Biodiversity 17 Oct Sarnam

BIODIVERSITY CHARACTERIZATION AT LANDSCAPE LEVEL USING SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
Dr. SARNAM SINGH Forestry & Ecology Division Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (ISRO)
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Terms in the title

Biodiversity = Biological + Diversity (variability of living organisms includes all Plants and Animals) Characterization = Classification or categorization Landscape = Large area i.e. aggregation of landforms Remote Sensing = Earth Observation Systems
Geographic Information System = a tool for data collection, storing, organizing, retrieving, displaying, integration and analyses as per user requirement, as and when and the way required, in computer domain
The term Biological diversity was first defined by Norse & Mc Manus (1980) and its abridged form Biodiversity was coined by Walter G Rosen in 1985.
The biodiversity has been defined in various ways, an appropriate definition of biodiversity is the totality of genes, species and ecosystem in a region (IUCN & UNEP.1992). The simple definition is the variety and variability of living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) on planet earth.
This lecture focuses on Phytodiversity
Global Scenario
In 600 million year, 5 to 50 million species on planet Only 1.6 m species have been identified Animals 1.17 millions One higher plant species is lost per day from Tropical Rain Forest About 25% of the total 2,50,000 higher plants species will be lost in the next few decades, and another 25% by the end of 21st century
DISTRIBUTION OF BIODIVERSITY
DISTRIBUTION OF BIODIVERSITY IS NOT UNIFORM !!! It increases : from pole to equator from high to low attitude
TREASURE HOUSE OF BIODIVERSITY

Tropical Rain Forests
7% of the total land surface but more than of the spp. on earth 80% of word's Insects live in these forests. Flora of India Peninsular India occur in Western Ghats of
17 Mega Biodiversity Centers in the world Area with high concentration of Biodiversity are known as Biodiversity Hotspots
Map of Biodiversity Hot Spots and Number of Endemic species
Himalayas 3160
Western Ghats- Sri Lanka 3049

Indo-Burma7000
BIODIVERSITY - GLOBAL SCALE

BIOLOGICAL RICHNESS MAP OF WORLD HUMAN DISTURBANCE MAP OF WORLD
HOWEVER ???
Source: R.A. Mittermeter, Primate diversity & Tropical forest: case studies from Brazil & Madascagar & Importance of Megadiversity countries,Biodiversity, 1988 National Academy Press
Source:
Data from Lee Hannah & David Lohse, 1993 Annual Report,Conservation Institution, Washington, D.C.
Areas with high levels of Biodiversity
A Human disturbance-map compares predominantly natural areas with those that are partially disturbed or human dominated
Mega centres of endemism in India

Endemism is the occurrence of species in a particular locality, area or the country It is most important criteria for declaring such areas
Hot spots Western Ghats Eastern Himalayas Western Himalayas
No. species 1500 1808 1195
Biodiversity Scenario in India 16 forest types and 221 sub-types probably unique in the world
Ecosystem diversity from sea level (Mangrove) to Alpine in the Himalayas Diverse habitats from extreme icy cold in Himalayas to extreme hot in western India
Biodiversity Scenario in India

3000 wild edible plant species used in rural & tribal areas.
3000 medicinal species - 85% of which are wild. 27 Breeds of Sheep.

20 Breeds of Goats.
Biodiversity Scenario in India

India ranks 7th in the world in contribution of agricultural plants
6th amongst centre of diversity and origin as far as Agro-bio-diversity is concerned. Local land racesRice (60000)
Mango (5000)
Genetic Diversity of India

167 species of crops, 335 species of wild relatives, and several species of domesticated animals have originated here. The genetic diversity within these species is astounding. Some examples:
Rice: 50,000 varieties

Mango: 1000 varieties Sorghum: 5000 Varieties Pepper: 500 varieties Cattle: 27 breeds Goats: 22 breeds
Sheep: 40 breeds
Poultry: 18 breeds Buffalo: 8 breeds Camel: 8 breeds Horses: 6 breeds Donkey: 2 breeds
ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
Forest Ecosystems
Grassland Ecosystems
Wetland Ecosystems
Coastal & Marine Ecosystems
Hot Desert Ecosystems
Cold Desert Ecosystems
FLOWERING PLANTS USED IN TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE IN INDIA
Particulars
Flowering Plants
Species
17,500 8,000 5,000 900 800 700 300
Tribal Medicine Folklore/LHT Ayurveda Siddha Unani Amchi Modern
30
Courtesy : NBRI, 2001
Endemic flowering plants in India

In India about 5725 species distributed in 148 genera and 47 families (33%) are endemic out of 17,500 species. Three Phytogeographic areas where endemism and floristic diversity maximum are:
Region
Himalayas
Peninsular India Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Species
3471
2015 239
Causes of Loss of biodiversity

Men made
Habitat loss Cutting of forests Quarrying of stones Grazing, Fire Environmental pollution Invasive of foreign weeds Over exploitation of med plants Flood Diseases Lack of pollinator
Natural
Draught
Landslides
Competitors, predators and pests

Socioeconomic changes
(90% collected from forests. Out of which 70% collected in distractive manner.
Causes of Loss of biodiversity
Fragmentation often reduces biodiversity and consequently decreases genetic diversity.

One of the major causes of biodiversity loss and extinction
Skulls of wild animals hanging at community centre in Arunachal Pradesh
Habitat Loss 1994
IRS LISS FCCs showing deforestation Sonitpur, Assam
1999
2000
Conservation status in India

PA Types
PAs
Biosphere Reserves National Parks Conservation Reserves Community Reserves World Heritage sites 6
Number Area (km2)

603
15 99 2
Geographical Area (%)

4.57
1.16 3.55 Uttrakhand
156000
38029 118128
Wildlife Sanctuaries 515
Types of Biodiversity
Species Diversity: variety of species within a region Genetic Diversity: variations of genes within a species
Ecosystem Diversity: different types of ecosystems/ habitats Alpha Diversity (Within Community Diversity)
Beta Diversity (Between Community Diversity) Gamma Diversity (Diversity of the habitats in the whole geographic region)
Hierarchy of Biological Organisation
Biosphere
Biomes Landscape Ecosystem
Community
Population Species
A structurally distinct geographical space, which is kilometres wide, is called a landscape. Biosphere is the limited zone of life on earth
Amenability to Satellite Remote Sensing
Approaches for Inventorying Biodiversity Conventional Time Consuming High extinction rate ? Overtaking inventory process
Landscape
Ecosystem Community
Population
Species
Gene
Geospatial Stratified approach Extrapolation on large landscapes Systematic Monitoring Spatial Environmental Database
Landscape Characterization
What is Landscape? Landscape commonly refers to the landforms of a region in the aggregate (Websters New Collegiate Dictionary, 1980) or
Most simply, a landscape can be considered a spatially heterogeneous area.
Landscape Characterization
Unit of Landscape is Patch, therefore landscape characterization is basically based on patch characteristics i.e. patch characterization What is a patch ? Patch is a non-linear relatively homogeneous contiguous area.
Why at Landscape level ??

Because every species needs a minimum (optimum) area for evolution, survival and adaptations to changing climatic conditions
Because biodiversity of small forest areas/ patches is poor therefore, conservation of small areas/patches is not viable as a long term conservation strategy Because conservation of single species is not feasible in long term

Large area provides better chances of survival and evolution In situ conservation is essential for species to evolve Adaptations to changed environmental conditions climatic and
Ecosystem goods and services will not function properly Nutrient cycle will be always threatened in small area

Because conservation of one or ecosystems may not represent biodiversity of the region few the
Large areas have more core & intact forest hence less biotic interference
Fewer Extinctions Constancy of Environment
Varied Habitats due to topography, soils, climate, etc.

SIZE Small
Symmetric S H A P E CORE
Patch Characteristics
Large
Good IDEAL
BUFFER
Small Size Peoples Criss-cross High Biotic Pressure High Disturbance Not Suitable
Good
Small
Small-Medium
Medium-High
Role of Geoinformatics - Remote Sensing

Data Available for Global to Local level studies From Coarse resolution: NOAA-AVHRR, SPOT Vegetation, MODIS for Global studies/scenarios/ decision and policy making To Moderate resolution: WiFS and AWiFS for National - Regional studies / scenarios / decision and policy making To High Resolution: Landsat TM, IRS LISS III, ASTER, SPOT for State/District/ local studies/scenarios / planning and management To Very High Resolution: IKONOS, LISS IV, Cartosat 1, 2, Quickbird, etc. for village level planning and management
Scale diversity of Remote Sensing Data
TERRAIN CLIMATE Rainfall Temperature
APPROACH
GIS
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLEXITY LOW DISTURBANCE REGIMES
BIODIVERSITY PRIORITY ZONE
HABITAT (ECOSYSTEMS)
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY Patch characteristics Human Intervention
VEGETATION / ECOSYSTEM MAPPING Remote Sensing + Ground Truth + Existing Vegetation Maps
APPLICATIONS
BIODIVERSITY PRIORITY ZONE
Biodiversity Richness Identification Disturbance Gradient Analysis Biodiversity Conservation Gap Areas Conservation of BR areas Extension of PA area or Network Prioritization of Biodiversity Surveys
GIS
LOW ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE COMPLEXITY REGIMES
Working Plan and Forest Management

Germplasm Location for
HABITAT (ECOSYSTEMS)
Bioprospecting
APPROACH FOR DISTURBANCE INDEX

Landscape Analysis Package SPALM
Fragmentation
Proximity Analysis
Forest /Non Forest map
Road
Vegetation Type Map
= ( Fragmentation, Porosity, Interspersion, Biotic/Human Disturbances & Juxtaposition )
Disturbance Index
Sources of Human Disturbances
Broad Cover Types
Porosity, Patchiness Interspersion
Association ( Weights determined based on Adjacency of the vegetation types
Juxtaposition
Settlement
Landscape Parameters
Of the several parameters available in literature following parameters were considered
Fragmentation Porosity Patchiness Interspersion Juxtaposition
LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS
Natural Landscape
IMPACT OF FRAGMENTATION
Artificial Landscape
Intact
Lowest
IMPACT OF POROSITY
Highest
Intact
Lowest
Highest
FRAGMENTATION The number of patches of forest and non-forest type in per unit area. PATCHINESS
The measure of the density of patches of all types or number of clusters in a given mask POROSITY
The measure of number of patches or density of patches within a particular type.
INTERSPERSION
The count of dissimilar neighbors with respect to central pixel or measurement of the spatial intermixing of the vegetation types.
JUXTAPOSITION
The measure of proximity or adjacency of the vegetation types.
APPROACH FOR VEGETATION / LANDCOVER TYPE MAP
Raw Satellite Data Sun Angle Effect Ratioing Biophysical spectral Indices NDVI, SAVI Knowledge base
Pre-Processing
Removal of Discrepancies
Haze Removal Histogram Minimization Dark Object Subtraction

Geometric And Radiometric Correction
Unsupervised + Supervised + Knowledge Base
Visual Interpretation of digital data Hybrid Classification
Ground Truth
Digitally Classified Vegetation / Landcover Map

FALSE COLOUR COMPOSITE OF IRS LISS III (MARCH)
Doon Valley
Forest Cover Type mapping delineation
Sal Forest
Dry Deciduous Forest
Mixed Moist Deciduous Forest
Subtropical Moist Deciduous Forest
Temperate Forest
Mixed Pine Forest
Agriculture
Rivers
Settlements
VEGETATION COVER TYPE AND LAND USE MAP
Sampling Design
Transect
Square
Point
Plot Design
Sampling Design
N Nested Quadrate Approach Laying of plots North-South Along Slope or gradient
Mark trees with ring with paint at dbh (1.37 m)

Landscape Analysis
Analysis for number of patches / unit area

Fragmentation, Porosity, Patchiness Determination of optimal mask size to explain of landscape parameter using different mask size (250, 500, 1000, n)
Interspersion and Juxtaposition

Apply 3 3 mask size Interspersions and Juxtaposition analyses
LU/LC Map Input for Landscape Analysis
MASK SIZE: 250
250 m
MASK SIZE: 500
500 m
MASK SIZE: 1250
1250 m
False Color Composite of PBR Region
HOSHANGABAD DISTRICT
PACHMARHI SANCTUARY SATPURA NATIONAL PARK
BORI SANCTUARY CHHINDWARA DISTRICT BUFFER ZONE BETUL DISTRICT
FCC of Bori WLS and Satpura NP in Madhya Pradesh (IRS WiFS data, 2002)
Water body
Dry deciduous Bamboo
Rehabilitation sites Lantana
Agriculture
Very basic understanding of RS data is sufficient
Location of Sample Plots In PBR Region
Land Use / Land Cover Map of PBR

22 50 10.01
Legend
Moist Deciduous Forest Dry Deciduous Forest Sal mixed Forest Teak mixed Forest Sal Forest Teak Forest Bamboo mixed Forest Degraded Forest Scrub Agriculture Fallow/ Barren land Water body Wetland / Sand Settlement
22 10 49.46
Fragmentation Map of PBR
22 50 10.01
Fragmentation
Class High Fragmentation Medium Fragmentation Intact Agriculture Area % 31.71 35.99 15.88 16.42
40 35 30 25
Legend
22 10 49.46 Non- Forest Low Fragmentation Moderate Fragmentation High Fragmentation
20 15 10 5 0 1
HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Disturbance is inversely proportional to distance
Road Network
Settlements
Settlement Influence
Meters
Road Impact
Meters
Disturbance Zones of 500 Meters Distance
LEGEND HIGH MEDIUM LOW

Disturbance Index
Disturbance Index = {(Fragmentation, Porosity, Interspersion, Proximity from disturbance source (settlement+ Roads) and Juxtaposition)} DI= (Frai * WTi1 + Pori * Wti2 + Inti * Wti3 + BDi * Wti4 + Juxti * Wti5
DI= Disturbance Index, Frg = Fragmentation, Por= Porosity, Int = Interspersion, BD = Proximity from disturbance source (settlement+ Roads) and Juxt = Juxtaposition; Wt = Weight
Disturbance Index Map of PBR
22 50 10.01
Disturbance
Class High Medium Low Agriculture Area % 39.95 25.47 18.09 16.49
40 35 30 25 20
Legend 22 10 49.46 Very High Disturbance High Disturbance Low Disturbance Non- forest
15 10 5 0 1
Approach For Biological Richness

Botanical Survey of India Species Database Knowledge Base
Assign attributes to Vegetation types
Ground Sampling Species Richness
Total Value Index
(Known Economic uses)
Ecosystem Uniqueness Representativeness Endemism
Disturbance Index
Biological Richness
=
Biodiversity Value, Terrain Complexity & Disturbance Index )
f (Ecosystem Uniqueness, Species Richness, Terrain Complexity
Digital Elevation Model
SPALM- Landscape Analysis Package

Biological Richness
Biological Richness = (Ecosystem Uniqueness, Species Richness, Biodiversity Value, Terrain Complexity & Disturbance Index )
BR= (EUi *WTi1 + SRi * Wti2 + BVi * Wti3 + TCi * Wti4 + DIi * Wti5
EU = Ecosystem Uniqueness; SR = Species Richness; BV = Biodiversity Value; TC = Terrain Complexity; DI= Disturbance Index
Biological Richness Mapping

SPATIAL AND NON-SPATIAL ATTRIBUTES (Ground and/or knowledge-based)
Species Diversity ( H ) Ecosystem Uniqueness (EU) Biodiversity Value (BV) Terrain Complexity (TC)
Disturbance Regimes (DI)
Biological Richness Mapping

Field data Collection
Height Measurements
Parameters for Biological Richness Analysis

(A) Species Richness Species Diversity (H) is estimated using ShannonWiener Biodiversity Index formula, is based on the Phytosociological analysis either number of species or Importance Value Index). Field sample plots of appropriate size are laid to enumerate trees, shrubs, herbs, climber, epiphytes etc. Weights from 10 to 1 assigned based on the richness value in decreasing order
Measurements of Biodiversity
Shannons Index
H= - [(ni/N logn (ni/N) where log implies log base n
Where = H is the Shannon-Wiener Index Value = ni is importance value or number of species = N is total number of species Also Sensitive to number of samples
Shannon-Wiener Index and Sample Plot Statistics of different Land Use / Land Cover Classes of PBR
S. No. Forest Types Plots Observed No. of Species Total Individuals Shannon Value Basal Area
Tree Herbs Shrubs Total Trees Herbs Shrubs Total Trees Herbs Shrubs Total Trees Herbs Shrubs Total Trees (m 2/ha)
13 2 Mixed Dry Forest 17 3 Sal Mixed Forest 6 4 Sal Forest 7 5 Teak Mixed Forest 9 6 Riverine 3 7 Bamboo Mixed Teak Forest 7 8 Scrub 2 9 Teak Forest 11 10 Savanna 2 11 Plantation 2
1 Mixed Moist Forest
60 40 15 20 20 15 35 10 30 5
24 16 6 8 8 6 14 4 12 2
97 73 27 35 37 24 56 16 53 9 2
77 54 47 38 41 33 36 19 37 13 6
97 68 42 57 42 29 48 32 55 16
46 22 22 28 26 24 22 14 19 2
220 144 111 123 109 86 106 65 111 31 6
1274 1461 640 742 888 169 350 172 756 25 112
1968 1648 4890 1.60 1.62 1.15 4.37 1395 561 3417 1.31 1.33 1.03 3.67 388 242 1270 1.08 1.36 1.09 3.54 536 269 1547 0.78 1.55 1.21 3.54 588 429 1905 1.19 1.32 0.79 3.30 434 248 851 1.04 1.04 1.07 3.16 1009 1599 2958 1.26 1.33 0.30 2.89 603 509 1284 0.87 1.09 0.74 2.70 1081 271 2108 0.83 1.41 0.16 2.40 275 18 318 1.04 0.98 0.26 2.28 112 0.38 0.38
23.21 12.29 21.14 22.43 18.37 25.83 10.49 5.31 12.88 9.85 27.68

(B) Ecosystem Uniqueness
Ecosystem Uniqueness (EU) is uniqueness of the ecosystem. Number of endemic species, Representativeness of the vegetation (vegetation with exotic species is not representative i.e. original), Number of economically and medicinally important species, based on the known uses Presence of Keystone species, Umbrella species, rare and endangered species in the ecosystem/vegetation type Weights from 10 to 1 assigned based on the ecosystem uniqueness in decreasing order
Cosmopolitan (3) < Regional (6) < Local (10)

Ecosystem Uniqueness
Trees Shrubs Herbs M ME E M ME E M ME Total 44 54 26 41 58 52 130 52 490 41 48 22 36 41 43 125 59 444 35 52 17 36 30 28 87 28 336 20 31 22 30 29 26 91 28 291 18 31 14 28 33 30 73 26 263 19 34 13 35 22 27 70 23 259 20 38 16 19 22 22 82 27 259 16 34 9 16 15 16 70 28 215 21 33 9 26 19 12 56 15 202 18 20 7 19 21 14 39 18 163 49 22 6 17 11 11 25 6 153 12 26 5 8 11 10 35 17 129 9 17 5 5 12 6 29 10 100 4 4 1 2 2 19 44 18 96 6 20 4 4 15 7 23 6 92 3 8 2 3 3 4 16 6 50 0 7 4 3 0 5 17 5 42 3 2 2 3 5 4 7 2 30 2 2 3 1 2 4 5 1 22
S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
SP_Name Dry Deciduous Forest Teak Mixed Forest MDF Scrub Sal Forest Sal Mixed Forest Teak Forest Degraded Forest Riverine Forest Bamboo Forest Bamboo with sal Acacia Forest Anogeissus Forest Grassland Boswellia Forest Savannah Plantation Ravine Forest Ziziphus Forest
E 33 29 23 14 10 16 13 11 11 7 6 5 7 2 7 5 1 2 2
Value of Biodiversity
Direct use
Source of food Material for breeding improved varieties Drug & Medicines
Indirect use
Ecological balance: CO2 & O2, reduce pollution, Check soil erosion, food chain, food web, nutrient cycle etc. Aesthetic value: Green forests, beautiful flowers, song of birds, colorful butterflies, fishes, birds, landscape, ecotourism etc. Cultural value: Inspires poets and artists to compose poems, songs,and to make paintings, sculptures, photography, etc. Right to live: Recreation: visit to gardens, NP, Sanctuaries, Zoo etc.
Fibre: Cotton, flax, jute, hemp, sunn

Useful products: Gums, resins, tannins, dyes, paper, tea, coffee etc. Others: fodder, fuel, timbers etc. Scientific value: material for study

(C) Biodiversity Value (BV)
Biodiversity Value (BV) is the total economic value of the biodiversity (phytodiversity) based on known uses, as proposed by Belal and Spreiguel (1996) Depending upon the number of general uses and medicinal properties, value is assigned to each use by a group of experts. Weights from 10 to 1 assigned based on the biodiversity value in decreasing order
Total Important Value- Weight Table

Species Name Abelmssehus manihot (l.) Medic Foddr Med Edbl Tmbr Chrcol Others Total
E M
M M M M M E
0 0
0 4 5 4 4 4
2 2
4 3 2 2 2 0
4 0
0 5 0 3 0 0
0 0
0 0 3 3 2 3
0 0
0 0 4 4 3 3
3 1
0 0 2 3 5 3
9 4
4 24 32 28 19 17
Abrus precatorius L.
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw. Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delila Acacia pennata (L.) Willd.
Acacia sinuata (lour.)merr.

(D) Terrain Complexity (TC)
Terrain Complexity (TC) is the variability of the topograpphy or terrain, rate of change of variance in Digital Elevation Model. Assumed that higher the terrain complexity (slope, aspect, elevation) richer is biodiversity.
Higher microclimatic conditions created due complex terrain and supporting very high and unique biodiversity.
DEM created based either on contours or point elevation data (Shuttle Radar Terrain Mapper)

(E) Disturbance Regimes (DI) Disturbance Regimes (DI) established based on the Landscape parameters like Fragmentation, Patchiness, Porosity, Interspersion, Juxtaposition and Biotic Pressure is used in modeling biological richness analysis.
Component Weight Table

Forest Type Code 13 14 15 19 21 22 25 26 31 34 38 41 53 54 EU 7 7 7 7 7 7 4 6 10 9 6 8 3 9 SR 10 8 10 8 6 4 5 5 5 4 3 6 4 3 BV 8 10 7 7 6 5 6 7 7 6 4 5 3 3
Moist Deciduous Forest Dry Deciduous Forest Sal Mixed Forest Teak Mixed Forest Sal Forest Teak Forest Bamboo Mixed Forest Bamboo Mixed Sal Hardwickia Forest Boswellia Forest Ziziphus Forest (Ber) Anogesus Forest Riverine Forest Ravine Thorn Forest
22 50 10.01
Biological Richness Map of PBR

Biorichness
Class Very High High Area % 13.77 36.37
Medium
Low Agriculture
8.75
24.61 16.49
40 35
Legend 22 10 49.46 Non- Forest Low Biological Richness Moderate Biological Richness High Biological Richness
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1
Very High Biological Richness
Thank you !

Biodiversity 17 Oct Sarnam

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BIODIVERSITY CHARACTERIZATION AT LANDSCAPE LEVEL USING SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

Terms in the title

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

TREASURE HOUSE OF BIODIVERSITY

Map of Biodiversity Hot Spots and Number of Endemic species

Western Ghats- Sri Lanka 3049

BIODIVERSITY - GLOBAL SCALE

Areas with high levels of Biodiversity

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

Mega centres of endemism in India

Hot spots Western Ghats Eastern Himalayas Western Himalayas

No. species 1500 1808 1195

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

Biodiversity Scenario in India

3000 medicinal species - 85% of which are wild. 27 Breeds of Sheep.

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

Biodiversity Scenario in India

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

Genetic Diversity of India

Rice: 50,000 varieties

Coastal & Marine Ecosystems

Hot Desert Ecosystems

Cold Desert Ecosystems

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

FLOWERING PLANTS USED IN TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE IN INDIA

Tribal Medicine Folklore/LHT Ayurveda Siddha Unani Amchi Modern

Endemic flowering plants in India

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

Causes of Loss of biodiversity

Competitors, predators and pests

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

Causes of Loss of biodiversity

Fragmentation often reduces biodiversity and consequently decreases genetic diversity.

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

Skulls of wild animals hanging at community centre in Arunachal Pradesh

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

Habitat Loss 1994

IRS LISS FCCs showing deforestation Sonitpur, Assam

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

Conservation status in India

Number Area (km2)

Geographical Area (%)

Wildlife Sanctuaries 515

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

Hierarchy of Biological Organisation

Biomes Landscape Ecosystem

Amenability to Satellite Remote Sensing

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

Most simply, a landscape can be considered a spatially heterogeneous area.

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

Why at Landscape level ??

Why at Landscape level ??

Why at Landscape level ??

Varied Habitats due to topography, soils, climate, etc.

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

Role of Geoinformatics - Remote Sensing

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

Scale diversity of Remote Sensing Data

Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS

TERRAIN CLIMATE Rainfall Temperature