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BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION AND BENDING - II




18
1.0 INTRODUCTION

In the previous chapter, the basic theory governing the behaviour of beams subjected to
torsion was discussed. A member subjected to torsional moments would twist about a
longitudinal axis through the shear centre of the cross section. It was also pointed out
that when the resultant of applied forces passed through the longitudinal shear centre axis
no torsion would occur. In general, torsional moments would cause twisting and warping
of the cross sections.

When the torsional rigidity (GJ) is very large compared with its warping rigidity (EI),
the section would effectively be in uniform torsion and warping moment would unlikely
to be significant from the designer's perspective. Examples of this behaviour are closed
hot-rolled sections (e.g. rectangular or square hollow sections) and rolled angles and
Tees. Note that warping moment is developed only if warping deformation is restrained.
Warping deformation in angle and T-sections are not small, only warping moment would
be small. On the other hand, most thin walled open sections have much smaller torsional
rigidity (GJ) compared with warping rigidity (EI) values and these sections will be
exhibiting significant warping moment. Hot rolled I sections and H sections would
exhibit torsional behaviour in-between these two extremes and the applied loading is
resisted by a combination of uniform torsion and warping torsion.


2.0 DESIGNING FOR TORSION IN PRACTICE

Any structural arrangement in which the loads are transferred to an I beam by torsion is
not an efficient one for resisting loads. The message for the designers is "Avoid Torsion
- if you can ". In a very large number of practical designs, the loads are usually applied
in a such a manner that their resultant passes through the centroid. If the section is
doubly symmetric (such as I or H sections) this automatically eliminates torsion, as the
shear centre and centroid of the symmetric cross section coincide. Even otherwise load
transfer through connections may - in many cases - be regarded as ensuring that the loads
are effectively applied through the shear centre, thus eliminating the need for designing
for torsion. Furthermore, in situations where the floor slabs are supported on top flanges
of channel sections, the loads may effectively be regarded as being applied through the
shear centre since the flexural stiffness of the attached slab prevents torsion of the
channel.

Where significant eccentricity of loading (which would cause torsion) is unavoidable,
alternative methods of resisting torsion efficiently should be investigated. These include


Copyright reserved

Version II 18 -1

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
design using box sections, tubular (hollow) sections or lattice box girders which are fully
triangulated on all faces. All these are more efficient means of resisting torsional
moments compared with I or H sections. Unless it is essential to utilise the torsional
resistance of an I section, it is not necessary to take account of it. The likely torsional
effects due to a particular structural arrangement chosen should be considered in the early
stages of design, rather than left to the final stages, when perhaps an inappropriate
member has already been chosen.

3.0 PURE TORSION AND WARPING

In the previous chapter, the concepts of uniform torsion and warping torsion were
explained and the relevant equations derived.

When a torque is applied only at the ends of a member such that the ends are free to
warp, then the member would develop only pure torsion.
The total angle of twist (| ) over a length of z is given by

) 1 (
J G
z T
q

=

|
where T
q
= applied torque
GJ = Torsional Rigidity

When a member is in non-uniform torsion, the rate of change of angle of twist will vary
along the length of the member. The warping shear stress (t
w
) at a point is given by


) 2 (
t
S E
wms
w
|
t
' ' '
=
where E = Modulus of elasticity
S
wms
= Warping statical moment at a particular point S chosen.

The warping normal stress (o
w
) due to bending moment in-plane of flanges (bi-moment)
is given by

o
w
= - E .W
nwfs
. |''

where W
nwfs
= Normalised warping function at the chosen point S.


4.0 COMBINED BENDING AND TORSION

There will be some interaction between the torsional and flexural effects, when a load
produces both bending and torsion. The angle of twist | caused by torsion would be
amplified by bending moment, inducing additional warping moments and torsional
shears. The following analysis was proposed by Nethercot, Salter and Malik in reference
(2).
Version II 18 -2

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
4.1 Maximum Stress Check or "Capacity check"

The maximum stress at the most highly stressed cross section is limited to the design
strength (f
y
/
m
). Assuming elastic behaviour and assuming that the loads produce bending
about the major axis in addition to torsion, the longitudinal direct stresses will be due to
three causes.

) 3 (
. .
' '

=
=
=
| o
o
o
nwfs w
y
yt
byt
x
x
bx
W E
Z
M
Z
M
o
byt
is dependent on M
yt
, which itself is dependent on the major axis moment M
x
and the
twist |.

M
yt
= | M
x
(4)

Thus the "capacity check" for major axis bending becomes:

o
bx
+ o
byt
+o
w
s f
y
/
m
. (5)

Methods of evaluating |, |', |'' and |''' for various conditions of loading and boundary
conditions are given in reference (2).

4.2 Buckling Check

Whenever lateral torsional buckling governs the design (i.e. when p
b
is less than f
y
) the
values of o
w
and o
byt
will be amplified. Nethercot, Salter and Malik have suggested a
simple "buckling check" along lines similar to BS 5950, part 1

( )
( )
) 6 (
/
1
M
M
0.5 1
f M
M
b
x
m y
w byt
b
x
s
(

+
+
+

o o

where , equivalent uniform moment = m
x
M
x

x
M

( )
2
1
2
p E B B
p E
M M
M M
+ | |
and M
b
, the buckling resistance moment =






Version II 18 -3

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
in which
( )
2
M 1 M
E LT p
B
+ +
=
q
|

M
P
, the plastic moment capacity = f
y
. Z
p
/
m

Z
p
= the plastic section modulus

M
E
, the elastic critical moment =

where
LT
is the equivalent slenderness. m
y 2
LT
2
p
f
E M


4.3 Applied loading having both Major axis and Minor axis moments

When the applied loading produces both major axis and minor axis moments, the
"capacity checks" and the "buckling checks" are modified as follows:

Capacity check:

o
bx
+ o
byt
+o
w
+ o
by
s f
y
/
m
(7)


Buckling check:

( )
( )
y y byt
y y
y
b
x
m y
w byt
m y y
y
b
x
Z M
M m M where
M
M
0.5 1
f Z f
M
M
M
/
) 8 ( 1
/ /
=
=
s
(

+
+
+ +
o

o o


4.4 Torsional Shear Stress

Torsional shear stresses and warping shear stresses should also be amplified in a similar
manner:



( ) ) 9 (
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
b
x
w t vt
M
M
0.5 1 t t t
This shear stress should be added to the shear stresses due to bending in checking the
adequacy of the section.

5.0 DESIGN METHOD FOR LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

The analysis for the lateral torsional buckling is very complex because of the different
types of structural actions involved. Also the basic theory of elastic lateral stability
cannot be directly used for the design purpose because

Version II 18 -4

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
- the formulae for elastic critical moment M
E
are too complex for routine use and
- there are limitations to their extension in the ultimate range
A simple method of computing the buckling resistance of beams is given below. In a
manner analogous to the Perry-Robertson Method for columns, the buckling resistance
moment, M
b
, is obtained as the smaller root of the equation

(M
E
- M
b
) (M
p
- M
b
) = q
LT
. M
E
M
b
(10)

As explained in page 3, M
b
is given by,

( )
2
1
2
p E B B
p E
M M
M M
+ | |
M
b
=



( )
2
M 1 M
E LT p
B
+ +
=
q
|
where

[ As defined above, M
E
= Elastic critcal moment
M
p
= f
y
. Z
p
/
m

q
LT
= Perry coefficient, similar to column buckling coefficient
Z
p
= Plastic section modulus]

In order to simplify the analysis, BS5950: Part 1 uses a curve based on the above
concept (Fig. 1 ) (similar to column curves) in which the bending strength of the beam is
expressed as a function of its slenderness (
LT
). The design method is explained below.

The buckling resistance moment M
b
is given by

M
b
= p
b
.Z
p
(11)

where p
b
= bending strength allowing for susceptibility to lateral -torsional buckling.

Z
p
= plastic section modulus.

It should be noted that p
b
= f
y
for low values of slenderness of beams and the value of p
b
drops, as the beam becomes longer and the beam slenderness, calculated as given below,
increases. This behaviour is analogous to columns.

The beam slenderness (
LT
) is given by,

(12)

LT
y
LT
f
E
t =
2



E
M
M
p
LT
= where

Version II 18 -5

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

Beam fails by yield
Beam buckling
50
0
100
p
b
N/mm
2
200
300











150 200 250 100

LT


Fig.1 Bending strength for rolled sections of design strength
275 N/mm
2
according to BS 5950

Fig. 2 is plotted in a non-dimensional form comparing the observed test data with the two
theoretical values of upper bounds, viz. M
p
and M
E
. The test data were obtained from a
typical set of lateral torsional buckling data, using hot-rolled sections. In Fig. 2 three
distinct regions of behaviour can be observed:-

- stocky beams which are able to attain the plastic moment M
p
, for values of below
about 0.4.

LT

- Slender beams which fail at moments close to M


E
, for values of above about 1.2

LT

- beams of intermediate slenderness which fail to reach either M


p
or M
E
. In this case
0.4 <

< 1.2

LT

Beams having short spans usually fail by yielding. So lateral stability does not influence
their design. Beams having long spans would fail by lateral buckling and these are
termed "slender". For the practical beams which are in the intermediate range without
lateral restraint, design must be based on considerations of inelastic buckling.

In the absence of instability, eqn. 11 permits that the value of f
y
can be adopted for the
full plastic moment capacity p
b
for
LT
< 0.4 . This corresponds to
LT
values of around
37 (for steels having f
y
= 275 N/mm
2
) below which the lateral instability is NOT of
concern.






Version II 18 -6

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II





















For more slender beams, p
b
is a function of
LT
which

is given by ,
u is called the buckling parameter and x, the torsional index.

For flanged sections symmetrical about the minor axis,


and

For flanged sections symmetrical about the major axis


and


In the above Z
p
= plastic modulus about the major axis



A = cross sectional area of the member


) 13 (
y
LT
r
uv

=

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
stocky intermediate
slender
M
E
/ M
P
Plastic yield
M / M
p
E
M
P
M
LT
=
Fig.2 Comparison of test data (mostly I sections) with theoretical elastic critical moments
4
1
s
p
u
|
|

=
2
h A
Z 4
.
|
\
|
2
2

( )
2
1
J
A
h 0.566 x
s
=
2
1
4
1
2
2
|
|

= u
.
|
\
|

A
Z I
p y

|
|

=
J I
1.132 x
.
|
\
|
A
y
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
x
y
I
I
1
Version II 18 -7

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
( )
3
2 2
3
1 1
3
2
3
1 2 1
2
b t b t 12
b b t t h
s
+
~
I = torsional warping constant

J = the torsion constant
h
s
= the distance between the shear centres of the flanges
t
1
, t
2
= flange thicknesses
b
1
, b
2
= flange widths

We can assume

u = 0.9 for rolled UBs, UCs, RSJs and channels
= 1.0 for all other sections.

is given in Table 14 of BS5950: Part I

|
|
. \
r
| |
= function a v
y

x of ,
(for a preliminary assessment v = 1)

x = D/T providing the above values of u are used.

5.1 Unequal flanged sections

For unequal flanged sections, eqn. 11 is used for finding the buckling moment of
resistance. The value of
LT
is determined by eqn.13 using the appropriate section
properties. In that equation u may be taken as 1.0 and v includes an allowance for the
degree of monosymmetry through the parameter N = I
c
/ (I
c
+ I
t
) . Table 14 of BS5950:
Part 1 must now be entered with (
E
/r
y
)/x and N .

5.2 Evaluation of differential equations

For a member subjected to concentrated torque with torsion fixed and warping free
condition at the ends ( torque applied at varying values of oL), the values of | and
its differentials are given by

(1- o
T
q





( )

(
(
(
(

+ =
a
z
sinh
a
cosh
a
tanh
a
sinh
a
z
1
GJ
a T
q

o
o
o |
.
For 0 s z s o ,






Version II 18 -8

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
( )

(
(
(
(

+ = '
a
z
cosh
a
cosh
a
tanh
a
sinh
1
GJ
T
q

o
o
o |

a
z
sinh
a
cosh
a
tanh
a
sinh
a J G
T
q
(
(
(
(

= ' '

o
o
|





a
z
cosh
a
cosh
a
tanh
a
sinh
a J G
T
q
(
(
(

= ' ' '


o
o
|
2





Similar equations are available for different loading cases and for different values of o.
Readers may wish to refer Ref. (2) for more details. We are unable to reproduce these on
account of copyright restrictions.

6.0 SUMMARY

This chapter is aimed at explaining a simple method of evaluating torsional effects and to
verify the adequacy of a chosen cross section when subjected to torsional moments. The
method recommended is consistent with BS 5950: Part 1.

7.0 REFERENCES

(1) British Standards Institution, BS 5950: Part 1: 1985. Structural use of steelwork in
Building part 1: Code of Practice for design in simple and continuous
construction: hot rolled sections. BSI, 1985.
(2) Nethercot, D. A., Salter, P. R., and Malik, A. S. Design of Members Subject to
Combined Bending and Torsion , The Steel construction Institute , 1989.
(3) Steelwork design guide to BS 5950: Part 1 1985, Volume 1 Section properties and
member capacities. The Steel Construction Institute, 1985.
(4) Introduction to Steelwork Design to BS 5950: Part 1,
The Steel Construction Institute, 1988.








Version II 18 -9

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 1 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan. 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000

Example 1

The beam shown below is unrestrained along its length. An eccentric load is applied
to the bottom flange at the centre of the span in such a way that it does not provide
any lateral restraint to the member.
The end conditions are assumed to be simply supported for bending and fixed against
torsion but free for warping. For the factored loads shown, check the adequacy of the
trial section.












Replace the actual loading by an equivalent arrangement, comprising a vertical load
applied through the shear centre and a torsional moment as shown below.


























A
= 4000 mm
W = 100 kN
B
W = 100 kN
e = 75 mm
Stiffener to
prevent flange
and web
buckling
W = 100 kN
e = 75 mm
2000mm
=
negative angle of
twist due to T
q
|

W
T
q
= W.e
W
e




Version II 18 -10

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 2 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan. 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000
Loadings due to plane bending and
torsion are shown below.








Loading (Note: These are factored loads and are not to be multiplied by
f
)

Point load, W = 100 kN
Distributed load (self weight), w = 1 kN/m (say)
Eccentricity, e = 75 mm
Bending effects ( at U.L.S)

Moment at B, M
xB
= 102 kNm
Shear at A, F
vA
= 52 kN
Shear at B, F
vB
= 50 kN

Torsional effects ( at U.L.S)

Torsional moment, T
q
= W.e
T
q
= 100 75 10
-3
= 7.5 kNm
This acts in a negative sense, T
q
= -7.5 kNm

Generally wide flange sections are preferable to deal with significant torsion. In this
example, however, an ISWB section will be tried.

Try ISWB 500 250 @ 95.2 kg/m
Section properties from steel tables.

Depth of section D = 500 mm
Width of section B = 250 mm














z
o
T
q

(ii) Torsional

W
(i) Plane
+



Version II 18 -11

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 3 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan. 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000


Web thickness t = 9.9 mm
Flange thickness T = 14.7 mm
Moment of inertia I
xx
= 52291 cm
4
Moment of inertia I
yy
= 2988 cm
4

Radius of gyration r
y
= 49.6 mm
Elastic modulus Z
x
= 2092 cm
3

Elastic modulus Z
y
= 239 cm
3
Cross sectional area A = 121.2 cm
2


Additional properties

Torsional constant, J =

= = 682 10
3
mm
4


Warping constant,

= = 1.76 10
12
mm
6


Shear modulus,


=


Torsional bending constant,



=















14 7 mm
9.9 mm
B = 250 mm
D = 500 mm
( ) | |
3
t 2T D 2BT
1

3
3
+
( ) | |
1
3 3
9.9 14.7 2 500 14.7 250 2
3
+
4
h I
y
2

=
( )
4
14.7 500 10 2988
2 4

( ) u +
=
1 2
E
G
( )
2
/ mm kN 76.9
0.3 1 2
10 2
5
=
+

2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
J G
E
a
mm 2591
10 682 10 76.9
10 1.76 10 2
2
1
3 3
12 5
=
|
|
.
|

\
|





Version II 18 -12

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 4 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan. 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000

Normalized warping function,




= 30331 mm
2

Warping statical moment,



= 2787 10
4
mm
4

Statical moment for flange, Q
f
= A
f
. y
f

= ( 120.05 14.7) 242.7

= 428.2 10
3
mm
3


Statical moment for web, Q
w
= (A/2) y
w



y
w
= = 194.2 mm



Q
w
= 6061 194.2


= 1166 10
3
mm
3
















( )
4
250 14.7 500
4
B h
W
nwfs

=
=
16
14.7 250 485.3
16
T B h
S
2
wms

=
=
2
235.3 9.9 250 14.7
2
+

235.3
235.3 9.9 242.7 250 14.7

(
(

+




Version II 18 -13

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 5 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan. 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000

Material Properties

Shear modulus, G = 76.9 kN/mm
2

Design strength, p
y
= 250 /
m
= 250 / 1.15 = 217 N/mm
2

Check for Combined bending and torsion

(i) Buckling check ( at Ultimate Limit State)










Effective length
E
= 1.0 L
E
= 4000 mm


The buckling resistance moment,





where
M
E
= elastic critical moment
M
p
= plastic moment capacity

= f
y
.Z
p
/
m
=





























BS 5950:
Part I
App.B.2
kNm 507
4
470.6 240.1
4
500 250
15 . 1
250
2 2
=
(
(

( )
1
M
M
0.5 1
f
M
M
b
x
m
y
w byt
b
x
s
(

+
+
+

o o
kNm 102 M 1.0 M
1.0 m
M m M
xB x
xB x
= =
=
=
( )
2
1
2
p E B B
p E
b
M M
M M
M =
+ | |
( )
2
M 1 M
E LT p
B
+ +
=
q
|


Version II 18 -14

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 6 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan. 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000


Elastic critical moment,


LT
= the equivalent slenderness = nuv

= the minor axis slenderness =
E
/ r
y
= 4000 / 49.6 = 80.7

n = 0.86, u = 0.9

v = slenderness factor (according to N and /x)

= 0.5 ( for equal flanged sections)









/ x = 80.7 / 36.6 = 2.2

v = 0.948


LT
= nuv

= 0.86 0.9 0.948 80.7 = 59.2








BS 5950:
Part I
App.B.2.2



BS 5950:
Part I
Table 14




BS 5950:
Part 1
App.B.2.5
y
2
LT
2
p
E
p
E M
M

t
tf cf
cf
I I
N
+
=
I
36.63
10 681.6 10 2988
10 1.76 12122
1.132
J . I
A
1.132 x
2
1
3 4
12
2
1
y
=
|
|
.
|

\
|


=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
kNm 1143
17 2 59.2
10 2 10 583
M
2
5 2 6
E
=


=



Version II 18 -15

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 7 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan. 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000





The Perry coefficient, q
LT
= o
b
(
LT
-
LO
)


Limiting equivalent slenderness,





q
LT
= 0.007 ( 59.2 38.2 ) = 0.15











M
yt
= M
x
. |

To calculate |

/ a = 4000 / 2591 = 1.54
z = o , o = 0.5
= 0.5 4000 = 2000
o / a = 0.77

BS 5950:
Part 1
App.B.2.3




( )
2
M 1 M
E LT p
B
+ +
=
q
|
2 . 8 3
17 2
10 2
0.4
p
E
0.4
2
1
5 2
2
1
y
2
LO
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
( )
kNm 911
2
143 1 1 0.15 07 5
B
=
+ +
= |
( )
( )
kNm 11 4
07 5 143 1 911 911
07 5 143 1
M M
M M
M
2
1
2
2
1
p E
2
B B
p E
b
=
+

=
+
=
| |


Version II 18 -16

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 8 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan. 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000











M
yt
= 102 0.023 = 2.36 kNm




o
w
= E . W
nwfs
.|''

To calculate |''












o
w
= 2 10
5
30331 1.8 10
-8
= 109 N / mm
2





Ref. 2.0
App. B



















Ref. 2.0
App. B
( )
( )
rads 0.023
sinh0.77 cosh0.77
tanh1.54
sinh0.77
0.77 0.5 1
10 681.6 10 76.9
2591 10 7.5
a
z
sinh
a
cosh
a
tanh
a
sinh
a
z
1
GJ
a . T
3 3
6
q
=
)
`

+


=

(
(
(
(

+ =

o
o
o |
2
/ mm N 9.89
10 239
10 2.36
Z
M
3
6
y
yt
byt
=

= = o
8
3 3
6
q
10 1.8
sinh0.77 0.77 cosh
tanh1.54
sinh0.77
2591 10 681.6 10 76.9
10 7.5
a
z
sinh
a
cosh
a
tanh
a
sinh
a J G
T

=
(




=
(
(
(
(

= ' '

o
o
|


Version II 18 -17

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 9 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan. 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000








Buckling is O. K


(i) Local "capacity" check

o
bx
+ o
byt
+ o
w
s f
y
/
m


o
bx
= M
x
/ Z
x
= 102 10
6
/ 2092 10
3
= 48.8 N / mm
2

48.8 + 9.9 + 109.2 = 168 N / mm
2
< 217 N / mm
2

O. K

Strictly the shear stresses due to combined bending and torsion should be checked,
although these will seldom be critical.

Shear stresses due to bending (at Ultimate Limit state)

At support:-


In web,






( )
1 s
(

+
+
+
b
x
m
y
w byt
b
x
M
M
0.5 1
f
M
M

o o
( )
( )
1 6 0.8
10 11 4
10 102
0.5 1
1.15
250
109.2 9.9
10 11 4
10 102
6
6
6
6
< =
(
(

+
+
+

2
/
.
.
mm N 11.7
9.9 10 52291
10 1166 10 52
t I
Q F
4
3 3
x
w VA
bw
=


= = t



Version II 18 -18

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 10 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan. 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000


In flange,



At midspan :-

In web, t
bw
= 11.3 N / mm
2

In flange, t
bf
= 2.8 N / mm
2

Shear stresses due to torsion ( at Ultimate Limit state )

Stress due to pure torsion, t
t
= G.t.|'

Stress due to warping,

To calculate |' and |'''










At o = 0.5,


























Ref. 2.0
App.B

2
/
.
.
mm N 2.9
14.7 10 52291
10 428.2 10 52
T I
Q F
4
3 3
x
f VA
bf
=


= = t
t
S E
wms
w
|
t
' ' '
=
. .
( )

(
(
(
(

+ = '
a
z
cosh
a
cosh
a
tanh
a
sinh
1
J G
T
q

o
o
o |
a
z
cosh
a
cosh
a
tanh
a
sinh
a J G
T
2
q
(
(
(
(

= ' ' '


o
o
|
0.913
a
tanh 1.313,
a
cosh , 0.851
a
sinh
77 . 0
2591
4000 0.5
a
= = =
=

o o
o



Version II 18 -19

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 11 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan. 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000

At support, z = 0







At support










Stresses due to pure torsion.

In web, t
tw
= G.t.|'

t
tw
= 76.9 10
3
9.9 (-1.7 10
-5
)

= - 12.95 N / mm
2

In flange, t
tf
= G. T . |'

t
tf
= 76.9 10
3
14.7 (-1.7 10
-5
)

= - 19.22 N / mm
2




1.313 cosh(0.77)
a
z
cosh
2000 z midspan,
1.0 cosh(0)
a
z
cosh
= =
=
= =
At
11
2 3 3
6
10 0.812
1 1.313
0.913
0.851
2591 10 681.6 10 76.9
10 7.5

= ' ' '




= ' ' '
|
|
( )
5
3 3
6
10 1.7
1 1.313
0.913
0.851
0.5 1
10 681.6 10 76.9
10 7.5

=
(

+


= ' |


Version II 18 -20

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 12 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan. 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000

Stresses due to warping in flange,






At midspan

|' = 0






Stresses due to pure torsion,

In web, t
tw
= G.t.|' = 0

In flange, t
tf
= G.T.|' = 0

Stresses due to warping in flange,







By inspection the maximum combined shear stresses occur at the support.



2
/
. .
mm N 3.1
14.7
10 0.812 10 2787 10 2
T
S E
11 4 5
wf
wms
wf
=

=
' ' '
=

t
|
t
11
2 3 3
6
10 1.06
1.313 1.313
0.913
0.851
2591 10 681.6 10 76.9
10 7.5




= ' ' ' |
2
/
. .
mm N 4.02
14.7
10 1.06 10 2787 10 2
T
S E
11 4 5
wf
wms
wf
=

=
' ' '
=

t
|
t



Version II 18 -21

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 13 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan. 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000










At support








This must be added to the shear stresses due to plane bending.

t = t
bw
+ t
vt

t = 11.7 - 14.6 = - 26.3 N / mm
2
( acting downwards)

In the top flange at 1, t
tf
= - 19.2 N / mm
2

t
wf
= - 3.1 N / mm
2



t = t
bf
+ t
vt
= - 27.9 N / mm
2
( acting left to right)




3
0 1 2
( )
2
vt
2
tw
b
x
w t vt
/mm N 6 14.
11 4
102
0.5 1 12.95
mm / N 12.95 , 3 at web In
M
M
0.5 1
= |
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
t
t
t t t
( )
2
vt
mm / N 1 . 5 2
11 4
102
0.5 1 3.1 19.2 = |
.
|

\
|
+ = t



Version II 18 -22

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 14 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan. 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000

Shear strength, f
v
= 0.6 f
y
/
m
= 0.6 250 /1.15 = 130 N / mm
2

Since t < f
v
27.9 < 130 N / mm
2

Section is adequate for shear

Referring back to the determination of the maximum angle of twist |, in order to
obtain the value at working load it is sufficient to replace the value of torque T
q
with the working load value as | is linearly dependent on T
q
. Since T
q
is due to solely
the imposed point load W, dividing by the appropriate value of
f
will give :-

Working load value of T
q
is


the corresponding value of | 0.93

On the assumption that a maximum twist of 2 is acceptable at working load, in this
instance the beam is satisfactory.
















kNm 4.7
1.6
7.5
=



= = = rads 0.016
0.026
1.6
Version II 18 -23

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 1 of 6 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example.Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan 2000

Example 2

Redesign the member shown in example 1, using a rectangular hollow section.

Try 300 200 8 @ 60.5 kg / m R. H. S
Section properties.

Depth of section D = 300 mm
Width of section B = 200 mm
Web thickness t = 8 mm
Flange thickness T = 8 mm
Area of section A = 77.1 cm
2
Moment of inertia I
x
= 9798 cm
4
Radius of gyration r
y
= 8.23 cm
Elastic modulus Z
x
= 653 cm
3
Elastic modulus Z
y
= 522 cm
3
Plastic modulus Z
p
= 785 cm
3

Additional properties

Torsional constant

Area enclosed by the mean perimeter of the section, A
h
= (B - t ) (D - T)
(neglecting the corner radii)
= ( 200 - 8 )(300 - 8)

= 56064 mm
2


The mean perimeter, h = 2[(B - t) + ( D - T)]

= 2[( 200 - 8) + ( 300 - 8)] = 968 mm

















8 mm
8 mm
D = 300
200
h
3
A K 2
3
h t
J + =




Version II 18 -24

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 2 of 6 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example.Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan 2000





Torsional constant,



Torsional modulus constant,





Material properties

Shear modulus,


Design strength, p
y
= 250 /
m
= 250 / 1.15 = 217 N / mm
2

Check for combined bending and torsion

(i) Buckling check





Since slenderness ratio (
E
/ r
y
= 4000 / 82.3 = 48.6) is less than the limiting value

given in BS 5950 Part 1, table 38, lateral torsional

buckling need not be considered..















2
mm 927
968
8 56064 2
h
t A 2
K
h
=

=

=
4
mm 10 104
56064 927 2
3
968 8
6
3
=
+

= J
3
mm 10 840
8 927 8
10 104
t
K
t
J
C
3
6
=
+

=
+
=
( ) ( )
2
/ 9 . mm kN 76
0.3 1 2
10 2
1 2
E
5
=
+

=
+
=
u
G
( )
1
M
M
0.5 1
f
M
M
b
x
m
y
w byt
b
x
s
(

+
+
+

o o
|
|
.
|

\
|
= 385
f 250
350
250 275
y



Version II 18 -25

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 3 of 6 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example.Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan 2000

Hence M
b
= M
cx

Shear capacity P
v
= 0.6 f
y
/
m
. A
v

Shear area A
v
=

P
v
= 0.6 (250 /1.15) 46.3 10
2
10
-3
= 604.3 kN

Since F
VB
< 0.6 P
v
50 < 363

M
cx
= f
y
. Z
p
/
m
s 1.2 f
y
/
m
. Z
x
( for plastic sections)

M
cx
= 1.2 (250 /1.15) 653 10
-3
= 170 kNm






To calculate |

The 100 kN eccentric load gives a value of T
q
= 100 0.75 = 7.5 kNm

























BS 5950:
Part 1
4.2.5


BS 5950:
Part 1
4.3.7.2
table 13





2
cm 46.3 77.1
200 300
300
A
B D
D
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
kNm 102 102 1.0 M
1.0 m
M m M
xB
= =
=
=
100 kN
L
T
0
= T
q
/ 2
T
0
= T
q
/ 2
75 mm
100 kN
Version II 18 -26

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 4 of 6 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example.Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan 2000






At centre of span, z = / 2 = 2000 mm




M
yt
= | . M
xB
= 0.001 102 = 0.102 kNm




Warping stresses ( o
w
) are insignificant due to the type of section employed.

Check becomes







O. K

(ii ) Local capacity check

o
bx
+ o
byt
+ o
w
s f
y
/
m


o
bx
= M
xB
/ Z
y
















kNm 3.75
2
7.5
2
T
T
z
J G
T
q
= = =
=
0
0
|
radians 0.001
10 104 10 76.9
2000 10 3.75
6 3
6
=


= |
2
/ mm N 0.195
10 522
10 0.102
Z
M
3
6
y
yt
byt
=

= = o
1 6 0.
70 1
102
0.5 1
1.15
250
0.195
70 1
102
1
M
M
0.5 1
f M
M
b
x
m
y
byt
b
x
< =
(

+ +
s
(
(

+ +

o




Version II 18 -27

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 5 of 6 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example.Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan 2000




196 + 0.195 + 0 = 196.2 < 217 N / mm
2

O. K

Shear stresses due to bending ( at Ultimate Limit state)

Maximum value occurs in the web at the support.

















Shear stresses due to torsion ( at Ultimate limit State)





















2
/ mm N 196
10 522
10 102
3
6
bx
=

= o


1
.
.
t I
Q F
x
w VA
bw
= t
2
1
1
A
A
y A Q
w
=
=
2
3
1
/ mm N 13.1
8 2 10 9798
10 395 10 52
cm 395
A
395
A Q
cm
A
395
10
A
146 8 184 2
2
150
8 150
y
4
3 3
bw
1
w
1
3
1
=


=
= =
=
+
=

t
y
8
150
200
2 0
/
2
mm N 4.5
10 837 2
10 7.5
C
T
C
T
3
6
q
t
=


= = = t
Version II 18 -28

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
Job No. Sheet 6 of 6 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example.Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan 2000
Structural Steel
Design Project


CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by RN Date Jan 2000

Total shear stress ( at Ultimate Limit State )








t = 13.1 + 5.9 = 19 N / mm
2

Shear strength p
v
= 0.6 f
y
/
m
= 0.6 250 /1.15 = 130 N /mm
2

Since t < p
v
19 < 130 N / mm
2

the section is adequate for shear.



























BS 5950:
Part 1
4. 2. 3


( )
( )
2
b
x
w t vt
vt bw
mm / N 9 . 5
70 1
102
0.5 1 0 4.5
M
M
0.5 1
= |
.
|

\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
+ =
t
t t t

Version II 18 -29

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