B GIO DC O TO TRNG I HC DN LP HI PHNG

Tng quan v my git i su nghin cu ch to th b iu khin my git dn dng ng dng vi x l

N TT NGHIP I HC H cHNH QUY Ngnh : in cng nghip

Sinh vin

: ng Qu Hiu

Ng-i h-ng dn: TS. Nguyn Tin Ban

Hi phng - 2009

Li ni u
Vi s tin b khng ngng ca khoa hc k thut, c bit l ngnh in t ng dng rt nhiu trong cng nghip v dn dng. Trong lnh vc iu khin, t khi cng ngh vi x l pht trin mnh m em n cc k thut iu khin hin i c nhiu -u im so vi vic s dng cc mch iu khin -c lp rp t cc linh kin ri nh- kch th-c mch nh, gn, gi thnh r, lm vic tin cy v cng sut tiu th thp ... Ngy nay lnh vc iu khin -c ng dng rng ri trong cc thit b, sn phm phc v cho nhu cu sinh hot hng ngy ca con ng-i nh- my git, ng h in t, l vi sng, iu ho nhit ... nhm gip cho i sng con ng-i ngy cng hin i v tin li hn. Nhng kin thc nng lc t -c trong qu trnh hc tp tr-ng s -c nh gi qua t bo v n tt nghip cui kha. -c s quan tm ca nh tr-ng em -c giao ti Tng quan v my git i su nghin cu ch to th b iu khin my git dn dng ng dng vi x l . V vy em c gng tn dng tt c nhng kin thc hc tr-ng cng vi s tm ti nghin cu, c th hon thnh tt n ny. Nhng sn phm nhng kt qu t -c ngy hm nay tuy khng c g ln lao, nh-ng l nhng thnh qu ca c qu trnh hc tp, l thnh cng u tin ca em tr-c khi ra tr-ng. Mc d em rt c gng hon thnh tp n ny ng thi hn, nh-ng do thi gian hn hp ti liu v kinh nghim thc t ca em cn hn ch nn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st mong qu thy c thng cm. Em mong -c n nhn nhng kin ng gp. Cui cng xin chn thnh cm n qu thy c v cc bn sinh vin gip v ng h em.

Mc lc li ni u ........................................................................................... I mc lc .................................................................................................II ch-ng 1 tng quan v my git

1.1 .Gii thiu v my git ............................................................... 1 1.1.1. Phn loi my git theo mc t ng ............................................. 1 1.1.2. Phn loi my git theo cch git........................................................ 1 1.1.4. Phn loi my git theo kiu cnh trn mm git v lung n-c git 1.2. c im ca cc loi my git .......................................... 2 1.2.1. My git th-ng ................................................................................. 2 1.2.2. My git bn t ng .......................................................................... 2 1.2.3. My git t ng ................................................................................ 2 1.2.4. My git kiu mm git c cnh ......................................................... 2 1.2.5. My git kiu thng quay ngang ........................................................ 4 1.2.6. My git kiu tr khuy ...................................................................... 5 1.2.7. My git kiu phun n-c ..................................................................... 6 1.2.8. My git kiu rung ............................................................................. 6 1.2.9. My git kiu siu m ........................................................................ 7 1.3. Nguyn l git ca my git 1.3.1. Nguyn l c bn v ty bn ca my git ......................................... 7 1.3.2. Nguyn l ty bn ca my git kiu mm git ................................... 8 1.3.3. Nguyn l ty bn ca my git thng quay ngang ............................. 8 1.4. Kt cu ca my git 1.4.1. Kt cu my git hai thng kiu mm git c cnh ............................ 9 1.4.2. Kt cu c bn ca my git t ng kiu mm git ....................... 17 1.5. cu to, nguyn l lm vic ca ng c truyn ng trong my git t ng kiu mm git 1.5.1. Cu to ............................................................................................. 26 1.5.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c khng ng b mt pha ............. 28

ch-ng 2 tng quan v h vi iu khin msc-51

2.1. Cu to vi iu khin h MSC-51: ....................................... 33 2.1.1 Gii thiu cu trc phn cng h MSC-51 (89C51): 2.2.2. Kho st s chn 8951 v chc nng tng chn: ......................... 33 2.2.3. Cu trc bn trong vi iu khin: ..................................................... 35 2.2. Tm tt tp lnh ca 89c51 : ................................................ 44 2.2.1 Cc mode nh v (Addressing Mode) : ............................................. 44 2.2.2. Cc kiu lnh (Instruction Types): .................................................... 48

2.3. Ch-ng trnh ngn ng Assembly ca 89c51: ............ 54 2.3.1. Gii thiu Ngn ng assembly : 2.3.2. Hot ng ca trnh bin dch .......................................................... 54 2.3.3. S sp t ch-ng trnh ngn ng Assmebly ................................... 55 2.3.4. S tnh ton biu thc ca Assemble Time ...................................... 58 2.3.5. Cc ch th bin dch:......................................................................... 59

ch-ng 3 thit k v thi cng b iu khin my git ng dng vi x l

3.1. Nhim v thit k ...................................................................... 63 3.2. Thit k phn cng ca h thng 3.2.1. S khi ca h thng ................................................................... 63 3.2.2. S mch nguyn l ...................................................................... 65 3.3. Thit k phn mm .................................................................... 68 3.3.1. Yu cu cng ngh ca mch iu khin my git 3.3.2. Xy dng l-u thut ton .............................................................. 68 3.3.3. Ch-ng trnh iu khin .................................................................... 70 kt lun ................................................................................................ 77 ti liu tham kho ........................................................................... 79

Ch-ng 1: tng quan v my git

1.1. gii thiu v my git C rt nhiu cch phn loi my git nh-ng th-ng ng-i ta hay phn loi theo mc t ng ho hoc theo kt cu. 1.1.1. Phn loi my git theo mc t ng My git -c chia lm loi th-ng, loi bn t ng v loi hon ton t ng 1.1.2. Phn loi my git theo cch git My git -c chia lm cc loi nh- sau: loi mm git c cnh, loi ng c cnh (cn gi l ng khuy), loi thng quay ngang (cn gi l thng ln). Ngoi ra cn cc loi phun, rung, sng siu m, chn khng, git kh v.v 1.1.3. Phn loi my git theo kt cu ca thng git My git c th phn lm cc loi: mt thng, hai thng v thng lng vo nhau. 1.1.4. Phn loi my git theo kiu cnh trn mm git v lung n-c git C th chia my git lm loi mm git c cnh ngn, cnh cao, cnh gn trn ng, cnh lm, thng ngang quay v.v 1.2. c im ca cc loi my git 1.2.1. My git th-ng L mt loi my git m vic chuyn i cc qu trnh git, gi v vt u phi thao tc bng tay. C hai loi: loi mt thng v loi hai thng.

Hnh 1.1. My git loi mt thng

1.2.2. My git bn t ng L loi my git m trong ba chc nng git, gi v vt c hai chc nng -c chuyn i t ng khng cn dng tay. Th-ng my git bn t ng l loi my hai thng trong qu trnh chuyn i t ng c th l git gi hoc gi vt. 1.2.3. My git t ng L loi my git m cc qu trnh git, gi v vt u -c chuyn i t ng, khng cn dng tay thao tc bt c vic g t vic vo n-c, tho n-c trong cc cng on git. Cc my git t ng th-ng l loi my thng lng. C loi cn lp b gia nhit c th theo yu cu m iu chnh t ng v khng ch nhit git.

Hnh 1.2 My git t ng thng lng C loi my git t ng trang b bm x n-c c th -a n-c thi i xa hoc n mt ch thi n-c cao hn nh- bn ra chng hn. Nhng my git t ng cao cp iu khin hnh bng vi tnh c th nhn bit -c bn ca dung dch n-c git t ng chn la bt git, thi gian git, gi v vt, tt c thnh mt chu trnh hon chnh s dng rt thun tin. 1.2.4. My git kiu mm git c cnh My git m d-i y thng git c t mt mm git c cnh li ln. Khi mm git quay, dung dch git trong thng b cc cnh khuy ln (hnh 1.3) nn gi l my git kiu lung n-c xoy. c im chnh ca cc loi my git ny l thi gian ngn, hiu sut git sch cao, c th iu chnh mc n-c git, c nhiu chng loi thch hp vi vic git cc loi si vi si bng, lanh v si tng hp. Nh-c im l d lm cho vt git b xon li vi nhau nh h-ng n tnh ng u trong khi git, h s mi mn vt git cng cao hn. Nhng nm gn y xut hin cc my git c cc kiu mm 6

git to cc lung n-c khc nhau lm cho tnh nng git ca my c ci thin r rt.

Hnh 1.3 My git kiu mm git c cnh a) Mm git hnh a. Trn mm git c cnh nh- hnh hoa sen, khi quay to nn mt lung n-c nng vt git nn ri p xung hnh thnh mt lung n-c cun vo gia lm cho cc vt gin ra trnh b cun li (hnh 1.4a)

Hnh 1.4 a,b cc kiu mm git b) Mm git c cnh cao kiu m. Dng ca mm git rt ging ci m. C ba kiu cnh cao, trung bnh v thp to nn hai lung nc thng ng v ngang hp li (hnh 1.4b). c) Mm git kiu v tay. -ng knh mm l 302 mm, cao 140mm, trn ni ln ba -ng gn. Khi mm quay theo chiu thun (phi) lung n-c theo b vai ca mm 7

quay dng ln mt n-c sau li i xung lm thnh mt lung n-c ngang. Hai lung n-c p vo nhau thnh thng git gy nn sng xung kch ging nh- dng tay xt vy (hnh1.5a ). d) Mm git kiu tr l kiu mm kt hp kiu mm c cnh trn gn mt tr khuy to nn hai lung n-c thng ng v nm ngang. Tr ng rng rut trong c th cho cht lm mm vi v c-ng bc tun hon n-c qua h thng lc (hnh1.5b ).

Hnh 1.5 a,b cc kiu mm git e) Mm git kiu thng quay Phn trn ca thng git -c c nh. Phn d-i nh- mt ci bt -c dng lm mm quay. Khi quay vi tc thp, n-c git t ngoi vch thng chy vo trong thng hnh thnh mt dng n-c chy vo tm nn git u hn, c th git hng bng len. 1.2.5. My git kiu thng quay ngang L mt thit b m thng trong l mt tr trn nm ngang, trong thng c 3-4 -ng gn ni. Khi quay theo tm trc, thng s ko vt git cng quay v o i o li theo chu k trong thng git t mc ch git sch. u im ca hai loi my git ny l ng tc v t-ng i nh nhng nn t mi mn vt git, tn n-c v bt git hn, mc t ng ho ca my git cao hn. Khuyt im l thi gian git di hn, kt cu phc tp hn, git sch thp hn, dng in nhiu hn (nht l loi my c trang b b gia nhit n-c git), gi thnh cng cao hn.

Hnh1.6 My git lai thng quay ngang 1.2.6. My git kiu tr khuy L loi my git m trn tr khuy c c nh cc cnh khuy. Khi ng c in qua truyn ng quay cnh khuy theo chiu thun, nghch th vt git trong n-c git s khng ngng b khuy ng. u im ca loi my ny l vt git khng b xon vo nhau, git t-ng i u, t b mi mn, dung tch git u c th ln (n 8kg). Khuyt im l thi gian di, kt cu t-ng i phc tp, gi thnh cao.

Hnh 1.7 My git kiu tr khuy 1.2.7. My git kiu phun n-c Mm git ca my git kiu phun n-c -c lp bn nch thng nhhnh 1-8. Sau khi khi ng, ng c in, mm quay s sinh ra mt lung n-c mnh v phun ln vt git, ty c cho sch.

Hnh 1.8 My git kiu phun n-c 1.2.8. My git kiu rung Trong my git kiu rung khng c mm quay cng khng c ng c quay. Trong thng git lp mt u git. u git ny ni vi mt cun dy in t nh- hnh 1-10. Khi git, cun dy in t lm cho u git rung, tn s rung ln n 25000 ln/s. vt git cng s rung theo trong n-c, va p vo thnh thng v n-c to nn hiu qu git, ngoi ra n-c git d-i tc dng ca u t s to nn lc xung kch ln vt git lm cho vt git thm sch.

Hnh 1.9 My git kiu rung 1.2.9. My git kiu siu m Trong my git kiu siu m c lp mt b pht sng siu m nhhnh1.10. Khi sng siu m ( tn s trn 25 000 hz) vo n-c th lm cho nhng bt kh nh trong n-c theo tn s siu m co gin, bt kh khi b p th 10

v ra sinh ra p sut rt ln, khi gin n nhanh s sinh ra chn khng cc b lm cho cht bn trn vt git r ra ng thi cc vi khun trn vt git cng cht theo. Loi my git ny c hiu qu git t-ng i cao.

Hnh 1.10 My git kiu siu m 1.3. Nguyn l git ca my git Qu trnh git v bn cht m ni l s ph v lc bm ca cc cht bn trn vt git. Qu trnh ny -c thc hin nh n-c, dung dch git v lc ma xtc kh. Bn thn n-c c th khc phc lc bm c kh v lc tnh in, ngoi ra cn c th ty cc cht bn lng v mt phn cht bn rn. Khi bt git tan trong n-c, cc phn t hot tnh ca n c th lm gim lc tr-ng b mt ca n-c lm cho vt git d thm n-c, thm du ng thi bao vy cht du v ph lc bm ca chng trn vt git. Ngoi ra cn c tc dng lm cho cc cht bn mm ra, r ra v ni ln. Lc ma xtc kh lm cho vt git b o ln, bin dng i v nhvy dung dch git d di chuyn trong si vi, ch xt ln vt do pht huy ht tc dng ca n l lm cht bn ri khi vt git. 1.3.1. Nguyn l c bn v ty bn ca my git Nguyn l c bn v ty bn ca my git l m phng vic git bng tay m pht trin ln, tc l qua cc b-c o vt git trong chu git, xt, v chi trong n-c v d-i tc dng hot ho b mt ca dung dch git lm cho vt bn trn vt mt i. Hnh1.12 v minh ha m t nguyn l ty bn.

11

Hnh 1.12 Nguyn l ty bn 1.3.2. Nguyn l ty bn ca my git kiu mm git a) Tc dng ht v thi mt cch tun hon. Khi mm git quay s hnh thnh dng xoy. D-i tc dng ht ca dng xoy vt git khng ngng b nn li v ti ra lm tng tc dng ty bn ca dung dch git ln vt git ng thi dung dch git khng ngng thm vo trong vi v y cht bn ra. b) Tc dng o v c st: Ngoi vic b quay xoy ra, vt git cn b thng git cn li v va p vo nhau nn b o nhiu ln nh vy -c git u hn, ng thi do dng n-c git, cc phn t ca vt git c tc quay khc nhau to nn s c xtdo cht bn b r ra nhanh hn. c) Tc dng i chiu v tm ngng quay ca mm git. Mm git quay theo chu k thun, dng, nghch, dng lm cho vt git trnh -c hin t-ng b xon nhiu so vi quy trnh ch quay mt chiu, do nng cao -c hiu qu dung dch git thm git v tnh ng u ca qu trnh git 1.3.3. Nguyn l ty bn ca my git thng quay ngang a) Tc dng v v st. Khi thng quay, vt git ngm trong dung dch git b o bi cc gn trong thnh thng v c thng nn c xt vi nhau nh- dng tay v, xt vy. b) Tc dng p. Khi thng quay vi tc nht nh vt git -c cc gn mang ln n mt cao nht nh sau , do bn thn trng l-ng s ri xung v p vo mt dung dch git. Qu trnh ny c lp i lp li nhiu ln ging nh- khi ta v vo qun o bng git tay. c) Tc dng nn Khi vt git nhit cao trong thng ri xung mt n-c dung dch git, vt git lp trn s ln vt git lp d-i lm cho vt git lp d-i nn ln thnh thng lm thay i hnh khi nh- khi p qun o bng tay vy.

12

Hnh 1.13 Tc dng v v xt, tc dng p, tc dng nn 1.4. Kt cu ca my git Trong phn ny ch gii thiu cc kiu my git hay dng nht hin nay l loi kt cu my git kiu mm v kiu thng quay ngang. 1.4.1. Kt cu my git hai thng kiu mm git c cnh My git hai thng kiu mm git do hai b phn hp li: h thng git v h thng vt n-c nh- hnh 1.14, trong h thng git gm cc phn : thng git, ng c in, van (hoc bm) x n-c, b khng ch thi gian git, mm quay, ng vo v thoy n-c, cng tc chnh. H thng vt gm thng vt kh, thng hng n-c, ng c in, b khng ch thi gian vt, ng thot n-c. Ngoi hai b phn trn cn c v my git, dy ngun in, dy ni t, b phn lc

Hnh 1.14 h thng truyn ng my git hai thng B phn c kh v in ca hai h thng git v vt ca my git hai thng lm vic v khng ch c lp tc l c hai ng c in v hai b khng ch thi gian ring do c th ng thi git v vt. Kt cu b phn git ca my mt thng cng gn ging vi my hai thng.

13

1.4.1.1. Thng git: L ni cha dung dch git v vt git cn git. l b phn chnh hon thnh cng on git gi. y thng, chch v mt pha c t mt mm git c cnh, y c mt l thot n-c, pha trn thng c l vo n-c. Thng git th-ng lm bng nha, nh, b mt nhn bng nn t lm mn vt git, chu -c s n mn, nng sut ch to cao, gi thnh r, nh-ng chu nhit km, nhit qu thp d b gin, d-i nh nng d b lo ho. Th-ng lm bng nha ABS. Ch cn khng ra nh nng, nhit khng qu 600 C th tui th c th trn 8 nm. 1.4.1.2. Mm git c cnh L chi tit dng git cc vt git ca my git ni chung lm bng nha. Trn mm git c cnh. -ng knh, hnh dng mm git v cao, hnh dng ca cnh nh- s cnh nh h-ng rt ln n hiu qu git. Nu -ng knh mm git ln th vt git ch quay trong thng m khng ni ln -c, vt git b xon nghim trng nn ma xtbo mn ln hn. Khi -ng knh mm git nh th tc dng n-c xoy nh, vt git khng sch. Cnh trn mm cao th dng n-c b khuy nhiu, xung lc ln nh-ng vt git cng b mi mn nhiu; cnh thp th dng n-c t b khuy ng t, vt git cng t b o ln nn khng sch. Tm li, hnh dng v kch th-c mm git l vn m cc nh my quan tm nghin cu. 1.4.1.3. T hp trc mm git L mt b phn quan trng dng gi mm git v truyn lc. Th-ng thy hai loi, mt loi dng bi gm c mm git, ng trc, vng m kn, vng bi trn, vng bi d-i, vng m gia hai vng bi, np y bi. Mt loi khc dng bc gm c trc mm git, ng trc, vng m kn, bc trn, bc d-i. Dng bi tui th cao, nu khng c hng hc th sut c thi gian s dng khng cn cho m nh-ng ting n ln hn loi dng bc, gi thnh cng cao hn. Dng bc t ting n, gi r hn nh-ng tui th thp hn. Trc mm git phi c cng vng ng thi chu -c mi mn v n mn do phi dng thp khng g. Nu dng thp th-ng th nht thit phi x l chng g. Vng m kn bo m dung dch git v n-c trong thng khng d ra. Vng m ny th-ng xuyn tip xc vi dung dch git v ma xtvi trc mm git, v vy vng m kn, phi chu -c mi mn, chu thit, chu du, khng b n mn, khng d n-c, khng bin cht. Th-ng -c lm bng cao su tt. Vng m kn c mt loi mt mt kn, hai mt kn. Trong vng m kn cn c mt vng l xo lm cho vng m kn m cht ly trc mm git tng kn. trnh vng l xo khng tip xc vi dung dch git, ming h ca vng m kn phi quay xung d-i ng thi in kn bng m bi trn. Vng m kn hn hp ca mt v hai mt kn s c ba mt kn do tc dng m kn cng tt.

14

1.4.1.4. C cu truyn ng ng c my git th-ng l loi ng c in khng ng b bn cc, tc quay qung 1400 vg/ ph trong lc tc quay ca mm git qung 400 700 vg/ ph do cn phi dng dy ai gim tc . Trn trc ng c th-ng lp mt bnh ai c -ng knh nh, trn mm git lp mt bnh ai ln c -ng knh gp 2, 3 ln bnh ai nh. Do cng sut truyn ng khng ln nn dng dy ai hnh thang loi nh. 1.4.1.5. Thng vt Thng vt dng cha vt git git, gi xong. Bn thnh thng c nhiu l nh, khi ng c vt trc tip ko thng vt quay vi tc 1000 1400 vg/ ph n-c trong vt git s vng ra d-i tc dng ca lc ly tm v qua cc l nh bn thnh thng ra ngoi lm kit n-c. Thng vt ni chung -c lm bng nha. Loi my git hai thng th-ng c h thng phun n-c. vt git khi git c th cho vo thng vt gi v vt. Sau y gii thiu hai h thng phun n-c th-ng thy. a) Loi phun n-c kiu hoa sen: H thng phun n-c hoa sen t mt trong pha trn ca thng vt, n-c vo qua a l phun u ln vt git. Loi phun ny c th thc hin hai chc nng gi v vt t ng vi s khng ch ca b iu khin ch-ng trnh gi v vt. Quay nm vn ca b iu khin ch-ng trnh gi, vt theo chiu kim ng h vt tr-c tin ko thng vt quay qung 1 ph, vt qung 1 ph, tip theo ng c quay thng vt 1 ph Qua 5 ln phun vt nh vy cui cng vt trong thi gian qung 2-3 ph v hon thnh chc nng gi, vt. b) Loi phun ly tm Gm c ng phun. ng phun t gia thng vt, vt git xong xung quanh ng trong thng vt. N-c s chy vo trong ng lin tc khi ng c quay thng vt. Do trn ng phun c nhiu l nh nn n-c trong ng phun, d-i tc dng ca trng lc v lc ly tm s phun ln vt git ri bn qua cc l nh trn thng vt ra ngoi. Kiu gi ny lm vic theo b khng ch thi gian gi. Khi lm vic, ng c s quay thng vt qung 1 ph, sau dng 1 ph ri lp li chu trnh quay, dng nh- vy 5 ln. D ng c quay hay dng, n-c vn khng ngng chy vo ng phun. Khi ng c quay l qu trnh vt, khi ng c dng l qu trnh ngm n-c. Sau 5 ln x nh- vy th ng vi n-c li ri chy vt ln cui qung 2-3 ph. 1.4.1.6. Thng vt ngoi. Tc dng l hng n-c vt ra. d-i y thng c ng x n-c thi n-c trong thng ra ngoi 1.4.1.7. T hp trc vt n-c Tc dng ca t hp trc vt n-c l truyn ng lc ca ng c vt ln thng vt. T hp gm c trc vt, vng m kn ng lng cao su dng sng, bc , gi nh- hnh. Do khi quay vt c s lc o cht t do phi dng ng cao bao cao su hnh sng lm vng m kn. Bc ngm du t trong ng bao cao su .

15

1.4.1.8. Khp ni trc Khp ni trc ny -c thc hin thng qua hai vt hm c c vt lin kt trc ng c vi trc ca c cu vt nh- hnh. Pha d-i ca khp ni trc lm thnh a trn dng lm a hm ca c cu hm.

Hnh 1.15 khp ni trc 1.4.1.9. Cng tc np Cn gi l cng tc an ton m bo an ton khi vt. Trn mch in ca ng c vt ni ni tip mt cng tc np t trn np ca thng vt ngoi. Khi y np li, cng tc np mi thng in, ng c vt mi quay. Khi np h ra 5mm th cng tc ngt in

Hnh 1.16 cng tc np 1.4.1.10. C cu hm C cu ny dng hm ng c vt ang quay nhanh m mt in th dng li trong vng 10s. C cu bao gm c l xo ko, a hm, n hm, m hm, cht trc... Khi ng np thng vt li, dy cp st ko hm cng ra, khc phc lc ko ca l xo ko lm m hm ri a hm, trc ng c vt s -c t do, lc do cng tc np trng thi ng nn ng c vt c th khi ng d dng v quay. Khi np thng h ra, cng tc np ngt in, cp ko hm v hm trc ng c dng li. 1.4.1.11. H thng thot n-c 16

Bao gm ng x n-c ca thng git, thng vt van 4 ca, ng x n-c chung, dy ko v nm xoay x n-c. Van 4 ca thng vi ng x n-c, ng trn n-c ca thng git, ng x n-c ca thng vt v ng thot n-c chung. Van ny c mt ca van dng khng ch vic ng v x n-c ca thng git. Ca van ny thc t l mt bao kn bng cao su gi l nm trong c np l xo p. D-i tc dng ca l xo p ny c th bt l h thot n-c ca thng git. Khi thng git khng cn x n-c, nm quay n-c v tr ng n-c, cp ko x n-c chng li nn l xo nn p cht nm cao su nn n-c khng chy ra -c. Khi dng git x n-c, quay nm x n-c n v tr x n-c, cp ko x n-c cng ln nn l xo li v ko nm cao su nn h vi l x n-c v n-c chy ra.

Hnh 1.17 Van x n-c v tr ng v v tr m ng n-c trn thng vi ng x n-c chung. Tc dng ca n l khi n-c trong thng git cao qu mc cn thit th c th qua ng n-c trn trc tip x ra ngoi. ng x n-c ca thng vt cng ni vi ng x n-c chung. 1.4.1.12. H thng khng ch My git kiu hai thng dng mt b khng ch ch-ng trnh git iu khin vic khi ng c th chn chu trnh git: git tng c-ng (lu), git chun (va) v git rt ngn (nh). chu trnh git tng c-ng, ng c s quay mt chiu v khng ngng cho n khi ht thi gian. Git chun l ng c quay thun 20s, dng 5s, quay ng-c 20s ri li dng 5s. Chu trnh ny lp li cho n khi ht thi gian t. chu trnh git nh, ng c quay thun 3s, dng 7s, nghch 3s, dng 7s v c lp li nh- vy cho n khi kt thc thi gian t. D lm vic theo chu trnh no th tc quay ca ng c u nhnhau, ch c thi gian ng c lm vic l di ngn khc nhau. B khng ch thi gian cho vt n-c ca my git hai thngdng khng ch ng c vt. Thi gian vt c th t do t trong qung 5pht. Ni chung vt trong 2 3 ph l -c v sau khi vt n 50% l-ng n-c th lc li tm qun tnh khng th khc phc -c bm ca phn t n-c ln phn t vi do c quay tip th hiu qu vt cng khng cao hn na.

17

i vi my git hai thng c trang b phun, c b khng ch thi gian gi sch khng ch ng c vt. Tr-c tin ng c vt chy, dng 5 ln ngm, gi, x n-c sau khng ch ng c vt quay 2 3 pht hon thnh qu trnh vt cui cng. i vi my git hai thng bn t ng c thit b phun, b khng ch qu trnh gi s iu khin ng c vt v van vo n-c hon thnh t ng hai qu trnh gi v vt ny. C nhiu kiu khng ch thi gian nh- kiu dy ct, ng c in, in t .v.v... my git hai thng th-ng l kiu dy ct.

Hnh 1.18 Cu to cng tc tip im Cng tc chnh -c khng ch bng mt bnh cam lm vic nh- hnh v. Khi ln dy ct, bnh cam y u cnh tay n ra khi ch lm trn -ng bao ca cam. Cnh tay n ny li y tip l xo l lm cho tip im ng ng vo tip im tnh v mch in thng. Khi kt thc thi gian khng ch, u cnh tay n li tr li ch lm ca bnh cam d-i tc dng ca l xo l v lm cho tip im ng ri khi tip im tnh v mch in b ngt. 1.4.1.13. ng c in trong my git hai thng Trong my git hai thng c hai ng c in lm nhim v git v vt. Th-ng u l ng c in khng ng b mt pha c in dung lm vic nh-ng c nhng c im ring, cng sut cng khc nhau. a) c im ca ng c in git c im ca loi ng c in ny l quay thun nghch vi ch lm vic hon ton nh- nhau ng thi khi ng nhiu ln ti nh mc v l-ng n-c v trng l-ng vt git, ti li khng n nh do ng c in dung ny phi -c thit k c bit. 1) Quay thun nghch lin tc: i vi ng c in dung, t in -c ni tip vo cun dy ph v lm cho dng in qua cun ph v-t tr-c dng in qua cun chnh 90 0 gc in do sinh ra t tr-ng quay lm rto quay. Nu trong lc ng c ngng quay em t in tr-c y ni tip vi cun ph (cun 2) nay ni vi cun chnh (cun 1) ngha l i cun chnh th dng in qua cun 1 s v-t tr-c cun 2 l 900 gc in do ng c s quay ng-c li, ch cn u 18

2 u ca t vi tip im ca mt b khng ch thi gian thay i theo chu k nh- hnh v l c th lm cho ng c quay thun nghch mt cch chu k.

Hnh 1.19 Nguyn l quay thun nghch ca ng c in Khi tip im ng ca b khng ch thi gian tip xc vi tip im tnh 1 th cun 1 l cun chnh, cun 2 ni tip vi cun ph. Gi thit lc ng c quay thun. Khi tip im ng tip xc vi tip im tnh 2 th cun 2 l cun chnh, cun 1 ni tip vi t lm cun ph. ng c quay nghch. 2) Ch lm vic khi quay thun nghch nh- nhau ngha l quay theo chiu no th cng sut ra, tc quay, mmen khi ng v cc i u phi nh- nhau ngha l t hiu qu git nh- nhau. 3) c tnh khi ng tt. Do khi ng c khi ng thng git y n-c v y vt git nn i hi mmen khi ng t-ng i ln, hn na li lun o chiu, ch git chun qung 2 ln/ ph, ch git rt ngn l 4 ln/ ph do i hi ng c phi c momen khi ng ln v dng khi ng nh. Th-ng ng c my git c cng sut ra 120W th bi s mmen khi ng t n 0,9 (70 75 N cm) v bi s dng in khi ng khng v-t qu 5 (2,5 A). 4) Nng lc qu ti ln. Trong qu trnh lm vic do v tr t-ng i ca vt git vi mm git khc nhau cng nh- s tn mn ca vt git cng lun thay i nn ti ca ng c khng n nh, th-ng xut hin tnh trng qu ti , v vy ng c phi c kh nng v-t ti ln. Th-ng quy nh bi s mmen ca i l 1,8. 5) Hiu sut ca ng c git t-ng i thp. Th-ng ng c git c hiu sut t-ng i thp nh- vi ng c git 120 W th hiu sut qung 50% ngha l cng sut tiu th ca ng c s l 240W. My git l mt thit b in gia dng, bnh qun thi gian lm vic khng nhiu. V vy, tuy hiu sut c thp nh-ng tn hao v in cng khng ln. b) c im ca ng c vt ng c vt cng l mt ng c in dung. Nguyn l l vic v cu to ca ng c ny c bn ging nh- ng c git, ch c cng sut nh hn, th-ng l 25W hoc 45W nh-ng phi khi ng v mmen cc i cao hn bnh th-ng. Do thi gian lm vic ngn nn tit kim nguyn liu th-ng thit k hiu sut ng c t-ng i thp. V d vi ng c vt 25W th cng 19

sut tiu th n 140W ngha l hiu sut c 18%. Do ng c vt ch quay mt chiu nn dy qun chnh v ph khc nhau c v s vng dy ln kch th-c dy. 1.4.1.14. Mch in in hnh ca my git hai thng. Mch in ny gm hai mch in dng git v vt ghp song song. V vy c th ng thi git v vt cng nh- c th lm vic ring r. Mch in git gm c ng c in, t in, b khng ch thi gian git, cng tc phm chn ch git v cu ch. B khng ch thi gian git c ba cng tc : cng tc chnh, cng tc git chun C v git rt ngn R khng ch ng c quay thun, dng v nghch. Cng tc chnh -c ni tip vi cng tc phm chn ch git. Khi s dng phi quay nm ca b khng ch thi gian thun chiu kim ng h cho tip im cng tc chnh ng mch ng thi phi nhn vo mt phim ca ch git, nh- vy mch in mi thng. ch git tng c-ng T khi ng ch mt chiu cho n lch kt thc. cc ch git khc, qua cng tc git, ng c s quay theo ch thun nghch v dng theo chu trnh.

Hnh 1.20 Mch in my git 2 thng Mch in vt gm c ng c in, t, b khng ch thi gian vt v cng tc np. B khng ch thi gian vt t-ng i n gin, ch c mt cng tc. Khi s dng th quay nm ca b khng ch thi gian vt theo chiu kim

20

ng h, cng tc s ng mch. Khi vt xong tip im ca cng tc s ngt mch. Cng tc np c tc dng bo v. Khi ng np thng vt th mch in mi thng. M np th ngt mch in. 1.4.2. Kt cu c bn ca my git t ng kiu mm git Kt cu my git t ng kiu mm git c cnh gm cc b phn sau: H thng git, gi, vt, h thng truyn ng, h thng vo n-c, h thng x n-c v h thng khng ch. 1.4.2.1. H thng git, gi v vt H thng ny gm c thng git (ng thi l thng vt), thng hng n-c, vng cn bng v mm git c cnh. Thng hng n-c cn goi l thng ngoi. Khi git thng ny cha y dung dch git, khi gi th cha n-c sch, khi vt th tch n-c vng ra t vt git x ra ngoi. gim rung, thng -c treo bng 4 l xo vo v ngoi ca my git. Thng git (vt) cn gi l thng trong. khi git v gi, thng trong khng quay v dng lm thng vt. Khi vt, thng trong v mm git cng quay theo chiu kim ng h v dng lm thng vt. Trn vch thng trong c nhng l nh. Khi vt n-c trong vt git d-i tc dng ca lc ly tm s xuyn qua cc l ra thng ngoi. y thng trong c lp mt a trn bng st. a ny lp trn trc vt n-c v trong bulng vn cht li. Pha trn thng c lp mt vng cn bng. l mt vng rng, trong cha n-c mui m c. Khi thng git quay vi tc cao, n-c mui trong vng cn bng s t ng chy n pha i xng vi pha vt git tch t nhiu lm cho thng vt cn bng ng, nh vy gim rung v t ting n.

Hnh 1.21 My git t ng kiu mm git

21

1.4.2.2. H thng truyn ng H thng truyn ng ch yu gm ng c v b ly hp gim tc. H truyn ng ny -c lp y thng ngoi. Nu lt ng-c y my git ln th c cu truyn ng nh- hnh v.

Hnh 1.22 H thng truyn ng ca my git kiu mm git ng c ca my git th-ng l loi c tnh nng khi ng tt, nng lc qa ti ln, th-ng l loi 4 cc, tc quay qung 1400vg/ ph. Trn trc c gn mt puli nh c cnh qut quay lm mt ng c. Thng qua mt dy cua roa hnh thang, puli nh ny ko mt puli to ca b ly hp gim tc. -ng knh puli to ny khong gp i -ng knh puli nh v vy puli to quay vi tc qung 700 vg/ph. a) B phn gim tc Gm c bnh ai ln, trc bnh rng , b gim tc hnh tinh v trc mm git. Bnh ai ln -c c nh trn trc bnh rng bng mt c. Trc bnh rng v trc mm git khng phi ng trc m l hai trc ng tm vi nhau. B gim tc hnh tinh thc t l mt b bnh rng gim tc. Thng qua b phn gim tc hnh tinh ny m hai trc bnh rng v mm git lin h vi nhau. Trc bnh rng quay 5 vng th trc mm git quay qung 1 vng. Khi mm git lm vic giai on git v gi, ng c quay qung 1400 vg/ph thng qua h bnh ai, trc bnh rng do bnh ai ln ko, gim tc xung cn 700 vg/ph, li thng qua b gim tc hnh tinh trc mm git quay qung 140 vg/ph.

22

Hnh 1.23 B ly hp gim tc b) B phn ly hp bao gm cc phn sau: - B ly hp lng cht trn trc bnh rng. B ly hp ny c trc ngoi, v b gim tc hnh tinh (lm a hm) v trc vt. - L xo ly hp bng dy l xo tit din vung, bnh rng kha, cn ly hp, l xo xon ly hp, vt iu chnh. - L xo vng. Trc ngoi, v ngoi b gim tc hnh tinh v trc vt l mt khi ngha l trc vt v trc ngoi l mt trc. Khi trc ngoi quay cng l trc vt quay v cng tc , ngha l khi b gim tc hnh tinh b hm ng th trc vt cng ng thi hm ng. L xo ly hp l mt l xo dy tit din vung c chnh xc rt cao, n ai ly b ly hp ny c nh mt u ln trc ngoi, mt u mc vo mt l nh trn bnh rng kh. Khi l xo ly hp xon cht trn ng lng ly hp v trc ngoi th nu trc rng quay theo chiu xon cht ca l xo ly hp (t pha trn my git nhn xung l theo chiu kim ng h) th l xo ly hp s c mt lc ma xtrt ln ln ng lng ly hp v trc ngoi v trc bnh rng 23

cng quay. Nu l xo ly hp b xon lng ra th trc bnh rng d thun hay nghch, ng lng ly hp cng khng lm trc ngoi quay -c. Lm cho l xo xon cht hay ni lng l nh bnh rng kh v ly. L xo vng m cht trc ngoi, mt u c nh ln v ngoi, mt u c nh trn l xo ko. Nhn t trn my git xung, l xo vng cun cht li khi quay ng-c chiu kim ng h. Lc l xo vng c tc dng hm. t l xo vng ny phng thng vt quay theo mm git khi mm quay ng-c chiu kim ng h. c) B phn hm: bao gm ai hm, cn hm v l xo hm. Nguyn tc ly, hp v hm nh- sau: Tc dng ly hp v hm ca b phn ly hp gim tc -c thc hin nh vo mt cht c trn cn ko van in t x n-c y vo cn hm. Khi git v gi van in t x n-c khng thng in. Cht c v cn hm c 1 khong cch 1- 3cm. D-i tc dng ca l xo xon hm, cn hm dich sang phi ko cht ai hm. ai hm m cht ly mm hm lm cho mm hm trng thi hm ng, trc vt v a vt khng quay, ng thi lc y, d-i tc dng ca l xo xon ly hp, cn ly hp dch sang tri, ly lp trn cn ly hp y bnh rng kh quay i mt gc lm cho l xo ly hp lp trong bnh rng kh xon lng ra, ng ly hp lng trn trc ngoi trng thi phn ly. Lc trc bnh rng thng qua b gim tc hnh tinh lm quay trc mm git s quay phi, tri. Khi vt, van in t vo n-c thng in v ht li st vo, cht c s dch sang phi, nh bnh rng kh, l xo ly hp d-i tc dng ca bn thn l xo, s xon ly ng ly hp v trc ngoi lm cho ng ly hp v trc ngoi trng thi ly hp. Khi trc bnh rng quay theo h-ng xon cht ca l xo ly hp th s ko trc ngoi quay ngha l ko trc vt v thng vt quay. Do khi vt trc ngoi quay theo chiu kim ng h (nhn t trn xung) nn l xo bc khng c tc dng. 1.4.2.2. H thng vo n-c Ch yu gm c van in t vo n-c v b khng ch mc n-c. Van vo n-c -c lp trong ngn khng ch, pha ngoi ni vi ng n-c. Khi cn cho n-c vo, van in t vo n-c t ng m ra, n-c s chy qua ng van v vo pha trn thng git. Khi n-c y n mc quy nh th van n-c s ng li. B khng ch mc n-c -c lp mt sau ca bng khng ch. Mt ng dn mm ni b khng ch n-c vi bung tch kh pha d-i ca thng hng n-c. Khi n-c ngp mt l nh bung tch kh th kh cn li trong bung tch kh, ng dn mm v trong b khng ch mc n-c b bt kn v khi mc n-c trong thng nng ln th khng kh b nn li v thng qua ng dn mm tc ng ln b khng ch mc n-c. p sut ny t l vi chnh mc n-c h gia thng v bung tch kh, do c th iu chnh p sut kh ln b khng ch mc n-c theo chnh mc n-c ny ngng cp n-c theo mc n-c cn thit.

24

Hnh 1.24 B khng ch mc n-c 1.4.2.4. H thng thot n-c Gm c van in t kha n-c, ng trn n-c v ng x n-c. Van thot n-c (cn gi l van x) lp d-i y thng hng n-c v thng vi thng ny. Khi x n-c van x t ng m ra, n-c trong thng hng n-c thng qua van ny x ra ng thot n-c. Khi x n-c hay vt xong th van ng li.

Hnh 1.25 Van x n-c Trong van x n-c, van cao su c p cht trong b van bi mt l xo ngoi vi lc p qung 10N m bo n-c khng d ra. L xo trong l mt l xo ko, th-ng v tr ko cng nh-ng do c ng dn nn lc ko ca n thnh ra ni lc ca ng dn v khng c tc dng n van cao su m ch cn ko p cht ln ng dn. Khi thng in vo cun dy nam chm in, li ng ca nam chm in b ht ko l xo trong v pha tri. Do l xo trong cng hn l xo ngoi ng thi do trng thi b ko cng tr-c nn khi b ko th tr-c tin p l xo ngoi li, ng dn b ko ra, van cao su -c m ra v qu trnh x n-c 25

bt u. V phi x ht n-c trong thng vi mt thi gian ngn nn m ca van cao su phi n 8 10 mm. Khi cn ko dch v tri th cht c trn cn ko tc ng ln cn hm ca b ly hp gim tc lm cho b ly hp ny vo trng thi x n-c. Khi ngt in vo nam chm in th lc ht in t khng cn na. D-i tc dng ca l xo ngoi, ng dn s dch v phi phi v van cao su li y kn van x n-c. D-i tc dng ca l xo trong, cn ko s ko li ca nam chm ra v cht c s tr cn hm ca b ly hp v v tr c. 1.4.2.5. H thng khng ch H thng khng ch ca my git t ng bao gm c b iu khin ch-ng trnh, b khng ch mc n-c, van vo n-c v x n-c, cng tc an ton ci bo. B khng ch ch-ng trnh hin c hai kiu: in ng v vi tnh. B iu khin ch-ng trnh kiu in ng gm c ng c in ng b, b gim tc, h cam v cng tc tip im l. So vi b khng ch thi gian dng trong my git hai thng th ch yu c hai im khng ging nhau: mt l dng ng c in ng b lm ng lc iu khin (thay cho dy ct l xo). Hai l b cam v cng tc tip im l phc tp hn nhiu. Khi b iu khin ch-ng trnh lm vic th khng ch s lm vic, theo mt trnh t nht nh ng c in, van vo n-c, x n-c, ci bo.... hon thnh ch-ng trnh t ra. B khng ch mc n-c dng khng ch van vo n-c v ng c in. Khi mc n-c ch-a t mc t th b khng ch mc n-c ni thng van vo n-c v ngt mch in vo ng c. Khi n-c t mc n-c nh th b khng ch mc n-c ng-c li s ngt mch in ca van t vo n-c v thng mch in vo ng c. Cng tc an ton t ni trc quay ca np my git. Ngoi tc dng khi vt m m np th t ng ngt mch in vo ng c v hm thng vt dng li cn c mt tc dng khc: khi vt git trong thng vt phn b khng u lm cho my git rung qu nhiu ki vt thng hng n-c s chm vo cn ca cng tc an ton lm ngt ngun in v qu trnh vt dng hn. Mch in in hnh ca my git t ng kiu mm git Mch in in hnh ca my git t ng kiu mm git nh- hnh v. Mch in gm c b khng ch ch-ng trnh cng tc x n-c, cng tc git, gi, cng tc mc n-c, cng tc l-u l-ng n-c, cng tc an ton, ng c in, van in t vo van nc v x nc, ci Cng tc x n-c c hai kiu la chn: x hoc khng. Khi cng tc trng thi ni mch th my git s thc hin ch-ng trnh git hon ton t ng ngha l t ng git, gi, x n-c v vt. Nu cng tc ny trng thi ngt th my git s khng x n-c sau khi git gi xong v dng my bo v vi v tit kim n-c.

26

Hnh 1.26 Mch in ca my git t ng kiu mm git Cng tc chn gi cng c hai la chn: ni v ngt. Khi cng tc trng thi ni th trong qu trnh gi, thi gian ng thi vo n-c di hn mt t, nh- vy hiu qu gi cao hn. Khi trng thi ngt th trong qu trnh gi, thi gian ng thi vo n-c ngn hn mt t tit kim n-c. Cng tc l-u l-ng n-c c hai la chn sau: trng thi 1 v 2. trng thi 1, thi gian dng n-c quay thun v ng-c ngn, dng n-c i chiu nhanh thch hp vi vic git v gi vt mng. trng thi 2 th thi gian i chiu quay di hn nn thch hp vi loi vt bng vi th-ng v dy. Cng tc mc n-c ni chung c 3 hoc 4 mc chn. Nu 4 l mc th c mc rt thp, thp, va v cao dng khng ch l-ng n-c vo thng git. hnh v, cc chi tit trong -ng t on lm thnh b iu khin ch-ng trnh. B iu khin ny gm c 7 bnh cam hp thnh mt t bnh cam tc thp khng ch 7 cng tc A, B, C, D, E , F, G. Trn -ng bao ca t bnh cam tc thp lp 3 chu trnh git: chu trnh chun, chu trnh rt ngn v chu trnh ch git. Trn b iu khin ch-ng trnh cn lp t bnh cam tc cao gm 3 bnh cam thao tc 3 cng tc cnh cam H, I, J khng ch chiu quay ca ng c trong qu trnh git hoc gi. B iu khin ch-ng trnh cn bao gm ng c in ng b thng qua c cu gim tc lm hai t bnh cam tc thp v tc cao quay thc hin cac chc nng ca my git. a) Trng thi lm vic ca cc cng tc bnh cam hiu r trng thi ng m ca cc cng tc trong mch in hnh v cn phi bit tnh trng ng m c th ca 10 cng tc bnh cam theo cc ch-ng trnh git. Theo hnh c th thy: 27

Cng tc A: T cui giai on gi ln cui n khi kt thc giai on x n-c ln cui, cng tc vo trng thi 2. Cn li trng thi 1 Cng tc B: Sau khi bt u giai on gi ln cui mt lc thuc vo trng thi 1. Trong mi ln gi c mt thi gian ngn tm thi th thuc vo trng thi 2. Cng tc C: Khi x n-c thuc v trng thi 1, khi ln x n-c cui cng sp kt thc thuc v trng thi 2. Cng tc D: Khi git v gi thuc trng thi 2, khi x n-c v vt thuc v trng thi 1. Cng tc E: Khi git x, gi thuc v trng thi 2, khi vt thuc v trng thi 1 Cng tc F: Khi git v gi thuc v trng thi 2, khi vt thuc v trng thi 1 Cng tc G: Trong tt c cc giai on thuc v trng thi 2 Cng tc H v J: Khi git v gi thay i trng thi vi mt tn sut t-ng i chm Cng tc I: Khi git v gi, hai trng thi 1 v 2 thay i vi mt tn sut t-ng i nhanh. b) Phn tch s lm vic ca mch in trong my git t ng Vi mch in theo hnh v v biu trng thi hnh c th phn tch mch in c th qua cc giai on lm vic ca my git nh- sau: - Mch in vo n-c. n nm ca b iu khin ch-ng trnh xung, quay theo chiu kim ng h n mt v tr bt k ca giai on git (th-ng n im ch bt u giai on git), m vi n-c vo, cm in ri ko nm ln, bt cng tc thng in th n-c s chy vo n-c my git. Lc cng tc A trng thi 1, cng tc D trng thi 2. Mch in vo n-c nh- -ng nt m ca hnh v minh ha. Dng in s chy theo mch sau: dy ngun 1 cu ch - cng tc A1, cng tc mc n-c 1 cng tc D2 van vo n-c dy ngun 2. Trong qu trnh vo n-c, do ng c in ng b khng thng in nn hai t bnh cam u khng lm vic.

Hnh 1.27 Trng thi lm vic ca cc bnh cam

28

- Mch in git, gi. Khi n-c vo n mc la chn cng tc mc n-c s t ng chuyn t trng thi 1 sang trng thi 2 v bt u giai on git. Lc cng tc A trng thi 1, E trng thi 2, F trng thi 2. Mch in git (bao gm c gi) nh- hnh v theo -ng nt m Theo mch in lm vic trn ta thy n E2 hai mch in chia lm 2 nhnh. Mt nhnh lm cho ng c in quay thun nghch, mt nhnh lm ng c ng c ng b quay iu khin ch-ng trnh git, gi. Trong qu trnh git gi, cam B ch c tc dng trong mt thi gian nht nh thng in vo van n-c, mch in l -ng t khc nt m hnh v. - Mch in x n-c. Sau khi git hoc gi xong th chuyn qua giai on x n-c. Lc cng tc cam C t trng thi trung gian chuyn sang trng thi 1, cng tc D t trng thi 2 chuyn sang 1, F t trng thi 2 chuyn sang 1. Lc mch in x n-c nh- hnh v. T hnh v thy rng sau khi n C1 mch in phn thnh hai nhnh. Mt nhnh lm van x n-c thng in, mt nhnh lm ng c in ng b quay. Khi gn kt thc giai on x n-c ln cui, cng tc A t trng thi 1 chuyn sang 2. Nu cng tc x n-c trng thi thng mch th s tip tc x n-c v hon thnh chu trnh git. Nu cng tc x n-c trng thi ngt th chuyn sang ch khng x n-c v ngng my nh- -ng t on nt m Mch in vt n-c. Khi x n-c xong th cng tc mc n-c s t ng t trng thi 2 chuyn sang 1 v bt u giai on vt. Lc cng tc cam C t trng thi 1 chuyn sang trng thi trung gian. Cng tc E t trng thi 2 chuyn sang 1, mch in nh- hnh v Nh- vy sau khi qua cng tc an ton mch in chia lm 3 nhnh. Nhnh th nht lm cho ng c in quay mt chiu, nhnh th hai lm ng c ng b quay v nhnh th ba lm m van in t x n-c. Khi vt ln cui cng xong, cng tc cam C t trng thi trung gian chuyn sang trng thi 2 lm cho ci thng in. Khi ton b ch-ng trnh git kt thc, cng tc A t trng thi 1 chuyn sang trung gian v ngt ngun in hon thnh ton b qu trnh git. Trong my git t ng hin i, th-ng dng b iu khin ch-ng trnh s dng vi x l. Trong chp vi x l ghi li cc ch-ng trnh lm vic ca my git, ch cn n cc phm chc nng trn mch iu khin l my s thc hin. B iu khin ch-ng trnh vi x l kt cu phc tp nh-ng hnh thc p thao tc n gin, chnh xc cao v c th c nhiu loi ch-ng trnh. Ngoi ra do lm vic khng c tip im nn tui th cao t s c hn.

29

Hnh 1.27 S khi b iu khin bng vi x l Hnh v l s khi ca b iu khin bng vi- l. T s khi thy -c ch cn -a vo mt s tn hiu thng qua cc phm bm qua b x l ci ch-ng trnh s khng ch -c s lm vicca ng c, van in t x nc v vo nc, ci bov dng n tn hiu LED ch th kt qu s thc hin cc ch-ng trnh. Ngy nay c loi my git t ng iu khin bng vi tnh cao cp. My khng dng rle hn gi m dng cm bin gim xtqu trnh git v gi ri truyn tn hiu n b vi x l. y cn c vo tnh trng git v gi m phn on nn kt thc giai on git hay gi ch-a. Nu -c ri th dng lm vic. iu ny khc phc tnh trng nh gi khng chun lm thi gian git, gi qu di hoc khng . B cm bin th-ng l loi cm bin quang in t ca ra n-c. Trong qu trnh git, thng qua vic kim tra s thay i trong ca n-c gip b vi x l c s phn on t-ng ng hoc t khng ch. Khi vt th dng b truyn cm p in khng ch nh s thay i ca p lc n-c bn ra khi thng.

30

1.5. cu to, nguyn l lm vic ca ng c truyn ng trong my git t ng kiu mm git ng c truyn ng trong my git dn dng l loi ng c xoay chiu khng ng b mt pha ro to lng sc c cng sut 150w

1.5.1. Cu to

Hnh 1.28 Cu to ca ng c khng ng b 1.li thp stato; 2.dy qun stator; 3.np my; 4. bi;5. trc ng c; 6.hp ni dy; 7. roto; 8.thn my; 9. qut lm mt; 10. np qut a) Stato: stato l phn tnh gm hai b phn chnh l li thp v dy qun, ngoi ra c v my v np my. - Li thp: li thp stato hnh tr do cc l thp k thut in -c dp rnh bn trong ghp li vi nhau to thnh cc rnh theo h-ng trc. Li thp -c p vo trong v my - Dy qun: dy qun stato lm bng dy dn bc cch in ( dy in t ) -c t trong cc rnh ca li thp - V my lm bng nhm , bng gang, hoc bng thp dng gi cht li thp v c nh my trn gi . Hai u v c np my, trc, v my v np my cn dng bo v my

31

Hnh 1.29.Kt cu stator ng c khng ng b b) Roto: roto l phn quay gm li thp, thanh dn v trc my - Li thp: Li thp gm cc l thp k thut in -c dp rnh mt ngoi ghp li to thnh cc rnh theo h-ng trc, gia c l lp trc. - Thanh dn: l cc thanh nhm -c c vo cc rnh ca roto, hai u -c c hai vng ngn mch to thnh hnh dng nh- chic lng sc nn -c gi l roto lng sc

Hnh 1.30 Cu to roto ng c khng ng b 1.5.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c khng ng b mt pha Khi cho dng in xoay chiu mt pha hnh sin vo cun cm mt pha stator ng c, trong cun dy s sinh ra mt t tr-ng bin thin cng theo quy lut hnh sin h-ng dc trc cun cm. l mt t tr-ng p mch, chm pha hn in p gc
2

32

Hnh 1.31 Bin thin ln ca t tr-ng p mch xt chi tit hn tc dng ca t tr-ng p mch ny i vi rotor, ta phn mt chu k p mch thnh 4 phn ng vi cc khong thi gian t1, t2, t3 v t4. -Trong khong thi gian t1: t thng tng ln (
d dt 0 ) v gi s theo

hnh 1.32, t thng h-ng xung d-i. Theo nh lut cm ng in rotor s c chiu sao cho t tr-ng ca n chng li s bin thin ca t thng sinh ra n, ngha l t tr-ng cm ng phi c chiu h-ng ln cn tr s tng tr-ng ca t thng ca cun cm. Chiu dng cm ng s nh- hnh v. T tr-ng cun cm li tc dng vo dng in cm ng mt t lc F c chiu xc nh theo quy tc bn tay tri. Cc lc ny bng nhau v ng-c chiu nn khng to ra mmen lm quay rotor.

Hnh 1.32 T tr-ng p mch khng to ra m men quay ban u

33

-Trong khong thi gian t2: t thng gim i (

d dt

0 ) nh-ng vn c

chiu c, h-ng xung. Dng in cm ng trong rotor o chiu to t thng c- cng chiu vi t thng chnh. Dng in cm ng v t lc tc dng vo n c chiu nh- hnh trn. Cc lc ny cng khng to ra mmen lm quay rotor. -Trong khong thi gian t3: t thng chnh o chiu, h-ng ln v tng tr-ng(
d dt 0 ). Lp lun t-ng t nh- trn, c chiu dng in cm ng, t

thng cm ng v tc dng nh- hnh v minh ha. -T-ng t, trong khong thi gian t4 ng vi hnh v, ta rt kt lun l t tr-ng p mch khng to ra mmen quay ban u. -V l thuyt cng nh- thc nghim, c th phn tch mt t tr-ng p mch mt pha thnh 2 t tr-ng quay ng-c chiu vi cng mt tn s gc vi bin bng mt na bin ca t tr-ng p mch. -S.t. ca t tr-ng p mch: F = FT + FN S l tng ca 2 vect quay t-ng ng vi t tr-ng quay thun FT (quay theo chiu kim ng h) v t tr-ng quay ng-c FN (quay ng-c chiu kim ng h). V ln: F = 2 FT = 2 FN T , ta c th l gii mt thc t l khi ng in cho ng c xoay chiu mt pha, cun dy phn cm mt pha khng to ra -c t tr-ng quay, khng lm quay rotor -c. l do 2 t tr-ng bng nhau quay ng-c chiu nhau s to ra cc m men quay bng nhau v ng-c chiu nhau nn m men tng bng 0. Khng c mmen m my l nh-c im c bn ca ng c ny. khc phc nh-c im ny ngui ta ch to ra ng c mt pha c t in y l loi ng c mt pha rotor lng sc. Trong cc rnh startor c t 2 cun dy: mt cun chnh A ni trc tip vi l-i, cn cun ph B th hai ni vo l-i qua mt t in CLV . Nh- vy, tuy ng c s dng ngun mt pha nh-ng thc cht l ng c hai pha. T tr-ng quay c dng ellipse (m un vect c-ng t tr-ng khng thay i). Khi hai cun A v B t lch nhau trong khng gian 900 v cc sc t ng(s.t.) ca 2 cun bng nhau, lch pha nhau 900 in t tr-ng quay nhn -c c dng trn.

34

Hnh 1.33 S nguyn l ng c mt pha c t in

Hnh 1.34 Gii thch s to thnh t tr-ng quay ca ng c mt pha c t in Hnh 1.34 gii thch nguyn l to ra t tr-ng quay dng trn ca 2 cun dy A v B. Dng in trong hai cun dy lch nhau 900. Quy -c dng in d-ng ca cun A to ra t tr-ng h-ng xung d-i, cn dng in d-ng ca cun B to ra t tr-ng h-ng sang tri. Tng hp hai t tr-ng ti thi im to, t1, t3...., ta c t tr-ng tng quay ng-c chiu kim ng h vi tn s bng tn s dng in (hay tn s ca in p l-i) ng c t in c m men m my khng qu 30% Mdm (-ng 1 hnh v minh ha) nn ch dng cho cc truyn ng c m men m my nh.

35

Hnh 1.35 c tnh c ca ng c t in khi o chiu lin tc Ph-ng php o chiu ng c khng ng b mt pha: o chiu ng ng c khng ng b mt pha ta thc hin o u u dy ca cun ph hoc thay i chc nng ca hai cun dy tc l cun ph l cun lm vic cn cun lm vic tr thnh cun ph, o chiu bng ph-ng php ny th cun dy ph v cun dy lm vic c s vng v thit din phi nhnhau.

Hnh 1.36 Ph-ng php o chiu ng c dng trong my git dn dng

36

Ch-ng 2: tng quan v h vi iu khin msc-51

2.1. Cu to vi iu khin h MSC-51: 2.1.1 Gii thiu cu trc phn cng h MSC-51 (8951): c im v chc nng hot ng ca cc IC h MSC-51 hon ton t-ng t nh- nhau. y gii thiu IC 8951 l mt h IC vi iu khin do hng Intel ca M sn xut. Chng c cc c im chung nh- sau: Cc c im ca 8951 -c tm tt nh- sau: 4 KB EPROM bn trong. 128 Byte RAM ni. 4 Port xut /nhp I/O 8 bit. Giao tip ni tip. 64 KB vng nh m ngoi 64 KB vng nh d liu ngoi. X l Boolean (hot ng trn bit n). 210 v tr nh c th nh v bit. 2.2.2. Kho st s chn 8951 v chc nng tng chn: 2.2.2.1. S chn 8951:
U2 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 19 18 9 31 P0.0/AD0 P0.1/AD1 P0.2/AD2 P0.3/AD3 P0.4/AD4 P0.5/AD5 P0.6/AD6 P0.7/AD7 P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 XTAL1 XTAL2 RST EA/VPP AT89C51 P2.0/A8 P2.1/A9 P2.2/A10 P2.3/A11 P2.4/A12 P2.5/A13 P2.6/A14 P2.7/A15 P3.0/RXD P3.1/TXD P3.2/INTO P3.3/INT1 P3.4/TO P3.5/T1 P3.6/WR P3.7/RD PSEN ALE/PROG 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 29 30

Hnh 2.1.S chn IC 8951

37

2.2.2.2. Chc nng cc chn ca 8951 8951 c tt c 40 chn c chc nng nh- cc -ng xut nhp. Trong c 24 chn c tc dng kp (c ngha l 1 chn c 2 chc nng), mi -ng c th hot ng nh- -ng xut nhp hoc nh- -ng iu khin hoc l thnh phn ca cc bus d liu v bus a ch. a.Cc Port: Port 0: Port 0 l port c 2 chc nng cc chn 32 - 39 ca 8951. Trong cc thit k c nh khng dng b nh m rng n c chc nng nh- cc -ng I/O. i vi cc thit k c ln c b nh m rng, n -c kt hp gia bus a ch v bus d liu. Port 1: Port 1 l port I/O trn cc chn 1-8. Cc chn -c k hiu P1.0, P1.1, p1.2, ... p1.7 c th dng cho giao tip vi cc thit b ngoi nu cn. Port 1 khng c chc nng khc, v vy chng ch -c dng cho giao tip vi cc thit b bn ngoi. Port 2: Port 2 l 1 port c tc dng kp trn cc chn 21- 28 -c dng nh- cc -ng xut nhp hoc l byte cao ca bus a ch i vi cc thit b dng b nh m rng. Port 3: Port 3 l port c tc dng kp trn cc chn 10-17. Cc chn ca port ny c nhiu chc nng, cc cng dng chuyn i c lin h vi cc c tnh c bit ca 8951 nh- bng sau: Chc nng chuyn i Tn P3.0 RXT Ng vo d liu ni tip. P3.1 TXD Ng xut d liu ni tip. P3.2 INT0\ Ng vo ngt cng th 0 P3.3 INT1\ Ng vo ngt cng th 1 P3.4 T0 Ng vo caTIMER/COUNTER th 0. P3.5 T1 Ng vo caTIMER/COUNTER th 1. P3.6 WR\ Tn hiu ghi d liu ln b nh ngoi P3.7 RD\ Tn hiu c b nh d liu ngoi. b.Cc ng tn hiu iu khin: Ng tn hiu PSEN (Program store enable): PSEN l tn hiu ng ra chn 29 c tc dng cho php c b nh ch-ng trnh m rng th-ng -c ni n chn OE\ (output enable) ca Eprom cho php c cc byte m lnh. PSEN mc thp trong thi gian Microcontroller 8951 ly lnh. Cc m lnh ca ch-ng trnh -c c t Eprom qua bus d liu v -c cht vo thanh ghi lnh bn trong 8951 gii m lnh. Khi 8951 thi hnh ch-ng trnh trong EPROM ni PSEN s mc logic 1. 38 Bit

Ng tn hiu iu khin ALE (Address Latch Enable) Khi 8951 truy xut b nh bn ngoi, port 0 c chc nng l bus a ch v bus d liu do phi tch cc -ng d liu v a ch. Tn hiu ra ALE chn th 30 dng lm tn hiu iu khin gii a hp cc -ng a ch v d liu khi kt ni chng vi IC cht. Tn hiu ra chn ALE l mt xung trong khong thi gian port 0 ng vai tr l a ch thp nn cht a ch hon ton t ng. Cc xung tn hiu ALE c tc bng 1/6 ln tn s dao ng trn chip v c th -c dng lm tn hiu clock cho cc phn khc ca h thng. Chn ALE -c dng lm ng vo xung lp trnh cho EPROM trong 8951. Ng tn hiu EA\(External Access): Tn hiu vo EA\ chn 31 th-ng -c mc ln mc 1 hoc mc 0. Nu mc 1, 8951 thi hnh ch-ng trnh t EPROM ni trong khong a ch thp 4 Kbyte. Nu mc 0, 8951 s thi hnh ch-ng trnh t b nh m rng. Chn EA\ -c ly lm chn cp ngun 12V khi lp trnh cho Eprom trong 8951. Ng tn hiu RST (Reset) : Ng vo RST chn 9 l ng vo Reset ca 8951. Khi ng vo tn hiu ny -a ln cao t nht l 2 chu k my, cc thanh ghi bn trong -c np nhng gi tr thch hp khi ng h thng. Khi cp in mch t ng Reset. Cc ng vo b dao ng X1,X2: B dao ng -c -c tch hp bn trong 8951, khi s dng 8951 ng-i thit k ch cn kt ni thm thch anh v cc t nh- hnh v trong s . Tn s thch anh th-ng s dng cho 8951 l 12Mhz. Chn 40 (Vcc) -c ni ln ngun 5V. 2.2.3. Cu trc bn trong vi iu khin: 2.2.3.1. T chc b nh:
FFFF FF FFFF

Code Memory

Data Memory

00

On -Chip Memory
0000

Enable via PSEN

0000

Enable via RD&WR

External Memory

Hnh 2.2 T chc b nh 89c51 Bng tm tt cc vng nh 8951.

39

B nh trong 8951 bao gm EPROM v RAM. RAM trong 8951 bao gm nhiu thnh phn: phn l-u tr a dng, phn l-u tr a ch ha tng bit, cc bank thanh ghi v cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit. 8951 c b nh theo cu trc Harvard: c nhng vng b nh ring bit cho ch-ng trnh v d liu. Ch-ng trnh v d liu c th cha bn trong 8951 nh-ng 8951 vn c th kt ni vi 64K byte b nh ch-ng trnh v 64K byte d liu. Bn b nh Data trn Chip nh- sau: 7F FF F0 F7 F6 F5 F4 F F2 F1 F0 B 3 RAM a dng E0 E7 E6 E5 E4 E E2 E1 E0 ACC 3 D0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D D D1 D0 PSW 3 2 30 2F 2E 2D 2C 7F 77 6F 67 7E 76 6E 66 7D 75 6D 65 7C 74 6C 64 7B 73 6B 63 7A 79 72 71 6A 69 62 61 78 70 68 60 B8 BC B B B9 B8 IP B A

B0 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 P.3 A8 AF AC A A A9 A8 IE B A

2B 5F 5E 5D 5C 5B 5A 59 58 2A 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 29 4F 4E 4D 4C 4B 4A 49 48 28 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 27 3F 3E 3D 3C 3B 3A 39 38 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 1F 18 37 36 35 2F 2E 2D 27 26 25 1F 1E 1D 17 16 15 0F 0E 0D 07 06 05 Bank 3 34 2C 24 1C 14 0C 04 33 2B 23 1B 13 0B 03 32 31 2A 29 22 21 1A 19 12 11 0A 09 02 01 30 28 20 18 10 08 00

A0 A7 A6 A5 A4 A A2 A1 A0 P2 3 99 khng -c a ch ho bit SBUF 98 9F 9E 9D 9C 9B 9A 99 98 SCO N 90 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 P1 8D 8C 8B 8A 89 TH1 TH0 TL1 TL0 TMO D 88 8F 8E 8D 8C 8B 8A 89 88 TCO N 40 khng -c a ch ho bit khng -c a ch ho bit khng -c a ch ho bit khng -c a ch ho bit khng -c a ch ho bit

17 Bank 2 10 0F Bank 1 08 07 Bank thanh ghi 0 00 (mc nh cho R0 -R7)

87 khng -c a ch ho bit PCO N 83 82 81 88 khng -c a ch ho bit khng -c a ch ho bit khng -c a ch ho bit 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 DPH DPL SP P0

Hai c tnh cn ch l: Cc thanh ghi v cc port xut nhp -c nh v (xc nh) trong b nh v c th truy xut trc tip ging nh- cc a ch b nh khc. Ngn xp bn trong Ram ni nh hn so vi Ram ngoi nhtrong cc b Microcontroller khc. RAM bn trong 8951 -c phn chia nh- sau: Cc bank thanh ghi c a ch t 00H n 1FH. RAM a ch ha tng bit c a ch t 20H n 2FH. RAM a dng t 30H n 7FH. Cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit t 80H n FFH. RAM a dng: Mc d trn hnh v cho thy 80 byte a dng chim cc a ch t 30H n 7FH, 32 byte d-i t 00H n 1FH cng c th dng vi mc ch t-ng t (mc d cc a ch ny c mc ch khc). Mi a ch trong vng RAM a dng u c th truy xut t do dng kiu a ch trc tip hoc gin tip. RAM c th truy xut tng bit: 8951 cha 210 bit -c a ch ha, trong c 128 bit c cha cc byte cha cc a ch t 20H n 2FH v cc bit cn li cha trong nhm thanh ghi c chc nng c bit. t-ng truy xut tng bit bng phn mm l cc c tnh mnh ca microcontroller x l chung. Cc bit c th c t, xa, AND, OR, , vi 1 lnh n. a s cc microcontroller x l i hi mt chui lnh c-saghi t -c mc ch t-ng t. Ngoi ra cc port cng c th truy xut -c tng bit. 128 bit c cha cc byte c a ch t 00H -1FH cng c th truy xut nh- cc byte hoc cc bit ph thuc vo lnh -c dng. Cc bank thanh ghi : 32 byte thp ca b nh ni -c dnh cho cc bank thanh ghi. B lnh 8951 h tr 8 thanh ghi c tn l R0 -R7 v theo mc nh sau khi reset h thng, cc thanh ghi ny c cc a ch t 00H - 07H.

41

Cc lnh dng cc thanh ghi RO - R7 s ngn hn v nhanh hn so vi cc lnh c chc nng t-ng ng dng kiu a ch trc tip. Cc d liu -c dng th-ng xuyn nn dng mt trong cc thanh ghi ny. Do c 4 bank thanh ghi nn ti mt thi im ch c mt bank thanh ghi -c truy xut bi cc thanh ghi RO - R7 chuyn i vic truy xut cc bank thanh ghi ta phi thay i cc bit chn bank trong thanh ghi trng thi. 2.2.3.2. Cc thanh ghi c chc nng c bit: Cc thanh ghi ni ca 8951 -c truy xut ngm nh bi b lnh. Cc thanh ghi trong 8951 -c nh dng nh- mt phn ca RAM trn chip v vy mi thanh ghi s c mt a ch (ngoi tr thanh ghi b m ch-ng trnh v thanh ghi lnh v cc thanh ghi ny him khi b tc ng trc tip). Cng nh- R0 n R7, 8951 c 21 thanh ghi c chc nng c bit (SFR: Special Function Register) vng trn ca RAM ni t a ch 80H - FFH. Ch : tt c 128 a ch t 80H n FFH khng -c nh ngha, ch c 21 thanh ghi c chc nng c bit -c nh ngha sn cc a ch. Ngoi tr thanh ghi A c th -c truy xut ngm nh- ni, a s cc thanh ghi c chc nng it bit SFR c th a ch ha tng bit hoc byte. Thanh ghi trng thi ch-ng trnh (PSW: Program Status Word): T trng thi ch-ng trnh a ch D0H -c tm tt nh- sau: Bit PSW.7 PSW.6 PSW.5 PSW4 PSW.3 Symbol CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 Address D7H D6H D5H D4H D3H Description Cary Flag Auxiliary Cary Flag Flag 0 Register Bank Select 1 Register Bank Select 0 00=Bank 0; address 00H 07H 01=Bank 1; address 08H 0FH 10=Bank 2; address 10H 17H 11=Bank 3; address 18H 1FH PSW.2 PSW.1 PSW.0 OV P D2H D1H DOH Overlow Flag Reserved Even Parity Flag

Chc nng tng bit trng thi ch-ng trnh C Carry CY (Carry Flag):

42

C nh c tc dng kp. Thng th-ng n -c dng cho cc lnh ton hc: C=1 nu php ton cng c s trn hoc php tr c m-n v ng-c li C=0 nu php ton cng khng trn v php tr khng c m-n. C Carry ph AC (Auxiliary Carry Flag): Khi cng nhng gi tr BCD (Binary Code Decimal), c nh ph AC -c set nu kt qu 4 bit thp nm trong phm vi iu khin 0AH - 0FH. Ng-c li AC=0. C 0 (Flag 0): C 0 (F0) l 1 bit c a dng dng cho cc ng dng ca ng-i dng. Nhng bit chn bank thanh ghi truy xut: RS1 v RS0 quyt nh dy thanh ghi tch cc. Chng -c xa sau khi reset h thng v -c thay i bi phn mm khi cn thit. Ty theo RS1, RS0 = 00, 01, 10, 11 s -c chn Bank tch cc t-ng ng l Bank 0, Bank1, Bank2, Bank3. RS1 RS0 BANK 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 3 C trn OV (Over Flag): C trn -c set sau mt hot ng cng hoc tr nu c s trn ton hc. Khi cc s c du -c cng hoc tr vi nhau, phn mm c th kim tra bit ny xc nh xem kt qu c nm trong tm xc nh khng. Khi cc s khng c du -c cng bit OV -c b qua. Cc kt qu ln hn +127 hoc nh hn -128 th bit OV=1. Bit Parity (P) : Bit t ng -c set hay Clear mi chu k my lp Parity chn vi thanh ghi A. S m cc bit 1 trong thanh ghi A cng vi bit Parity lun lun chn. V d A cha 10101101B th bit P set ln 1 tng s bit 1 trong A v P to thnh s chn. Bit Parity th-ng -c dng trong s kt hp vi nhng th tc ca Port ni tip to ra bit Parity tr-c khi pht i hoc kim tra bit Parity sau khi thu. Thanh ghi B : Thanh ghi B a ch F0H -c dng cng vi thanh ghi A cho cc php ton nhn chia. Lnh MUL AB s nhn nhng gi tr khng du 8 bit trong hai thanh ghi A v B, ri tr v kt qu 16 bit trong A (byte cao) v B(byte thp). Lnh DIV AB ly A chia B, kt qu nguyn t vo A, s d- t vo B. Thanh ghi B c th -c dng nh- mt thanh ghi m trung gian a mc ch. N l nhng bit nh v thng qua nhng a ch t F0H - F7H. Con tr Ngn xp SP (Stack Pointer) : 43

Con tr ngn xp l mt thanh ghi 8 bit a ch 81H. N cha a ch ca ca byte d liu hin hnh trn nh ngn xp. Cc lnh trn ngn xp bao gm cc lnh ct d liu vo ngn xp (PUSH) v ly d liu ra khi ngn xp (POP). Lnh ct d liu vo ngn xp s lm tng SP tr-c khi ghi d liu v lnh ly ra khi ngn xp s lm gim SP. Ngn xp ca 8031/8051 -c gi trong RAM ni v gii hn cc a ch c th truy xut bng a ch gin tip, chng l 128 byte u ca 8951. khi ng SP vi ngn xp bt u ti a ch 60H, cc lnh sau y -c dng: MOV SP , #5F Vi lnh trn th ngn xp ca 8951 ch c 32 byte v a ch cao nht ca RAM trn chip l 7FH. S d gi tr 5FH -c np vo SP v SP tng ln 1 l 60H tr-c khi ct byte d liu. Khi Reset 8951, SP s mang gi tr mc nh l 07H v d liu u tin s -c ct vo nh ngn xp c a ch 08H. Nu phn mm ng dng khng khi ng SP mt gi tr mi th bank thanh ghi1 c th c 2 v 3 s khng dng -c v vng RAM ny -c dng lm ngn xp. Ngn xp -c truy xut trc tip bng cc lnh PUSH v POP l-u tr tm thi v ly li d liu, hoc truy xut ngm bng lnh gi ch-ng trnh con (ACALL, LCALL) v cc lnh tr v (RET, RETI) l-u tr gi tr ca b m ch-ng trnh khi bt u thc hin ch-ng trnh con v ly li khi kt thc ch-ng trnh con ... Con tr d liu DPTR (Data Pointer): Con tr d liu (DPTR) -c dng truy xut b nh ngoi l mt thanh ghi 16 bit a ch 82H (DPL: byte thp) v 83H (DPH: byte cao). Ba lnh sau s ghi 55H vo RAM ngoi a ch 1000H: MOV A , #55H MOV DPTR, #1000H MOV @DPTR, A Lnh u tin dng np 55H vo thanh ghi A. Lnh th hai dng np a ch ca nh cn l-u gi tr 55H vo con tr d liu DPTR. Lnh th ba s di chuyn ni dung thanh ghi A (l 55H) vo nh RAM bn ngoi c a ch cha trong DPTR (l 1000H) Cc thanh ghi Port (Port Register): Cc Port ca 8951 bao gm Port 0 a ch 80H, Port1 a ch 90H, Port2 a ch A0H, v Port3 a ch B0H. Tt c cc Port ny u c th truy xut tng bit nn rt thun tin trong kh nng giao tip. Cc thanh ghi Timer (Timer Register): 8951 c cha hai b nh thi/b m 16 bit -c dng cho vic nh thi -c m s kin. Timer0 a ch 8AH (TLO: byte thp) v 8CH ( THO: byte cao). Timer1 a ch 8BH (TL1: byte thp) v 8DH (TH1 : byte cao). 44

Vic khi ng timer -c SET bi Timer Mode (TMOD) a ch 89H v thanh ghi iu khin Timer (TCON) a ch 88H. Ch c TCON -c a ch ha tng bit. Cc thanh ghi Port ni tip (Serial Port Register): 8951 cha mt Port ni tip cho vic trao i thng tin vi cc thit b ni tip nh- my tnh, modem hoc giao tip ni tip vi cc IC khc. Mt thanh ghi m d liu ni tip (SBUF) a ch 99H s gi c hai d liu truyn v d liu nhp. Khi truyn d liu ghi ln SBUF, khi nhn d liu th c SBUF. Cc mode vn khc nhau -c lp trnh qua thanh ghi iu khin Port ni tip (SCON) -c a ch ha tng bit a ch 98H. Cc thanh ghi ngt (Interrupt Register): 8951 c cu trc 5 ngun ngt, 2 mc -u tin. Cc ngt b cm sau khi b reset h thng v s -c cho php bng vic ghi thanh ghi cho php ngt (IE) a ch A8H. C hai -c a ch ha tng bit. Thanh ghi iu khin ngun PCON (Power Control Register): Thanh ghi PCON khng c bit nh v. N a ch 87H cha nhiu bit iu khin. Thanh ghi PCON -c tm tt nh- sau: Bit 7 (SMOD) : Bit c tc Baud mode 1, 2, 3 Port ni tip khi set. Bit 6, 5, 4 : Khng c a ch. Bit 3 (GF1) : Bit c a nng 1. Bit 2 (GF0) : Bit c a nng 2. Bit 1 * (PD) : Set khi ng mode Power Down v thot reset. Bit 0 * (IDL) : Set khi ng mode Idle v thot khi ngt mch hoc reset. Cc bit iu khin Power Down v Idle c tc dng chnh trong tt c cc IC h MSC-51 nh-ng ch -c thi hnh trong s bin dch ca CMOS. 2.2.3.3. B nh ngoi (External Memory): 8951 c kh nng m rng b nh ln n 64K byte b nh ch-ng trnh v 64k byte b nh d liu ngoi. Do c th dng thm RAM v EPROM nu cn. Khi dng b nh ngoi, Port0 khng cn ch-c nng I/O na. N -c kt hp gia bus a ch (A0-A7) v bus d liu (D0-D7) vi tn hiu ALE cht byte ca bus a ch ch khi bt u mi chu k b nh. Port2 -c cho l byte cao ca bus a ch. Truy xut b nh m ngoi (Acessing External Code Memory): B nh ch-ng trnh bn ngoi l b nh EPROM -c cho php ca tn hiu PSEN\. S kt ni phn cng ca b nh EPROM nh- sau:

45

Port 0
74HC373

D0-D7

8051

EA

O ALE G

Port 0

EPROM

Port 2 PSEN

A8-A15 OE

Accessing External Code Memory (Truy xut b nh m ngoi) Trong mt chu k my tiu biu, tn hiu ALE tch cc 2 ln. Ln th nht cho php 74HC373 m cng cht a ch byte thp, khi ALE xung 0 th byte thp v byte cao ca b m ch-ng trnh u c nh-ng EPROM ch-a xut v PSEN\ ch-a tch cc, khi tn hiu ln 1 tr li th Port 0 c d liu l Opcode. ALE tch cc ln th hai -c gii thch t-ng t v byte 2 -c c t b nh ch-ng trnh. Nu lnh ang hin hnh l lnh 1 byte th CPU ch c Opcode, cn byte th hai b i. Truy xut b nh d liu ngoi (Accessing External Data Memory) : B nh d liu ngoi l mt b nh RAM -c c hoc ghi khi -c cho php ca tn hiu RD\ v WR. Hai tn hiu ny nm chn P3.7 (RD) v P3.6 (WR). Lnh MOVX -c dng truy xut b nh d liu ngoi v dng mt b m d liu 16 bit (DPTR), R0 hoc R1 nh- l mt thanh ghi a ch. Cc RAM c th giao tip vi 8951 t-ng t cch thc nh- EPROM ngoi tr chn RD\ ca 8951 ni vi chn OE\ (Output Enable) ca RAM v chn WR\ ca 8951 ni vi chn WE\ ca RAM. S ni cc bus a ch v d liu t-ng t nh- cch ni ca EPROM. S gii m a ch (Address Decoding): S gii m a ch l mt yu cu tt yu chn EPROM, RAM, 8279, S gii m a ch i vi 8951 chn cc vng nh ngoi. Nu cc con EPROM hoc RAM 8K -c dng th cc bus a ch phi -c gii m chn cc IC nh nm trong phm vi gii hn 8K: 0000H - 1FFFH ; 2000H - 3FFFH, Mt cch c th, IC gii m 74HC138 -c dng vi nhng ng ra ca n -c ni vi nhng ng vo chn Chip CS (Chip Select) trn nhng IC nh EPROM, RAM, Hnh sau y cho php kt ni nhiu EPROM v RAM. Address Decoding (Gii m a ch) 46

S ln nhau ca cc vng nh d liu ngoi: V b nh ch-ng trnh l EPROM, nn ny sinh mt vn bt tin khi pht trin phn mm cho vi iu khin. Mt nh-c im chung ca 8951 l cc vng nh d liu ngoi nm ln nhau, v tn hiu PSEN\ -c dng c b nh m ngoi v tn hiu RD\ -c dng c b nh d liu, nn mt b nh RAM c th cha c ch-ng trnh v d liu bng cch ni -ng OE\ ca RAM n ng ra mt cng AND c hai ng vo PSEN\ v RD\. S mch nh- hnh sau cho php b nh RAM c hai chc nng va l b nh

RAM

RD PSEN

OE

ch-ng trnh va l b nh d liu: Overlapping the External code and data space Vy mt ch-ng trnh c th -c load vo RAM bng cch xem n nh- b nh d liu v thi hnh ch-ng trnh bng cch xem n nh- b nh ch-ng trnh. Hot ng Reset: 8951 c ng vo reset RST tc ng mc cao trong khong thi gian 2 chu k xung my, sau xung mc thp 8951 bt u lm vic. RST c th kch tay bng mt phm nhn th-ng h, s mch reset nh- sau: Manual Reset (Reset bng tay)

+5V RESET

+5V

100

10uF RST

8.2KOhm

47

Trng thi ca tt c cc thanh ghi trong 8951 sau khi reset h thng -c tm tt nh- sau: Thanh ghi Ni dung m ch-ng trnh 0000H PC 00H Thanh ghi tch lyA 00H Thanh ghi B 00H Thanh ghi thi PSW 07H SP 0000H DPRT FFH Port 0 n port 3 XXX0 0000 B IP 0X0X 0000 B IE 00H Cc thanh ghi nh 00H thi 00H SCON SBUF 0XXX PCON (HMOS) XXXXH PCON (CMOS) 0XXX 0000 B

Thanh ghi quan trng nht l thanh ghi b m ch-ng trnh PC -c reset ti a ch 0000H. Khi ng vo RST xung mc thp, ch-ng trnh lun bt u ti a ch 0000H ca b nh ch-ng trnh. Ni dung ca RAM trn chip khng b thay i bi tc ng ca ng vo reset. 2.2. Tm tt tp lnh ca 8951 : Cc ch-ng trnh -c cu to t nhiu lnh, chng -c xy dng logic, s ni tip ca cc lnh -c ngh ra mt cch hiu qu v nhanh chng, kt qu ca ch-ng trnh kh thi. Tp lnh h MSC-51 -c s kim tra ca cc mode nh v v cc lnh ca chng c cc Opcode 8 bit. iu ny cung cp kh nng 28= 256 lnh -c thi hnh v mt lnh khng -c nh ngha. Vi lnh c 1 hoc 2 byte bi d liu hoc a ch thm vo Opcode. Trong ton b cc lnh c 139 lnh 1 byte, 92 lnh 2 byte v 24 lnh 3 byte. 2.2.1. Cc mode nh v (Addressing Mode) : Cc mode nh v l mt b phn thng nht ca tp lnh. Chng cho php nh r ngun hoc ni gi ti ca d liu cc -ng khc nhau ty thuc vo trng thi ca ng-i lp trnh. 8951 c 8 mode nh v -c dng nh- sau: Thanh ghi. Trc tip. Gin tip. Tc thi. 48

T-ng i. Tuyt i. Di. nh v. 2.2.1.1. S nh v thanh ghi (Register Addressing): C 4 dy thanh ghi 32 byte u tin ca RAM d liu trn Chip a ch 00H - 1FH, nh-ng ti mt thi im ch c mt dy hot ng cc bit PSW3, PSW4 ca t trng thi ch-ng trnh s quyt nh dy no hot ng. Cc lnh nh v thanh ghi -c ghi mt m bng cch dng bit trng s thp nht ca Opcode lnh ch mt thanh ghi trong vng a ch theo logic ny. Nh- vy 1 m chc nng v a ch hot ng c th -c kt hp to

Opcode

thnh mt lnh ngn 1 byte nh- sau: Register Addressing. Mt vi lnh dng c th cho 1 thanh ghi no nh- thanh ghi A, DPTR.... m Opcode t n cho bit thanh ghi v cc bit a ch khng cn bit n. 2.2.1.2. S nh a ch trc tip (Direct Addressing): S nh a ch trc tip c th truy xut bt k gi tr no trn Chip hoc thanh ghi phn cng trn Chip. Mt byte a ch trc tip -c -a vo Opcode nh r v tr -c dng nh- sau: Direct Addressing

Opcode

Direct Addressing

Ty thuc cc bit bc cao ca a ch trc tip m mt trong 2 vng nh -c chn. Khi bit 7 = 0, th a ch trc tip trong khong 0 - 127 (00H 7FH) v 128 v tr nh thp ca RAM trn Chip -c chn. Tt c cc Port I/O, cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit, thanh ghi iu khin hoc thanh ghi trng thi bao gi cng -c quy nh cc a ch trong 49

khong 128 - 255 (80 - FFH). Khi byte a ch trc tip nm trong gii hn ny (ng vi bit 7 = 1) th thanh ghi chc nng c bit -c truy xut. V d Port 0 v Port 1 -c quy nh a ch trc tip l 80H v 90H, P0, P1 l dng thc rt gn thut nh ca Port, th s bin thin cho php thay th v hiu dng thc rt gn thut nh ca chng. Chng hn lnh: MOV P1, A s bin dch s xc nh a ch trc tip ca Port 1 l 90H t vo hai byte ca lnh (byte 1 ca port 0). 2.2.1.3. S nh v a ch gin tip (Indirect Addressing): S nh a ch gin tip -c t-ng tr-ng bi k hiu @ -c t tr-c R0, R1 hay DPTR. R0 v R1 c th hot ng nh- mt thanh ghi con tr m ni dung ca n cho bit mt a ch trong RAM ni ni m d liu -c ghi hoc -c c. Bit c trng s nh nht ca Opcode lnh s xc nh R0 hay R1 -c dng con tr Pointer.

Opcode

2.2.1.4. S nh a ch tc thi (Immediate Addressing): S nh a ch tc thi -c t-ng tr-ng bi k hiu # -c ng tr-c mt hng s, 1 bin k hiu hoc mt biu thc s hc -c s dng bi cc hng, cc k hiu, cc hot ng do ng-i iu khin. Trnh bin dch tnh ton gi tr v thay th d liu tc thi. Byte lnh thm v cha tr s d liu

Opcode

Immediate Data

tc thi nh- sau: 2.2.1.5. S nh a ch t-ng i: S nh a ch t-ng i ch s dng vi nhng lnh nhy no . Mt a ch t-ng i (hoc Offset) l mt gi tr 8 bit m n -c cng vo b m ch-ng trnh PC to thnh a ch mt lnh tip theo -c thc thi. Phm vi ca s nhy nm trong khong -128 127. Offset t-ng i -c gn vo lnh nh- mt byte thm vo nh- sau :

50

Nhng ni nhy n th-ng -c ch r bi cc nhn v trnh bin dch xc nh Offset Relative cho ph hp.
Opcode

Relative Offset

S nh v t-ng i em li thun li cho vic cung cp m v tr c lp, nh-ng bt li l ch nhy ngn trong phm vi -128 127 byte. 2.2.1.6. S nh a ch tuyt i (Absolute Addressing): S nh a ch tuyt i -c dng vi cc lnh ACALL v AJMP. Cc lnh 2 byte cho php phn chia trong trang 2K ang l-u hnh ca b nh m ca vic cung cp 11 bit thp xc nh a ch trong trang 2K (A0A10 gm A10A8 trong Opcode v A7A0 trong byte) v 5 bit cao chn trang 2K (5 bit cao ang l-u hnh trong b m ch-ng trnh l 5 bit Opcode).

Addr10 - Addr8

Opcode

Addr7 - Addr0

S nh v tuyt i em li thun li cho cc lnh ngn (2 byte), nh-ng bt li trong vic gii hn phm vi ni gi n v cung cp m c v tr c lp. 2.2.1.7. S nh v di (Long Addressing): S nh v di -c dng vi lnh LCALL v LJMP. Cc lnh 3 byte ny bao gm mt a ch ni gi ti 16 bit y l 2 byte v 3 byte ca lnh. u im ca s nh v di l vng nh m 64K c th -c dng ht, nh-c
Opcode

Addr15 - Addr8

Addr7 - Addr0

51

im l cc lnh di 3 byte v v tr l thuc. S ph thuc vo v tr s bt li bi ch-ng trnh khng th thc thi ti a ch khc. 2.2.1.8. S nh a ch ph lc (Index Addressing): S nh a ch ph lc dng mt thanh ghi c bn (cng nh- b m ch-ng trnh hoc b m d liu) v Offset (thanh ghiA) trong s hnh thnh

Base Register PC (or PDTR)

Offset ACC

Effective Address

1 a ch lin quan bi lnh JMP hoc MOVC. Index Addressing. Cc bng ca lnh nhy hoc cc bng tra -c to nn mt cch d dng bng cch dng a ch ph lc. 2.2.2. Cc kiu lnh (Instruction Types): 8951 chia ra 5 nhm lnh chnh: Cc lnh s hc. Lnh logic. Dch chuyn d liu. L lun. R nhnh ch-ng trnh. Tng kiu lnh -c m t nh- sau: 2.2.2.1. Cc lnh s hc (Arithmetic Instrustion): ADD A, <src, byte> ADD A, Rn : (A) (A) + (Rn) ADD A, direct : (A) (A) + (direct) ADD A, @ Ri : (A) (A) + ((Ri)) ADD A, # data : (A) (A) + # data ADDC A, Rn : (A) (A) + (C) + (Rn) ADDC A, direct : (A) (A) + (C) + (direct) ADDC A, @ Ri : (A) (A) + (C) + ((Ri)) ADDC A, # data : (A) (A) + (C) + # data SUBB A, <src, byte> SUBB A, Rn : (A) (A) - (C) - (Rn) SUBB A, direct : (A) (A) - (C) - (direct) SUBB A, @ Ri : (A) (A) - (C) - ((Ri)) SUBB A, # data : (A) (A) - (C) - # data INC <byte> INC A : (A) (A) + 1 52

: (A) (A) - 1 : (direct) (direct) - 1 : ((Ri)) ((Ri)) - 1 : (Rn) (Rn) - 1 : (A) LOW [(A) x (B)];c nh h-ng c OV : (B) HIGH [(A) x (B)];c Cary -c xa. DIV AB : (A) Integer Result of [(A)/(B)]; c OV : (B) Remainder of [(A)/(B)]; c Carry xa DA A :iu chnh thanh ghi A thnh s BCD ng trong php cng BCD (th-ng DA A i km vi ADD, ADDC) Nu [(A3-A0)>9] v [(AC)=1] (A3A0) (A3A0) + 6. Nu [(A7-A4)>9] v [(C)=1] (A7A4) (A7A4) + 6. 2.2.2.2. Cc hot ng logic (Logic Operation): Tt c cc lnh logic s dng thanh ghi A nh- l mt trong nhng ton hng thc thi mt chu k my, ngoi A ra mt 2 chu k my. Nhng hot ng logic c th -c thc hin trn bt k byte no trong v tr nh d liu ni m khng qua thanh ghi A. Cc hot ng logic -c tm tt nh- sau: ANL <dest - byte> <src - byte> ANL A, Rn : (A) (A) AND (Rn). ANL A, direct : (A) (A) AND (direct). ANL A,@ Ri : (A) (A) AND ((Ri)). ANL A, # data : (A) (A) AND (# data). ANL direct, A : (direct) (direct) AND (A). ANL direct, # data : (direct) (direct) AND # data. ORL <dest - byte> <src - byte> ORL A, Rn : (A) (A) OR (Rn). ORL A, direct : (A) (A) OR (direct). ORL A,@ Ri : (A) (A) OR ((Ri)). ORL A, # data : (A) (A) OR # data. ORL direct, A : (direct) (direct) OR (A). ORL direct, # data : (direct) (direct) OR # data. XRL <dest - byte> <src - byte> XRL A, Rn : (A) (A) (Rn). XRL A, direct : (A) (A) (direct). XRL A,@ Ri : (A) (A) ((Ri)). XRL A, # data : (A) (A) # data. 53

INC direct INC Ri INC Rn INC DPTR DEC <byte> DEC A DEC direct DEC @Ri DEC Rn MULL AB

: (direct) (direct) + 1 : ((Ri)) ((Ri)) + 1 : (Rn) (Rn) + 1 : (DPTR) (DPTR) + 1

direct, A : (direct) (direct) (A). direct, # data : (direct) (direct) # data. A : (A) 0 C : (C) 0 Bit : (Bit) 0 A : Quay vng thanh ghi A qua tri 1 bit (An + 1) (An); n = 06 (A0) (A7) RLC A : Quay vng thanh ghi A qua tri 1 bit c c Carry (An + 1) (An); n = 06 (C) (A7) (A0) (C) RR A : Quay vng thanh ghi A qua phi 1 bit (An + 1) (An); n = 06 (A0) (A7) RRC A : Quay vng thanh ghi A qua phi 1 bit c c Carry (An + 1) (An); n = 06 (C) (A7) (A0) (C) SWAP A : i ch 4 bit thp v 4 bit cao ca A cho nhau (A3A0)(A7A4). 2.2.2.3. Cc lnh r nhnh: C nhiu lnh iu khin ln ch-ng trnh bao gm vic gi hoc tr li t ch-ng trnh con hoc chia nhnh c iu kin hay khng c iu kin. Tt c cc lnh r nhnh u khng nh h-ng n c. Ta c th nh nhn cn nhy ti m khng cn r a ch, trnh bin dch s t a ch ni cn nhy ti vo ng khu lnh -a ra. Sau y l s tm tt tng hot ng ca lnh nhy. JC rel : Nhy n rel nu c Carry C = 1. JNC rel : Nhy n rel nu c Carry C = 0. JB bit, rel : Nhy n rel nu (bit) = 1. JNB bit, rel : Nhy n rel nu (bit) = 0. JBC bit, rel : Nhy n rel nu bit = 1 v xa bit. ACALL addr11: Lnh gi tuyt i trong page 2K. (PC) (PC) + 2 (SP) (SP) + 1 ((SP)) (PC7PC0) (SP) (SP) + 1 ((SP)) (PC15PC8) (PC10PC0) page Address. LCALL addr16: Lnh gi di ch-ng trnh con trong 64K. (PC) (PC) + 3

XRL XRL CLR CLR CLR RL

54

(SP) (SP) + 1 ((SP)) (PC7PC0) (SP) (SP) + 1 ((SP)) (PC15PC8) (PC) Addr15Addr0. RET : Kt thc ch-ng trnh con tr v ch-ng trnh chnh. (PC15PC8) (SP) (SP) (SP) - 1 (PC7PC0) ((SP)) (SP) (SP) -1. RETI : Kt thc th tc phc v ngt quay v ch-ng trnh chnh hot ng t-ng t nh- RET. AJMP Addr11 : Nhy tuyt i khng iu kin trong 2K. (PC) (PC) + 2 (PC10PC0) page Address. LJMP Addr16 : Nhy di khng iu kin trong 64K Hot ng t-ng t lnh LCALL. SJMP rel :Nhy ngn khng iu kin trong (-128127) byte (PC) (PC) + 2 (PC) (PC) + byte 2 JMP @ A + DPTR:Nhy khng iu kin n a ch (A) + (DPTR) (PC) (A) + (DPTR) JZ rel : Nhy n A = 0. Thc hnh lnh k nu A 0. (PC) (PC) + 2 (A) = 0 (PC) (PC) + byte 2 JNZ rel : Nhy n A 0. Thc hnh lnh k nu A = 0. (PC) (PC) + 2 (A) < > 0 (PC) (PC) + byte 2 CJNE A, direct, rel : So snh v nhy n A direct (PC) (PC) + 3 (A) < > (direct) (PC) (PC) + Relative Address. (A) < (direct) C = 1 (A) > (direct) C = 0 (A) = (direct). Thc hnh lnh k tip CJNE A, # data, rel : T-ng t lnh CJNE A, direct, rel. CJNE Rn, # data, rel : T-ng t lnh CJNE A, direct, rel. CJNE @ Ri, # data, rel : T-ng t lnh CJNE A, direct, rel. DJNE Rn, rel : Gim Rn v nhy nu Rn 0. (PC) (PC) + 2 (Rn) (Rn) -1 (Rn) < > 0 (PC) (PC) + byte 2. 55

DJNZ direct, rel : T-ng t lnh DJNZ Rn, rel. 2.2.2.4. Cc lnh dch chuyn d liu: Cc lnh dch chuyn d liu trong nhng vng nh ni thc thi 1 hoc 2 chu k my. Mu lnh MOV <destination>, <source> cho php di chuyn d liu bt k 2 vng nh no ca RAM ni hoc cc vng nh ca cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit m khng thng qua thanh ghi A. Vng Ngn xp ca 8951 ch cha 128 byte RAM ni, nu con tr Ngn xp SP -c tng qu a ch 7FH th cc byte -c PUSH vo s mt i v cc byte POP ra th khng bit r. Cc lnh dch chuyn b nh ni v b nh ngoi dng s nh v gin tip. a ch gin tip c th dng a ch 1 byte (@ Ri) hoc a ch 2 byte (@ DPTR). Tt c cc lnh dch chuyn hot ng trn ton b nh ngoi thc thi trong 2 chu k my v dng thanh ghi A lm ton hng DESTINATION. Vic c v ghi RAM ngoi (RD v WR) ch tch cc trong sut qu trnh thc thi ca lnh MOVX, cn bnh th-ng RD v WR khng tch cc (mc 1). Tt c cc lnh dch chuyn u khng nh h-ng n c. Hot ng ca tng lnh -c tm tt nh- sau: MOV A,Rn : (A) (Rn) MOV A, direct : (A) (direct) MOV A, @ Ri : (A) ((Ri)) MOV A, # data : (A) # data MOV Rn, A : (Rn) (A) MOV Rn, direct : (Rn) (direct) MOV Rn, # data : (Rn) # data MOV direct, A : (direct) (A) MOV direct, Rn : (direct) (Rn) MOV direct, direct : (direct) (direct) MOV direct, @ Ri : (direct) ((Ri)) MOV direct, # data : (direct) data MOV @ Ri, A : ((Ri)) (A) MOV @ Ri, direct : ((Ri)) (direct) MOV @ Ri, # data : ((Ri)) # data MOV DPTR, # data16 : (DPTR) # data16 MOV A, @ A + DPTR : (A) (A) + (DPTR) MOV @ A + PC : (PC) (PC) + 1 (A) (A) + (PC) MOVX A, @ Ri : (A) ((Ri)) MOVX A, @ DPTR : (A) ((DPTR)) MOVX @ Ri, A : ((Ri)) (A) MOVX @ DPTR, A : ((DPTR)) (A) PUSH direct : Ct d liu vo Ngn xp (SP) (SP) + 1 56

(SP) (Drirect) POP direct : Ly t Ngn xp ra direct (direct) ((SP)) (SP) (SP) - 1 XCH A, Rn : i ch ni dung ca A vi Rn (A) (Rn) XCH A, direct : (A) (direct) XCH A, @ Ri : (A) ((Ri)) XCHD A, @ Ri : i ch 4 bit thp ca (A) vi ((Ri)) (A3A0) ((Ri3Ri0)) 2.2.2.5. Cc lnh lun l (Boolean Instruction): 8951 cha mt b x l lun l y cho cc hot ng bit n, y l mt im mnh ca h vi iu khin MSC-51 m cc h vi iu khin khc khng c. RAM ni cha 128 bit n v v cc vng nh cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit cp ln n 128 n v khc. Tt c cc -ng Port l bit nh v, mi -ng c th -c x l nh- Port n v ring bit. Cch truy xut cc bit ny khng ch cc lnh r nhnh khng, m l mt danh mc y cc lnh MOVE, SET, CLEAR, COMPLEMENT, OR, AND. Ton b s truy xut ca bit dng s nh v trc tip vi nhng a ch t 00H - 7FH trong 128 vng nh thp v 80H - FFH cc vng thanh ghi chc nng c bit. Bit Carry C trong thanh ghi PSW\ ca t trng thi ch-ng trnh v -c dng nh- mt s tch ly n ca b x l lun l. Bit Carry cng l bit nh v v c a ch trc tip v n nm trong PSW. Hai lnh CLR C v CLR CY u c cng tc dng l xa bit c Carry nh-ng lnh ny mt 1 byte cn lnh sau mt 2 byte. Hot ng ca cc lnh lun l -c tm tt nh- sau: CLR C : Xa c Carry xung 0. C nh h-ng c Carry. CLR BIT : Xa bit xung 0. Khng nh h-ng c Carry SET C : Set c Carry ln 1. C nh h-ng c Carry. SET BIT : Set bit ln 1. Khng nh h-ng c Carry. CPL C : o bit c Carry. C nh h-ng c Carry. CPL BIT : o bit. Khng nh h-ng c Carry. ANL C, BIT : (C) (C) AND (BIT) : C nh h-ng c Carry. ANL C, /BIT : (C) (C) AND NOT (BIT):Khng nh h-ng c Carry. ORL C, BIT : (C) (C) OR (BIT) : Tc ng c Carry. ORL C, /BIT : (C) (C) OR NOT (BIT) : Tc ng c Carry. MOV C, BIT : (C) (BIT) : C Carry b tc ng. MOV BIT, C : (BIT) (C) : Khng nh h-ng c Carry.

57

2.2.2.6. Cc lnh xen vo (Miscellamous Intstruction): NOP : Khng hot ng g c, ch tn 1 byte v 1 chu k my. Ta dng delay nhng khong thi gian nh. 2.3. Ch-ng trnh ngn ng Assembly ca 8951: 2.3.1. Gii thiu : Ngn ng assembly gia ngn ng my v ngn ng cp cao. Ngn ng cp cao -c c tr-ng nh-: Pascal, C ... Cn ch-ng trnh ngn ng my l mt chui cc byte nh phn -c c tr-ng bi cc lnh m my tnh c th thc thi. Ngn ng assembly thay th cc m nh phn ca ngn ng my s dng cc thut nh d dng trong qu trnh lp trnh. V d lnh cng trong ngn ng my c c trng bi m nh phn 10110011 trong khi ngn ng assembly l ADD. Mt ch-ng trnh ngn ng assembly khng th thc thi bi my tnh m n phi -c dch sang m nh phn ngn ng my. Mt linker l mt ch-ng trnh m n kt hp cc ch-ng trnh c tr-ng Relocatable (modul) v thit k mt ch-ng trnh c tr-ng tuyt i thc thi bng my tnh. Segment l mt phn ca b nh m hoc d liu, n c th ti nh v -c (Relocatable) hoc tuyt i (Absolute ). Segment Relocatable c tn, kiu v c th -c kt ni vi Segment cc b khc. Segment Absolute khng c tn v khng th c kt ni Segment khc. Modul cha 1 hoc nhiu segment hay cc segment cc b . Mt modul c th l mt file nhiu trng hp c bit . Mt ch-ng trnh Modul Absolute n -c ha vo ton b cc Segment Absolute v Segment Relocatable t tt c cc mode nhp. Ch-ng trnh ch cha cc m nh phn thay cho cc lnh (vi cc a ch v cc hng d liu ) -c hiu bi my tnh. 2.3.2. Hot ng ca trnh bin dch (Assembler Operation) C nhiu trnh bin dch vi mc ch khc nhau c tc dng l d hiu cc ng dng vi iu khin. ASM51 l tiu biu chun bin dch ca h MSC51. ASM51 l trnh bin dch mnh c tc dng hu hiu trn h thng pht trin INTEL v h IBM PC ca my vi tnh. ASM51 -c gi hin ln t s ch dn ca h thng bi: ASM51 Source file (Assembly Control). Trnh bin dch nhn mt file ngun vi t- cch l ng nhp (PROGRAM.SCR) v h pht ra mt file i t-ng (PROGRAM.OBJ) v file listing (PROGRAM.LST).

58

V hu ht cc bin dch xem xt ch-ng trnh ngun 2 ln trong lc thi hnh s dch ngn ng my, nn chng -c m t qua 2 Pass bin dch l Pass1 v Pass2. Trong pass1, file ngun -c xem xt tng dng v bng k hiu xy dng. B m Location mc nhin chn 0 hoc -c t bi ch th ORG (t Origin). Cng nh- file -c xem xt, b m Location -c tng ln bng di mi lnh. Ch th data nh ngha (c bit hoc DW) tng b m Location bng vi s byte nh r, cc ch th nh l-u tr (DSO tng b m Location bi s byte d tr). Mi ln mt nhn -c tm thy s bt u ca mt -ng, th n -c c trong bng k hiu theo gi tr hin hnh ca b m Location. Cc k hiu -c nh ngha bi dng cc ch th t-ng -ng (EQU) -c c trong bng k hiu, -c ct gi v sau dng trong pass2. Trong Pass2, file Object v file Listing -c to ra, cc thut nh -c bin i thnh Opcode v t trong cc file output. Cc ton hng -c xc nh gi tr v t pha sau Opcode lnh. ni cc k hiu xut hin trong ton hng, cc k hiu ca chng s -c ly li t bng k hiu (-c to ra trong sut Pass1 v dng trong s sp xp d liu ng hoc ng a ch bi cc lnh). Bi v Pass2 c thc thi nn chng trnh ngun c th dng s tham kho trc l dng k hiu trc khi nh ngha. File Object nu tuyt i th ch cha cc byte nh phn (00H - FFH) ca ch-ng trnh ngn ng my. File Object Relocatable cha mt bng k hiu v thng tin khc -c yu cu bi s kt hp v xc nh ng v tr. File Listing cha m nguyn bng ASCII (20H 7FH) cho c hai ch-ng trnh ngun v cc byte Hexadecimal trong ch-ng trnh ngn ng my. 2.3.3. S sp t ch-ng trnh ngn ng Assmebly: Ch-ng trnh ngn ng Asembly bao gm: Cc lnh my, li ch ch ca trnh bin dch, s iu khin bin dch v cc ch thch. Cc lnh my l cc k xo ca lnh c th thc thi (v d nh- ANL). Cc ch th ca trnh bin dch l cc lnh trnh bin dch nh cu trc ch-ng trnh, cc d liu, k hiu, hng, (v d Org ). Cc s iu khin trnh bin dch set cc mode ca trnh bin dch v iu khin s chy ch-ng trnh Assembly (v d STILLE ). Cc ch thch hot ng ca lnh. Cc lnh phi ghi theo nguyn tc r rng -c trnh bin dch hiu. S sp xp ca chng nh- sau:

59

PROGRAM.OBJ PROGRAM.SCR ASM51 PROGRAM.LST

(Label:) mnemonic [operand][:operand][...][:comment] 2.3.3.1. Vng nhn (label Field ): Mt nhn t-ng tr-ng cho a ch ca lnh (hoc d liu ) theo sau nhn. Khi cc r nhnh n lnh ny, nhn -c dng trong vng ton hng ca nhnh (hoc lnh nhy). Cc nhn l mt kiu k hiu, sau nhn phi c du hai chm (:) cn sau k hiu th khng. Cc kiu k hiu -c quy cho cc gi tr hoc quy cho vic dng cc ch th nh: EQU, SEGMENT, BIT, DATA, Cc k hiu c th l a ch, hng, data, tn cc segment hoc s xy dng khc -c hiu bi ng-i lp trnh. Sau y l mt v d phn bit nhn v k hiu: PRA EQU 500 : PRA l k hiu t-ng tr-ng gi tr 500 START :MOV A , #0FFH :START l nhn t-ng tr-ng a ch lnh MOV Mt k hiu hoc mt nhn phi bt u mt ch ci du ?, hoc du -; phi c theo sau bng mt ch ci, cc s, du ? hay -, v c th cha ti 31 k t. 2.3.3.2. Vng thut nh (Mnemonic Field ): Cc thut nh hay cc ch ch bin dch i vo vng thut nh theo sau vng nhn. V d cc thut nh lnh nh: ADD, MOV, DIV, INC, ; cc ch th bin dch nh- : ORG , EQU. 2.3.3.3. Vng ton hng (Operand Field): Vng ton hng theo sau vng thut nh. Vng ny cha a ch hay d liu -c dng bi lnh. Mt nhn c th dng t-ng tr-ng cho hng d liu. Cc kh nng cho php vng ton hng ph thuc ln vo cc hot ng. Mt vi hot ng khng c ton hng nh- : RET, NOP trong khi cc hot ng khc cho php nhiu ton hng -c phn ra bng du phy. 2.3.3.4. Vng ch thch (Comment Field ): Cc ch thch phi d hiu t gii thch lnh, v c du chm phy u. Khi ch thch trong khung gii thch tnh cht chung ca phn ch-ng trnh -c ct ra bn d-i.

60

2.3.3.5. Cc k hiu bin dch c bit (Special Assembler Symbol ): Cc k hiu bin dch c bit -c dng trong cc mode nh v thanh ghi c th chng bao gm cc thanh ghi A, Ro R7, DPTR, PC,C, AB, hay cc k hiu $ -c dng quy vo gi tr hin hnh ca b m Location. V d : lnh JNZ T1 , $ t-ng -ng vi lnh sau : HERE : JNZ T1, HERE 2.3.3.6. a ch gin tip (Indirect Address): i vi mt s lnh dng ton hng c th xc nh thanh ghi m n cha a ch gin tip v n ch c th dng vi R0, R1 , DPTR. V d lnh MOV A, @R0 khi phc li byte d liu t RAM ni ti a ch -c nh r trong R0. Lnh MOVC, @A + PC khi phc li byte d liu t b nh d liu ngoi ti a ch -c to thnh bi vic cng ni dung thanh ghi tch ly A v b m ch-ng trnh. 2.3.3.7. D liu tc thi (Immediate Data ): Cc lnh dng s nh v tc thi cung cp d liu vo vng ton hng, k hiu # t tr-c d liu tc thi. V d: CONSTANT EQU 100 MOV A, 0FFH ORL 40H, # CONSTANT 2.3.3.8. a ch d liu (Data Address): Nhiu lnh truy xut cc vng nh dng s nh v trc tip v i hi mt a ch nh d liu trn chip (00 FFH) hay mt a ch SFR (80H FFH) trn vng ton hng. Cc k hiu -c nh ngha c th -c dng cho cc a ch SFR. V d: MOV A, 45H hay MOV A, SBUF. 2.3.3.9. a ch Bit (Bit Address): Mt trong nhng im mnh ca 8951 l kh nng truy xut cc bit ring l, khng cn cc hot ng trang b trn byte. Cc lnh truy xut cc bit nh v phi cung cp mt a ch trong b nh d liu ni (00H 7FH) hoc a ch bit trong cc SFR (80H - FFH). C 3 cch xc nh a ch bit trong nh d liu: Dng a ch bit trc tip, dng hot ng im gia a ch byte v a ch bit, dng k hiu bin dch -c nh ngha. V d: SETB 0E7H : Dng a ch trc tip. SETB ACC, 7 :Dng hot ng im. JNZ T1 ,$ : Dng k hiu c nh ngha TT. 2.3.3.10. a ch m (Code Address): a ch m -c dng trong ton hng cho cc lnh nhy, bao gm cc s nhy t-ng i (nh- SJMP v cc lnh nhy c iu kin), cc s nhy v cc s gi tuyt i (ACALL , AJMP). a ch m th-ng -c cho dng nhn sau: 61

HERE: _ _ _ SJMP HERE ASM51 s xc nh a ch m ng v lng vo Offset ng -c k hiu 8 bit lnh, a ch trang 11 bit hoc a ch di 16 bit cho thch hp. 2.3.3.11. Cc s nhy v gi chung ( generic Jump and Calls): ASM51 cho php ng-i lp trnh dng thut nh JMP chung hay CALL chung. Lnh JMP c th c dng thay cho SJMP, AJMP, LJMP v CALL c th thay cho ACALL hay LCALL. S bin dch bin i thut nh chung m mt lnh thc t sau vi qui lut n gin, thut nh chung bin i thnh dng tuyt i nu nhy hay gi trong trang 2k. Nu cc dng ngn v tuyt i khng dng th s -c chuyn thnh dng di. 2.3.4. S tnh ton biu thc ca Assemble Time (Assemble Time Expression Evaluation): Khi mt biu thc -c dng, s bin dch tnh ton gi tr lng vo lnh . 2.3.4.1 Cc c s s (Number Basses): C s cc hng s phi c theo sau cc s nh phn B, theo sau s Octal O, hoc Q, theo sau s thp phn D hay khng c g , theo s Hexa H. V d: MOV A, # 15 : Thp phn MOV A , 1111B : Nh phn MOV A , 30H : Hex MOV A , 315D : Thp phn MOV A , 317Q : Octal 2.3.4.2. Cc chui k t (Character String): Chui dng mt hay 2 k t c th dng nh- cc ton hng trong cc biu thc. Cc m ASSCII -c bin i thnh nh phn t-ng -ng bi s bin dch. Cc hng c i km theo sau 1 du ngoc kp (). V d : CJNZ A , # Q, AGAIN 2.3.4.3. Cc k hiu s hc (Arithmetic Operations): + : Cng _ : Tr . : Nhn / : Chia MOD :Php ly dV d lnh MOV A, # 10 + 10H v lnh MOV A, # 1AH t-ng t 2 lnh MOV A, # 25 MOD 7 v MOV A, # 4 cng ging nhau. 62

2.3.4.4. Cc hot ng logic (Logic Operations): Cc hot ng logic l OR, AND, XOR, NOT. Hot ng -c p dng trn cc bit t-ng ng trong mi ton hng. S hot ng phi -c phn ra t cc ton hng bi mt khong cch k t hoc nhiu khong k t. V d 3 lnh MOV sau y ging nhau: THERE EQU MINUS THERE EQU- 3 MOV A, #(NOT THERE) + 1 MOV A, MINUS THERE MOV A, #11111101B 2.3.4.5. Cc hot ng c bit (special Operation): Cc hot ng c bit l: SHR (dch phi), SHL (dch tri), HIGH (byte cao), LOW (byte thp). V d: lnh MOV A, # HIGH 1234H v lnh MOV A, 12H t-ng -ng. 2.3.4.6. Cc hot ng lin quan: Khi mt hot ng c lin quan -c dng gia hai ton hng th kt qa hoc sai (0000h) hoc ng (FFFFH). Cc hot ng l: EQ = : Equals (bng) NE <> : Not equals (khng bng) LT < : Less than (nh hn) LE <= : Less than or equal (nh hn hoc bng) GT > : Greater than (ln hn) GE >= : Greater than or equal (ln hn hoc bng) V d: MOV A, #5 MOV A, 100 GE 50 MOV A, 5 NE 4 C ba lnh trn u ng nn c ba t-ng -ng vi lnh sau: MOV A,# 0FFH 2.3.5. Cc ch th bin dch: ASM51 cung cp cc ch th sau: S iu khin trng thi bin dch (ORG, AND, USING) S xc nh k hiu (SEGMENT, EQU, SET, DATA, NDATA, BIT, CODE) S khi gn l-u tr hay dnh tr-c s l-u tr (DS, DBIT, DB, DW) S kt ni ch-ng trnh (PUBLIC, EXTRN, NAME) S chn segment (PSEG, CSEG, DSEG, ISEG, BSEG, XSEG)

63

2.3.5.1. S iu khin trng thi bin dch: Ch th ORG thay i b m vng nh t s khi u mt ch-ng trnh mi bi trng thi theo sau , dng ca ch th ORG l: ORG Expression Ch th END t cui cng trong file ngun. Dng ca n l END. Ch th USING cung cp cho ASM51 dy thanh ghi tch cc hin hnh. Dng ch th ca n l USING Expression Vic dng a ch cc thanh ghi k hiu -c nh ngha tr-c AR0-AR7 s bin thnh a ch trc tip ph hp ca dy thanh ghi tch cc. V d : USING 3 : Dng Bank 3 trong dy thanh ghi. PUSH AR7 : Push R7 (R7=1FH) PUSH AR7 : Push R7 (R7=0FH) 2.3.5.2. nh ngha k hiu (Symbol Definition): Dng ch th ca segment nh- sau: symbol SEGMENT segmenttype Trong symbol l tn ca segment c th i ch -c. Cc kiu segment c th CODE (segment m), XDATA (vng d liu ngoi), DATA (vng d liu ni) c th truy xut bng s nh v trc tip t (00H-7FH), IDATA (ton b vng d liu ni), BIT (vng BIT t 20H-2FH d liu ni). V d : EPROM SEGMENT CODE cho bit EPROM ca mt segment kiu code. Dng ch th EQU : symbol EQU Expression Dng ch th BIT : symbol BITExpression L-u rng nu ta dng ch th BIT nh- FLAGS BIT 05H th ta c th SETB FLAGS m khng -c dng lnh MOV. 2.3.5.3. S khi gn/dnh l-u tr tr-c (Storage Initilization/Reservation) Cc ch th ca Storage Initilization khi gn v Storage Reservation dnh mt vng nh trong t, byte hoc cc n v bit. Vng -c dnh tr-c khi bt u ti vng nh -c ch r bi gi tr hin hnh ca b m vng nh trong segment tch cc ang hin hnh. Cc ch th ny c th ng tr-c mt nhn. a) Khai bo l-u tr DS (Define Storage) Dng pht biu DS l : [label:]DS Expression Pht biu DS dnh mt vng nh trong n v byte. N c th -c dng trong bt k pht biu segment no ngoi tr BIT. Khi pht biu DS -c bt gp trong ch-ng trnh th b m v tr location ca segment hin hnh -c tng ln mt khong bng gi tr ca biu thc. Tng ca b m location v biu thc -c nh r s khng v-c qu s hn ch ca vng hin hnh. Pht biu sau to ra mt vng m 40 byte trong segment d liu ni. DSEG AT 30 : t vo segment data ni. LENGTH EQU 40 BEFFER : DS LENGTH : 40 byte -c dnh tr-c

64

Nhn BUFFER t-ng tr-ng cho a ch ca location u tin ca vng nh -c l-u tr. Trong v d trn buffer t u a ch 30H bi t AT 30 -c nh r bi DSEG. Vng m ny c th xo nh- sau: MOV R7,#LENGTH : R7 cha con s LENGTH l 40 MOV R0,#BUFFER : R0 cha a ch ti buffer l 30H LOOP : MOV @R0,#0 : Ln l-t xo DJNZ,R7,LOOP (continue) to ra vng m 1000 byte trong RAM ngoi bt u ti a ch 4000H, cc ch th sau y c th -c dng: XSTART EQU 4000H XLENGTH EQU 1000H XSEG AT XSTART : Phn on data ngoi bt u 4000H XBUFFER: DS XLENGTH : To ra mt vng m c di 1000byte Cc lnh sau y c th dng xo vng m trn : MOV DPTR,#BUFFER: -a a ch 4000H v DPTR LOOP : CLR A MOVX @DPTR : Xo ni dng t a ch 4000H tr i INC DPTR : Tng thm 1 ( tr-ng hp u tr thnh 4001H) MOV A,DPL CJNZ A,#LOW (XBUFFER=LENGTH+1),LOOP MOV A,DPH CJNZ A,HIGH (XBUFFER=XLENGTH+1),LOOP (Continue) Nu so snh hai cch dng trn dnh cho byte thp v byte cao DPTR, V lnh CJNZ ch lm nhim v i vi thanh ghi A hoc thanh ghi Rn, do byte thp hoc byte cao ca b m d liu phi -c MOV vo A tr-c khi n lnh CJNZ. Vng lp ch kt thc khi b m d liu -c c a ch XBUFFER+XLENGTH+1 b) Khai bo DBIT (Define Bit) S thnh lp : [label:] DBIT expression Ch th DBIT dnh tr-c vng nh cc n v bit, n c th -c dng trong 1 segment bit. Khi pht biu ny -c bt gp trong ch-ng trnh th b m v tr ca segment hin hnh -c cng thm gi tr ca biu thc. c) Khai bo byte DB (Define Byte) S thnh lp ch th C BIT : [label:] C BIT Expression [,Expression][...] Ch th DB khi gn b m nn segment CODE phi tch cc. Danh sch biu thc l mt chui ca mt hay nhiu gi tr byte (mi cch c th l mt biu thc) -c phn ra bi du phy.

65

Ch th DB cho php cc chui k t (-c km trong du ngoc kp n) di hn 2 k t. Mi k t trong chui -c bin thnh m ASCII t-ng ng. Nu mt nhn -c dng th nhn -c n nh a ch ca byte u tin. V d : CSEG AT 0100H DSQUARES : DB 0,1,4,9,16,25 :Bnh ph-ng t 0-5 Kt qu ca s phn chia b nh hexa ca b nh m ngoi nh- sau : Address Content Note 0100H 00H Ca s 0 0101H 01H Ca s 1 0102H 04H Ca s 4 0103H 9H Ca s 9 10H Ca s 16 0104H 0105H 19H Ca s 25 d) Khai bo t DW (Define Word) S thnh lp : [label:]DW Expression [,Expression][...] Ch th ging ch th DB ngoi tr hai v tr nh 16 bit -c chia lm mi khong d liu. V d : CSEG AT 200H DW 1234H,2 Address 0200H 0201H 0202H 0203H Content 12H 34H 00H 02H Note Byte cao 1234H Byte thp 1234H Byte cao ca 2 Byte thp ca 2

66

Ch-ng 3: thit k v thi cng b iu khin my git ng dng vi x l

3.1. Nhim v thit k Nhim v cn thc hin l thit k mt mch iu khin s dng cho my git dn dng dng vi iu khin AT89c51 . Vy nn yu cu t ra y l: + Thit k khi ngun. + Thit k khi giao tip. + Thit k mch cng sut. + Thit k mch vi iu khin. + Vit ch-ng trnh phn mm. 3.2. Thit k phn cng ca h thng 3.2.1. S khi ca h thng

Hnh 3.1 S khi ca mch iu khin c im v chc nng ca tng khi - Khi phm bm gm: phm ch-ng trnh, phm ch , phm tt ngun, phm bt ngun, phm khi ng my (start). Phm chn ch-ng trnh c chc nng ci t ch-ng trnh cho my git my c th git theo ton ch-ng trnh l git, gi, vt. Hoc c th t ch-ng trnh cho my ch thc

67

hin mt cng vic ch git, ch gi, hoc ch vt. Phm ch c chc nng la chn mt trong ba ch git cho my l: ch git th-ng tng thi gian git l 45 pht s dng khi git khng qu bn hoc l-ng git mc trung bnh, ch git ngm tng thi gian git l 70 pht s dng ch ny khi git qu bn. Ch git nhanh tng thi gian git l 30 pht s dng ch ny khi git khng nhiu hoc l git mng. Phm start dng khi ng my git - Khi hin th gm 3 n led hin th cho cc ch-ng trnh git v 3 n led hin th cho 3 ch git -c chn - Khi u vo l cm bin mc n-c theo kiu rle p sut - Khi ngun gm c bin p ngun bin i in p t 220v xung 12v sau -c nn qua cu iot v qua mch n p 5v cp ngun cho mch iu khin - Khi iu khin s dng vi iu khin h 8051 lm n v thu nhn, x l tn hiu v xut cc tn hiu iu khin cho ton b h thng - Khi tn hiu u ra gm cc rle bn dn (triac v transisto) c chc nng ng ct, o chiu ng c git v ng ct van x, van cp n-c, ci bo.

68

3.2.2. S mch nguyn l

69 Hnh 3.2 S nguyn l mch iu khin

Tnh chn linh kin trong s Tnh in tr hn dng R1: cho mi led sng th dng cung cp cho n l 10mA. Vy in tr cn gn thm vo hn dng cho led l:
R1 VCC VLED I LED 5 2 10 0,3k

Chn R1 trn thc t l 330 ( ). Vi vic chn R1 ln hn tnh ton nh-ng dng qua led gim khng ng k nn vn chp nhn
VCC
LEDtt

Vy dng thc t qua led l: I

VLED R1

5 2 330 10

9,09mA

Tnh in tr R2 phn cc cho transistor cho mt triac dn th dng in qua n l 10 mA. y cng chnh l dng Ic ca transistor. Vy chn transistor loi A1266 vi h s khuych i l 60

IB
Vy dng IB l:

IC

10 0,17mA 60

R2

U R2 IB

VCC VBE IB

5 0,7 25,3( K ) 0,17

in tr phn cc R2 l: Chn R2 = 22 k , nh hn gi tr tnh ton dng ln transistor nhanh bo ha. La chn phn t cng sut (triac) ng c s dng trong my git l ng c khng ng b 1 pha c Um = 220V, Im= 2A. iu khin ng ct cng nh- o chiu quay cho

70

ng c ta s dng hai triac BT139 c cc thng s nh- sau: U m=800V, Im=16A, IGT=10mA Cun ht trong van cp n-c c Um=220V, Im= 0,05A. v van x n-c c Um=220V, Im= 0,1A. iu khin hai van ny ta s dng 2 triac BCR1AM c cc thng s nh- sau Um=800V, Im=2A, IGT=5mA S mch in v b tr linh kin

71

3.3. Thit k phn mm 3.3.1. Yu cu cng ngh ca mch iu khin my git nh h-ng cho qu trnh vit ch-ng trnh iu khin my git th mch iu khin phi thc hin -c cc chc nng sau y. - Nhn phm bt ngun (on) ngun s -c cp v duy tr khi nh phm - Sau khi bt ngun nu nhn phm start th my s chy theo ch-ng trnh mc nh l thc hin theo trnh t c ba ch-ng trnh git gm c 1ln git thi gian l 14 pht - vt 3 pht gi 10 pht - vt 3pht gi 10pht vt 5 pht. Nu ban u phm ch-ng trnh -c nhn chn ch git, ch gi, hoc ch vt th sau khi nhn start my s chy ch-ng trnh -c chn. Nu ban u phm ch -c nhn th my s l-u ch -c chn l git nhanh, git th-ng hay git ngm. Nu phm ch khng -c nhn th my s t thit lp theo ch git th-ng. Sau khi kt thc ch-ng trnh git b iu khin s bo ci, v ct ngun chnh. 3.3.2. Xy dng l-u thut ton L-u ca ch-ng trnh chnh

72

L-u ch-ng trnh ( n phm)

73

L-u ch-ng trnh ( xc nh ch-ng trnh v ch git -c chn)

3.3.3. Ch-ng trnh iu khin

$include(reg51.inc ) ORG 00H LJMP MAIN ORG 03H LJMP POWEROFF ORG 13H LJMP NGATSTART ORG 100H

;NHAY TOI CHUONG TRINH CHINH ;NGAT NGOAI 0 ;TAT NGUON ;NGAT NGOAI 1 ;TAM DUNG VA KHOI DONG ;CHUONG TRINH CHINH

MAIN: MOV IE,#10000001B ;CHO PHEP NGAT

74

CLR P1.6 CLR P2.0 CLR P2.1 CLR P2.2 CLR P2.3 KT: JNB P2.6,PHIMBAM1 JNB P2.7,PHIMBAM2 JNB P3.3,PHIMSTART SJMP KT PHIMBAM1: CALL COI SETB P2.0 SETB P2.1 CLR P2.2 JNB P2.6,$ KT2: JNB P2.6,PHIMBAM11 JNB P2.7,PHIMBAM2 JNB P3.3,PHIMSTART SJMP KT2 PHIMBAM11: CALL COI SETB P2.2 SETB P2.1 CLR P2.0 JNB P2.6,$ KT3: JNB P2.6,PHIMBAM12 JNB P2.7,PHIMBAM2 JNB P3.3,PHIMSTART SJMP KT3 PHIMSTART: JNB P3.3,$ SETB IE.2 LJMP PHSTART PHIMBAM12: CALL COI CLR P2.1 SETB P2.0 SETB P2.2 JNB P2.6,$ KT4: JNB P2.6,PHIMBAM13 JNB P2.7,PHIMBAM2 JNB P3.3,PHIMSTART PHIMBAM13: CALL COI CLR P2.1 CLR P2.0 CLR P2.2 JNB P2.6,$ KT5: JNB P2.6,PHIMBAM1 JNB P2.7,PHIMBAM2 JNB P3.3,PHIMSTART SJMP KT5 PHIMBAM2: CALL COI SETB P2.3 CLR P2.4

;BAT NGUON ;BAT DEN GIAT ;BAT DEN GIU ;BAT DEN VAT ;BAT DEN CHE DO GIAT THUONG ;KIEM TRA PHIM CHUONG TRINH ;KIEM TRA PHIM CHE DO ;KIEM TRA PHIM START ;BAO COI KHI BAM PHIM ;TAT DEN GIAT ;TAT DEN GIU ;TAT DEN VAT ;CHO NHA PHIM

;KHIEM TRA PHIM START ;CHO PHEP NGAT NGOAI1 ;NHAY DEN NHAN 'PHSTART'

75

SETB P2.5 JNB P2.7,$ KT6: JNB P2.6,PHIMBAM1 JNB P2.7,PHIMBAM3 JNB P3.3,PHIMSTART SJMP KT6 PHIMBAM3: CALL COI SETB P2.3 CLR P2.5 SETB P2.4 JNB P2.7,$ KT7: JNB P2.6,PHBAM1 JNB P2.7,PHIMBAM4 JNB P3.3,PHIMSTART SJMP KT7 PHBAM1: LJMP PHIMBAM1 PHIMBAM4: CALL COI SETB P2.5 CLR P2.3 SETB P2.4 JNB P2.7,$ KT8: JNB P2.6,NHAY JNB P2.7,PHIMBAM2 JNB P3.3,PHIMSTART SJMP KT8 NHAY: LJMP PHIMBAM1 ;--------------CAC CHUONG TRINH CON-------------DELAY05S: LAP: LAP1: LAP2: MOV R1,#250 ;TRE 0,5S MOV R2,#200 MOV R3,#10 DJNZ R3,LAP2 DJNZ R2,LAP1 DJNZ R1,LAP RET ;----------------------------------------------------------------------DELAY1S: MOV R0,#2 ;TRE 1S LAP1S: CALL DELAY05S DJNZ R0,LAP1S RET ;----------------------------------------------------------------------DELAY3S: MOV R4,#3 ;TRE 3S LAP3S: CALL DELAY1S DJNZ R4,LAP3S RET ;----------------------------------------------------------------------DELAY7S: MOV R4,#7 ;TRE 7S LAP7S: CALL DELAY1S DJNZ R4,LAP7S

76

RET ;----------------------------------------------------------------------DELAY1P: MOV R5,#60 ;TRE 1PHUT LAP1P: CALL DELAY1S DJNZ R5,LAP1P RET ;----------------------------------------------------------------------DELAY2P: MOV R5,#120 LAP2P: CALL DELAY1S DJNZ R5,LAP2P RET ;----------------------------------------------------------------------DELAY4P: MOV R5,#240 ;TRE 4PHUT LAP4P: CALL DELAY1S DJNZ R5,LAP4P RET ;----------------------------------------------------------------------GIATCH: MOV R6,#128 ;CHUONG TRINH GIAT CHUAN CLR P1.3 JB P1.5,$ SETB P1.3 LAPG: CLR P1.1 LCALL DELAY3S SETB P1.1 LCALL DELAY05S CLR P1.2 LCALL DELAY3S SETB P1.2 LCALL DELAY05S DJNZ R6,LAPG RET GIATNH: MOV R6,#60 ;CHUONG TRINH GIAT NHANH CLR P1.3 JB P1.5,$ SETB P1.3 CALL LAPG RET GIATNG: MOV R7,#7 ;CHUONG TRINH GIAT NGAM CLR P1.3 JB P1.5,$ SETB P1.3 GIATNG1: MOV R6,#18 GIATNG2: CALL LAPG DJNZ R6,GIATNG2 CALL DELAY4P DJNZ R7,GIATNG1 RET ;----------------------------------------------------------------------GIU: MOV R6,#35 ;CHUONG TRINH GIU CLR P1.3 JB P1.5,$

77

SETB P1.3 LCALL LAPG DJNZ R6,GIU1 RET GIUNH: MOV R6,#20 ;CHUONG TRINH GIU NHANH GIU2: LCALL LAPG DJNZ R6,GIU2 RET ;----------------------------------------------------------------------VATCH: CLR P1.4 ;CHUONG TRINH VAT CHUAN JNB P1.5,$ LCALL DELAY1P CLR P1.1 LCALL DELAY7S SETB P1.1 LCALL DELAY7S CLR P1.1 LCALL DELAY7S SETB P1.1 LCALL DELAY7S CLR P1.1 LCALL DELAY4P SETB P1.1 SETB P1.4 RET VATNH: CLR P1.4 ;CHUONG TRINH VAT NHANH JNB P1.5,$ LCALL DELAY1P CLR P1.1 LCALL DELAY7S SETB P1.1 LCALL DELAY7S CLR P1.1 LCALL DELAY7S SETB P1.1 LCALL DELAY7S CLR P1.1 LCALL DELAY2P SETB P1.1 SETB P1.4 RET ;----------------------------------------------------------------------COI2: CLR P1.1 ;CHUONG TRINH BAO COI 7S LCALL DELAY7S SETB P1.0 RET COI: CLR P1.0 ;BAO COI 0,5S LCALL DELAY05S SETB P1.0 RET GIU1:

78

;----------------------------------------------------------------------POWEROFF: LCALL COI SETB P1.6 ;TAT NGUON RETI ;----------------------------------------------------------------------NGATSTART: JNB P3.3,$ JBC ACC.0,START2 ;KIEM TRA DUNG HAY KHOI DONG SETB ACC.0 MOV R1,P1 ;LUU TRANG THAI CONG P1 SETB P1.2 SETB P1.1 SETB P1.3 SETB P1.4 JB P3.3,$ RETI ;---------------------------------------------------------------------START2: MOV P1,R1 ;LAY LAI TRANG THAI CONG P1 RETI PHSTART: JNB P2.0,NHAN1 ;KIEM TRA DEN GIAT JNB P2.1,GIU10 LCALL VATCH ;GOI CHUONG TRINH VAT CHUAN LCALL COI2 SETB P1.6 ;TAT NGUON GIU10: LCALL GIU ;GOI CHUONG TRINH GIU LCALL COI2 SETB P1.6 ;TAT NGUON NHAN1: JNB P2.1,NHAN2 ;KIEM TRA DEN GIU LCALL GIATCH ;GOI CHUONG TRINH GIAT CHUAN LCALL COI2 SETB P1.6 ;TAT NGUON ;----------------------------------------------------------------------NHAN2: JNB P2.3,GMD ;KIEM TRA DEN CHE DO GIAT THUONG JNB P2.5,GNH ;KIEM TRA DEN CHE DO GIAT NHANH LCALL GIATNG ;GOI CHUONG TRINH GIAT NGAM LCALL VATNH ;GOI CHUONG TRINH VAT NHANH LCALL GIU ;GOI CHUONG TRINH GIU LCALL VATNH ;GOI CHUONG TRINH VAT NHANH LCALL GIU ;GOI CHUONG TRINH GIU LCALL VATCH ;GOI CHUONG TRINH VAT CHUAN LCALL COI2 SETB P1.6 ;TAT NGUON ;---------------------------------------------------------------------GMD: LCALL GIATCH ;GOI CHUONG TRINH GIAT CHUAN LCALL VATNH ;GOI CHUONG TRINH VAT NHANH LCALL GIU ;GOI CHUONG TRINH GIU LCALL VATNH ;GOI CHUONG TRINH VAT NHANH LCALL GIU ;GOI CHUONG TRINH GIU LCALL VATCH ;GOI CHUONG TRINH VAT CHUAN LCALL COI2

79

SETB P1.6 ;TAT NGUON ;----------------------------------------------------------------------GNH: LCALL GIATNH ;GOI CHUONG TRINH GIAT NHANH LCALL VATNH ;GOI CHUONG TRINH VAT NHANH LCALL GIUNH ;GOI CHUONG TRINH GIU NHANH LCALL VATNH ;GOI CHUONG TRINH VAT NHANH LCALL GIUNH ;GOI CHUONG TRINH GIU NHANH LCALL VATCH ;GOI CHUONG TRINH VAT CHUAN LCALL COI2 SETB P1.6 ;TAT NGUON END

80

kt lun
Sau hn m-i tun thc hin vi nhiu c gng v n lc ca bn thn cng vi s tn tnh h-ng dn ca thy Nguyn Tin Ban, tp n ny hon thnh ng thi gian qui nh theo yu cu t ra l thit k mt mch iu khin my git dn dng dng vi iu khin AT89C51. thc hin -c yu cu trn em nghin cu, tm hiu nhng vn v cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca cc loi my git,vi iu khin, vi x l, cc ph-ng php iu khin my git t c in n hin i v cc vn khc c lin quan n ti. Ni dung chnh ca ti ny bao gm nhng phn sau: *Phn kin thc. - Kho st v nghin cu cu to cng nh- nguyn l ty bn, nguyn l hot ng ca cc chng loi my git khc nhau. - Kho st b vi iu khin 8051. *Phn thit k thi cng . - Xy dng s khi ton mch . - Xy dng l-u thut ton . - Vit ch-ng trnh. - Thi cng lp rp v kim tra. Trn y l nhng ni dung m em thc hin -c trong tp n ny. Tuy nhin do thi gian cng nh- trnh chuyn mn c hn nn vn cn nhiu thiu st . Mt mt hn ch ca ti ny l h thng cm bin mc n-c l cm bin r le p sut nn la chn mc n-c ta khng th la chn ngay trn bng iu khin d-c m ta phi la chn trn r le p sut. ti ny thm phong ph v tng hiu qu s dng th cn p ng -c nhng yu cu sau: -Khng ch v la chn mc n-c ngay trn bng iu khin bng cch s dng b cm bin p sut c tn hiu ra l tn hiu t-ng t sau -c chuyn i qua ADC cung cp tn hiu mc n-c cho vi iu khin nn c th la chn -c nhiu mc n-c hn. - C th hn -c gi git . - C kh nng t nhn bit khi l-ng git t ng la chn ch git v mc n-c ph hp. - C thm nhiu ch git dnh cho cc loi vi khc nhau. - C thm chc nng git n-c nng. - C chc nng t thi gian git ty v.v.. l nhng yu cu m em ch-a c iu kin thc hin, Mong rng ti ny s -c cc bn sinh vin kho sau tip tc thc hin nhng yu cu trn v khc phc -c nhng hn ch ca ti ny,

81

to ra mt sn phm c cht l-ng cao phc v cho sn xut v i sng x hi. Sau cng mt ln na chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy Nguyn Tin Ban cng qu thy c khoa in tn tnh h-ng dn v dn dt chng em trong sut nhng nm hc va qua. Xin chn thnh cm n cc bn sinh vin ng gp nhng kin qu bu ti ny hon thnh tt p.

82

Ti liu tham kho

[1]. Trn Khnh H My git dn dng NXB khoa hc v k thut H Ni 2005 [2]. V Quang Hi Trang b in in t cng nghip NXB gio dc. [3]. Tng Vn On, Hong c Hi H vi iu khin 8051 NXB lao ngx hi H Ni 2001, Thit k h thng vi h 8051 NXB ph-ng ng [4] L Vn Doanh in t cng sut NXB Khoa hc v k thut H Ni 2007 [5] Nguyn Ngc Lm Thc hnh ng dng vi iu khin H Ni 2006 [6] Nguyn Mnh Giang Cu trc lp trnh ghp ni v ng dng vi iu khin NXB Lao ng - x hi H Ni 2005

83