PHẦN 3 - BT HAY VÀ KHÓ

Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
PHN 3 :
PHN TCH V HNG DN GII

CC BI TP HA HAY V KH
TRONG THI I HC, CAO NG NM 2013
phn ny, ta s vn dng nhng phng php v k nng gii bi tp trc nghim vo cc bi
tp ha hc trong thi i hc, Cao ng khi A, B nm 2013. Phn tch, nh gi, nhn nh cc
nhm phng php v k nng c s dng nhiu nht trong cc thi. Trn c s , xy dng
k hoch n tp hp l, t c kt qu cao trong k thi i hc, Cao ng nm 2014.
I. Phn tch v hng dn gii cc bi tp hay v kh trong thi i hc, Cao

ng nm 2013
1. Phng php bo ton electron
Cu 16 M 537: Ha tan hon ton x mol Fe vo dung dch cha y mol FeCl3 v z mol HCl,
thu c dung dch ch cha mt cht tan duy nht. Biu thc lin h gia x, y v z l
A. x = y 2z.
B. 2x = y + z.
C. 2x = y + 2z.
D. y = 2x.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
S th hin bn cht phn ng :
Fe + FeCl3 FeCl2
Fe + HCl FeCl2 + H2
Cht tan duy nht l FeCl2.
p dng bo ton electron, ta c : 2n Fe = n Fe3+ + nH + 2x = y + z
Cu 4 M 958 : Cho 7,84 lt hn hp kh X (ktc) gm Cl2 v O2 phn ng va vi 11,1
gam hn hp Y gm Mg v Al, thu c 30,1 gam hn hp Z. Phn trm khi lng ca Al trong
Y l
A. 75,68%.
B. 24,32%.
C. 51,35%.
D. 48,65%.
( thi tuyn sinh Cao ng khi A v khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Bn cht phn ng ca Cl2, O2 vi Mg, Al l phn ng oxi ha kh. Cht kh l Al, Mg; cht
oxi ha l Cl2 v O2.
Theo gi thit v bo ton khi lng, ta c :
7,84
n Cl2 + n O2 = 22,4 = 0,35

n Cl2 = 0,2
m (Al, Mg) = 19 n O2 = 0,15

71n Cl2 + 32n O2 = m
{Z 1
424
3
30,1
11,1
Theo gi thit v bo ton electron, ta c :

24n Mg + 27n Al = 11,1
n Mg = 0,35
2n Mg + 3n Al = 2 nCl2 + 4 n O2 = 1
{
{
n Al = 0,1
0,2
0,15
Suy ra %m Al trong Y =
0,1.27
.100% = 24,32%
11,1
Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing
Cu 51 M 537: Nhng mt thanh st vo dung dch hn hp cha 0,02 mol AgNO3 v 0,05
mol Cu(NO3)2. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng thanh st tng m gam (coi ton
b kim loi sinh ra bm vo thanh st). Gi tr ca m l
A. 5,36.
B. 3,60.
C. 2,00.
D. 1,44.
Hng dn gii
Bn cht phn ng l Fe kh hon ton Ag+, Cu2+ thnh Ag, Cu; Ag+, Cu2+ oxi ha Fe thnh
Fe2+.
p dng bo ton nguyn t Cu, Ag, bo ton electron, ta c :
n = n
= 0,05
n Fe = 0,06 mol
Cu2+
Cu
m = m + m m
nAg = nAg + = 0,02
tang
Ag
Cu
Fe phan ng = 2 gam
{
{
14
24
3
0,05.64
0,02.108
0,06.56
phan ng = n Ag + + 2 n Cu2+
2 n1Fe
{
424
3 {
0,05
?
0,02
Cu 9 M 958: Hn hp X gm FeCl2 v NaCl c t l mol tng ng l 1 : 2. Ha tan hon

ton 2,44 gam X vo nc, thu c dung dch Y. Cho Y phn ng hon ton vi dung dch
AgNO3 d, thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 2,87.
B. 5,74.
C. 6,82.
D. 10,80.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit, ta c :
n FeCl2 : n NaCl = 1: 2
n FeCl2 = 0,01 n Fe2+ = n FeCl2 = 0,01
127n FeCl2 + 58,5n NaCl = 2,44 n NaCl = 0,02

n Cl = 2n FeCl2 + n NaCl = 0,04
Bn cht phn ng ca dung dch Y vi dung dch AgNO3 d l phn ng trao i ca ion Ag+
vi ion Cl v phn ng oxi ha kh ca ion Ag+ vi ion Fe2+.
Ta c :
nAgCl = nCl = 0,04
m chat ran = m AgCl + m Ag = 6,82 gam
{ {
nAg = n Ag+ = nFe2+ = 0,01
0,04.143,5
0,01.108
Cu 6 M 374: Hn hp X gm Ba v Al. Cho m gam X vo nc d, sau khi cc phn ng

xy ra hon ton, thu c 8,96 lt kh H2 (ktc). Mt khc, ha tan hon ton m gam X bng dung
dch NaOH, thu c 15,68 lt kh H2 (ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 29,9.
B. 24,5.
C. 19,1.
D. 16,4.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit suy ra : Trong phn ng vi H2O (TN1), nhm cha phn ng ht (v lng kh
thu c khi X phn ng vi dung dch kim (TN2) ln hn lng kh thu c khi X phn ng vi
H2O).
TN1, Al d nn dung dch cha Ba[Al(OH)4]2 : x mol.
p dng bo ton electron cho cc phn ng TN1 v TN2, ta c :
TN1: 2 n{
Ba + 3n Al phan ng = 2 n H2
{
1424
3
x
0,4
x = 0,1
2x
m X = m Al + m Ba = 24,5 gam
{ {
y = 0,4
Ba + 3n Al ban au = 2 n H2
TN2 : 2 n{
0,4.27
0,1.137
{
1
424
3
x
0,7
Cu 29 M 374: Cho hn hp X gm 0,01 mol Al v a mol Fe vo dung dch AgNO3 n khi

phn ng hon ton, thu c m gam cht rn Y v dung dch Z cha 3 cation kim loi. Cho Z phn
ng vi dung dch NaOH d trong iu kin khng c khng kh, thu c 1,97 gam kt ta T.
Nung T trong khng kh n khi lng khng i, thu c 1,6 gam cht rn ch cha mt cht
duy nht. Gi tr ca m l
A. 8,64.
B. 3,24 .
C. 6,48.
D. 9,72.
Hng dn gii
Bn cht phn ng :
Al + Ag+ Al3+ + Ag
(1)
+
2+
Fe + Ag Fe + Ag
(2)
+
Nu Ag cn d th :
(3)
Fe2+ + Ag+ Fe3+ + Ag
Theo gi thit, dung dch Z cha 3 loi cation kim loi nn c hai trng hp :
+ Cc cation kim loi l Al3+, Fe2+, Fe3+.
+ Cc cation kim loi l Al3+, Fe3+, Ag+.
Mt khc, khi cho Z tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d trong iu kin khng c khng kh, thu
c kt ta T. Nung T trong khng kh n khi lng khng i c 1,6 gam cht rn duy nht.
Nn suy ra dung dch Z cha cc cation kim loi l Al3+, Fe2+, Fe3+ ; 1,6 gam cht rn l Fe2O3; 1,97
gam kt ta T l Fe(OH)2 v Fe(OH)3.
90 n Fe(OH)2 + 107 n Fe(OH)3 = 1,97
1
424
3
123
x = 0,01
x
y
y = 0,01
Fe2 O3 = 1,6
160 n{
0,5(x + y )
Nh vy, c 0,01 mol Fe b oxi ha thnh Fe2+ v 0,01 mol Fe b oxi ha thnh Fe3+.
p dng bo ton electron, ta c :
n Ag = n Ag+ = 3 nAl + 2 nFe + 3 n Fe = 0,08 mol m Ag = 0,08.108 = 8,64 gam
{
{
{
0,01
0,01
0,01
Cu 28 M 374: Ha tan hon ton m gam Al bng dung dch HNO3 long, thu c 5,376 lt
(ktc) hn hp kh X gm N2, N2O v dung dch cha 8m gam mui. T khi ca X so vi H2 bng
18. Gi tr ca m l
A. 17,28.
B. 19,44.
C. 18,90.
D. 21,60.
Hng dn gii
n N2 + n N2O = 0,24
n N = 0,12
2
28n N2 + 44n N2O = 0,24.18.2 n N2O = 0,12

Theo bo ton nguyn t Al, ta c :

m
nAl(NO3 )3 = n Al =
= 0,037m m Al(NO3 )3 = 213.0,037m = 7,888m < 8m.
27
Suy ra phn ng to ra c mui NH4NO3.
0,112m
m NH4NO3 = 8m 7,888m = 0,112m (gam) n NH4 NO3 =
= 0,0014m (mol).
80
3 n Al = 8n N2O + 10 n N2 + 8n NH 4NO3 m = 21,6 gam

{
{
{
1
424
3
0,037m
0,12
0,12
0,0014m
Cu 1 M 374 : Hn hp X gm 3,92 gam Fe, 16 gam Fe2O3 v m gam Al. Nung X nhit
cao trong iu kin khng c khng kh, thu c hn hp cht rn Y. Chia Y thnh hai phn bng
nhau. Phn mt tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long (d), thu c 4a mol kh H2. Phn hai phn
ng vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c a mol kh H2. Bit cc phn ng u xy ra hon ton. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 5,40.
B. 3,51.
C. 7,02.
D. 4,05.
Hng dn gii
Sau phn ng nhit nhm, hn hp cht rn Y thu c phn ng vi NaOH to ra kh, chng
t Al d, Fe2O3 phn ng ht.
p dng bo ton nguyn t Fe, ta c :
n Fe trong Y = n Fe trong X = n Fe + 2 nFe2O3 = 0,27 mol.
{
{
0,07
0,1
p dng bo ton electron trong phn ng nhit nhm, ta c :

3n Al phan ng = 6 nFe2O3 n Al phan ng = 0,2 mol.
{
0,1
Theo gi thit suy ra : Khi cho Y phn ng vi dng dch H2SO4 long d, thu c 8a mol H2 ;
khi cho Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c 2a mo kh H2.
2 n{
Fe + 3n Al = 2 n H2
{
a = 0,045
0,27
8a
m Al ban au = m Al d trong Y + m Al phan ng = 7,02 gam
14243
1
424
3
3n
=
2
n
n
=
0,06
Al
H
Al
{2
0,06.27
0,2.27
2a
Cu 34 M 374: Ha tan hon ton 1,805 gam hn hp gm Fe v kim loi X vo bng dung
dch HCl, thu c 1,064 lt kh H2. Mt khc, ha tan hon ton 1,805 gam hn hp trn bng
dung dch HNO3 long (d), thu c 0,896 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht). Bit cc th tch
kh u o iu kin tiu chun. Kim loi X l
A. Al.
B. Cr.
C. Mg.
D. Zn.
Hng dn gii
Gi s kim loi X c ha tr n khng i.
Theo gi thit v bo ton electron, ta c :
56n Fe + n.M X = 1,805

n Fe = 0,025
MX
n = 3
=9
2n Fe + n.n X = 2n H2 = 2.0,0475 = 0,095 n.n X = 0,045
n
X la Al
n.M = 0,405
+
=
=
=
3n
n.n
3n
3.0,04
0,12
X
X
NO
Fe
PS : Nu trng hp ny ta khng tm c kt qu th loi cc phng n A, C, D v chn B
(v B l phng n duy nht kim loi c s thay i ha tr trong phn ng vi HCl v HNO3).
Cu 25 M 374: Cho m gam Fe vo bnh cha dung dch gm H2SO4 v HNO3, thu c dung
dch X v 1,12 lt kh NO. Thm tip dung dch H2SO4 d vo bnh thu c 0,448 lt kh NO v
dung dch Y. Bit trong c hai trng hp NO l sn phm kh duy nht, o iu kin tiu chun.
Dung dch Y ha tan va ht 2,08 gam Cu (khng to thnh sn phm kh ca N+5). Bit cc phn
ng u xy ra hon ton. Gi tr ca m l
A. 2,40.
B. 4,20.
C. 4,06.
D. 3,92.
Hng dn gii
Khi cho Cu vo dung dch Y khng to sn phm kh ca N+5, chng t trong Y khng cn
NO3 . Dung dch Y c th c Fe2+ hoc khng.
S phn ng :
2
2
2
H 2 SO 4 Fe SO 4 , NO3 H2SO4 d SO 4 , H + Cu SO 4 , H+
2+
2+
2+
3+
2+
Fe , Fe3+
Fe , Fe
Fe , Cu
HNO3
14
4244
3
14243
dd Y
dd X
Sau tt c cc phn ng dung dch thu c cha Fe2+, Cu2+, H+ v SO 4 2 .

2 n{
Fe + 2 n
Cu = 3 n NO n Fe = 0,075 m Fe = 0,075.56 = 4,06 gam
{
123
?
0,0325
0,07
Cu 36* M 537: Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 2,8 gam Fe v 1,6 gam Cu trong 500 ml
dung dch hn hp HNO3 0,1M v HCl 0,4M, thu c kh NO (kh duy nht) v dung dch X. Cho
X vo dung dch AgNO3 d, thu c m gam cht rn. Bit cc phn ng u xy ra hon ton, NO
l sn phm kh duy nht ca N+5 trong cc phn ng. Gi tr ca m l
A. 29,24.
B. 30,05.
C. 28,70.
D. 34,10.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
NO
Fe
Cu
HNO 3
NO
HCl
dd X
AgNO3 d
Fe3+ , Cu 2+
Ag
+
+
AgCl
Ag , NO3
Cht kh l Cu, Fe; cht oxi ha l NO3 trong mi trng H+ v Ag+. V AgNO3 d tc l Ag+
d v NO3 d nn s mol electron nhn tnh theo H+ v Ag+.
3
Ta thy : 3 n Fe + 2 n Cu > n H + nn H+ phn ng ht, Ag+ c tham gia vo phn ng oxi ha
{
{ 4{
0,05
0,025
0,25
kh.
Nh vy, sau tt c cc phn ng, dung dch thu c cha Fe3+, Cu2+, Ag+ v NO3 ; cht rn
gm AgCl v Ag.
p dng bo ton nguyn t Cl v bo ton electron, ta c :
nAgCl = nHCl = 0,2

n AgCl = 0,2
m chat ran = m AgCl + m Ag = 30,05 gam

3 nFe + 2 nCu = 3 n + + n +
{ {
n
0,0125
=
H
Ag
{
{
Ag
{
0,05
{
4
0,2.143,5
0,0125.108
0,025
0,25
n Ag
PS : y l mt bi tp kh, nhiu hc sinh lm sai v cc em khng ch n ton b qu

trnh phn ng m ch vo tng giai on ca phn ng, khi tnh ra kt qu l 34,1 gam.
2. Phng php bo ton nguyn t
Cu 60 M 537: Ha tan hn hp X gm 11,2 gam Fe v 2,4 gam Mg bng dung dch H2SO4
long (d), thu c dung dch Y. Cho dung dch NaOH d vo Y thu c kt ta Z. Nung Z
trong khng kh n khi lng khng i, thu c m gam cht rn. Bit cc phn ng u xy ra
hon ton. Gi tr ca m l
A. 24.
B. 20.
C. 36.
D. 18.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
2+
2+
Fe(OH)2
Fe2 O3
Fe H2SO4 loang d Fe , Mg
NaOH d
O2 , to
+
2
Mg
MgO
Mg(OH)2
H , SO4
Sau tt c cc phn ng, cht rn thu c gm MgO v Fe2O3.

p dng bo ton nguyn t Fe, Mg, ta c :
2n Fe2 O3 = n{
Fe
n Fe O = 0,1
0,2
2 3
m chat ran = m Fe2O3 + m MgO = 20 gam
123 {
Mg
nMgO = n{
n MgO = 0,1
0,1.40
0,1.160
0,1
Cu 12 M 374: Oxi ha hon ton 3,1 gam photpho trong kh oxi d. Cho ton b sn phm
vo 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch X. Khi
lng mui trong X l
A. 14,2 gam.
B. 11,1 gam.
C. 16,4 gam.
D. 12,0 gam.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit v bo ton nguyn t P, ta c :
nH3PO4 = n P = 0,1 n NaOH
= 2 mui to ra l Na2HPO4.
n H3PO4
nNaOH = 0,2
Theo bo ton nguyn t P, ta c :
nNa2 HPO4 = n H3PO4 = 0,1 mol m Na2HPO4 = 142.0,1 = 14,2 gam
Cu 28 M 537: in phn nng chy Al2O3 vi cc in cc bng than ch, thu c m

kilogam Al catot v 89,6 m3 (ktc) hn hp kh X anot. T khi ca X so vi H2 bng 16,7. Cho
1,12 lt X (ktc) phn ng vi dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thu c 1,5 gam kt ta. Bit cc phn ng
xy ra hon ton. Gi tr ca m l
A. 115,2.
B. 82,8 .
C. 144,0.
D. 104,4.
Hng dn gii
n CO + n O + n CO = 4 kmol
n CO2 = 1,2 kmol
2
2
44n CO2 + 32n O2 + 28n CO = 4.16,7.2 = 133,6 kg n CO = 2,2 kmol
n O2 = 0,6 kmol
n CO = 4.0,015 = 1,2 kmol
2
0,05
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi O v Al, ta c :
5,8
3n Al2O3 = n{
n Al2O3 =
kmol
CO + 2 n CO2 + 2 n O2
{
{
11,6
3
2,2
1,2
0,6
m Al = 27.
= 104,4 kg
11,6
3
n Al = 2n Al O
n =
kmol
2 3
Al
3
Cu 25 M 958: t chy hon ton mt lng ancol X cn va 8,96 lt kh O2 (ktc). thu
c 6,72 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 7,2 gam H2O. Bit X c kh nng phn ng vi Cu(OH)2. Tn ca
X l
A. propan-1,3-iol. B. glixerol.
C. propan-1,2-iol. D. etylen glicol.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit, khi t chy X cn 0,4 mol O2, to thnh 0,3 mol CO2 v 0,4 mol H2O; X phn
ng c vi Cu(OH)2. Suy ra X l ancol no, a chc (c t nht hai nhm OH lin k).
Ta c :
n X = n H2O n CO2 = 0,1
OX = 2
n CO2
=3
X : C3 H 8O2 (CH 2OHCHOHCH 3 )
C X =
14442444
3
nX
propan 1,2 iol
O X .n X + 2n O = 2n CO + n H O
2
2
2
Cu 42 M 374: t chy hon ton hn hp X gm 0,07 mol mt ancol a chc v 0,03 mol
mt ancol khng no, c mt lin kt i, mch h, thu c 0,23 mol kh CO2 v m gam H2O. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 5,40.
B. 2,34 .
C. 8,40.
D. 2,70.
Hng dn gii
S nguyn t C trung bnh ca hai ancol l :
nCO2
0,23
CX =
=
= 2,3 . Suy ra ancol hai chc l C2H4(OH)2.
nX
0,07 + 0,03
S C trong ancol khng no l :
Cancol khong no =
0,23 0,07.2
= 3 . Suy ra ancol khng no l CH2=CHCH2OH.
0,03
Theo bo ton nguyn t H, ta c :
n H2O = 0,3 mol

2n H2O = 6 n C2H 4 (OH)2 + 6 nCH2 =CHCH2OH
1424
3
14243 m H O = 0,3.18 = 5,4 gam
2
0,07
0,03
Cu 15 M 958: Oxi ha m gam ancol n chc X, thu c hn hp Y gm axit cacboxylic,
nc v ancol d. Chia Y lm hai phn bng nhau. Phn mt phn ng hon ton vi dung dch
KHCO3 d, thu c 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Phn hai phn ng vi Na va , thu c 3,36 lt
kh H2 (ktc) v 19 gam cht rn khan. Tn ca X l
A. propan-1-ol.
B. propan-2-ol.
C. etanol.
D. metanol.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc ca ancol l RCH2OH th axit cacboxylic to ra t ancol l RCOOH.
Theo bo ton nguyn t H v gc R, ta c :
n RCOOH = n KHCO3 = n CO2 = 0,1
n RCOOH = 0,1
n HOH = 0,1
n RCOOH = n RCH2OH p = n HOH = 0,1
n
= 0,1
n RCOOH + n HOH + n RCH2OH d = 2n H2 = 0,3 RCH2OH d
Theo gi thit : m RCOONa + m RCH2ONa + m NaOH = 19 R = 15 RCH 2OH : CH 3CH 2 OH

1
424
3 1
14
4244
3
424
3 123
0,1.(R + 67)
0,1(R + 53)
0,1.40
e tanol
PS : i vi dng bi tp ny, hc sinh thng ch quan tm n phn ng ca axit v ancol d

vi Na m qun mt H2O sinh ra cng phn ng vi Na. Nu y l bi tp tnh hiu sut phn
ng oxi ha ancol th s c nhiu hc sinh lm sai.
Cu 9 M 374: Cho 100 ml dung dch amino axit X nng 0,4M tc dng va vi 80 ml
dung dch NaOH 0,5M, thu c dung dch cha 5 gam mui. Cng thc ca X l
A. NH2C3H6COOH.
B. NH2C3H5(COOH)2.
C. (NH2)2C4H7COOH.
D. NH2C2H4COOH.
Do n X : n NaOH
Hng dn gii
= 1:1, suy ra X ch c mt nhm COOH, X c cng thc l (H2N)nRCOOH.
Ta c :
n( H2N)n RCOONa = n NaOH = 0,04

24443
1444
R = 42
bao toan nguyen to Na
X la H 2 NC3 H 6 COOH
n
1
=
5
M
= 125
(H2 N)n RCOONa =
0,04
Cu 24 M 537: Tripeptit X v tetrapeptit Y u mch h. Khi thy phn hon ton hn hp

gm X v Y ch to ra mt amino axit duy nht c cng thc H2NCnH2nCOOH. t chy 0,05 mol
Y trong oxi d, thu c N2 v 36,3 gam hn hp gm CO2, H2O. t chy 0,01 mol X trong oxi
d, cho sn phm chy vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 d, thu c m gam kt ta. Bit cc phn ng u
A. 29,55.
B. 17,73.
C. 23,64.
D. 11,82.
Hng dn gii
Amino axit to nn X, Y l amino axit no, mch h, c mt nhm COOH v mt nhm NH2
c cng thc chung l CnH2n+1O2N.
X l tripeptit to ra t amino axit trn c cng thc l C3nH6n-1O4N3.
Y l tetrapeptit to ra t amino axit trn c cng thc l C4nH8n-2O5N4.
p dng bo ton nguyn t C, H trong phn ng t chy Y, X, ta c :
n CO = 4n.n Y = 0,2n
{
X : C H O N
2
0,05
9 17 4 3
n
=
(4n
1)n
=
0,05(4n
1)
n
=
3
n
H2 O
BaCO3 = n CO2 = 9 n{X = 0,09 mol
Y
{
0,05
0,01
m + m
= 36,3
CO2
H2 O
{
m BaCO3 = 0,09.197 = 17,73 gam
{
0,2n.44 0,05(4n1)18
PS : Cch thit lp cng thc ca X, Y :
X l tripeptit nn cng thc ca X l : (3CnH2n+1O2N 2H2O) = C3nH6n-1O4N3;
Y l tetrapeptit nn cng thc ca X l : (4CnH2n+1O2N 3H2O) = C4nH8n-2O5N4.
Cu 13 M 374: Cho X l hexapeptit Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val v Y l tetrapeptit Gly-AlaGly-Glu. Thy phn hon ton m gam hn hp gm X v Y thu c 4 amino axit, trong c 30
gam glyxin v 28,48 gam alanin. Gi tr ca m l
A. 77,6.
B. 83,2.
C. 87,4.
D. 73,4.
t n X = n Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val
Hng dn gii
= x mol; n Y = nGly-Ala-Gly-Glu = y mol.
M X = 2 M Ala + 2 MGly + 2 M Val 5M H2O = 472; M Y = M Ala + 2 M Gly + MGlu 3M H2O = 332.
{
{
{
{
{ {
{
{
89
117
75
18
89
75
147
18
Theo bo ton nhm Gly v nhm Ala, ta c :

28,48
= 0,32
Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val + n Gly-Ala-Gly-Glu =
n Ala = 2 n
144
42444
3 14243
89
x = 0,12
x
y
30
y = 0,08
n = 2 n
= 0,4
Gly
Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val + 2 n Gly-Ala-Gly-Glu =
144
42444
3
14243 75
x
y
Suy ra : m = m X + m Y = 83,2 gam

{
{
0,12.472
0,08.332
Ngoi cc dng bi p dng bo ton nguyn t v nhm nguyn t, trong thi cn c nhng
bi s dng bo ton lin kt :
Cu 45 M 958: Cho 27,2 gam ankin X tc dng vi 15,68 lt kh H2 (ktc) c xc tc thch
hp, thu c hn hp Y (khng cha H2). Bit Y phn ng ti a vi dung dch cha 16 gam Br2.
Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C2H2.
B. C3H4.
C. C4H6.
D. C5H8.
Hng dn gii
X l ankin nn phn t c 2 lin kt . Suy ra X tham gia phn ng cng hp vi H2, Br2 theo
t l l 1 : 2.
Ta c :
2n X = n H2 + n Br2 = 0,8
{ {
n X = 0,4
0,7
0,1
X la C5 H 8
27, 2
M X = m X = 27,2
M X = 0,4 = 68
nX
nX
Cu 3 M 374: Trong mt bnh kn cha 0,35 mol C2H2; 0,65 mol H2 v mt t bt Ni. Nung
nng bnh mt thi gian, thu c hn hp kh X c t khi so vi H2 bng 8. Sc X vo lng d
dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 n phn ng hon ton, thu c hn hp kh Y v 24 gam kt ta.
Hn hp kh Y phn ng va vi bao nhiu mol Br2 trong dung dch?
A. 0,10 mol.
B. 0,20 mol.
C. 0,25 mol.
D. 0,15 mol.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
C2 Ag 2
C 2 H 6
C2 H 2 t o , Ni C2 H 4
H2
C 2 H 2
H 2
123
dd AgNO3 d
C2 H 4
C2 H 6
Br2
C2 H 6 C2 H 4 Br2 +
H 2
H
123
2
Y
S mol hn hp kh ban u : n(C2 H2 , H2 ) = n C2H2 + n H2 = 1 mol.

{ {
0,35
0,65
Theo bo ton khi lng, ta c :

m (C2H2 , H2 ) ban au = m X n X =
m X m (C2H2 , H2 ) ban au 0,35.26 + 0,65.2

=
=
= 0,65 mol.
MX
MX
8.2
Suy ra : n H2 phan ng = n (C2 H2 , H2 ) ban au n

X = 0,35 mol.
144244
3 {
0,65
1
Theo gi thit, suy ra :
10
24
= 0,1 mol n C2H2 phan ng vi H2 va Br2 = 0,25 mol.
240
Do C2H2 c hai lin kt nn tham gia phn ng cng H2 v Br2 theo t l 1 : 2.
Suy ra :
n C2H2 d = n C2Ag2 =
nBr2 phan ng + n H2 phan ng = 2 nC2 H2 phan ng vi H2 va Br2 n Br2 phan ng = 0,15 mol
1424
3 1424
3
144424443
?
0,35
0,25
3. Phng php bo ton khi lng

Cu 6 M 537: Cho m gam mt oxit st phn ng va vi 0,75 mol H2SO4, thu c dung
dch ch cha mt mui duy nht v 1,68 lt kh SO2 (ktc, sn phm kh duy nht ca S+6). Gi tr
ca m l
A. 24,0.
B. 34,8.
C. 10,8.
D. 46,4.
Hng dn gii
p dng bo ton nguyn t S v H, ta c :
n H 2SO4 = n SO2 + 3 n Fe2 (SO4 )3
{
1
424
3 n Fe2 (SO4 )3 = 0,225 mol
{
0,075
?
0,75
n H O = n H SO = 0,75
n H2O = 0,75 mol
2
2
4
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c :
m FexOy + m H2SO4 = m Fe2 (SO4 )3 + m SO2 + m H2O m FexOy = 34,8 gam

123 1424
3 { {
0,75.98
0,225.400
0,075.64
0,75.18
Cu 46 M 537: Ha tan hon ton 24 gam hn hp X gm MO, M(OH)2 v MCO3 (M l kim

loi c ha tr khng i) trong 100 gam dung dch H2SO4 39,2% thu c 1,12 lt kh (ktc) v
dung dch Y ch cha mt cht tan duy nht c nng 39,41%. Kim loi M l
A. Mg.
B. Cu.
D. Zn.
D. Ca.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
(MO, M(OH)2, MCO3) + H2SO4 MSO4 + CO2 + H2O
Theo gi thit v p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c :
m dd sp = m X + m dd H2SO4 m CO2 = 121,8

{ 1
424
3 {
24
0,05.44
100
M MSO4 = 120
M la Mg
m MSO4 = 39,41%.121.8 = 48
=
M
24
nMSO = n H SO = 100.39,2% = 0,4

4
2
4
98
PS : Nu trng hp to ra mui MSO4 khng tha mn th ta xt thm trng hp to ra mui
M(HSO4)2. bi ny, nu cho to ra M(HSO4)2 th hay hn, nhiu hc sinh s khng ng ti.
11
Cu 47 M 374: Hn hp X gm H2, C2H4 v C3H6 c t khi so vi H2 l 9,25. Cho 22,4 lt X

(ktc) vo bnh kn c sn mt t bt Ni. un nng bnh mt thi gian, thu c hn hp kh Y c t
khi so vi H2 bng 10. Tng s mol H2 phn ng l
A. 0,070 mol.
B. 0,015 mol.
C. 0,075 mol.
D. 0,050 mol.
Hng dn gii
n Y = 0,925 mol
m X = m Y n{
X M
{X = n Y M
{Y n H2 phan ng = n X n Y = 0,075 mol
{ {
10.2
1 9,25.2
1
0,925
Cu 33 M 958: Hn hp X gm hai ancol n chc, ng ng k tip. un nng 16,6 gam

X vi H2SO4 c 140oC, thu c 13,9 gam hn hp ete (khng c sn phm hu c no khc).
Bit vi phn ng xy ra hon ton. Cng thc ca hai ancol trong X l
A. C3H7OH v C4H9OH.
B. CH3OH v C2H5OH.
C. C2H5OH v C3H7OH.
D. C3H5OH v C4H7OH.
Hng dn gii
p dng bo ton khi lng v bo ton nguyn t H trong nhm OH ca ancol, ta c :
m ROH = m ROR + m H2O
m H O = 2,7
16,6
2
M ROH =
= 55,33
0,3
n ROH = 2n H2O
n ROH = 2n H2O = 0,3
Vy hai ancol trong X l C2 H 5OH (M = 46) va C3 H7OH (M = 60)
Cu 55 M 374: Peptit X b thy phn theo phng trnh phn ng X + 2H2O 2Y + Z
(trong Y v Z l cc amino axit). Thy phn hon ton 4,06 gam X thu c m gam Z. t chy
hon ton m gam Z cn va 1,68 lt kh O2 (ktc), thu c 2,64 gam CO2 ; 1,26 gam H2O v
224 ml kh N2 (ktc). Bit Z c cng thc phn t trng vi cng thc n gin nht. Tn gi ca Y
l
A. glyxin.
B. lysin.
C. axit glutamic.
D. alanin.
Hng dn gii
Cch 1:
nCO2 = 0,06
m Z = 1,78
nH2O = 0,07
1,78 0,06.12 0,07.2 0,01.28
n O trong Z =
= 0,04
nN2 = 0,01
16
m
O2 = m CO2 + m H2 O + m N2
{Z + m
n C : n H : n O : n N = 3 : 7 : 2 :1
{
{ {
? 0,075.32 {
2,64
1,26
0,01.28
Vy Z l C3H7O2N.
Theo phn ng cho v bo ton khi lng, ta c :
12
1,78
= 0,02
nC3H7O2 N =
89
n Y = 0,04 M Y = 75
=
=
=
n
n
2n
0,04
H2 O
Y
C3 H7 O2 N
=
m
3
Y
Y la H 2 NCH 2COOH
m
+
m
=
m
+
m
X
H
O
Y
Z
2
{ {
{ {
?
1,78
4,06 0,04.18
Cch 2:
Khi t chy Z, ta c n C : n H = n CO2 : 2n H2O = 3 : 7 . Do Z l mt amino axit v Z c cng thc
phn t trng vi cng thc n gin nht nn c th suy ra ngay cng thc phn t ca Z l
C3H7O2N.
T lm tng t nh trn.
Cu 20* M 374: Hp cht X c thnh phn gm C, H, O cha vng benzen. Cho 6,9 gam X
vo 360 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5 M (d 20% so vi lng cn phn ng) n phn ng hon ton,
thu c dung dch Y. C cn Y thu c m gam cht rn khan. Mt khc, t chy hon ton 6,9
gam X cn va 7,84 lt O2 (ktc), thu c 15,4 gam CO2. Bit X c cng thc phn t trng vi
cng thc n gin nht. Gi tr ca m l
A. 13,2.
B. 12,3 .
C. 11,1.
D. 11,4.
Hng dn gii
n C = n CO2 = 0,35
7,84
m H O = 2,7
m O2 = 22,4 .32 = 11,2
2
n H = 2n H O = 0,3
2
m
m
m
m
+
=
+
X
O
CO
H
O
{ {2 {2 {
2
6,9 0,35.12 0,3
6,9
n
11,2
15,4
?
= 0,15
O trong X =
16
Suy ra nC : n H : n O = 7 : 6 : 3. Vy X l C7H6O3. bt bo ha ca X l 5 nn X c mt chc
axit hoc mt chc este. Suy ra X c dng l HOC6H4COOH hoc HCOOC6H4OH.
n X = 0,05
n NaOH phan ng
Do
= 3 X la HCOOC6 H 4 OH
0,18
nX
nNaOH phan ng = 120% = 0,15
Phng trnh phn ng :
HCOOC6H4OH + 3NaOH C6H4(ONa)2 + HCOONa + 2H2O
Cht rn sau phn ng l C6H4(ONa)2, HCOONa v NaOH d.
Ta c :
m
NaOH = m chat ran + m H2 O m chat ran = 13,2 gam
{X + m
12
3 1
424
3 {
6,9
0,18.40
0,05.2.18
13
4. Phng php bo ton in tch

Cu 16 M 537: Ha tan hon ton x mol Fe vo dung dch cha y mol FeCl3 v z mol HCl,
thu c dung dch ch cha mt cht tan duy nht. Biu thc lin h gia x, y v z l
A. x = y 2z.
B. 2x = y + z.
C. 2x = y + 2z.
D. y = 2x.
Hng dn gii
bi tp ny, ngoi cch p dng bo ton electron, ta cn c th p dng bo ton in tch.
Dung dch sau phn ng c cha cht tan duy nht l FeCl2.
p dng bo ton nguyn t Fe, Cl v bo ton in tch trong mui FeCl2, ta c :
n Fe2+ = n Fe + n FeCl3
{ {
x
y
n Cl = n
HCl + 3 n FeCl3 2(x + y) = 3y + z 2x = y + z
{
{
z
y
2n Fe2+ = nCl
Cu 34 M 537: Dung dch X cha 0,12 mol Na+; x mol SO 42 ; 0,12 mol Cl v 0,05 mol
NH +4 . Cho 300 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M vo X n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, lc b
kt ta, thu c dung dch Y. C cn Y, thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 7,190.
B. 7,020.
C. 7,875.
D. 7,705.
Hng dn gii
p dng bo ton in tch cho dung dch X, ta c :
nNa+ + n NH + = nCl + 2 nSO 2 x = 0,025 .
4
4
{
{
{
{
0,12
0,05
0,12
Phn ng ca dung dch X vi 0,03 mol Ba(OH)2, ta c :

n Ba2+ > n SO42
{ n
{
0,03
BaSO4 = 0,025
0,025
> n NH +
n NH3 = 0,05
n{
OH
4
{
0,06
0,05
Dung dch Y gm cc ion Na+, Cl , Ba2+ d, OH d. Khi c cn dung dch Y thu c cht
rn c khi lng l : m chat ran = m Na+ + m Cl + m Ba2+ d + m OH d = 7,875 gam
{ { 1
424
3 1
424
3
0,12.23
0,12.35,5
0,005.137
0,01.17
Cu 31 M 537: Cho 200 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M vo 300 ml dung dch NaHCO3 0,1M,
thu c dung dch X v kt ta Y. Cho t t dung dch HCl 0,25M vo X n khi bt u c kh
sinh ra th ht V ml. Bit cc phn ng u xy ra hon ton. Gi tr ca V l
A. 80.
B.160.
C. 60.
D. 40.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit :
nBa2+ = n Ba(OH)2 = 0,02 mol; n OH = 2n Ba(OH)2 = 0,04 mol; n HCO = nNaHCO3 = 0,03 mol.
3
Ta c :
14
n OH > n HCO3
n BaCO3 = 0,02
{
{
0,04
0,03
OH : 0,01
=
=
n
n
0,03
CO32 sinh ra
HCO3
2
dd X: CO3 : 0,01
+
nBa2+ = 0,02
Na
Khi cho t t HCl vo dung dch X n khi bt u thot kh, xy ra cc phn ng :

H+
+ OH H2O
H+
+ CO32 HCO3
Suy ra : nH + = nOH d + n CO 2 = 0,02 Vdd HCl 0,25M =

3
0,02
= 0,08lt = 80 ml
0,25
Cu 36 M 374: Tin hnh in phn dung dch cha m gam hn hp CuSO4 v NaCl (hiu
sut 100%, in cc tr, mng ngn xp), n khi nc bt u b in phn c hai in cc th
ngng in phn, thu c dung dch X v 6,72 lt kh (ktc) anot. Dung dch X ha tan ti a
20,4 gam Al2O3. Gi tr ca m l
A. 25,6.
B. 23,5
C. 51,1.
D. 50,4.
Hng dn gii
2+
Th t kh trn catot : Cu > H2O.

Th t oxi ha trn anot : Cl > H2O.
Dung dch X sau phn ng in phn ha tan c Al2O3, chng t trong X cha axit (H+) hoc
baz ( OH ).
Nu dung dch X cha OH th kh sinh ra anot l Cl2 (0,3 mol). Trong dung dch X cha cc
ion m l SO 42 v OH v ion dng l Na+. Vy ion Cl trong NaCl c thay th bng ion
SO 42 v OH .
p dng bo ton in tch trong dung dch sau in phn v trong phn ng ca Al2O3 vi
OH , ta c :
n OH + 2n SO42 = n Cl = 2 n Cl2 = 0,6
{
n CuSO4 = n SO42 = 0,1
0,3
n OH = 0,4
n
= 0,1 n NaCl = n = 0,6
Al 2 O3 = 0,4
n OH = n[Al(OH)4 ] = 2 n{
Cl
SO42
0,2
Suy ra m = m CuSO4 + m NaCl = 51,1 gam
123 {
0,1.160
0,6.58,5
Nu dung dch sau in phn cha H+ th kh sinh ra l Cl2 v O2.

Theo gi thit v p dng bo ton in tch ta c :
n H + = 3n Al3+ = 3.2n Al2O3 = 1,2
n O2 = 0,3 n Cl2 = 0 (loai).
n
=
2.2n
+ = 2n 2
O
H
O trong H2 O
2
15
5. Phng php tng gim khi lng

Cu 3 M 958: Ha tan hon ton 20,6 gam hn hp gm Na2CO3 v CaCO3 bng dung dch
HCl d, thu c V lt kh CO2 (ktc) v dung dch cha 22,8 gam hn hp mui. Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,79.
B. 4,48.
C. 2,24.
D. 5,60.
( thi tuyn sinh Cao ng nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Cch 1 : Tnh ton theo phng trnh phn ng
Phng trnh phn ng :
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
mol:
x
2x
x
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
mol:
y
y
y
Theo (1), (2) v gi thit, ta c :
(1)
(2)
106x + 100y = 20,6

x = 0,1
n CO2 = x + y = 0,2 mol
58,5.2y + 111y = 22,8 y = 0,1
VCO2 (ktc) = 0,2.22,4 = 4,48 lt

Cch 2 : S dng phng php tng gim khi lng
Bn cht phn ng l s thay th ion CO32 trong cc mui cacbonat bng ion Cl . Khi lng
mui clorua thu c ln hn 22,8 20,6 = 2,2 gam so vi khi lng mui cacbonat ban u l do
khi lng ca ion Cl thay th ln hn khi lng ca ion CO32 .
Theo bo ton in tch v s tng gim khi lng, ta c :
nCO2 = nCO32 = 0,2 mol

nCl = 2n CO32
nCl = 0,4
35,5nCl 60nCO 2 = 2,2 nCO32 = 0,2 VCO (ktc) = 0,2.22,4 = 0,448 lt

3
2
6. Phng php quy i
Cu 6 M 537: Cho m gam mt oxit st phn ng va vi 0,75 mol H2SO4, thu c dung
dch ch cha mt mui duy nht v 1,68 lt kh SO2 (ktc, sn phm kh duy nht ca S+6). Gi tr
ca m l
A. 24,0.
B. 34,8.
C. 10,8.
D. 46,4.
Hng dn gii
bi tp ny, ngoi cch s dng bo ton khi lng, ta cn c th s dng phng php quy
i.
Quy i oxit st thnh Fe v O.
Trong phn ng, cht kh l Fe; cht oxi ha l O v H2SO4.
p dng bo ton nguyn t S, bo ton in tch, bo ton electron, ta c :
16
n
= nH2SO4 n SO2 = 0,675
SO42 tao muoi {
{
0,75
0,075
n Fe = 0,45
= 1,35
m= m
3+ = 2 n
2
3 n
Fe + m
O = 34,8 gam
Fe
SO
ta
o
muo
i
{
{
4
n O = 0,6
14
243
{
0,45.56
0,6.16
nFe
0,675
3n Fe = 2n O + 2 n SO2
{
0,075
Cu 3 M 537: Hn hp X gm FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. Cho kh CO qua m gam X nung nng,
sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp cht rn Y v hn hp kh Z. Cho ton b Z vo dung dch
Ca(OH)2 d, n phn ng hon ton, thu c 4 gam kt ta. Mt khc, ha tan hon ton Y trong
dung dch H2SO4 c, nng (d), thu c 1,008 lt kh SO2 (ktc, sn phm kh duy nht) v dung
dch cha 18 gam mui. Gi tr ca m l
A. 7,12.
B. 6,80.
C. 5,68.
D. 13,52.
Hng dn gii
Quy i hn hp X gm FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 thnh Fe v O.
Cht kh trong ton b qu trnh phn ng l Fe, CO; cht oxi ha l O v H2SO4. 18 gam mui
l mui Fe2(SO4)3.
Theo bo ton nguyn t C, Fe v bo ton electron, ta c :
n CO = n CO = n CaCO
2
{3
0,04
n Fe = 0,09
m = m Fe + m O = 7,12 gam
n Fe = 2 n Fe2 (SO4 )3 = 0,09
{ {
1
4
24
3
=
n
0,13
O
0,09.56
0,13.16
0,045
+ 2 n SO2
3 n
Fe + 2 n
CO = 2 n
{
{
{O
{
0,04
?
0,09
0,045
Cu 19* M 374: Hn hp X gm Na, Ba, Na2O v BaO. Ha tan hon ton 21,9 gam X vo
nc, thu c 1,12 lt kh H2 (ktc) v dung dch Y, trong c 20,52 gam Ba(OH)2. Hp th
hon ton 6,72 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo Y, thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 23,64.
B. 15,76.
C. 21,92.
D. 39,40.
Hng dn gii
Quy i hn hp X gm Na, Ba, Na2O v BaO thnh Na, Ba, O.
nNa + 2 n{
Ba = 2n O + 2 n H 2
{
nH2 = 0,05
n Na = 0,14
0,12
0,05
nBa = nBa(OH)2 = 0,12 23nNa + 137 n{

n O = 0,14
Ba + 16n O = 21,9
0,12
Suy ra dung dch kim sau phn ng c 0,14 mol NaOH v 0,12 mol Ba(OH)2.
Do 1 <
OH
nCO2
< 2 phn ng to ra c CO32 va HCO3 .
Ta c :
17
n Ba2+ = 0,12
n Ba2+ = 0,12
n BaCO3 = 0,08 mol
n OH = n CO2 + n CO 2
3
424
3 { {
nCO32 = 0,08 m BaCO3 = 0,08.197 = 15, 76 gam
1
0,3
?
0,38
Cu 24 M 958: Hn hp kh X gm C2H6, C3H6 v C4H6. T khi ca X so vi H2 bng 24.

t chy hon ton 0,96 gam X trong oxi d ri cho ton b sn phm chy vo 1 lt dung dch
Ba(OH)2 0,05M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,85.
B. 7,88.
C. 13,79.
D. 5,91.
Hng dn gii
Quy i hn hp X thnh 1 cht c cng thc l CxH6.
Theo gi thit v bo ton nguyn t C, ta c :
12x + 6 = 24.2 = 48
0,96
x = 3,5
= 0,02
n Cx H 6 =
48
n CO2 = 3,5.0,02 = 0,07
n CO2 = x.n CxH6

Khi cho 0,07 mol CO2 vo dung dch cha 0,05 mol Ba(OH)2 s to ra c mui BaCO3 v
Ba(HCO3)2. Ta c :
2 n Ba(OH)2 = nCO2 + n BaCO3 n BaCO3 = 0,03 m BaCO3 = 0,03.197 = 5,91 gam

1
424
3 {
0,05
0,07
Cu 45 M 537: Amino axit X c cng thc H2NCxHy(COOH)2. Cho 0,1 mol X vo 0,2 lt
dung dch H2SO4 0,5M, thu c dung dch Y. Cho Y phn ng va vi dung dch gm NaOH
1M v KOH 3M, thu c dung dch cha 36,7 gam mui. Phn trm khi lng ca nit trong X
l
A. 9,524%.
B. 10,687%.
C. 10,526%.
D. 11,966%.
Hng dn gii
Sau cc phn ng, nhm NH2 khng b bin i ha hc, nhm COOH b chuyn thnh nhm
COOK, COONa. Vy quy i ton b phn ng trong bi thnh phn ng ca OH vi H+ v
nhm COOH.
Ta c :
n(KOH, NaOH) = nOH = n H+ + n123

COOH = 0,4
= 0,1
{
n
0,2
0,2
NaOH
nKOH = 0,3
nNaOH : n KOH = 1: 3
m H2 NR(COO- )2 = 13,1
m H NR(COO- ) + m K + + m Na+ + m SO 2 = 36,7
M H2 NR(COOH )2 = 133
2
2
4
{ { 123
M H NR(COO- ) = 131
14243
2
2
0,3.39
0,1.23
?
0,1.96
Vy %m N trong X =
18
14
.100% = 10,526%
133
Cu 19 M 958: Cho 100 ml dung dch amino axit X nng 0,2M phn ng va vi 80
ml dung dch NaOH 0,25M, thu c dung dch Y. Bit Y phn ng ti a vi 120 ml dung dch
HCl 0,5M, thu c dung dch cha 4,71 gam hn hp mui. Cng thc ca X l
A. (H2N)2C2H3COOH.
B. (H2N)2C3H5COOH.
C. H2NC3H5(COOH)2.
D. H2NC3H6COOH.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit :
nNaOH 0,02 1
=
= X c 1 nhm COOH.
nX
0,01 1
Phn ng ca amino axit X vi NaOH, thu c dung dch Y. Cho Y phn ng ti a vi dung
dch HCl th bn cht ca ton b qu trnh ny l nhm OH ca NaOH v nhm NH2 ca X phn
ng vi H+ ca HCl. Ta c :
n NH2
nOH + n NH2 = n H + n NH2 = 0,04
= 2 X c hai nhm NH2.
{ { {
nX
0,02
0,06
t cng thc ca X l (H2N)2RCOOH.

Theo bo ton nhm OH v bo ton khi lng, ta c :
n = n HOH = 0,02
m X = 2,08 R = 27 (C2 H 3 )
OH
m X + m NaOH + m HCl = m muoi + m HOH

23 { { { M X = 104
X la (H 2 N)2 C2 H 3COOH
{ 1
0,06.36,5
0,02.18
4,71
0,02.40
7. Phng php trung bnh

Cu 57 M 958: Hn hp X gn hai anehit no, n chc, mch h (t l mol 3 : 1). t chy
hon ton mt lng X cn va 1,75 mol kh O2, thu c 33,6 lt kh CO2 ( ktc). Cng thc
ca hai anehit trong X l:
A. HCHO v CH3CHO.
B. HCHO v C2H5CHO.
C. CH3CHO v C3H7CHO.
D. CH3CHO v C2H5CHO.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc ca hai anehit no, n chc l Cn H 2n O2 .
Khi t chy anehit no, n chc (k =1) th s mol CO2 thu c bng s mol H2O.
Theo gi thit v bo ton nguyn t O, ta c :
n Cn H 2 n O = 1
33,6
n
=
n
=
=
1,5
CH O
CO2
H2 O
22,4
n CO2
X gom 2
= 1,5
C n H 2n O
nC H O + 2nO = 2nCO + n H O
C X = n
2
2
2
n 2n
C
H
O
n 2n
1.1 + 3n
= 1, 5 n = 1,66 (loai).
Nu n CH2O : n CnH2 nO = 1: 3 C X =
4
3.1 + 1.n
= 1,5 n = 3 (thoa man ).
Nu n CH2O : n CnH2 nO = 3 :1 C X =
4
Vy hai anehit l HCHO va C2 H 5CHO
19
Cu 2 M 537: Cho 0,76 gam hn hp X gm hai amin n chc, c s mol bng nhau, phn
ng hon ton vi dung dch HCl d, thu c 1,49 gam mui. Khi lng ca amin c phn t
khi nh hn trong 0,76 gam X l
A. 0,45 gam.
B. 0,38 gam.
C. 0,58 gam.
D. 0,31 gam.
Hng dn gii
Gi hai amin n chc trong hn hp X ln lt l AM1 v AM2.
Theo gi thit, suy ra :
n X = n HCl
0,76
= 38
1,49 0,76
M X =
M AM1 = 31
0,02
=
= 0,02
36,5
n AM = n AM = 0,01 m AM1 = 31.0,01 = 0,31 gam
1
2
Cu 22 M 537: Hn hp X gm hai axit cacboxylic n chc, mch h, k tip nhau trong

cng dy ng ng. t chy hon ton 4,02 gam X, thu c 2,34 gam H2O. Mt khc 10,05 gam
X phn ng va vi dung dch NaOH, thu c 12,8 gam mui. Cng thc ca hai axit l
A. C3H5COOH v C4H7COOH.
B. C2H3COOH v C3H5COOH.
C. C2H5COOH v C3H7COOH.
D. CH3COOH v C2H5COOH.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit, ta thy :
Trong 4,02 gam X c n H = 2 n H2O = 0,26 mol.
{
0,13
Trong 10,05 gam X c n X = n COOH =
12,8 10,05
= 0,125 mol.
22
Suy ra : Trong 4,02 gam X c :

0,26
HX =
= 5, 2
0,05
0,125.4,02
= 0,05
X gom
nX =
4,02
10,05
M X =
= 80, 4
0,05
C 2 H 3COOH (M = 72, co 4H)
C3 H 5COOH (M = 86, co 6H)
Cu 38* M 537: Axit cacboxylic X hai chc (c phn trm khi lng ca oxi nh hn
70%), Y v Z l hai ancol ng ng k tip (MY < MZ). t chy hon ton 0,2 mol hn hp gm
X, Y, Z cn va 8,96 lt kh O2 (ktc), thu c 7,84 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 8,1 gam H2O. Phn
trm khi lng ca Y trong hn hp trn l
A. 15,9%.
B. 12,6%.
C. 29,9%.
D. 29,6%.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit :
C=
nCO2
n( X, Y, Z)
4.16
< 0,7 M X > 91,4 X : R(COOH)2 (s C trong X 3).
MX
CH OH
0,35
= 1,75 Y, Z la 3
0,2
C2 H 5OH
p dng bo ton nguyn t O, ta c :

0,2.n O (trong X,Y,Z) + 2 nO2 = 2 nCO2 + n H2O nO (trong X,Y,Z) = 0,35 mol.
{
{ {
0,4
20
0,35
0,45
4n X + 1.n (Y, Z) = 0,35

4244
3
14
n X = 0,05
Suy ra : bao toan nguyen to O

n (Y, Z) = 0,15
n + n
=
0,2
X
(Y,
Z)
Mt khc, ta c :
C(Y, Z) .n(Y, Z) + C X .n X
C X = 3; X : CH 2 (COOH)2
= 1,75
C =
1 < CX < 4
0,2
C(Y, Z) = 3
1 < C(Y, Z) < 2
Suy ra :
n CH3OH + n C2 H5OH = 0,15
nCH3OH = 0,1
1.nCH3OH + 2.n C2H5OH 4
=
C( Y, Z) =
nC2H5OH = 0,05
0,15
3
%m CH3OH =
0,1.32
= 29,9%
0,1.32 + 0,05.46 + 0,05.104
C th ni, y l bi tp hu c kh nht trong thi khi B nm 2013, phi rt thnh tho

phng php trung bnh th hc sinh mi c th lm c.
8. Phng php tm khong gii hn
Cu 4* M 537: Ha tan hon ton 1,28 gam Cu vo 12,6 gam dung dch HNO3 60% thu c
dung dch X (khng c ion NH +4 ). Cho X tc dng hon ton vi 105 ml dung dch KOH 1M, sau
lc b kt ta c dung dch Y. C cn Y c cht rn Z. Nung Z n khi lng khng i,
thu c 8,78 gam cht rn. Nng phn trm ca Cu(NO3)2 trong X l
A. 28,66%.
B. 30,08%.
C. 27,09%.
D. 29,89%.
Hng dn gii
M chat ran =
8,78
= 83,62 Cht rn gm KNO2 (85) v KOH (56). Vy cht rn Z gm KOH
0,105
d v KNO3.
8,78 0,105.56
n
=
n
=
= 0,1
KNO
KNO
3
2
46 17
n HNO3 n KNO3 = 0,02

nsp kh = {
{
0,12
0,1
Cu l kim loi hot ng yu, khi phn ng vi dung dch HNO3 ch c th to ra kh NO, NO2
hoc c hai nn ta c :
0,02.188
C%Cu(NO3 )2 < 1,28 + 12, 6 0,02.46 .100% = 29,01%

1
424
3
m NO2
C%Cu(NO3 )2 = 28,66%
0,02.188
C%
>
.100% = 28,31%
Cu(NO3 )2 1, 28 + 12,6 0,02.30
1
424
3
m NO
Nu cho cc p n nhiu tt hn th ta phi lm theo cch thng thng, tt nhin l mt

thi gian hn.
21
Cu 41 M 374: Cho X v Y l hai axit cacboxylic mch h, c cng s nguyn t cacbon,

trong X n chc, Y hai chc. Chia hn hp X v Y thnh hai phn bng nhau. Phn mt tc
dng ht vi Na, thu c 4,48 lt kh H2 (ktc). t chy hon ton phn hai, thu c 13,44 lt
kh CO2 (ktc). Phn trm khi lng ca Y trong hn hp l
A. 28,57%.
B. 57,14%.
C. 85,71%.
D. 42,86%.
Hng dn gii
t X l RCOOH, Y l R(COOH)2 trong phn t ca X, Y u c nguyn t n cacbon, v c s
mol ln lt l x, y.
Bn cht phn ng ca X, Y vi Na :
1
COOH + Na COOH +
H2
2
mol:
(x+2y)
0,5(x+2y) = 0,2
Ta c :
x = 0,2
n COOH = x + 2y = 0,4 0,2 < x + y < 0,4
1,5 < n < 3 n = 2
n(x + y) = 0,6
y = 0,1
nCO2 = nx + ny = 0,6
Hai axit l CH3COOH (X) v HOOCCOOH (Y).
0,1.90
.100% = 42,86%
Phn trm khi lng ca Y l : %m Y =
0,1.90 + 0,2.60
9. Phng php t chn lng cht
10. Phng php ng cho
11. K nng s dng phi hp cc phng php
Cu 18 M 958: Ha tan ht 0,2 mol FeO bng dung dch H2SO4 c, nng (d), thu c kh
SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht). Hp th hon ton kh SO2 sinh ra trn vo dung dch cha 0,07
mol KOH v 0,06 mol NaOH, thu c dung dch cha m gam mui. Gi tr ca m l
A. 22,34.
B. 12,18.
C. 15,32.
D. 19,71.
Theo bo ton electron nFeO = 2n SO2
Suy ra 1 <
n (KOH, NaOH)
n SO2
Hng dn gii
nSO2 = 0,1 mol.
< 2 phn ng to ra c mui SO32 v HSO3 .
Theo bo ton in tch v bo ton nguyn t S, ta c :
2n SO32 + nHSO3 = nOH = 0,13 nSO32 = 0,03
nSO32 + n HSO3 = nSO2 = 0,1

n HSO3 = 0,07
m muoi = m K + + m Na+ + m SO 2 + m HSO = 12,18 gam
3
3
{ { {
123
0,07.39
22
0,06.23
0,03.80
0,07.81
Cu 32 M 537: Hn hp X gm hai kim loi kim v mt kim loi kim th. Ha tan hon
ton 1,788 gam X vo nc, thu c dung dch Y v 537,6 ml kh H2 (ktc). Dung dch Z gm
H2SO4 v HCl, trong s mol ca HCl gp hai ln s mol ca H2SO4. Trung ha dung dch Y
bng dung dch Z to ra m gam hn hp mui. Gi tr ca m l
A. 4,656.
B. 4,460.
C. 2,790.
D. 3,792.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
+X
2HOH
2 OH + H2
(1)
H + OH H2O
Theo (1), (2) v gi thit, ta c :
+
(2)
x = 0,012 mol
n H + = n OH = 2n H2 = 0,048
m kl + m Cl + m SO 2 = 3, 792 gam
n + = n HCl + 2 n H SO = 0,048 m muoi = {
2
4
4
{ 123
{
H {
1,788
2x
0,024.35,5
x
0,012.96
Cu 14* M 958: Hn hp X gm Ba, Na v Al, trong s mol ca Al bng 6 ln s mol ca

Ba. Cho m gam X vo nc d n phn ng hon ton, thu c 1,792 lt kh H2 (ktc) v 0,54
gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 5,27.
B. 3,81.
C. 3,45.
D. 3,90.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
Na[Al(OH)4 ]
+ H2
{
Ba[Al(OH)4 ]2 0,08 mol
Ba
Na
Al
+ H2 O
Al
Phn ng ca Ba, Na, Al l phn ng oxi ha kh. Cht kh l Ba, Na, Al; cht oxi ha l
H2O. 0,54 gam cht rn l Al d, s mol Al d l 0,02 mol.
Theo gi thit, bo ton electron v bo ton in tch, ta c :
n Al p + n Al d = 6n Ba
{
6n Ba n Al p = 0,02
n Na = 0,02
0,02
n H2 n Na + 2n Ba + 3n Al p = 0,16 n Ba = 0,01
n Na + 2n Ba + 3n Al p = 2 {
n
0,08
Al p = 0,04
n Na + 2n Ba n Al p = 0
+
=
n
2n
n
Na+
Ba2+
[Al(OH)4 ]
Suy ra m = m Na + m Ba + m Al = 3, 45 gam
{ { {
0,02.23
0,01.137
0,06.27
y l mt bi tp kh trong thi Cao ng, phi vn dng ng thi 3 phng php : Bo

ton electron, bo ton in tch, bo ton khi lng gii quyt.
23
Cu 36 M 374: Tin hnh in phn dung dch cha m gam hn hp CuSO4 v NaCl (hiu
sut 100%, in cc tr, mng ngn xp), n khi nc bt u b in phn c hai in cc th
ngng in phn, thu c dung dch X v 6,72 lt kh (ktc) anot. Dung dch X ha tan ti a
20,4 gam Al2O3. Gi tr ca m l
A. 25,6.
B. 23,5
C. 51,1.
D. 50,4.
Hng dn gii
Cch 1: Tnh ton theo phng trnh phn ng :
S mol kh thot ra ti anot = 0,3 mol, s mol Al2O3 = 0,2 mol.
- Khi nc bt u b in phn c hai in cc, chng t trong dung dch ion Cu2+ v ion Cl
b in phn ht.
- Dung dch X sau phn ng ha tan c Al2 O3 chng t sau in phn dung dch c H+ to
thnh (Cu2+ d) hoc c OH to thnh (hoc Cl d).
Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
Cu2+ + 2Cl Cu + Cl2
(mol) x 2x x x
+ Nu ht ion Cu2+, dung dch cn d ion

+ Nu ht ion Cl , dung dch cn d ion Cu2+:
Cl:
2Cu2+ + 2H2O 2Cu + O2 + 4H+
2Cl + 2H2O 2OH + H2 + Cl2
(mol) 2y
2y y 4y
y
(mol) 2y
2y
Al2O3 + 6H+ 2Al3+ + 3H2O
Al2O3 + 2OH 2AlO2 + H2O

(mol) 0,2 1,2
(mol) 0,2 0,4
x + y = 0,3 x = 0
Ta c:
(loai)
x + y = 0,3 x = 0,1
4y = 1,2
y = 0,3
Ta c:
2y = 0,4
y = 0,2
CuSO4 : 0,1 mol, NaCl : 0,2 + 0,4 = 0,6 mol.
m = 160.0,1 + 58,5.0,6 = 5,11 gam
Cch 2 : S dng phi hp cc phng php bo ton in tch, bo ton electron, bo ton
nguyn t
Th t kh trn catot : Cu2+ > H2O; Th t oxi ha trn anot : Cl > H2O.
Dung dch sau phn ng in phn ha (X) tan c Al2O3, chng t trong X cha axit (H+)
hoc baz ( OH ).
Nu X cha OH th kh thot ra trn anot ch l Cl2 (0,3 mol), ta c :
n = n = 2 nAl O
OH
AlO2
2 3
{
{
0,4
0,2
= n OH = 2n H2 = 2 nCl2 m = m CuSO4 + m NaCl = 51,1 gam

n{
Cl
{
123 {
0,4 {
0,6.58,5
0,4
0,2
0,1.160
nCl2
Cu =
n{
{
0,1
0,30,2 =0,1
Nu X cha H+ th kh thot ra c c Cl2 v O2 ( n(Cl2 , O2 ) = 0,3 mol ), ta c :
24
n H + = 3n Al3+ = 6 n Al2O3
{
{
1,2
0,2
n Cl2 = 0 (loai).
= 2n O2 (H O) = 4 n O2
n{
H+
2
{
1,2
0,3
Cu 4* M 537: Ha tan hon ton 1,28 gam Cu vo 12,6 gam dung dch HNO3 60% thu c
dung dch X (khng c ion NH +4 ). Cho X tc dng hon ton vi 105 ml dung dch KOH 1M, sau
lc b kt ta c dung dch Y. C cn Y c cht rn Z. Nung Z n khi lng khng i,
thu c 8,78 gam cht rn. Nng phn trm ca Cu(NO3)2 trong X l
A. 28,66%.
B. 30,08%.
C. 27,09%.
D. 29,89%.
Hng dn gii
M chat ran =
8,78
= 83,62 Cht rn gm KNO2 (85) v KOH (56). Vy cht rn Z gm KOH
0,105
d v KNO3.
Theo bo ton nguyn t K, gc NO3 v gi thit, ta c :
n KOH d + n KNO2 = n KOH = 0,105 n KOH d = 0,005
56n
+
85n
=
8,78
KOH
d
KNO
n KNO2 = 0,1
2
n KNO3 = n KNO2 = 0,1
n KNO3 = n HNO3 trong X + 2 n Cu(NO3 )2 n HNO3 trong X = 0,06 n HNO3 phan ng vi Cu = 0,06
14243
1
424
3
{
?
0,02
0,1
Theo bo ton gc NO3 , nguyn t H v bo ton khi lng, ta c :
m
= 2 nCu(NO3 )2 = 0,04
1
424
3
NO3 tao muoi
0,02
m sp kh = 0,76 gam.
nH2O = 0,5n HNO3 = 0,03
HNO3 = m NO tao muoi + m sp kh + m H2 O

m
12
3 143243 123 {
0,03.18
0,06.63
?
0,04.62
C%Cu(NO3 )2 =
0,02.188
.100% = 28,66%
1,28 + 12,6 0,76
C th nhn nh, y l bi tp v c kh nht trong thi khi B. Vi cch lm bi bn nh

th ny th cn nhiu thi gian hn so vi cch tm khong gii hn ( xt trn).
25
Cu 15* M 374: Hn hp X cha ba axit cacboxylic u n chc, mch h, gm mt axit

no v hai axit khng no u c mt lin kt i (C=C). Cho m gam X tc dng va vi 150 ml
dung dch NaOH 2M, thu c 25,56 gam hn hp mui. t chy hon ton m gam X, hp th
ton b sn phm chy bng dung dch NaOH d, khi lng dung dch tng thm 40,08 gam. Tng
khi lng ca hai axit cacboxylic khng no trong m gam X l
A. 15,36 gam.
B. 9,96 gam.
C. 18,96 gam.
D. 12,06 gam.
Hng dn gii
Trong phn ng ca nhm COOH vi NaOH, nguyn t H linh ng trong nhm COOH
c thay bng nguyn t Na, lm cho khi lng mui tng so vi khi lng axit ban u mt
lng l (23 1)n COOH = 22n COOH hoc (23 1)n NaOH = 22n NaOH .
Theo gi thit v s tng khi lng ca mui Na so vi axit ban u, ta c :
n X = n NaOH = 0,3
m
m X = m muoi m tang = 18,96 M = X = 63,2
{ {
nX
m tang = 22n NaOH
25,56
0,3.22
Theo gi thit v c im cu to ca axit n chc (phn t c 2O), ta c :
m (CO2 , H2O) = 44n CO2 + 18n H2O = 40,08
n CO2 = 0,69
m (C, H) trong X = 12 n C + n H = 18,96 0,3.32 = 9,36

{ {
n H2O = 0,54
n CO2
2n H2O
t chy axit cacboxylic no, n chc (k =1) th hiu s mol H2O v CO2 bng 0. t chy axit
cacboxylic khng no (c 1 lin kt i C=C), n chc (k = 2) th hiu s mol CO2 v H2O bng s
mol axit. Suy ra :
n Cn H2 n2O2 = n CO2 n H2O = 0,15
{ {
n = 1
0,69
0,54
n CO2 = 0,15n + 0,15n = 0,69 (*)
n = 3,6
n C H O = 0,3 0,15 = 0,15
n 2n 2
Khi lng ca cc axit khng no l :
m Cn H2 n2O2 = 0,15.(14.3,6 + 30) = 12,06 gam

PS : (*) ch c mt cp nghim duy nht v nu n 3 th n < 3 : khng tha mn, v axit
khng no, n chc trong phn t c 1 lin kt C=C th t nht phi c 3C.
Cu 21* M 374: Bit X l axit cacboxylic n chc, Y l ancol no, c hai cht u mch h,
c cng s nguyn t cacbon. t chy hon ton 0,4 mol hn hp gm X v Y (trong s mol
ca X ln hn s mol ca Y) cn va 30,24 lt kh O2, thu c 26,88 lt kh CO2 v 19,8 gam
H2O. Bit th tch cc kh o iu kin tiu chun. Khi lng Y trong 0,4 mol hn hp trn l
A. 17,7 gam.
B. 9,0 gam.
C. 11,4 gam.
D. 19,0 gam.
Hng dn gii
t chy ancol no v axit cacboxylic thu c nCO2 > n H2O nn axit X l axit khng no.
{ {
1,2
S nguyn t O trong hai cht =
26
1,1
2nCO2 + n H2O 2nO2 phan ng

0,4
= 2 Ancol Y l ancol hai chc.
S C trong ancol v axit =
nCO2
n X, Y
1,2
= 3 Ancol no, n cha Y l C3H6(OH)2 cn axit
0,4
khng no l CH2=CHCOOH hoc CH CCOOH.

S nguyn t H trung bnh ca X, Y l : H =
n Y H Y + n X H X 2n H2 O
=
= 5,5 .
n X, Y
n X, Y
Vi H Y = 8 v s mol ca X ln hn ca Y nn H X = 4 , X l CH2=CHCOOH (nu l

CH CCOOH ( H X = 2 ) th s H trung bnh phi nh hn 5).
n C3H6 (OH)2 + n CH2 =CHCOOH = 0,4
n C H (OH) = 0,15
3 6 2
m C3H6 (OH)2 = 0,15.76 = 11,4 gam
8n
+
4n
=
2,2
n
=
0,25
CH 2 = CHCOOH
C3H7OH
CH2 =CHCOOH
Cu 8 M 537: Thy phn hon ton m1 gam este X mch h bng dung dch NaOH d, thu
c m2 gam ancol Y (khng c kh nng phn ng vi Cu(OH)2) v 15 gam hn hp mui ca hai
axit cacboxylic n chc. t chy hon ton m2 gam Y bng oxi d, thu c 0,3 mol CO2 v 0,4
mol H2O. Gi tr ca m1 l
A. 11,6.
B. 16,2.
C. 10,6.
D. 14,6.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit : X + NaOH Y + hn hp hai mui ca hai axit cacboxylic nn X l este a
chc.
Khi t chy ancol Y, thu c mol H2O ln mol CO2, chng t Y l ancol no.
n CO2
= 3 . Mt khc Y khng phn ng c vi Cu(OH)2 nn Y c cng
Ta c : Cancol =
n H2O n CO2
thc l CH2OHCH2CH2OH v n Y = n H2 O n CO2 = 0,1. Vy X l este hai chc.
Ta c :
nNaOH = 2neste = 2nancol = 2.0,1 = 0,2
m este = 14,6 gam

m este + m NaOH = m muoi + m ancol
123 { {
{
?
0,1.76
15
0,2.40
12. K nng phn tch, nh gi
Cu 1 M 374: Hn hp X gm 3,92 gam Fe, 16 gam Fe2O3 v m gam Al. Nung X nhit
cao trong iu kin khng c khng kh, thu c hn hp cht rn Y. Chia Y thnh hai phn bng
nhau. Phn mt tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long (d), thu c 4a mol kh H2. Phn hai phn
ng vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c a mol kh H2. Bit cc phn ng u xy ra hon ton. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 5,40.
B. 3,51.
C. 7,02.
D. 4,05.
Hng dn gii
Bi tp ny c xt phng php bo ton electron. Tuy nhin nu s dng tt k nng
phn tch, nh gi v da vo p n th c th gii quyt n mt cch hiu qu hn.
Ta c : 3n Al phan ng = 6n Fe2O3 n Al phan ng = 0,2 mol.
14442444
3
bao toan electron
27
V sau phn ng nhit nhm, hn hp thu c c kh nng phn ng vi NaOH to kh, chng
t Al d.
Suy ra n Al ban au > n Al phan ng = 0,2 m Al ban au > 0,2.27 = 5,4 gam. Vy p n l C.
Nu cho cc p n nhiu tt hn th ta phi lm theo bo ton electron v s mt thi gian
hn.
Cu 29 M 537: Hai cht hu c X v Y, thnh phn nguyn t u gm C, H, O, c cng s
nguyn t cacbon (MX < MY). Khi t chy hon ton mi cht trong oxi d u thu c s mol
H2O bng s mol CO2. Cho 0,1 mol hn hp gm X v Y phn ng hon ton vi lng d dung
dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 28,08 gam Ag. Phn trm khi lng ca X trong hn hp ban
u l
A. 60,34%.
B. 78,16%.
C. 39,66%.
D. 21,84%.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit, X v Y c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng gng nn phn t phi c t nht 1
nhm CHO, tc l phn t phi c t nht 1 lin kt tr ln (1).
t chy X, Y u thu c s mol CO2 bng s mol H2O, chng t thnh phn hirocacbon
trong X, Y u c dng l CnH2n, suy ra trong phn t X, Y c 1 lin kt hoc 1 vng (2).
T (1) v (2) suy ra X, Y c 1 lin kt nm trong nhm CHO. Vy X, Y u ch c 1 nhm
CHO.
n Ag
2,6
> 2 nn X l HCHO, Y c cng s C v cng c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng
n X 0,1
gng nn Y l HCOOH.
Ta c :
V
nHCHO + n HCOOH = 0,1

= 0,03
n
HCHO
28,08
4n HCHO + 2n HCOOH = n Ag = 108 = 0,26 nHCOOH = 0,07

0,03.30
.100% = 21,84%
Suy ra : %m HCHO =
0,03.30 + 0,07.46
13. K nng tm quy lut chung ca cc cht trong hn hp
Cu 1 M 537: Hn hp X gm ancol metylic, etylen glicol. Cho m gam X phn ng hon
ton vi Na d, thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc). t chy hon ton m gam X, thu c a gam CO2.
Gi tr ca a l
A. 8,8.
B. 6,6.
C. 2,2.
D. 4,4.
Hng dn gii
Hn hp X gm CH3OH, C2H4(OH)2.
Nhn thy c hai ancol u c c im chung l s nguyn t C bng s nhm OH.
Phn ng ca hn hp ancol vi Na :
1
OH + Na ONa +
H2
2
Suy ra : n CO2 = n C = n OH = 2n H2 = 0,2 mol m CO2 = 8,8 gam.
28
Cu 7 M 537: Hn hp X gm hiro, propen, axit acrylic, ancol anlylic (C3H5OH). t chy

hon ton 0,75 mol X, thu c 30,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc). un nng X vi bt Ni mt thi gian, thu
c hn hp Y. T khi hi ca Y so vi X bng 1,25. Cho 0,1 mol Y phn ng va vi V lt
dung dch Br2 0,1M. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,6.
B. 0,5.
C. 0,3.
D. 0,4.
Hng dn gii
Nhn thy cc cht propen (CH2=CH CH3), axit acrylic (CH2=CH COOH), ancol anlylic
(CH2=CH CH2OH) u c 3 nguyn t C v c 1 lin kt pi tham gia phn ng cng H2, Br2.
t cng thc ca 3 cht propen, axit acrylic, ancol anlylic l C3HyOz.
Trong 0,75 mol X, ta c :
nCO2
n C3 H y O z =
= 0,45 mol n H2 = 0,75 0,45 = 0,3 mol.
3
Theo bo ton khi lng, ta c :
m X = m Y n X M X = n Y MY
n X MY
=
= 1,25
nY MX
0,125.0,45
= 0,075
n C3H yOz =
0,75
Vi nY = 0,1 mol n X = 0,1.1,25 = 0,125 mol
n H2 phan ng = n{
X n
Y = 0,025
{
0,125
0,1
V C3HyOz c 1 lin kt phn ng nn :
n Br2 phan ng = 0,05 mol
n C3HxOy = n H2 phan ng + n Br2 phan ng

3 1424
3 Vdd Br 0,1M = 0,05 = 0,5 lt
123 1424
2
0,025
?
0,075
0,1
14. K nng khai thc mi lin h gia s mol CO2 v H2O

Xt phn ng t chy cc hp cht hu c
o
O2 , t
CnH2n+2-2k +
nCO2 + (n+1 k)H2O
o
O2 , t
CnH2n+2-2kOx +
nCO2 + (n+1 k)H2O
o
O2 , t
CnH2n+2-2k+tOxNt +
nCO2 + (n+1 k+0,5t)H2O +0,5tN2
nCO2 n H2O
nCO2 n H2O
nCO2 n H2O
; n Cn H 2 n+ 2 2 k O x =
; n C n H 2 n+ 2 2 k+ t O x N t =
Ta thy : nCn H2 n+22 k =
k 1
k 1
k 1 0,5t
Nh vy khi t chy hp cht hu c cha C, H hoc cha C, H, O th :

(k 1)n hchc = n CO2 n H2O (k l s lin kt v s vng).
Cn khi t chy hp cht cha nit th :

(k 1 0,5t)n hchc = nCO2 n H2O
29
Cu 42 M 374: t chy hon ton hn hp X gm 0,07 mol mt ancol a chc v 0,03 mol
mt ancol khng no, c mt lin kt i, mch h, thu c 0,23 mol kh CO2 v m gam H2O. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 5,40.
B. 2,34 .
C. 8,40.
D. 2,70.
Hng dn gii
Bi tp ny ta xt phng php bo ton nguyn t. Tuy nhin c mt cch khc t ra hiu
qu hn l tm mi lin h gia mol H2O v CO2 trong phn ng t chy.
0,23
= 2,3 . Suy ra ancol hai chc l
S nguyn t C trung bnh ca hai ancol l :
0,07 + 0,03
C2H4(OH)2.
Nh vy, hn hp X gm mt ancol no v mt ancol khng no, c 1 lin kt .
Khi t chy hn hp X, hiu mol H2O v mol CO2 ca ancol khng no (k = 1) bng 0, hiu
mol H2O v mol CO2 ca ancol no (k = 0) bng mol ancol.
Suy ra :
n C2 H4 (OH )2 = n H2O m CO2
24
3 { { n H2O = 0,3
140,07
?
0,23
m = 5,4 gam
m
m
=
=
n
0,3
n =
H2 O
18
H2O 18
Cu 53 M 537: Hn hp X gm mt axit cacboxylic no, n chc, mch h v mt ancol n
chc, mch h. t chy hon ton 21,7 gam X, thu c 20,16 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 18,9 gam
H2O. Thc hin phn ng este ha X vi hiu sut 60%, thu c m gam este. Gi tr ca m l
A. 15,30.
B. 12,24.
C. 10,80.
D. 9,18.
Hng dn gii
t chy axit cacboxylic no, n chc (k = 1), hiu s mol H2O v CO2 bng 0. t chy ancol
no, n chc (k = 0), hiu mol H2O v mol CO2 bng mol ancol. Suy ra hiu s mol H2O v mol
CO2 khi t chy X bng mol ancol.
T mi lin h gia mol H2O v mol CO2 kt hp vi bo ton nguyn t O v C, ta c :
n Cn H2 n+1OH = n H2O n CO2 = 0,15
{ {
1,05
0,9
0,15n + 0,2m = 0,9

m X m C m H m O trong ancol
= 0,2 m = 3
n Cm H 2 m O 2 =
32
n = 2
n.n Cn H2 n+1OH + m.n Cm H2 m O2 = 0,9
n{
axit > n
ancol
{
0,2
0,15
m este = (M axit + M ancol M H2O ) n este = 9,18 gam
{ { { {
n ancol .60% = 0,09
n este = {
74
46
0,09
18
0,15
30
Cu 55 M 958: Cho X l axit cacboxylic, Y l amino axit (phn t c mt nhm NH2 ). t

chy hon ton 0,5 mol hn hp gm X v Y, thu c kh N2 ; 15,68 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 14,4 gam
H2O. Mt khc, 0,35 mol hn hp trn phn ng va vi dung dch cha m gam HCl. Gi tr ca
m l:
A. 6,39.
B. 4,38.
D. 10,22.
D. 5,11.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit C( X, Y) =
n CO2
n(X, Y)
0,7
= 1, 4 X l HCOOH.
0,5
t chy HCOOH (k = 1), thu c s mol CO2 bng s mol H2O.

Theo gi thit, khi t chy X, Y thu c s mol CO2 l 0,7 mol, s mol H2O l 0,8 mol.
V tng s mol H2O ln hn s mol CO2 nn Y phi l amino axit no, c 1 nhm COOH v 1
nhm NH2 ( cho). Cng thc ca Y l CnH2n+1O2N (k = 1).
nCO2 n H2O 0,7 0,8
=
= 0,2 mol.
Ta c : nCn H2 n+1O2 N =
1 k 0,5 1 1 0,5
Suy ra nCn H2 n+1O2 N trong 0,35 mol hon hp =
0,35
.0,2 = 0,14 n HCl = 0,14 m HCl = 5,11 gam
0,5
Cu 24 M 537: Tripeptit X v tetrapeptit Y u mch h. Khi thy phn hon ton hn hp

gm X v Y ch to ra mt amino axit duy nht c cng thc H2NCnH2nCOOH. t chy 0,05 mol
Y trong oxi d, thu c N2 v 36,3 gam hn hp gm CO2, H2O. t chy 0,01 mol X trong oxi
d, cho sn phm chy vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 d, thu c m gam kt ta. Bit cc phn ng u
A. 29,55.
B. 17,73.
C. 23,64.
D. 11,82.
Hng dn gii
Amino axit no mch h, c mt nhm COOH v mt nhm NH2 c cng thc chung l
CnH2n+1O2N.
X l tripeptit to ra t amino axit trn nn phn t c 2 nhm peptit v cn 1 nhm COOH (k =
3) v c 3 nguyn t N (t = 3).
Y l tetrapeptit to ra t amino axit nn phn t c 3 nhm peptit cn 1 nhm COOH (k = 4)
v c 4 nguyn t N (t = 4).
Khi t chy Y, ta c :
44nCO2 + 18nH2O = 36,3

nCO2 = 0,6
n CO2
n=
=3
nCO n H O = (k
0,5
t)
n
{
Y
{ {
2
n
=
0,55
4n
H
O
Y
2
2
4
4 0,05
Suy ra :
nBaCO3 = nCO2 = n C trong X = 9n X = 0,09 m BaCO3 = 0,09.197 = 17,73 gam
31
15. K nng gii bi tp chia hn hp lm cc phn khng bng nhau

Cu 60 M 374: Hn hp X gm ancol metylic, ancol etylic v glixerol. t chy hon ton m
gam X, thu c 15,68 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 18 gam H2O. Mt khc, 80 gam X ha tan c ti a
29,4 gam Cu(OH)2. Phn trm khi lng ca ancol etylic trong X l
A. 46%.
B. 16%.
C. 23%.
D. 8%.
Hng dn gii
Trong 3 ancol th ch c glixerol phn ng c vi Cu(OH)2 to ra dung dch phc mu xanh
thm. T l mol phn ng l nC3H5 (OH)3 : n Cu(OH)2 = 2 :1.
Theo gi thit v bo ton nguyn t C, H, ta c :
nCH3OH + 2nC2H5OH + 3nC3H5 (OH)3 = 0,7

4244444
3
14444
bao toan nguyen to C
nCH3OH + 2nC2 H5OH + 3nC3H5 (OH)3 = 0,7

2n CH3OH + 3nC2 H5OH + 4n C3H5 (OH)3 = 1
2444443
144444
bao toan nguyen to H
2nCH3OH + 3nC2H5OH + 4n C3H5 (OH)3 = 1
32nCH3OH + 46nC2H5OH + 92nC3H5 (OH)3
80
32n CH3OH + 46n C2H5OH 41,33nC3H5 (OH)3 = 0
=
98nCu(OH)2
29,4
n
C3H5 (OH)3 : n Cu(OH)2 = 2 :1
Suy ra :
nCH3OH = 0,05
0,1.46
.100% = 23%
nC2 H5OH = 0,1 %m CH3OH =
0,05.32 + 0,1.46 + 0,15.92
nC3H5 (OH)3 = 0,15

16. K nng gii bi tp dng tng qut
II. Nhn xt, nh gi chung

Thng qua vic phn tch v gii cc bi tp ha hc hay v kh trong thi i hc, Cao ng
nm 2013, ta c th rt ra mt s nhn xt chung nh sau :
+ V mc kh ca cc bi tp tnh ton so vi thi 2 nm gn y l nm 2011, 2012
th 2103 c th ni l d hn. Tuy nhin, vn c nhng bi kh phn loi hc sinh (nhng
cu nh du *).
+ i vi cc bi ton v c th nhm phng php v k nng c s dng nhiu nht l:
Phng php bo ton electron, bo ton nguyn t, bo ton khi lng, bo ton in tch v
phng php quy i; k nng s dng phi hp cc phng php, k nng phn tch nh gi.
+ i vi cc bi ton hu c th nhm phng php v k nng c s dng nhiu nht
l: Phng php trung bnh, phng php bo ton nguyn t, bo ton khi lng, phng php
quy i; k nng s dng phi hp cc phng php, k nng khai thc mi lin h gia s mol
H2O v CO2 trong cc phn ng t chy, k nng tm quy lut chung ca cc cht trong hn hp.
32

PHẦN 3 - BT HAY VÀ KHÓ

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PHẦN 3 - BT HAY VÀ KHÓ

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Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513

PHN TCH V HNG DN GII

I. Phn tch v hng dn gii cc bi tp hay v kh trong thi i hc, Cao

n Cl2 + n O2 = 22,4 = 0,35

m (Al, Mg) = 19 n O2 = 0,15

Theo gi thit v bo ton electron, ta c :

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Cu 9 M 958: Hn hp X gm FeCl2 v NaCl c t l mol tng ng l 1 : 2. Ha tan hon

127n FeCl2 + 58,5n NaCl = 2,44 n NaCl = 0,02

Cu 6 M 374: Hn hp X gm Ba v Al. Cho m gam X vo nc d, sau khi cc phn ng

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Cu 29 M 374: Cho hn hp X gm 0,01 mol Al v a mol Fe vo dung dch AgNO3 n khi

28n N2 + 44n N2O = 0,24.18.2 n N2O = 0,12

Theo bo ton nguyn t Al, ta c :

3 n Al = 8n N2O + 10 n N2 + 8n NH 4NO3 m = 21,6 gam

p dng bo ton electron trong phn ng nhit nhm, ta c :

m Al ban au = m Al d trong Y + m Al phan ng = 7,02 gam

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

56n Fe + n.M X = 1,805

Sau tt c cc phn ng dung dch thu c cha Fe2+, Cu2+, H+ v SO 4 2 .

nAgCl = nHCl = 0,2

m chat ran = m AgCl + m Ag = 30,05 gam

PS : y l mt bi tp kh, nhiu hc sinh lm sai v cc em khng ch n ton b qu

Sau tt c cc phn ng, cht rn thu c gm MgO v Fe2O3.

nH3PO4 = n P = 0,1 n NaOH

nNa2 HPO4 = n H3PO4 = 0,1 mol m Na2HPO4 = 142.0,1 = 14,2 gam

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Cu 28 M 537: in phn nng chy Al2O3 vi cc in cc bng than ch, thu c m

44n CO2 + 32n O2 + 28n CO = 4.16,7.2 = 133,6 kg n CO = 2,2 kmol

propan 1,2 iol

Theo bo ton nguyn t H, ta c :

n H2O = 0,3 mol

Theo gi thit : m RCOONa + m RCH2ONa + m NaOH = 19 R = 15 RCH 2OH : CH 3CH 2 OH

PS : i vi dng bi tp ny, hc sinh thng ch quan tm n phn ng ca axit v ancol d

n( H2N)n RCOONa = n NaOH = 0,04

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Cu 24 M 537: Tripeptit X v tetrapeptit Y u mch h. Khi thy phn hon ton hn hp

Theo bo ton nhm Gly v nhm Ala, ta c :

Suy ra : m = m X + m Y = 83,2 gam

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

S mol hn hp kh ban u : n(C2 H2 , H2 ) = n C2H2 + n H2 = 1 mol.

Theo bo ton khi lng, ta c :

m X m (C2H2 , H2 ) ban au 0,35.26 + 0,65.2

Suy ra : n H2 phan ng = n (C2 H2 , H2 ) ban au n

Theo gi thit, suy ra :

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

3. Phng php bo ton khi lng

m FexOy + m H2SO4 = m Fe2 (SO4 )3 + m SO2 + m H2O m FexOy = 34,8 gam

Cu 46 M 537: Ha tan hon ton 24 gam hn hp X gm MO, M(OH)2 v MCO3 (M l kim

m dd sp = m X + m dd H2SO4 m CO2 = 121,8

nMSO = n H SO = 100.39,2% = 0,4

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Cu 47 M 374: Hn hp X gm H2, C2H4 v C3H6 c t khi so vi H2 l 9,25. Cho 22,4 lt X

Cu 33 M 958: Hn hp X gm hai ancol n chc, ng ng k tip. un nng 16,6 gam

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

4. Phng php bo ton in tch

Phn ng ca dung dch X vi 0,03 mol Ba(OH)2, ta c :

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Khi cho t t HCl vo dung dch X n khi bt u thot kh, xy ra cc phn ng :

Suy ra : nH + = nOH d + n CO 2 = 0,02 Vdd HCl 0,25M =

Th t kh trn catot : Cu > H2O.

Nu dung dch sau in phn cha H+ th kh sinh ra l Cl2 v O2.

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing