Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The deformations in concrete, concrete under the same load or stress, stress increase with time. There are two types of time dependent deformation. These are: the creep deformations g deformations the shrinkage Time dependent deformations i.e. creep and shrinkage cause significant deformations and stresses in concrete structures and therefore can affect both the strength and serviceability of the structure.
SHRINKAGE
The water necessary for the hydration is approximately 25 percent of the cement by weight. In concrete mixes, however, more water is used than what is needed for hydration. The reason for this is workability. When concrete is placed in the forms, the excess water, which is not used in hydration, evaporates. As concrete loses water by evaporation, its volume decreases or simply it shrinks.
When restraining members (like structural walls or stiff columns) exist at the end of the beams, moments, shear and axial force will be produced in the beam due to restrained shrinkage deformations. The axial force in the beam due to shrinkage will be tension. Because of restrained shrinkage shear, moment and axial forces will also be introduced to the restraining members. The internal forces induced by restrained shrinkage will be more critical as the stiffness of the restraining members increase.
SHRINKAGE
The amount of shrinkage is a function: Humidity Type of curing Temperature Area of exposed surface Water content of the mix Shrinkage is also a function of time and its rate decreases with time.
SHRINKAGE
The amount of shrinkage is a function: Humidity Type of curing Temperature Area of exposed surface Water content of the mix Shrinkage is also a function of time and its rate decreases with time.
SHRINKAGE
Shrinkage deformations are calculated using a proper shrinkage coefficient cs, which is the strain caused by shrinkage. Although shrinkage coefficient is affected by all factors listed before, it is predominantly influenced by: Curing process of the concrete Relative humidity of the environment, and The equivalent thickness of the member. The equivalent thickness le is expressed as the ratio of twice crosssectional area to the perimeter of the cross-section, which is in contact with the environment.
SHRINKAGE
The equivalent q thickness le is expressed p as the ratio of twice crosssectional area to the perimeter of the cross-section, which is in contact with the environment.
2A c le = u
where Ac is the cross-sectional area and u is the perimeter in contact with the environment.
It should be noted that the coefficients given in the table above are g the long-term g shrinkage g ( (at the end of to be used in calculating three years).
cs=s1 s2 {s}
Where; s1 - shrinkage coefficient
s2 coefficient depending on fictitious thickness le
1 a = [T + 10 ] t 30
Here t is the period under Here, nder consideration (in da days), s) a is the effective age and T is the temperature during the period t.
s1 - Shrinkage Coefficient
Ambient Environment W Water Very damp Normal D Dry Relative Humidity 90% 70% 40% Shrinkage Coefficient s1 +0.00010 0 00010 -0.00013 -0.00032 -0.00052 0 00052 Coefficient for Thickness 30 5 1.5 1
The fictitious thickness defined previously shall be modified according to the expression given below.
2Ac le = u
s2 - Coefficient
Fictitious Thickness le (in mm) 100 200 400 800 1 05 1.05 0 90 0.90 0 80 0.80 0 75 0.75
Coefficient Sh i k Shrinkage, s2
50 1 20 1.20
1500
0 70 0.70
s - Coefficient
(mm) ( ) 50 100 200 400 800 1500
le
Period 2 3 1 months months y years 0.68 0.75 0.90 0.52 0.60 0.84 0.32 0.40 0.65 0.18 0.22 0.45 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.02 0.04 0.10
EXAMPLE
A two-bay, one-story frame has to be analyzed for shrinkage and a temperature drop of -30C. The height of the frame is 4.5 meters and each of the two spans is 20 meters Beams are 4001200 mm and columns are 400800 mm meters. mm. The frame is located in a dry climate (relative humidity 40 percent). Only three faces of the beam are in contact with this atmosphere. Materials are, C20 and S420. Member forces at the end of two years due to shrinkage and temperature drop have to be calculated. Solution: For C20, C20 Ec28 27 000 MPa 28=27,000
EXAMPLE
Ac=4001200=4.8 4 8105 mm2 u=21200+400=2800 mm From Table 1.8 (dry climate), =1.0 and s1=-0.00052 are found.
T = cs / = 0.00031/10 5 = 31C
Total temperature drop to be considered in design,
30 + (31)=61 60
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
Bzlme zmlemesi (1000 gn) Deplasmanlar (X-yn, mm)
EXAMPLE
Scaklk Deiimi zmlemesi T (-60C) Deplasmanlar (X-yn, mm)
EXAMPLE
Bzlme zmlemesi (1000 gn) Deplasmanlar (Y-yn, mm)
EXAMPLE
Scaklk Deiimi zmlemesi T (-60C) Deplasmanlar (Y-yn, mm)
Temperature
WALL A M = 18867,30 kN*m V= 3646,66 kN x = 5,16 mm y = -6,69 mm WALL B M = 21880,67 kN*m V= 4228,76 V 4228 76 kN x = -3,37 mm y = -7,45 mm
KR B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10
P (kN) 1017,56 698,73 564,11 , 503,29 504,91 539,44 624,76 695,93 992,79
Temperature
KR A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 P (kN) 884,69 685,78 599 92 599,92 492,25 494,61 628,52 864,65
KR B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10
P (kN) ( ) 1234,12 1052,31 993,15 891,02 896 62 896,62 896,62 910,40 1042,53 1260 57 1260,57
EXAMPLE: Precautions
Beams will be subjected to large axial forces forces. Provide additional tension steel Also pay attention to lap splice length. Walls are under additional internal force provide sufficient shear and flexural reinforcement There will be extreme stress concentrations at wall-slab connections. Take necessary precautions in these regions Columns will experience additional disturbances. After casting concrete pay attention to curing. If you slow down the shrinkage strains there will be less cracking. Use non-shrinking agents in concrete mix.
CREEP
Creep is the time dependent deformation of concrete, which is subjected to sustained loads. Recall: The stress-strain response of f concrete depends upon the rate of loading and the time history of the applied loading. If t the e st stress ess is s held e d co constant sta t for o so some e length e gt o of t time, e, t the e st strain a increases a phenomenon referred to as creep. If the strain is held constant for some time length of time stress will decrease a phenomenon h referred f d to t as relaxation. l ti
CREEP
C Creep i is th the time ti dependent d d t deformation d f ti of f concrete, t which hi h is i subjected to sustained loads. Creep p is dependent p on many y factors, , most important p of which are given below: age of concrete w/c ratio humidity and the temperature. level of sustained stress time
CREEP
The age of concrete when the sustained load is applied - For older concrete creep is less. The water/cement ratio of the mix - As the w/c ratio increases, increases creep increases. The humidity and the temperature - Creep is less when the humidity is high. The level of sustained stress - At low stress levels ( (at working g stresses), ), creep is proportional to stress. However, at higher stress levels creep increases more rapidly and is not proportional to the stress. The time - The creep rate decreases with time, but creep usually does have an effect almost for 3 years with a decreasing rate.
CREEP DEFORMATIONS
Elastic recovery
Creep recovery
Permanent deformation
CREEP DEFORMATIONS
p ~ 2 3 i In deformation calculations, one has to use a reduced stiffness to include the creep effect. effect It will be appropriate to use a reduced modulus of elasticity (1/2 or 1/3 of the instantaneous value) to compute the time dependent deformations. Ec ~ 1/2 to 1/3 of its original value.
co ce = ce Ec28
where; co is the stress in concrete under sustained loading, Ec28 is the modulus of elasticity y of 28 days y old concrete and
ce = 0.4d + f1 f2 f
The parameters of the above equation, i.e. d , f1 , f2 and f will be taken from tables.
f1 - Creep Coefficient
Ambient Environment Water Very damp Normal Dry Relative Humidity 90% 70% 40% Creep Coefficient f1 0.8 10 1.0 2.0 3.0
f2 - Creep Coefficient
Coefficient C Creep, f2
50 1 85 1.85
Fictitious Thickness le (in mm) 100 200 400 800 1 70 1.70 1 55 1.55 1 40 1.40 1 25 1.25
1500
1 12 1.12
d and f Coefficients
Period 2 3 1 months months years 0.60 0.68 0.90 0.56 0.63 0.82 0.53 0.59 0.79 0 48 0.48 0 53 0.53 0 72 0.72 0.42 0.47 0.65 0.37 0.40 0.55 0.30 0.32 0.45
Coefficient
Again, the age of concrete is the relative age, and depends on the temperature of f the surrounding environment.