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Discussion Thread:
Are the mapuches a civilization?
Are the Mapuches a civilization?
ABSTRACT:
The following paper intends to clarify that the Mapuche communities constitutes
in fact, a civilization and not only a nation. In the first part of this research It will
be given a proper definition of culture, language and civilization. The Second
part of the paper, leads to the argumentative basis that support the theory
1. DEFINITIONS
1.1. CULTURE
1.2. LANGUAGE
Source: http://www.unixl.com/dir/education/
1.3. DEFINITION OF CIVILIZATION
It is defined as the total culture and way of life of a particular people, nation,
region that has reached to a state of advanced cultural, political, social, legal
and intellectual development and organization; that shares the same territory -or
a populated area.
Source: http://www.thefreedictionary.com
2. ARGUMENTATIVE BASIS
The Mapuche are the "people of the land", Mapu means land and che means
people. They are also known as Araucanos, a name given to them by the
Spanish colonialists. Before the "huincas" (Spanish) arrived in 1541, the
Mapuche who numbered one and half to two million were the original
inhabitants of the Southern Cone of the continent in a region which today
covers half of Chile and half of Argentina. The Mapuche nation comprised of
both sedentary and nomadic communities: hunters and gatherers, shepherds,
farmers and fishermen. They lived in small family groups known as lof, which
were under the authority of a Lonko (chief).
The Mapuche territory had its border with the Inca Empire south of the Maule
river. This border was established after a long war and the failure of the Inca to
conquer the Mapuche nation by the use of force. The Mapuche territory is
divided into four main regions or wallmapu. These are known as: Puelmapu
(land of the east), Pikunmapu (land of the north), Lafquenmapu (land of the
Pacific coastal region in the west) and Huillimapu (land of the south). Therefore
the Mapuche of those regions are identified accordingly, such as Puelche,
Pikunche, Lafquenche, Huilliche. There are, however, other areas in which the
Mapuche are known by their association with a particular eco-system or natural
environment, for example Pewenche (people of the monkey puzzle tree) region,
Waidefche (people from the cordillera), Ranquilche (people from the apple tree
region), etc.
Before the colonialists arrived the Mapuche people had and still have a
distintive cultural identity, social organisation, language, religion and way of life.
Inhabiting such a vast area the Mapuche had developed regional cultural
diversity without a centralized power, but they nevertheless had a strong sense
of unity. Their clear sense of nationhood and an unquestionable desire to
maintain their self-determination and freedom, forced them into armed
resistance, firstly against the Inca Empire and then for over 350 years against
the Spanish, Chileans and Argentinians.
The traditional Mapuche organization has its origin in the extended family
structure, known as Lof. It is shaped by their socio-cultural, political and
ideological concepts, complemented by their spirituality and religious beliefs, as
well as taking into account the harmonious relationship between man, land and
nature.
The Lonko or chief is the highest authority of the community. In times of war the
Mapuches organized themselves in Ayllarehue (8 rehue/lonko) and in addition a
Council of Lonkos comprised of representatives of all regions (Butalmapu) used
to choose a Toqui who was responsible and in charge of the army.
The Mapuche are a deeply spiritual and religious society, their belief system
maintained that the world was created by a celestial family, who were the
creators of all beings as well as holding the power of nature.
The religious organization, which is formed by the Machi or spiritual leaders still
plays an important role in the decision making processes regarding the internal
affairs of each community. There are various ranks of Machi some of whom in
addition to their spirituality also have a profound knowledge of traditional
medicine and psycho-therapy, most of these being women.
The Nguillatun is the most solemn civil and military religious ceremony in the
Mapuche society. This sacred ceremony is conducted in an area specially
allocated by the community known as Nguillantue. The ceremony, depending on
the region may last two or three days and takes place in each region every two
or three years. There, at the altar or Rehue in the open air, the Mapuche of all
ages give thanks to Nguinechen, the Mapuche God. The ceremony is guided
throughout by the Ngenpin, the chief of the ceremony; The Machi and the Lonko
also play an important role in the preparation and conducting of the event.
3. DISCUSSION
According to the historian Ibn Jaldún, Civilization “is a concept that expresses
dynamism and amplitude; It is generous and not exclusive at all; with a past
and opened to the future and as emergent as the cities. The concept of nation,
on the other hand, is rather static by nature; Nations or nationalities are closed,
dangerously exclusive and limited. Civilizations only contemplate a cultural
limitation, if any.”
The extremely brief description of the Mapuche People has enough arguments
as to admit and prove that The Mapuche Constitutes a Civilization and not only
a nation; this based on the fact that a whole foreign Civilization such as Europe
settled within its limits through the Spaniards, and was not able to absorbe it, in
opposite with many nations overrode by the cultural, social and political
changes that a colonization implies.
According to the definitions given in the first part of the paper a civilization has:
- Delimited Territory
- Their own Cosmovision and Religion
- A clear social-political structure.
- A rich oral tradition
- A written and spoken language.
- Artistic manifestations, such as jewelry and clothing indumentary.
It all, and even more, can be found rooted inside the Mapuche Culture, which
still lingers on due to the efforts of their heirs, who struggle and fight just like
their ancestors did, to keep their ancient knowledge alive in the heart of
globalization.
3.3 SOURCES
http://www.unixl.com/dir/education/
http://www.thefreedictionary.com
http://www.southamerica.cl/Chile/Mapuche.htm