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Phng php nh lut bo ton in tch. I. Ni dung phng php . 1. Trong phn ng trao i ion ca dung dch cht in li trn c s ca nh lut bo ton in tch ta thy c bao nhiu in tch tch dng hoc in tch m ca cc ion chuyn vo trong kt ta hoc khi tch ra khi dung dch th phi tr li cho dung dch by nhiu in tch m hoc in tch dng. 2.Tng in tch dng bng tng in tch m. Hay tng s mol in tch dng bng tng s mol in tch m. 3. Trong cc phn ng oxi ha kh th tng s mol e do cc cht kh nhng bng tng s mol e do cc cht oxi ha nhn. 4. Mt hn hp nhiu kim loi c ha tr khng i v c khi lng cho trc s phi nhng mt s e khng i cho bt k tc nhn oxi ha no. II. Phm vi s dng. nh lut bo ton in tch c p dng trong cc trng nguyn t, phn t dung dch trung ho in. Xc nh khi lng cht rn sau khi c cn mt dung dch khi bit s mol ca cc ion trong dung dch, xc nh lng mol, nng ca ion no khi bit lng ca ion khc. III. Bi ton p dng. Bi ton 1. ( Trch thi tuyn sinh H C- Khi A- 2008 ). Cho 11.36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe 2O3 v Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dd HNO 3 long d thu c 1.344 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X sau phn ng c m gam mui khan. Gi tr m l: A. 34.36 gam. B. 35.50 gam. C. 49.09 gam D. 38.72 gam. Bi gii. n NO =

1, 344 = 0, 06mol; nFe = m/56 mol 22, 4 11,36 m mol 16

Da vo LBTKL ta c: m O = 11,36 m => n O =

Fe Fe3+ + 3e m 3m mol; 56 56 2e O 2

11,36 m 2(11,36 m) 16 16 N + 3e N ...0,18 0,06mol

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p dng LBTT

3m 2(11,36 m) = 0,18 + m = 8,96gam 56 16 m muoi = m Fe + m NO = 8,96 + 62.3.n Fe =

3

= 8,96 + 62.3.

Cch 2: p dng cng thc gii nhanh.

8.96 = 38,72 gam => D dung 56

=> D ng Cch 3. Ly cc p n em chia cho khi lng mol ca mui l 242 th cc s u l nhng ch c p n D l s khng l l 0,16 Chng ta c th gii nhiu cch khc nhau, song tc gi ch gii minh ha theo phng php . Bi ton 2. (Trch thi tuyn sinh H C Khi B- 2007) Nung m gam bt Fe trong oxi thu c 3 gam cht rn X. ho btan ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3 d thu c 5,6 lt NO ( ktc) (l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l: A. 2,52 gam B. 2,22 gam C. 2,62 gam D. 2,32 gam. Bi gii.

7.m hh + 56.n e 7.11,36 + 56.0,06.3 = = 8,96gam 10 10 8,96 n Fe( NO3 )3 = n Fe = = 0,16mol, m Fe(NO3 )3 = 0,16.242 = 38,72gam 56 m Fe =

0,56 56 = 0,025mol; n Fe = mol nFe = m/56 mol 22, 4 m 3 m mol Da vo LBTKL ta c: m O = 3 m => n O = 16 Fe Fe3+ + 3e m 3m mol; 56 56 O + 2e O 2
n NO =

3m 16
+5 +2

2(3 m) 16

N + 3e N ...0,075 0,025mol 3m 2(3 m) = 0,075 + m = 2,52gam =>A ng. 56 16

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p dng LBTT

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Cch 2: p dng cng thc gii nhanh.

m Fe =

Bi ton 3. Ly 7,88 gam hn hp gm 2 kim loi hot ng X, Y c ha tr khng i chia thnh 2 phn bng nhau: - Phn 1 nung trong xi d xi ha hon ton thu c 4,74 hn hp 2 xt. - Phn 2 ha tan hon ton trong dung dch cha 2 axit HCl v H 2SO4 long thu c V lt kh (ktc). Gi tr V l: A. 1,12 lt B. 2,24 lt C. 1,68 lt D. 3,36 lt. Bi gii. Khi lng mi phn: 7,88:2=3,94 gam. S mol O kt hp vi 3,94 gam hn hp kim loi:

7.m hh + 56.n e 7.3 + 56.0,025.3 = = 2,52gam => A ng 10 10

Qu trnh to xit:

4,74 3,94 = 0,05mol 16 O + 2e O 2

0,05 0,1mol
Theo LBTT th phn 2:

2H + + 2e H 2
Vy VH 2 Bi ton 4. Dung dch X c cha 5 ion: Mg2+, Ba2+, Ca2+, 0.1 mol Cl -. v 0.2 mol NO3-, thm dn V ml dung dch Na 2CO3 1 M vo X n khi c lng kt ta ln nht. Gi tr V ml l: A. 450 ml B. 600 ml C. 300 ml D. 150 ml Bi gii. Phng trnh ion rt gn xy ra:

......0,1mol 0,05mol = 0,05.22, 4 = 1,12 => A dung

Mg 2+ + CO32- = MgCO3. Ba 2+ + CO32- = BaCO3. Ca 2+ + CO32- = CaCO3.

Khi phn ng kt thc cc kt ta tch khi dung d ch, phn dung dch cha Na+, Cl- v NO-3 . trung ho v in tch th

nNa + = nCl + nNO = 0,3mol

3

VddNa 2CO3 =
Ch :

+ 2. Na

n Na +

0,3 = 0,15lit = 150ml => D ng. 2

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WWW.VIETMATHS.COM n + 2 + Na 2CO3 = 2.Na + + CO3 => n Na 2CO3 = Na = 0.15mol 2 n Na + 0,3 V = = = 0,3lit = 300ml => C sai + Nu Na 2CO3 + Na 1 2n Na + 0,3.2 V = = = 0,6lit = 600ml => B sai + Nu Na 2CO3 Na + 1

Bi ton 5. Chia hn hp hai kim loi X v Y c ho tr khng i thnh hai phn bng nhau: + Phn mt tan ht trong dung dch HCl to ra 1.792 lt H 2 (ktc) + Phn hai nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 2.84 gam cht rn. Khi lng gam hn hp hai kim loi ban u l: A. 3.12 gam B. 1.56 gam C. 0.56 gam D. 4.4 gam Bi gii: Ta c: in tch ca hai kim loi X v Y trong hai phn l khng i, nn in tch m trong hai phn cng bng nhau, do vy s mol in tch hai phn cng nh nhau.

n O(oxit) =
Do O2- <=> 2Cl- nn:

m oxit

1,792 = 0,08mol 2 22,4 = m kimloai + m O => m kimloai = 2,84 16.0,04 = 1,56gam = n H2 =

n Cl (muoi)

m honhop = 1,56.2 = 3,12gam => A dung

Ch : + Nu m honhop = 1,56 => B sai . Do ch c mui mt phn +Nu m = 2,84 32.0,08 = 0,28gam => m honhop = 0,56gam => C sai + Nu m = 2,84 16.0,04 = 2,2gam => m honhop = 4,4gam => D sai Bi ton 6. Dung dch X cha cc ion: CO32-, SO32-, SO42- v 0,1 mol HCO3- , 0,3 mol Na+ . Thm V lt dung dch Ba(OH) 2 1 M vo dung dch A thu c lng khi lng kt ta ln nht. Gi tr ca V lt l: A. 0,4 lt B. 0,2 lt C. 0,1 lt D. 0,15 lt Bi gii:

Ta c: Ba = 1M, OH = 2M . thu c lng kt ta ln nht th 2 cn 0,1 mol OH- tc dng ht HCO3- . HCO3 + OH CO3 + H 2O +, Mt khc cn 0,3 mol OH trung ha Na nh vy cn tng s mol 0,4 = 0,2lit => D dung . 2 0,4 Ch : + Nu VBa(OH)2 = = 0,4lit => A sai 1 0,2 + Nu VBa(OH)2 = = 0,1 lit => C sai 2 0,3 + Nu VBa(OH)2 = = 0,15 lit => D sai . 2
OH- =0,4 mol=> VBa(OH)2 =

2+

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Bi ton 7. Mt dung dch c cha x mol K +, y mol Fe3+, z mol Cl- v t mol SO42-. Biu thc C lin h gia x, y, z, t l: A. x+3y= z+2t B. x+y= z+t C. x+z= 3y+2t D. 3y+z = x+2t Bi gii p dng phng php nh lut bo ton in tch : tng s mol in tch dng bng tng s mol in tch m. 1.n K + + 3.n Fe3+ = 1.n Cl + 2.n SO2 => x + 3y = z + 2t A (ng). Ta c 4 Bi ton 8. Cho tan hon ton 15,6 gam hn hp Al v Al 2O3 trong 500 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c 6,72 lt H2 (ktc) v dung dch X . Th tch HCl 2 M cn cho vo X thu c kt ta ln nht l : A. 0,25 lt. B. 0,35 lt. C. 0,5 lt. D. 0,244 lt. Bi gii: Trong dung dch X cha AlO2- v OH- (nu d). Dung dch X trung ha + n OH = n Na + = 0,5mol khi cho axit HCl vo dung dch v in tch nn. n AlO 2 X ta c ptp sau: H+ + OH- H2O H+ + AlO2- + H2O Al(OH)3 thu c kt qu ln nht th

n H + = n AlO + n OH = 0,5mol => VHCl =

2

Ch : Nu s dng phng php ny th s tha d kin v ta c th s dng nhiu phng php khc kim tra kt qu. Bi ton 9. Cho tan hon ton 10 gam hn hp Mg v Fe trong dung dch HCl 4M thu c 5,6 lt H2 ( ktc) v dung dch X. kt ta hon ton cc ion trong X cn 300 ml dung dch NaOH 2M. Th tch HCl dng l: A. 0,168 B. 0,224 C. 0,112 D. 0,15 lt. Bi gii Khi cho 0,6 mol NaOH vo dung dch X ch Mg 2+ , Fe3+, H+( nu d) tch ra khi dung dch X. Dung dch to thnh cha Cl - phi trung ha vi 0,6 mol Na+

0,5 = 0,25lit => A dung 2

n Cl = n Na + = 0,6mol => VHCl =

Bi ton 10. (Trch thi tuyn sinh H C Khi A- 2007) Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol Cu2+, 0,03 mol K+ , x mol Cl- v y mol SO42- . Tng khi lng cc mui tan c trong dung dch l 5,435 gam . Gi tr ca x , y ln lt l: A. 0,03 v 0,02. B. 0,05 v 0,01 C. 0,01 v 0,03 D. 0,02 v 0,0,5 Bi gii p dng LBTT : x + 2y = 0,02 . 2 + 0,03 = 0,07 (1) Mt khc khi lng mui bng tng khi lng cc ion . => 64 . 0,2 + 0,03 . 39 + 35,5.x + 96.y = 5,435 (2) 35,5x + 96y = 2,085 (3) , T (1) v (3) x = 0,03 , y = 0,02 A ng.

0,6 = 0,15lit => D dung 4

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Bi ton 11. Mt dung dch cha 0,1 mol Fe 2+, 0,2 mol Al3+ cng 2 loi anion x mol Cl- v y mol SO42- . Tng khi lng cc mui tan c trong dung dch l 46,9 gam . Gi tr ca x , y ln lt l: A. 0,4 v 0,2. B. 0,2 v 0,3 C. 0,3 v 0,25 D. 0,1 v 0,35 Bi gii p dng LBTT : x + 2y = 0,1.2 + 0,2.3 = 0,8 (1) Mt khc khi lng mui bng tng khi lng cc ion . => 0,1.56 + 0,2 .27+ 35,5.x + 96.y = 46,9 (2) 35,5x + 96y = 35,9 (3) , T (1) v (3) x = 0,2 , y = 0,3 B ng. Bi ton 12. Mt dung dch cha 0,39 gam K+, 0,54gam Al3+ cng 2 loi anion 1,92 gam SO42- v ion NO3- . Nu c cn dung dch th s thu c khi lng mui khan l: A. 4,71 gam B. 3,47 gam C. 4,09 gam D. 5,95 gam Bi gii

n K + = 0,01mol, n Al3+ = 0,02mol , n SO2 = 0,02mol

4

p dng LBTT : 0,01 + 0,02.3 = 0,02 + nNO 3- => nNO3-=0,03 mol m

m muoi = m K + + m Al3+ + mSO2 + m NO =

4 3

= 0,39 + 0,54 + 1,92 + 62.0,03 = 4,71gam => A dung

Ch : = 0,01 + 0,02 0,02 = 0,01mol => m muoi = 3,47gam => B sai - Nu n NO3
= 0,02mol => m muoi = 4,09gam => C sai - Nu n NO3 = 0,01 + 0,02 + 0,02 = 0,05mol => m muoi = 5,95gam => D sai . - Nu n NO3

Bi ton 13. Mt dung dch X cha a mol Na +, b mol HCO3- , c mol CO2-3 , d mol SO42- . thu c kt ta ln nht cn dng V lt dung dch Ba(OH) 2 nng y mol/lt. Gi tr ca y mol/lt theo cc gi tr a, b, c, d l: Bi gii

a+b V b+c+d C. y = V
A. y =

a+b 2V b+c+d D. y = 2V
B. y =

Phng trnh phn ng xy ra:

2OH - + HCO3- = H 2O+CO3 .(1)

Ba 2+ + CO32- = BaCO3.(2) Ba 2+ + SO 4 2- = BaSO 4 .(3)

Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra th trong dung dch A ch cn li a mol Na . p dng LBTT th s mol OH- cng phi bng a mol. Mt khc s mol OH- phng trnh (1) cng phi bng b mol, nn s mol OH - ban u l (a+b) mol
+

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WWW.VIETMATHS.COM Ba(OH) 2 =Ba +2OH - (4)

2+

y.Vmol..................2y.Vmol a+b =>2y.V=a + b => y = => B dung 2V

Ch : + T (1)

n NO - =b mol, tu(2) n CO 2- =c mol, tu(3) n SO 2- =d mol

3 3 4

b+c+d => C sai V b+c+d => D sai + Nu 2y.V=b+c+d=>y= 2V a+b => A sai + Nu t (4) y.V=a+b=>y= V =>y.V=b+c+d=>y=
IV. Bi tp t gii. Bi 1. Cho 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe 3O4, Fe2O3 tan va ht trong 700 ml dung dch HCl 1 M thu c 3,36 lt H 2 (ktc) v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi NaOH d, lc kt ta v nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn Y. Khi lng Y l: A. 22 gam B. 28 gam C. 30 gam D. 24 gam Bi 2. Trn 100 ml dung dch AlCl3 1 M vi 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1,8 M thu c kt ta A v dung dch D. 1. Khi lng kt ta A l A.3,9 gam B. 3,12 gam C. 4,68 gam D. 2,34 gam 2. Nng mol ca cc cht trong dung dch D l A. NaCl 0,1 M v NaAlO2 0,2 M B. NaCl 1 M v NaAlO2 0,2 M C. NaCl 1M v NaAlO2 2 M D. NaCl 1,8 M v NaAlO2 1 M Bi 3: (Trch thi tuyn sinh H- C - KB - 2007 ). Cho 200ml dung dch AlCl3 1,5M tc dng vi V lt dung dch NaOH 0,5M, lng kt ta thu c l 15,6 gam, gi tr ln nht ca V lt l: A: 1,2 B: 1,8 C: 2 D: 2,4 Bi 4: Ha tan hon ton mt xit st Fe xOy bng dung dch H2SO4 c nng thu c 2,24 lt kh SO2 duy nht (ktc) v dung dch mui Y, c cn dung dch mui Y cn nng 120 gam cht rn khan. Cng thc phn t ca xit st l: A. FeO B. Fe2O3 C. Fe3O4 D. Khng xc nh c Bi 5: Nung y mol Fe trong khng kh mt thi gian thu c 16,08 gam hn hp A gm 4 cht rn gm Fe v cc xit st. ha tan ht lng hn hp A trn bng dung dch HNO3 long d thu c 672 ml kh NO duy nht(ktc) v dung dch mui. Gi tr ca l y: A. 0.291 mol B. 0,232 mol. C. 0,426 mo l D. 36,8 mol Bi 6: Ha tan m gam hn hp A gm 4 cht rn gm Fe v cc xit st bng dung dch HNO3 d thu c 4,48 lit kh NO2 duy nht(ktc) v 145,2 gam mui khan. Gi tr ca l m gam:

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A. 44 gam B. 32 gam. C. 58 gam D. 22 gam Bi 7: (Trch thi tuyn sinh H-C - KA 2008 ). Cho V lt dung dch NaOH 2M vo dung dch cha 0,1mol Al2(SO4)3 v 0,1mol H2SO4 n khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 7,8 gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca V thu c lng kt ta trn l: A: 0,05 B: 0,25 C: 0,35 D: 0,45 Bi 8: Cho 3,42 gam Al2(SO4)3 vo 50ml dung dch NaOH, thu c 1,56gam kt ta v dung dch X. Nng M ca dung dch NaOH l: A: 0,6 B: 1,2 C: 2,4 D: 3,6 Bi 9: Ho tan ht m gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe 2O3 v Fe3O4 bng HNO3 thu c 2.24 lt kh mu nu duy nht (ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng c 96.8 gam mui khan. Gi tr m l: A. 55.2 gam. B. 31.2 gam. C. 23.2 gam D. 46.4 gam. Bi 10: Ho tan 52.2 gam hh X gm FeO, Fe 2O3 v Fe3O4 bng HNO3 c, nng thu c 3.36 lt kh NO2 (ktc). C cn dd sau phn ng c m gam mui khan. Gi tr m l: A. 36.3 gam. B. 161.535 gam. C. 46.4 gam D. 72.6 gam. Bi 11: (Trch thi tuyn sinh H C- Khi A-2008 ). Nung nng m gam hn hp Al v Fe2O3 (trong mi trng khng c khng kh) n phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c hn hp rn Y, chia Y thnh hai phn bng nhn bng nhau: - Phn 1 tc dng vi H2SO4 long d sinh ra 3.08 lt kh hir (ktc). - Phn 2 tc dng NaOH d sinh ra 0.84 lt kh hir (ktc). Gi tr m gam l: A. 22.75 B. 21.40 C. 29.40 D. 29.43 . Bi 12. (Trch thi tuyn sinh H C- Khi A-2007). Ho tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp Fe v Cu ( t l mol 1:1) bng HNO 3 thu c V lt hn hp kh X gm NO v NO2 (ktc) v dung dch Y ( ch cha 2 mui v axit d ). T khi ca X so vi H2 bng 19. Gi tr V lt l: A. 2.24 B. 3.36. C. 4.48 D. 5.60.

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