ng ny c lp trnh sn). + tch dao (u Rvonve). My tin CNC thng dng hai loi sau: u Rvonve c th lp t 10 n 12 dao cc loi. Cc cha dao trong t hp gia cng vi cc b phn khc. u Rvonve cho php thay nhanh dao trong mt thi gian ngn ch nh, cn cha dao th mang mt s lng ln dao m khng gy nguy him, va chm trong vng lm vic ca my tin. Trong c hai trng hp chui ca dao thng c kp cht trong khi mang dao ti nhng v tr xc nh trn bn xe dao. Cc khi mang dao ph hp vi cc gi dao trn my tin v c tiu chun ho. Ph bin, u Rvonve ca cc loi my tin CNC c kt cu nh Hnh . u Rvonve c th lp c cc loi dao:

Tin, Phay, Khoan, Khot, ct ren... c tiu chun ho, phn chui c th lp ln v lp ghp vi cc g trn u rvonve.

1
10

Cc loi dng c ct vn-ve kiu a

Cc khi mang dao

Hnh: H thng g t dng c + cha dng c dng cho my tin CNC Cc cha dao c thng c s dng t hn so vi u rvonve v vic thay i dng c kh khn hn so vi cc c cu ca u rvonve. Song cha c u im l an ton, t gy ra va chm trong vng gia cng, d dng ghp ni mt s ln cc dng c mt cch t ng m khng cn s can thip bng tay. - Bng iu khin Bng iu khin l ni thc hin giao din gia ngi v my. Kt cu ca bng c th khc nhau tu thuc vo ni sn xut. Thng thng bng iu khin ca my tin CNC c cu to gm: Mt mn hnh CRT ging nh mn hnh my tnh v mt bn phm gm cc nt chc nng dng nhp

u r-

cc d liu. Cc d liu ny c chuyn vo my v dng n m cc thc n iu khin cc chc nng vn hnh my. Trong my NC, cc bng iu khin c thit k ring r v c lp trn my. Ngi iu khin my mt v tr lm vic nht nh. 1.2.4 Trung tm gia cng (Manufacturing Center) phay/khoan (Hnh 1...) Trung tm gia cng (MC=Manufacturing Center) l mt my cng c c t nht 3 trc iu khin s (NC), tc l 3D phay v khoan. C th thc hin cc cng vic ct gt cn thit trn t nht 4 mt cu mt phi c hnh khi vung m khng c tc ng ca con ngi. Thit b thay i dng c t ng a cc dng c cn thit, iu khin theo chng trnh s, theo th t ln lt t mt tch dng c ti trc chnh ca my v ngc li (t trc chnh ca my tr v tch dng c). Khi cc phi/chi tit gia cng c kp cht trn g lp trn b/phin g chun (palate) c chuyn ti v chuyn i t ng th trung tm gia cng tng ng v h cung ng phi, dng c t ng nh vy s to thnh mt t bo gia cng (Manufacturing Cell). Ngi ta phn loi cc trung tm gia cng theo dng kt cu ca chng nh sau: - Theo v tr ca trc chnh: trung tm gia cng ngang, trung tm gia cng ng. - Trung tm gia cng c bn to : Ngha l chuyn ng X/Y l ca phi, cn chuyn ng Z l ca dng c. - Trung tm gia cng c trc ng chuyn dch: y dng c thc hin chuyn ng X, Y, Z; cn phi tu theo yu cu nghing hoc quay theo mt hoc hai trc ( cc trung tm gia cng 5 trc iu khin NC).

- Trung tm gia cng dm ngang c nh hoc dch chuyn. Cc dng kt cu ny c mt hoc nhiu trc chnh c th gia cng nhiu chi tit ging nhau ng thi. c bit sn xut lot ln thng s dng cc trung tm gia cng c 2, 3 hoc 4 trc chnh. iu i hi phi c nhng g kp nhiu phi.

Trung tm gia cng ngang ng

Trung tm gia cng

Nh vy c th tm tt nh sau: trung tm gia cng, cc dng c c trong mt my u ln lt tin ti v tc ng n phi gia cng. Cn ng dy my (transferline) phi gia cng tin ti cc dng c c trn nhiu my. Trung tm gia cng l mt loi my NC in hnh, ch c hnh thnh khi

c phng php iu khin NC; Ngha l trc khi c NC khng c trung tm gia cng. Nhng c im ca trung tm gia cng khoan/phay l: 1. Ba trc NC thng (linear NC-axises) v mt bn trn quay c, gia cng 4 mt trn cc phi c hnh khi vung trong mt ln g. khi s dng mt u lp dng c (u dao) c th nghing theo phng ngang hoc ng, c th gia cng c trc NC th 5. 2. C th thc hin mi cng vic gia cng (phay, khoan, tin, cn, phng, ct ren), vi kt cu m rng ph hp c th phay bin dng, khoan nghing hoc tin ren. Tc quay v tc tin ca dao phi c lp trnh cho tng dng c. 3. Cc dng c c a vo tch dao ni ghp vi my gia cng, c truy cp theo tng chng trnh v thay i vo trc chnh ca my. Kt cu v kh nng thu nhn ca tch dng c (tool magazine) rt khc nhau. Trong thc t thng s dng cc tch dng c bng xch, dng a trn hoc dng hp (cassette). 4. C thm cc thit b i phi, thng l thit b thay i b/phin g (palate changer), gim thi gian dng my do phi thay i phi gia cng. Vic g kp v tho d phi c thc hin trong thi gian ct vt liu (thi gian c bn) bn ngoi phm vi gia cng ca my. 5. Nhng trung tm phc tp hn cn c thm g nghing dng cho phi, hoc c thm mt u lp dao ngang hoc ng c th iu chnh theo gc bt k. Ngy nay, ngi ta c th la chn trung tm gia cng t nhiu dng v kt cu khc nhau. Trc ht cn la chn gia hai dng kt cu: Trc chnh thng ng v trc chnh nm ngang. Trong khi trung tm gia cng c cc trc chnh thng ng thng thch hp hn vi cc chi tit gia cng c dng

tm, th gia cng 4 hoc 5 mt ca cc phi c dng khi vung li ch yu s dng cc trung tm gia cng c trc chnh nm ngang. cc my c trc chnh nm ngang, chuyn ng X (dc) v chuyn ng quay ch yu do phi thc hin, chuyn ng Y v Z do dng c thc hic. T c cc k hiu trc XYZB. cc trung tm gia cnh c trc chnh thng ng, ch yu c cc chuyn ng ZYZA, tc l ch c chyn ng thng gc ca trc chnh theo trc Z l do dng c thc hin, cn li l do phi thc hic. Tnh vn nng ca mt trung tm gia cng ch c tn dng nh iu khin theo qu o, trong nhiu trng hp, iu khin
2 1 D 2

l . Do phc tp ca chi tit c

kh tng ln, nhng trung tm gia cng hin nay cn c dng iu khin 3D, t nht l cc trc c th ni suy ng thng (linear interpolate) ng thi. Khi s dng mt u dao nghing phi ni suy ng thng theo 3 trc i vi l nghing. Khi dng cc u dao tin mt u cn c thm mt hoc hai trc iu khin NC khc. Cc bng gi tr hiu chnh ng vi chiu di dng c, ng knh dao phay, tui bn dao v ch ct cho cc dng c l mt yu cu thng c t ra cho phm vi s dng c gii hn. cc my mi hn, h CNC cng phi c kh nng lu tr cc thng s v trng lng dng c, k hiu dng c, bin dng dng c v nhng d liu c trng khc, c th qun tr dng c (tool management) tt. 1.2.5 Trung tm tin-phay

Nng lc ca cc h CNC hin i to iu kin thc hin thm cc cng vic gia cng khc ngoi tin nh phay v khoan, trn cc phi g trn mm cp, Vi cc my tin c trang b tng ng. K c cc tr mi (griding spindles) cng c s dng theo nguyn l ny gia cng tip cc chi tit c tin. u dao rvonve vi cc trc dao khi ng ring c trang b thu nhn cc dng c ct cn thit nh dao phay, mi khoan, mi tar hoc mi. Trc chnh ca my, tu theo yu cu s dng, c lin kt t ng vi mt h o v l trc C c xc nh v tr (nh v) v iu khin lin tc ging nh mt bn trn quay, cc dng c c khi ng ring c th dch chuyn tng im chnh xc trn phi gia cng v c th phay hoc mi to ra cc hnh dng b mt gia cng theo yu cu. Tin y l h thng CNC. H thng CNC ny c th thc hin php chuyn i to (coordinate tranformation). Chc nng ny cho php cng vic lp trnh gia cng phay v khoan trong to cc v h CNC chuyn i cc chuyn ng sang h to cc (Polar co-ordinate system), ngha l s quay ca trc C. Cc trung tm tin-phay (turning-milling-centers) l c bit thch hp ch to cc chi tit c kh nh v phc tp t vt liu c v c cc hng ch to my ch trng sn xut v a ra th trng. Cc trung tm tin phay vi nhng cu hnh khc nhau cng c s dng ch to cc chi tit c kh ln. y ngi ta cng khai thc tn dng u im nu trn l thc hin mi vic gia cng cn thit, tic v phay/khoan Hnh 1......

Hnh Trung tm tin phay ET 365 Tng t nh cc trung tm gia cng v t bo gia cng (manufacturing centre, manufactungringcell) nhng my tin hin i ho cao cng c gi l trung tm tin hoc t bo tin (turning centre, turning cell). Kh nng gia cng ca nhng my ny a dng hu nh khng hn ch. iu to kh nng cho ngi s dng ch to cc chi tit mc hon chnh nht, chuyn ti khu lp rp sn phm c kh, vi thi gian ngn hn nhiu so vi gia cng trn cc loi my thng thng v tng ng vi thi gian gia cng theo gii php gia cng ng thi trn nhiu my. Trn cc my khng cn c cc g kp, khng c thi gian dnh cho kp v tho phi/ chi tit gia cng nhiu ln. Nh vy y, gii php gia cng tng hp thay th nhiu my n l, tng cht lng gia cng v gim thi gian lu thng ca phi/chi tit gia cng. iu c tc dng tch cc gp phn lm gim chi ph ch to chi tit c kh. 1.2.6 My mi My mi c v tr v vai tr quan trng trong lnh vc ch to khun mu v vt chun. Do yu cu v chnh xc ngy cng cao, k c cc chi tit nh, my mi ngy cng

quan trng hn k c i vi sn xut hng khi. Nh vy my mi, vn ci thin tnh linh hot v tnh kinh t bng gii php iu khin bng s cng tr thnh ti ch o. Gii php thay mi v thay phi mi t ng c nghin cu v pht trin. Nhng trung tm mi vn nng (universal grinding centres) mi, c kt hp s dng cc dng c khc trc khi mi, to iu kin gia cng hon chnh cc chi tit c kh trong mt ln g (Hnh ).

Cu trc lin kt nhiu my mi thnh t cc t bo linh hot (flexible grinding cells) cng c to lp. Tu theo cu to v lnh vc s dng m c cc loi my mi sau: - My mi phng; - My mi trn; - My mi nh hnh; - My mi frofin; - My mi dng c; - My mi bin dng (contour). Mc d tt c cc my mi, mi quay trn c dng lm dng c gia cng, nhng tht k ca tng loi my li rt khc nhau. Ngc li, ch c mt c chnh xc v cht lng mi. im chung cho cc dng mi l: Phi p ng nhng yu cu rt cao v

Hnh : My mi vn nng Model GU5R, hng TOYODA (Nht Bn)

S lng cc trc cn phi iu khin NC cc loi my mi l rt khc nhau. S trc iu khin NC thng l t 2, cc dng mi trn hoc mi bin dng (contour) n gin, cho ti 9 hoc nhiu hn cc trung tm mi c bit vi nhiu u mi c th nghing i gia cng chi tit. C th so snh vi my tin, cc my mi trn phi c thit lp gia cng ng thi cc bin dng (contour) ngoi v trong nh 2x2 trc NC. v tr nghing c th lp trnh c ca trc mi (grinding spindle), mi mt cn phi c thm mt trc NC na. My mi phng c cu to tng t nh my phay ging, hu nh lun lun c 3 trc NC, c khi c thm 2 hoc 3 trc NC khc dng cho trang b ko tch bit. cc chi tit cn mi khng phi lun lun phng, m c th li hoc lm theo phng X hoc Y. My mi dng c c t nht 5 trc NC vi php ni suy ng thi (simultaneous interpolation). phng php mi, cng ngh gia cng v ti u ho qu trnh sn mi l vn quan tm hng u. Nh vy phi lu cc im chuyn tip t mi th sang mi bn tinh v mi tinh v thi gian tt hoa la trong mi quan h ph thuc vo vt liu gia cng v mi, phi m bo chuyn tip nhanh v an ton, khng phi gin on qu trnh mi. Nhng vn c bit ca phng php mi trong thi gian di khng c cc hng ch to NC lu y . Do , cc hng ch to my mi ch c cch t mnh nghin cu pht trin, nh vy km theo mi vn pht sinh v chi ph v dch v. Qua qu trnh pht trin lin tc v do chuyn mn ho sn xut m mt vi h iu khin c bit dng cho my mi c to lp v duy tr trn th trng. Cc h iu khin tiu chun ng vi my tin v my phay khng

th dng cho my mi c, bi v my mi phi p ng cc tiu chun: - chnh xc yu cu cao hn nhiu i vi phn gii khi o v lp trnh, hin ti: 0,1m v nhiu hn. Phm vi gi tr lng tin dao rng nhiu hn: 0.02mm/pht...60m/pht - Cc chu trnh mi (grinding cycles) v chng trnh th cp c th truy cp nhanh, cng nh hiu chnh tng bc, dng, ghi dao ng, sa my mi. - Sa my mi iu khin bng s vi dng c bng kim cng (mt li hoc dng con ln). - Hiu chnh (b) tc quay ca trc mi. - Tc tin theo qu o vi sai s v gc 0, trch sai s bin dng (contour) khi sa profin cng nh khi mi lc l. - Lp trnh v hiu chnh qu trnh mi gin, th vn hnh my mi c th tc ng hiu chnh mi thi im. - Lp trnh bin dng (contuor programming) ti my mi, c th np hoc l hnh dng mi hoc l hnh dng chi tit mi vi tr gip ho nh h CNC. - Np bng tay v t ng cc gi tr hiu chnh (b) dng c. - C kh nng np d liu hiu chnh (b) t xa, v d t cc h thng o tch hp t xa. - V nhiu chc nng c bit khc, m c hng ch to bo v nh l b quyt ring (special Know-How). Khu sa mi c thc hin theo nhng khong thi gian khng lp trnh c nh, m l tu thuc lng mn ca mi hoc l cng sut mi o c. Khi sa mi, dng c bng kim cng ch st ln mt mi mt hoc nhiu

ln, h CNC phi iu chnh t ng lng sa v tng tc quay, tng ng vi lng gim ca ng knh mi. 1.2.7 My gia cng LASER Ct bng LASER l mt dng ct t chy tinh, bng cch dng mt tia nh sng khng nhn thy lm cho vt liu gia cng nng chy v tn dng phn ng to nhit (exotherm reaction) vi kh xy ct tn c chiu dy ti 6mm. S vi nhng phng php t chy khc, ct bng Laser c nhng u im sau: - Vt ct rt hp, khong chng 0,2...0,4 mm. - Vng b tc ng ca nhit rt b, khon chng 0,1 mm. - Vt ct cnh (khng b v trn) mt bn ca tm tn. - Khng c ba via mt ct di tm tn. - Cc cnh ca vt ct song song nhau. - nhm b mt ca vt ct rt thp. - Tc ct cao, nng sut gia cng cao. - ng dng thun tic cho ct tn mng/ So vi cc phng php t dp c kh thng thng, phng php ct bng Laser cng u vit hn: - Khng cn dng c, dng c khng mn. - Khng cn lc tc ng. - To c cc rnh ct hp. - Tc ct cao hn. - nhm b mt vt ct thp hn. - t ting n hn khi ct. So vi phng php ct bng tia in t, phng php ct bng tia Laser khng cn ct trong mi trng chn khng (vacuum).

Do phng php ct bng Laser khng cn c dng c nn khng phi chi ph mua sm/ch to dng c, t chc qun l v thay i dng c, gp phn nng cao tnh linh hot trong khu gia cng v m bo thi hn sn xut. CNC dng cho my gia cng LASER (Hnh.......) Chc nng iu khin cc my gia cng Laser l chuyn ng ca u ct laser. Chuyn ng ca u ct laser c thc hin trong mt mt phng, do cn iu khin theo hai trc X v Y nh cc h iu khin c pht trin dng cho phay hoc t dp. Khi gia cng ct cn iu khin theo qu o ct vi php ni suy ng thng v ni suy ng trn (linear-and circular interpolarion). H CNC c vn dng to kh nng lp trnh v thay i chng trnh n gin hn. i lp vi phng php t dp phng php ct bng Laser c chuyn ng tin dao trong khi ct. Vi cng sut Laser l 500w v ng vi chiu dy tm tn (phi) ph hp c th t tc tin dao khi ct ti 8m/pht, nhng thng thng hin nay ch 1...3m/pht. Tc ny c gim st tt k c khi ct ng cong c bn knh b. Tuy vy, ng vi gi tr cng sut Laser v b mt tm tn cho trc, phm vi ca cc gi tr ti u ng vi tc ct, to cc vt ct khng c ba via v nhm b mt thp nht. Th vn hnh my Laser c iu kin hiu chnh gi tr tc ct, do ngi lp trnh xc nh, bng mt bin tr (potentiomtet). Nh vy c th ct chiu dy tm tn khc nhau vi mt chng trnh NC v vi tc ti u. Nu chn tc ct qu thp, Laser s tc ng qu lu vo phi, lm cho cht lng vt ct xu i. Khi cng sut Laser ln hn c th tc ct ti u vt qu nhng gi tr c th thc hin chnh xc nh h iu khin ct cong c bn knh nh. Trong trng hp nh vy, khng c cch no khc l gim cng sut Laser.

Cng sut ct ca Laser c th thay i bng cch tc ng cn thit i vi in th, t phn ca kh Ni-t v lng kh xy.

Hnh My ct bng Laser TLF 3200 Do nhng ng dng ca phng php ct bng Laser rt khc nhau nn khng th nh trc c gii php tng hp v k thut iu khin cc thng s khc nhau nh cng sut Laser, bn knh cong ca vt ct, tc ct, chiu dy phi, khong cch cc thu knh... 1.2.8 My t dp CNC (hnh 1.1..) y l loi my ang c s dng rng ri trong lnh vc gia cng tm mng. S dng my ny to ra cc bin dng l khc nhau trn tm phi phng trc khi chuyn sang cc cng on gia cng tip theo. Trong qu trnh gia cng, bn my mang theo phi thc hn chuyn ng theo hai trc X,Y cn chy, ci thc hin chuyn ng theo trc Z. Phi hp hai chuyn ng X,Y my c th gia cng nhiu bin dng l khc nhau thm ch ch cn s dng mt loi chy, ci. HNH

My t dp CNC c s pht trin vt bc trong mt thi gian ngn vi nhng c im quan trng cn t c l gi thnh thp, chnh xc cao, qu trnh thc hin gia cng c th lp trnh gia cng trc tip trn t iu khin hoc s dng phn mm h tr gia cng (CAM). 1.2.9 My gia cng bng tia in t Nhng my ny ngy nay ang c dng , hn, khoan v lm nng chy kim loi. Dng c gia cng y l mt chm tia mnh v sc ca in t nhanh, giu nng lng. Tia in t c to ra nh bng ca mn hnh v tuyn nhng c cng sut tia ln hn 10% v c cng sut trong phm vi chng 1100KW. Cng sut ny c tp trung trn mt im t chy c ng knh khong 0.12mm. to ra mt nng lng l 106109W/cm2. Khi tia in t ny tc ng ln b mt phi, cc in t b cn hm t ngt v nng lng chuyn ng (ng nng) ca

chng chuyn i thnh nhit nng. Tu theo khu iu khin tia (tia duy tr tc ng lu di, ch sung chuyn hng tia) m phi b hn hoc khoan. y u im quyt nh ca phng php ny l tnh cht iu khin khng b tr ca tia in t. Khu to ra tia in t v qu trnh gia cng ch c th Hnh in t my gia cng bng tia

c thc hin trong chn khng (vacuum), bi v tia in t b hm v phn tn do cc phn t khng kh mnh n mc lm mt kh nng tp trung nng lng ca cc chm tia in t. S di chuyn cn thit, phm vi gia cng sau mi ln thay i mi trng rt lu l nhc im ca phng php ny. Do vy m phng php gia cng tia in t dn b thay th bng k thut Laser. H CNC phng php gia cng bng tia in t phi m nhn nhng nhim v sau: - iu khin t 2 n 5 trc NC to chuyn ng cho phi gia cng. - iu khin tia in t.

- iu khin tp trung nng lng tia in t bng h thu knh quang hc. - Chuyn hng tia in t theo trc X v trc Y. - To ch pht xung, ch duy tr lu, m/ngt tia in t. - Gim st qu trnh gia cng. Chi ph ch to my gia cng bng tia in t thng rt cao do cu to c kh ca ng pht tia in t v h thng to nhit trong chn khng rt phc tp tn km, v vy ngy nay loi my ny ch c p dng khi khng th p dng cc phng php gia cng khc r hn. 1.2.10 My ct dng tia nc ct nhng vt liu mm, khng n nh nh cao su, da, giy, xp, k c PVC, nhng dng c ct thng thng hu nh khng dng c. Ngy nay c th s dng phng php ct tia nc i vi nhng vt liu . Nguyn l ca phng php ny l n gin: nc c nn vi p sut cao t 4000 n 9000 bar (1at=0,981 bar) qua mt vi phun c bit c ng knh l vi phun l 0,10,3mm. Tc thot ra ca tia nc t l vi phun l 800900m/s gp i tc m thanh. khi tia nc ny phun ln vt liu gia cng n s tc dng nh mt li ct mnh khng nhn thy c v khoan vo vt liu ri sau ct u theo cc phng. Mch ct do tia nc to ra vt liu gia cng ch trong phm vi 0,10,3mm. Tc ct tu thuc vo chiu dy ca loi vt liu gia cng c gi tr trong khong 1500m/pht. Lng nc tiu th y trong khong 1.5 l/pht. Lng nc sau khi dng c th c lc v s dng li trong qu trnh ct. Khi tia nc cha ct c vt liu c th ho ln bt ct rt mn (abrasive=c st) vo nc tng hiu sut ct. Vi gii php

cng ngh ny c th ct thp c dy ti 80mm c th ct Titan, Marmo va thu tinh (Hnh ).

Hnh : My ct tia nc 5 trc Model 2626XP

u in ca phng php ct bng tia nc l: - Gia cng chi tit phng, chi tit c dng khi vi kch thc 3 chiu. - Mch ct c cht lng cao, vt liu thp c cht lng tt hn khi ct bng cch dng m hn ct. - Cc cnh ct sch hn khng c ba via. - Lng tht thot vt liu cnh ct t hn. - Khng c phoi st, khng c bi bay v lng ng trn vt liu gia cng (bt c st s lng ng li thnh bi mn. - Tc tin dao cao. - Nhit ct khng cao, chi tit gia cng khng b bin dng. - Khng c lc tin dao, khng c lc ct do chi tit gia cng t vt liu mm khng b bin dng

- Chi tit gia cng khng c hin tng tch in v vy c th ct tch cc tm dn in t m khng lm hng cc linh kin vi in t c cy trn . Cc my ct dng tia nc thng c ch to theo nguyn l ca mt my c dm ngang iu khin theo 3 trc NC, c thm 2 trc NC nghing cho vi phun tia nc. Vi phun cn c th c ni ghp vi robot t tnh linh hot mc cao nht.