L THUYT

* Cu trc tinh th: Mng li tinh th (cu trc tinh th) l mng li khng gian ba chiu
trong cc nt mng l cc n v cu trc (nguyn t , ion, phn t ...).
- Tinh th kim loi
- Tinh th ion
- Tinh th nguyn t ( Hay tinh th cng ho tr)
- Tinh th phn t.
* Khi nim v c s:
L mng tinh th nh nht m bng cch tnh tin n theo hng ca ba trc tinh th ta c
th thu c ton b tinh th.
Mi c s c c trng bi cc thng s:
1. Hng s mng: a, b, c, , ,
2. S n v cu trc : n
3. S phi tr
4. c kht.
I. Mng tinh th kim loi:
1. Mt s kiu mng tinh th kim loi.
1.1. Mng lp phng n gin:
- nh l cc nguyn t kim loi hay ion dng kim loi.
- S phi tr = 6.
- S n v cu trc: 1
1.2. Mng lp phng tm khi:
- nh v tm khi hp lp phng l nguyn t hay ion dng
kim loi.
- S phi tr = 8.
- S n v cu trc: 2
1.3. Mng lp phng tm din
- nh v tm cc mt ca khi hp lp phng l cc
nguyn t hoc ion dng kim loi.
- S phi tr = 12.
- S n v cu trc:4
1

1.4. Mng su phng b cht (hay lc phng cht kht):

- Khi lng tr lc gic gm 3 mng c s. Mi mng
c s l mt khi hp hnh thoi. Cc nh v tm khi hp hnh
thoi l nguyn t hay ion kim loi.
- S phi tr = 12.
- S n v cu trc: 2
2. S phi tr, hc t din, hc bt din, c kht ca mng tinh th, khi lng ring
ca kim loi.
2.1. Cc kiu sp xp ca nguyn t trong mng tinh th

Lp
tm
khi
Lp
tm
din
Lpphng
ph ng t
m khi
Lpphng
ph ng t
m m
t
2.2. Hc t din v hc bt din:

Hc Hc
t di
n
t

din

a. Mng lp phng tm mt:

- Hc t din l 8
- Hc bt din l: 1 + 12.1/4 = 4
b. Mng lc phng:
- Hc t din l 4
- Hc bt din l: 1 + 12.1/4 = 2
2.3. c kht ca mng tinh th
2

A
Lc
phng
Lc
ph ngcht
chtkht
kht

Hc bt din

Hc bt din

Khi sp xp cc qu cu (nguyn t) st nhau, d c c gng sp xp nh th no th

ngi ta cng khng th xp chng kht nhau han ton c. Lun lun tn ti cc khe trng
gia cc qu cu. S sp xp ca cc nguyn t trong mt tinh th cng vy. Cc nguyn t
khng bao gi chim ton b phn khng gian trong mt mng. Hay ni cch khc, mng
tinh th lun lun c rng nht nh.
c kht ca mng tinh th c th hiu l t l (%) gia phn th tch m cc nguyn
t chim trong mt mng so vi tng th tch ca mng .
Ngi ta thng tnh c kht ca mng tinh th bng cch ly tng th tch ca cc
nguyn t (hoc cc phn nguyn t) thuc mt mng chia cho th tch ca mng .
a) Mng tinh th lp phng tm khi

a
a 2
a 3 =4r
S qu cu trong mt mng c s : 1 + 8. 1/8 = 2
Tng th tch qu cu
=

Th tch ca mt c s

4
2. .r 3
3

a3

4
3 3
2. .(a
)
3
4
= 68%

a3

b) Mng tinh th lp phng tm din

a
a
a 2 = 4.r
S qu cu trong mt c s : 6. 1/2 + 8. 1/8 = 4
Tng th tch qu cu

4
4. .r 3
3
=

Th tch ca mt c s

a3

4
2 3
4. .(a
)
4
= 3

= 74%

a3

c) Mng tinh th lc phng cht kht

3

S qu cu trong mt c s: 4. 1/6 + 4. 1/12 + 1 = 2

4
2. .r 3
3

Tng th tch qu cu
=

Th tch ca mt c s

a.a

4 a
2. .( )3
3
2

3 2a. 6
.
2
2

= 74%

a3 2

2a 6
b=
3

a
a

a 3
2

a
a =2.r

cs

a 6
3

Nhn xt: Bng tng qut cc c im ca cc mng tinh th kim loi

Cu trc
Lp
phng
tm khi
(lptk:bcc)
Lp
phng
tm din
(lptd: fcc)
Lc
phng
c kht
(hpc)

Hng s
mng
===90o
a=b=c

S
ht
(n)
2

S
phi
tr

S
hc
T

S hc O

c
kht (%)

Kim loi

68

Kim loi
kim, Ba,
Fe, V, Cr,

===90o
a=b=c

12

74

Au, Ag, Cu,

Ni, Pb, Pd,
Pt,

== 90o
=120o
abc

12

74

Be, Mg, Zn,

Tl, Ti,

2.4. Khi lng ring ca kim loi

a) Cng thc tnh khi lng ring ca kim loi
D=

3.M .P
(*) hoc D = (n.M) / (NA.V1 )
4 r 3 .N A

M : Khi lng kim loi (g) ; NA: S Avogaro, n: s nguyn t trong 1 c s.

P : c kht (mng lp phng tm khi P = 68%; mng lp phng tm din, lc
phng cht kht P = 74%)
r : Bn knh nguyn t (cm), V1 : th tch ca 1 mng.
b) p dng:
4

Bi 1: Tnh khi lng ring ca tinh th Ni, bit Ni kt tinh theo mng tinh th lp phng
0

tm mt v bn knh ca Ni l 1,24 A .
Gii:
a=
a

0
4r 4.1, 24
=
= 3,507( A) ; P = 0,74
2
2

Khi lng ring ca Ni:

a

3.58, 7.0, 74
=9,04 (g/cm3)
4.3,14.(1, 24.108 )3 .6, 02.10 23

a 2 = 4.r

Bi 2: ( HSG QG 2007) Thc nghim cho bit pha rn, vng ( Au) c khi lng ring l
19,4 g/cm3 v c mng li lp phng tm din. di cnh ca mng n v l 4,070.10 10

m. Khi lng mol nguyn t ca vng l: 196,97 g/cm3.

1. Tnh phn trm th tch khng gian trng trong mng li tinh th ca vng.
2. Xc nh tr s ca s Avogadro.
Gii:
- S nguyn t trong 1 c s:
8.1/8 + 6.1/2 = 4.
a

- Bn knh nguyn t Au:

a

4.r = a 2 r= a 2 /4= 1,435.10-8 cm

a 2 = 4.r

Th tch b chim bi cc nguyn t:

Vnguyn t= 4/3..r3 = 4.4/3.3,14.(1,435.10-8 )3 = 5.10-23 cm3.
Th tch 1 n v:
V1 = a3 = (4,070.10-8 )3 = 6,742.10-23 cm3.
Phn trm th tch khng gian trng:
(V1 - Vnguyn t).100 / Vnguyn t = 26%.
Tr s ca s Avogadro: NA = (n.M)/ ( D.V) = 6,02.1023.
Bi 3: ng kt tinh theo kiu lp phng tm din.
a. Tnh cnh ca hnh lp phng ca mng tinh th v khong cch ngn nht gia hai tm
ca hai nguyn t ng trong mng, bit nguyn t ng c bn knh bng 1,28A0.
b. Tnh khi lng ring ca ng theo g/ cm3. Cho Cu = 64.
Gii: Bn knh nguyn t Cu l: r = 1,28.10-8 cm.
5

T cng thc: 4.r = a

2 a= 4.r /

2 = (4.1,28.10-8 )/1,41 = 3,63.10-8 cm.

Khong cch ngn nht gia 2 tm ca hai nguyn t ng trong mng.

2.r = 2,56.10-8 cm.
Khi lng ring: D = (n.M) / (NA.V1 ) = 8,896 g/cm3.
Bi 4: ( HSG QG 2009) Mu trong c th ngi c mu v cha hemoglobin ( cht vn
chuyn oxi cha st). Mu ca mt s ng vt nhuyn th khng c mu m c mu khc
v cha kim loi khc ( X). T bo n v ( mng c s) lp phng tm din ca tinh th X
c cnh bng 6,62.10-8 cm. Khi lng ring ca nguyn t ny l 8920 kg/m3.
a. Tnh th tch ca cc nguyn t trong mt t bo v phn trm th tch ca t bo b
chim bi cc nguyn t.
b. Xc nh nguyn t X.
Gii:
S nguyn t trong mt t bo: 8.1/8 + 6.1/2 = 4.
Tnh bn knh nguyn t: r = 1,276.10-8 cm.
Th tch b chim bi cc nguyn t V nguyn t = 4.4/3..r3 = 3,48.10-23 cm3.
Th tch 1 mng c s V 1 = a3 = 4,7.10-23 cm3.
Phn trm th tch t bo b chim bi cc nguyn t: 74%.
Khi lng mol phn t: M = 63,1 g/mol. Vy X l ng.
Bi 5: Xc nh khi lng ring ca Na, Mg, K.
Gii: Xc nh khi lng ring ca cc kim loi trn theo cng thc: D =

3.M .P
4 r 3 .N A

Sau in vo bng v so snh khi lng ring ca cc kim loi , gii thch kt qu.
Kim loi
Nguyn t khi (v.C)
0
Bn knh nguyn t ( A )
Mng tinh th
c kht
Khi lng ring l thuyt (g/cm3)
Khi lng ring thc nghim (g/cm3)

Na
22,99
1,89
Lptk
0,68
0,919
0,97

Mg
24,31
1,6
Lpck
0,74
1,742
1,74

Al
26,98
1,43
Lptm
0,74
2,708
2,7

Nhn xt: Khi lng ring tng theo th t: DNa < DMg < DAl. L do s bin i cu trc
mng tinh th kim loi, c kht tng dn v khi lng mol nguyn t tng dn.
II. Mng tinh th ion
* Tinh th hp cht ion c to thnh bi nhng cation v anion hnh cu c bn knh xc
nh
*Lc lin kt gia cc ion l lc ht tnh in khng nh hng
6

* Cc anion thng c bn knh ln hn cation nn trong tinh th ngi ta coi anion nh nhng
qu cu xp kht nhau theo kiu lptm, lpck, hoc lp phng n gin. Cc cation c kch thc nh
hn nm cc hc t din hoc bt din.
Bi 1: Tinh th NaCl c cu trc lp phng tm mt ca cc ion Na +, cn cc ion Cl- chim
cc l trng tm mt trong mng c s ca cc ion Na +, ngha l c 1 ion Cl- chim tm ca
0

hnh lp phng. Bit cnh a ca mng c s l 5,58 A . Khi lng mol ca Na v Cl ln

0

lt l 22,99 g/mol; 35,45 g/mol. Cho bn knh ca Cl- l 1,81 A . Tnh :

a) Bn knh ca ion Na+.

b) Khi lng ring ca NaCl (tinh th).

Gii:

Na
Cl

Cc ion Cl - xp theo kiu lp phng tm mt, cc cation Na+ nh hn chim ht s hc bt

din. Tinh th NaCl gm hai mng lp phng tm mt lng vo nhau. S phi tr ca Na+ v
Cl- u bng 6.
S ion Cl- trong mt c s: 8.1/8 + 6.1/2 = 4
S ion Na+ trong mt c s: 12.1/4 + 1.1 = 4
S phn t NaCl trong mt c s l 4
a. C: 2.(r Na+ + rCl-) = a = 5,58.10-8 cm r Na+ = 0,98.10-8 cm;
b. Khi lng ring ca NaCl l:
D = (n.M) / (NA.V1 ) D = [ 4.(22,29 + 35,45)]/[6,02.1023.(5,58.10-8)3 ]
D = 2,21 g/cm3;
Bi 2: Phn t CuCl kt tinh di dng lp phng tm din. Hy biu din mng c s ca
CuCl.
a) Tnh s ion Cu+ v Cl - ri suy ra s phn t CuCl cha trong mng tinh th c s.
b) Xc nh bn knh ion Cu+.
0

Cho: D(CuCl) = 4,136 g/cm3 ; rCl-= 1,84 A ; Cu = 63,5 ; Cl = 35,5

7

Gii:
Cc ion Cl - xp theo kiu lp phng tm mt, cc cation Cu+ nh hn chim ht s hc bt
din. Tinh th CuCl gm hai mng lp phng tm mt lng vo nhau. S phi tr ca Cu + v
Cl- u bng 6
S ion Cl- trong mt c s: 8.1/8 + 6.1/2 = 4
S ion Cu+ trong mt c s: 12.1/4 + 1.1 = 4; S phn t CuCl trong mt c s l 4.
Khi lng ring caCuCl l:
D = (n.M) / (NA.a3 ) a = 5,42.10-8 cm ( a l cnh ca hnh lp phng)
C: 2.(r Cu+ + rCl-) = a = 5,42.10-8 cm rCu+ = 0,87.10-8 cm;
Bi 3. T nhit phng n 1185K st tn ti dng Fe vi cu trc lp phng tm khi,
t 1185K n 1667K dng Fe vi cu trc lp phng tm din. 293K st c khi lng
ring d = 7,874g/cm3.
a) Hy tnh bn knh ca nguyn t Fe.
b) Tnh khi lng ring ca st 1250K (b qua nh hng khng ng k do s dn n
nhit).
Thp l hp kim ca st v cacbon, trong mt s khong trng gia cc nguyn t
st b chim bi nguyn t cacbon. Trong l luyn thp (l thi) st d nng chy khi cha
4,3% cacbon v khi lng. Nu c lm lnh nhanh th cc nguyn t cacbon vn c
phn tn trong mng li lp phng ni tm, hp kim c gi l martensite cng v dn.
Kch thc ca t bo s ng ca Fe khng i.
c) Hy tnh s nguyn t trung bnh ca C trong mi t bo s ng ca Fe vi hm lng
ca C l 4,3%.
d) Hy tnh khi lng ring ca martensite. (cho Fe = 55,847; C = 12,011;
s N = 6,022. 1023 )
HD: a) S nguyn t Fe trong mt mng c s lp phng tm khi l: 2
d Fe =

0
m
2.55,847
2.55,847
=
a= 3
= 2,87.108 cm = 2,87 A
23 3
23
V 6, 022.10 .a
6, 022.10 .7,874

a 3 = 4r r =

0
a 3
= 1, 24 A
4

b) nhit 1250 st tn ti dng Fe vi cu trc mng lp phng tm din.

8

4.55,847 g

0
= 8,58 g / cm3
Ta c: a = 2 2.r = 2 2.1, 24 = 3,51 A ; d Fe =
23
8
3
6, 022.10 .(3,51.10 cm)

c) S nguyn t trung bnh ca C trong mi t bo s ng ca Fe l:

mC
%C.mFe
4,3.2.55,847
=
=
= 0, 418
12, 011 % Fe.12, 011 95, 7.12, 011

d) Khi lng ring ca martensite:

(2.55,847 + 0, 418.12, 011) g

= 8, 20 g / cm3
23
8
3
6, 022.10 .(2,87.10 cm)

III. Tinh th nguyn t

* Trong tinh th nguyn t, cc n v cu trc chim cc im nt mng l cc nguyn t,
lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt cng ho tr nn cn gi l tinh th cng ho tr.
* Do lin kt cng ho tr c tnh nh hng nn cu trc tinh th v s phi tr c quyt
nh bi c im lin kt cng ho tr,khng ph thuc vo iu kin sp xp khng gian ca
nguyn t.
* V lin kt cng ho tr l lin kt mnh nn cc tinh th nguyn t c cng c bit ln,
nhit nng chy v nhit si cao, khng tan trong cc dung mi. Chng l cht cch
in hay bn dn.
Bi 1:
a) Hy v s m t cu trc ca mt t bo s ng ca kim cng.
0

b) Bit hng s mng a = 3,5 A . Hy tnh khong cch gia mt nguyn t C v mt nguyn
t C lng ging gn nht. Mi nguyn t C nh vy c bao quanh bi my nguyn t
khong cch ?
c) Hy tnh s nguyn t C trong mt t bo s ng v khi lng ring ca kim cng.
Gii:
a. * Cc nguyn t C chim v tr cc nh, cc tm mt v mt na s hc t din. S phi tr
ca C bng 4 ( Cacbon trng thi lai ho sp2).
* Mi t bo gm 8.1/8 + 6.1/2 + 4 = 8 nguyn t
* Khong cch gia mt nguyn t Cacbon v mt nguyn t cacbon lng ging gn nht l:
2r = d/4; vi d l ng cho ca hnh lp phng d = a. 3 .
2.r = a. 3 / 4 = 1,51.10-8 cm;

a =3,55 A
Lin k
i 1,54
A
Lin
ktt C-C
C-C d
di
1,54

b. Mi nguyn t cacbon c bao quanh bi 4 nguyn t cacbon bn cnh.

c. Khi lng ring ca kim cng:
D=

n.M
N A .V

8.12,011
= 3,72 g/cm3
6,02.10 23.(3.5.10 8 ) 3

Bi 2: (HSG QG 2008) Silic c cu trc tinh th ging kim cng.

1. Tnh bn knh nguyn t silic. Cho khi lng ring ca silic tinh th bng 2,33g.cm -3; khi
lng mol nguyn t ca Si bng 28,1g.mol-1.
2. So snh bn knh nguyn t ca silic vi cacbon (rC = 0,077 nm) v gii thch.
Gii:
a. T cng thc tnh khi lng ring
D=

n.M
N A .V

V1 = ( 8.28,1)/(2,33.6,02.1023) = 16,027 cm3.

a= 5,43.10-8 cm; d = a. 3 = 5,43.10-8 .1,71 = 9.39.10-8 cm;

Bn knh ca nguyn t silic l: r = d/8 = 1,17 .10-8cm;
b. C rSi (0,117 nm) > rC( 0,077 nm). iu ny ph hp vi quy lut bin i bn knh nguyn
t trong mt phn nhm chnh.
IV. nh hng ca lin kt kim loi n tnh cht vt l ca kim loi
Do cu trc c bit ca mng tinh th kim loi m cc kim loi rn c nhng tnh cht
vt l chung: tnh dn in, tnh dn nhit, tnh do, nh kim. Cc tnh cht vt l chung u do
electron t do trong kim loi gy ra.
Ngoi ra, cc c im ca lin kt kim loi nh: c kht, mt electron t do,
in tch ca cation kim loi cng nh hng n cc tnh cht vt l khc ca kim loi nh:
cng, nhit nng chy, nhit si, t khi.

10