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Conditiional Sentence Adalah kalimat yang berisi planning (I), khayalan (II), dan penyesalan (III), dalam arti lain adalah kalimat yang bersyarat. 1. If clause (syarat) 2. Main clause (hasil) Example: If she comes back, I will love her If Clause Main Clause Simple Form of Conditional Sentence Type I (Future Possible) If S. Pr + S. Fut Mengandaikan sesuatu dimasa yang akan datang (Plannig) If I win your love, I will love you so much (No fact : Note. Pengganti IF : Unless (jika ... tidak) Otherwise (jika ... tidak) Provided that (asalkan) Supposing (seandainya) But for (jika tidak karena) Type II (Present Unreal) If S. Pst + S. Pst. Fut Mengandaikan sesuatu dimasa sekarang (berlawanan dengan kenyataan) If I were not smart, I wouldnt understand conditional sentence (The fact : Im smart) Note. Pengganti IF : Unless (jika ... tidak) Otherwise (jika ... tidak) Provided that (asalkan) Supposing (seandainya) But for (jika tidak karena) Type III (Past Unreal) If Pst. P + Pst. F.P Mengandandaikan sesuatu dimasa lampau (berlawanan dengan kenyataanya) She wouldnt be crazy if I hadnt left her (The fact : She was crazy) Note. Pengganti IF : Unless (jika ... tidak) Otherwise (jika ... tidak) Provided that (asalkan) Supposing (seandainya) But for (jika tidak karena)

Note: Untuk type II : Jika if clause menggunakan to be maka selalu to be Were yang digunakan untuk semua Subyek. Example : If She were a mouse, I would be a cat. (the fact : She is not a mouse) He would go abroad if He were a pilot (The fact Ge is not a pilot) She would give you surprise if you were her boyfriend (You are not her boyfriend) Bentuk inversion and ellipsis (kebalikan atau penggantian kata)dari type II dan III : Example (II): If he were an apple now, she would be a knife. (were he an apple, she would be a knife). If I were you, I would kill myself. (Were I you, I would kill myself). Example (III): If She had driven car carefuly yesterday, she wouldnt have got an accident. (Had she driven car carefuly yesterday, she wouldnt have got an accident). if I had phoned her She wouldnt have got angry with me. (Had I phoned her She wouldnt have got angry with me). If you hadnt gone home, you wouldt have had good dinner. (Hadnt you gone home, you wouldnt have had good dinner) Di ingat meskipun Were atau Had ada didepan Subyek tapi itu bukan kalimat tanya. (were I, Had you, were she, were he, had they, were you, had we, had they dan seterusnya).

Conditional Sentence Type I A. Type I (Future Possible) Page | 1

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Mengandaikan sesuatu dimasa yang akan datang atau membuat sebuah perancanaan. Jika ... (yang akan datang), maka ... (kemungkinan terjadi dimasa yang akan datang jika syaratnya terpenuhi). Main Formula : if Simple Present + Simple Future Example : If You study hard, you will get success. : We will go if you are here. : I wil kill your cat If it eats my salt fish. Rumus-rumus yang lain serta fungsinya: 1. Making a plan : If S. Present + S.Future 2. Habitual result : If S. Pr + S. Pr 3. Possibility : If S. Pr + may / might / can .... 4. Asking for permission : If S. Pr + may / might / can / could / would ... ? 5. Giving permission : If S. Pr + may / can / could ... 6. Ability : If S. Pr + can ... 7. Command : If S. Pr + must 8. Request : If S. Pr + will / would / can / could ... ? 9. Prohibition : If S. Pr + may not / must not / do not ... !! 10. Advice : If S. Pr + have to / had better / should / ought to / be sopposed to ... 11. Predication : If S. Pr + must / can / cant / could / should ... 12. If S. Pr bisa diganti : If Pr. C or Pr. Per a. If you invite me, I will come b. If you are looking for John, you will find him upstair c. If you have written a letter, I will post it B. Pengganti if Provided that : Unless Suppossing Otherwise

C. Examples : 1. Making a plan : If we get holiday,we will go to the beach. 2. Habitual result : If it rains, we get wet. 3. Possibility : If the teacher is in the class, the students may be there 4. Asking for permission : if you dont mind, may I close the door? 5. Giving permission : If your duties finish, you may go home 6. Ability : If you come late, the teacher can give you punishment 7. Command : If your value is bad, you must study hard 8. Request : if these songs finish, could you repeat? 9. Prohibitionn : If you came late again, you may not sleep over night! 10. Advice : If she gets sick, she has to go to the doctor 11. Predication : if we are discipline, we can be success

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Expert English Course Conditional Sentence Type II

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A. Type II (Present unreal) Mengandaikan sesuatu dimasa sekarang yang berlawanan dengan kenyataan sekarang Jika ... (sekarang), maka ... (hampir tidak mungkin / kemungkinanya sangat kecil terjadi karena berlawanan dengan kenyataan) Main Formula : If S. Past + S. Past. Fut Example (Verbal) : If she loved him this morning, he would give her his life The fact : She doesnt love him this morning, so he doesnt give her his life. (Nominal): If he were a cat today, She would be a mouse The fact : He isnt a cat today, so she isnt a mouse (mix) : If she were an apple, he would kill her The fact : She isnt an apple, he doent kill her Note : Pada bentuk ke kua (II) ini, semua subyek menggunakan were untuk yang nominal sentence (she were, you were, I were etc ... ) Rumus-rumus yang lain beserta fungsinya: 1. Making a plan : if S. Ps + S. Ps. Fut Example : If I had much money now, I would buy a new car. (the supposition is contrary to tke known facts) 2. Habitual result : if S. Ps + S. Ps. Fut Example :If a thief came to my home, I would catch him. (I dont expect a thief to come to my home) I f you went out, your son cried 3. Possibility : If S. Ps + Might / Could Example : If you tried again, you might be successful 4. Giving permission : If S. Ps + Could Example : If you had a driving license, you could drive my new car 5. Ability : If S. Ps + Could Example : If I understood, I could answer his question 6. If S. Ps bias diganti Ps. Cont or Ps. Perf Example : (we were going by a plane) I hate flying. If we were going by a car, I would feel happier. If you had taken my advice, you would be a rich man now. B. Pengganti If : Unless otherwise But for supposing Example : If you didnt study hard, you wouldnt pass an exam Unless you didnt study hard, you wouldnt pass an exam C. Jika setelah If adalah nominal, to be-nya were faktanya disesuaikan dengan Subyek Example : Is she were a cat, I would be a fish Fact : She isnt a cat, so I am not a fish Example : If I were a bird, I would fly everyday Fact : Im not a bird, so I dont fly everyday D. Bentuk inversion : Is she were a cat, I would be a fish Were she a cat, I would be a fish : If I were a bird, I would fly everyday Were I a bird I would fly everyday

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Expert English Course Conditional Sentence Type III

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A. Type III (Past unreal) Mengandaikan sesuatu yang terjadi diwaktu lampau (penyesalan) Jika (Kemarin), maka (tidak mungkin dan biasanya berupa penyesalan). Main formula : If Past perfect + Past Fut Perf Example (Verbal) : If I had left her last week, I wouldnt have rained The fact : I didnt leave her last week, so I got crazy (Nominal): If he had been there, she wouldnt have been angry The fact : He wasnt there, so she was angry (Mix) : if you hadnt called her, she wouldnt have been here The fact : you called her, so she was here Rumus-rumus yang lain serta fungsinya: 1. Making a plan : If Past Perf + Past Ferf 2. Habitual result : If Past Perf + Past Perf 3. Possibility : If Past Perf + may / might + have 4. Giving permission : If Past Perf + could / may / might + have 5. Ability : If Past P + Could have B. Pengganti If unless otherwise but for supposing C. Bentuk inversion: : If she had driven carefully, she wouldnt have gotten accident Had she driven carefully, she wouldnt have gotten accident D. Catatan tentang SUBJUNCTIVE (wish): 1. Regretting about a past condition I wish (that) I had known her address (I was sorry, I didnt know her address) 2. Regretting about a present condition I wish (that) I knew her address (Im sorry, I dont know her address) 3. Regretting about a future condition I wish (that) She would tell me (Im sorry because she will not tell me) 4. Wish bias diganti wished dalam bentuk lampau Yesterday I wished (that) I had known her address (I was sorry because I didnt know her address)

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Expert English Course Exercises

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Conditional sentence type I a. If she . . . . . (go) home, He . . . . . . (go) to the market. b. If they . . . . (come) here, I . . . . . (ask) them to go back. c. I . . . . . (write) a letter If she . . . . . (read) a book. d. Jika aku menikahimu nanti, aku akan setia e. Jika kamu pergi kesekolah, kamu akan bertemu guru dan teman-temanmu f. Akankah kamu bahagia jika aku meneleponmu nanti malam Conditional sentence type II a. If she . . . . . (have) a new car, I . . . . . . (borrow) it b. I . . . . . . (give) her my book If she . . . . . . (doesnt) have a book c. I . . . . . . a cat if she . . . . . a mouse d. Malam ini malam rabu, seandainya mala ini malam minggu, aku akan mengajakmu pergi ke kota. e. jika aku jadi president aku tidak akan berada disini sekarang. .. f. kalau dia (pr) mencintaiku, aku akan menikahinya hari ini. . Conditional sentence type III a. If your father . . . . . (have) a car, you . . . . . . . (drive) it. b. Her mother . . . . . . . (not angry) if she (go home) on time c. I . . . . . . . (study) at oxford, if I . . . . . . (study) hard d. Kemarin aku sakit, seandainya kemarin aku tidak sakit, aku akan pergi ke pantai. .. e. Kalau kemarin tidak hujan, saya akan dating ke pestamu. . f. Jika aku tidak meningalkanya, dia tidak akan marah padaku. .

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Expert English Course Additional: English Conditionals There are several structures in English that are called conditionals.

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"Condition" means "situation or circumstance". If a particular condition is true, then a particular result happens.

If y = 10 then 2y = 20 If y = 3 then 2y = 6

There are three basic conditionals that we use very often. There are some more conditionals that we do not use so often. In this lesson, we will look at the three basic conditionals as well as the so-called zero conditional. We'll finish with a quiz to check your understanding. People sometimes call conditionals "IF" structures or sentences, because there is usually (but not always) the word "if" in a conditional sentence. Structure of Conditional Sentences The structure of most conditionals is very simple. There are two basic possibilities. Of course, we add many words and can use various tenses, but the basic structure is usually like this: IF IF condition y = 10 result 2y = 20

or like this: result 2y = 20 IF IF condition y = 10

First Conditional: real possibility We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition or situation in the future, and the result of this condition. There is a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, it is morning. You are at home. You plan to play tennis this afternoon. But there are some clouds in the sky. Imagine that it rains. What will you do? IF condition present simple If it rains Result WILL + base verb I will stay at home.

Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. It is not raining yet. But the sky is cloudy and you think that it could rain. We use the present simple tense to talk about the possible future condition. We use WILL + base verb to talk about the possible future result. The important thing about the first

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Expert English Course

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conditional is that there is a real possibility that the condition will happen. Here are some more examples (do you remember the two basic structures: [IF condition result] and [result IF condition]?): IF condition present simple If If If If If I see Mary Tara is free tomorrow they do not pass their exam it rains tomorrow it rains tomorrow Result WILL + base verb I will tell her. he will invite her. their teacher will be sad. will you stay at home? what will you do?

result WILL + base verb I will tell Mary He will invite Tara Their teacher will be sad Will you stay at home What will you do

IF

condition present simple

If If If If If

I see her. she is free tomorrow. they do not pass their exam. it rains tomorrow? it rains tomorrow?

Sometimes, we use shall, can, or may instead of will, for example: If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight. Second Conditional: unreal possibility or dream The second conditional is like the first conditional. We are still thinking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition in the future, and the result of this condition. But there is not a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, you do not have a lottery ticket. Is it possible to win? No! No lottery ticket, no win! But maybe you will buy a lottery ticket in the future. So you can think about winning in the future, like a dream. It's not very real, but it's still possible. IF condition past simple If I won the lottery result WOULD + base verb I would buy a car.

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Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. We use the past simple tense to talk about the future condition. We use WOULD + base verb to talk about the future result. The important thing about the second conditional is that there is an unreal possibility that the condition will happen. Here are some more examples: IF condition past simple If If If If I married Mary Ram became rich it snowed next July it snowed next July Result WOULD + base verb I would be happy. she would marry him. would you be surprised? what would you do?

result WOULD + base verb I would be happy She would marry Ram Would you be surprised What would you do

IF

condition past simple

if if if if

I married Mary. he became rich. it snowed next July? it snowed next July?

Sometimes, we use should, could or might instead of would, for example: If I won a million dollars, I could stop working. Third Conditional: no possibility The first conditional and second conditionals talk about the future. With the third conditional we talk about the past. We talk about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming true. Last week you bought a lottery ticket. But you did not win. :-( condition Past Perfect If I had won the lottery result WOULD HAVE + Past Participle I would have bought a car.

Notice that we are thinking about an impossible past condition. You did not win the lottery. So the condition was not true, and that particular condition can never be true because it is finished. We use the Page | 8

Expert English Course

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past perfect tense to talk about the impossible past condition. We use WOULD HAVE + past participle to talk about the impossible past result. The important thing about the third conditional is that both the condition and result are impossible now. Sometimes, we use should have, could have, might have instead of would have, for example: If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won. Look at some more examples in the tables below: IF Condition past perfect If If If If If I had seen Mary Tara had been free yesterday they had not passed their exam it had rained yesterday it had rained yesterday result WOULD HAVE + past participle I would have told her. I would have invited her. their teacher would have been sad. would you have stayed at home? what would you have done?

result WOULD HAVE + past participle I would have told Mary I would have invited Tara Their teacher would have been sad Would you have stayed at home What would you have done Zero Conditional: certainty

IF

condition past perfect

if if if if if

I had seen her. she had been free yesterday. they had not passed their exam. it had rained yesterday? it had rained yesterday?

We use the so-called zero conditional when the result of the condition is always true, like a scientific fact. Take some ice. Put it in a saucepan. Heat the saucepan. What happens? The ice melts (it becomes water). You would be surprised if it did not. IF condition present simple If you heat ice result present simple it melts.

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Notice that we are thinking about a result that is always true for this condition. The result of the condition is an absolute certainty. We are not thinking about the future or the past, or even the present. We are thinking about a simple fact. We use the present simple tense to talk about the condition. We also use the present simple tense to talk about the result. The important thing about the zero conditional is that the condition always has the same result. We can also use when instead of if, for example: When I get up late I miss my bus. Look at some more examples in the tables below: IF Condition present simple If If If If I miss the 8 o'clock bus I am late for work people don't eat you heat ice result present simple I am late for work. my boss gets angry. they get hungry. does it melt?

result present simple I am late for work My boss gets angry People get hungry Does ice melt

IF

condition present simple

if if if if

I miss the 8 o'clock bus. I am late for work. they don't eat. you heat it?

Conditionals: Summary Here is a chart to help you to visualize the Basic English conditionals. Do not take the 50% and 10% figures too literally. They are just to help you.

probability 100% 50% 10% 0%

conditional zero conditional first conditional second conditional third conditional

example If you heat ice, it melts. If it rains, I will stay at home. If I won the lottery, I would buy a car. If I had won the lottery, I would have bought

time any time future future past

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Expert English Course a car.

Speaking / Grammar Program

Modal auxiliaries Modal auxiliary adalah kata kerja bantu yang memiliki arti, juga memiliki cirri-ciri khusus: 1. kata kerja yang digunakan setelah modal adalah verb 1 (bare infinitive) V1 murni tanpa tambahan apapun (Go, do, have, write, read visit, etc) Example : He will go home He will goes home She can do it She can to do it 2. Modal tidak bisa ditambah dengan s/es/ed/ing. Example : she cans speak English She can speak English He caned do it many times He can do it many times MODAL Will (akan) Would (akan/seharusnya) (akan/sehausnya) Can (dapat) May (boleh) Must (harus) Dare (berani) (seharusnya) Used to (terbiasa) Rumus Verbal Modal: (+) S + Modal + V1 + O (-) S + Modal + not V1 + O (?) Modal + S + V1 + O? Example: (+) She can write a letter (-) He cannot read the book (?) Can they forgive us?

Shall Should Could Might Need Ought to

(akan)

(dapat) (boleh) (perlu)

had better (lebih baik) Rumus Nominal Modal: (+) S + Modal + BE + O (-) S + Modal + not + BE + O (?) Modal + S + BE + O? Example: (+) She can be a teacher (-) He cannot be a doctor (?) Can she be a mother?

Notes: Bentuk negative dari must (harus)adalah neednt (tidak perlu), bukan Mustnt (dilarang) Bentuk negative dari Ought to (seharusnya) adalah Ought not to (Oughtnt to) Bentuk negative dari used to (terbiasa) ada 2 : Usednt to dan didnt use to Bentuk negative dari had better (lebih baik) Had better not atau Hadnt better Fungsi can ada 3 : (1) Sebagai Modal yang berarti (dapat) (2) sebagai kata kerja yang berarti (mengalengi/(kan) (3) sebagai kata benda yang berarti (kaleng) We can can a can into another can Fungsi must ada 2 (1) Sebagai modal (harus) (2) sebagai Kata Benda (keharusan) We must wear shoes, because it a must Arti may : boleh, semoga, bulan mei. Maybe : mungkin Fungsi need ada 3: (1) Sebagai modal (perlu) (2) sebagai verb (memerlukan) (3) sebagai noun (keperluan)

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Expert English Course MODAL DAN SIMILAR MODAL MODAL Will Shall Would Should Can Could May Might Must Need Dare Ought to Used to Had better SIMILAR MODAL Be going to Be going to Be going to Be going to Be able to Be able to Be allowed too Be allowed to Have to/ Has to/ Had to be supposed to -

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(akan) (akan) (akan) (akan) (dapat) (dapat) (boleh) (boleh) (harus) (perlu) (berani) (seharusnya) (terbiasa) (lebih baik)

MIXED MODALS Apabila ada lebih dari satu modal dalam sebuah kalimat, maka modal yang pertama tetap sedangkan modal yang selanjutnya dirubah menjadi silimar modal. Contoh: I will can speak English (salah) I will be able to speak English (benar) They must can speak English (salah) They must be able to speak English (benar) He will may can speak English (salah) He will be allowed to be able to speak English (benar) He is going to be allowed to be able to speak English (banar) CAN (Dapat) F + ? + ? Verbal S + Can + V1 + O S + Can + Not + V1 + O Can + S V1 + O? We can understand what English is They cannot speak English Can we understand it? Nominal S + can + be + C S + can + not + be + C Can + S + be + C? He can be a teacher He cannot be a doctor Can he be a doctor?

CAN memiliki beberapa arti: (1) Dapat ..(modal) (2) Mengalengi/kan..(verb) (3) Kaleng..(Noun) Example: He can can a can into another can Fungsi-fungsi dari CAN: Page | 12

Expert English Course

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1. Present ability They can lend us their books She can sing a rock song 2. Asking permission Can I take your dictionary? Can you lend me your new book? 3. Giving permission You can drive my car whenever you want He can take her bag this afternoon 4. Offering Can I help you to bring your big bag? Can we do something to make you happy? 5. Request Can you pain my room tomorrow morning 6. Possibility The stupid students can be clever if they study hard You can speak English fluently if you practice it 7. Impossible / certainly / negative deducation She is my neighbor. She can speak English fluently. She graduated from university. She cant be a stupid girl 8. Suggestion You can postpone going to Bandung if want to accompany your uncle We can spend our spare time for sharing

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Expert English Course COULD (Dapat) F + ? + ? Verbal S + could + V1 + O S + could + not + V1 + O Could + S + V1 + O? He could fight his disease She couldnt forgive him Could you tell me? Nominal S + could + be + C S + could + not + be + C Coould + S + be + C? He could be the miner She couldnt be there Could you be here?

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Fungsi-fungsi dari COULD (dapat: 1. Past ability Last year my father could work hard She could read well 10 years ago I could swim for an hour without stopping when I was 17 atau I was be able to swim for an hour without stopping when I was 17 (jadi could di ats dapat diganti dengan was be able to jika sifatnya incidental atau pencapaian yang luar biasa dimasa lampau, biasanya memakai was / were able to atau managed to atau successes in ). 2. Asking permission Could I use your mobile? Could I get your number? 3. Giving permission You could borrow my dictionary You could ride your own motorcycle on the street 4. Offering Could I fix your broken lamp? Could I make your room clean? 5. Request Could you give money to the beggar in front of you? Could you lend your magazine? 6. Possibility My mother could be angry if she came home from the office and didnt find us in the living room 7. Impossible / certainly / negative deducation I had already bought an English dictionary. My friend offered me to buy it again. I couldnt do it. 8. Sugession You like this car very much. It is very expensive. You could bargain the price.

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Expert English Course MUST (harus) F + ? + ? Verbal S + Must + V1 + O S + Need + not + V1 + O Must + S + V1 + O? We must struggle hard She neednt come here Must we go to the party? Nominal S + Must + be + C S + Need + not + be + C Must + S + be + C? We must be honest He neednt be in her room Must we be honest?

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MUST memiliki beberapa arti: 1. Harus (modal) Example : we must wear shoes to go to school. 2. Keharusan (Noun) Examle : it is a must for us to struggle hard. Neednt berarti tidak harus Mustnt berarti dilarang Fungsi-fungsi dari MUST: 1. Keharusan (neccessity) atau obligation (kewajiban) We must struggle and pray hard to rich our aims. I must get up early every morning. 2. Larangan (prohibition) You mustnt smoke in this area The students of Al-hidayah mustnt wear slippers when they join the class 3. Deducation / conclusion / inference (present meaning) The man stays at Al-hidayah. He has three children. He must be Mr. Ramdhan. 4. Deducation / conclusion / inference (past meaning) Jack visited me last week. He told me that he was sad because he didnt get any job. Last night I met him again but he looked so happy. He must have gotten a job.

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Expert English Course MAY (boleh) F + ? + ? Verbal S + May + V1 + O S + May + not + V1 + O May + S + V1 + O? She may call me They maynt drive my car May I borrow your dictionary? Nominal S + may + be + C S + may + not + be + C May + S + be + C? He may be at the garden She maynt be a doctor May she be a teacher?

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MAY memilki beberapa arti: 1. Boleh (modal) Example : she may go now 2. Semoga (adverb) Example : may you get success in your future 3. Mei (noun) Example : I will visit you in May MAY+BE Probably Possible maybe (mungkin) memiliki sinonim : perhaps

Fungsi-fungsi dari MAY: 1. Asking permission May I use your pen? May she go with me tonight? 2. Giving permission You may come to my home although without bringing any parcel He may take his hat In the living room 3. Prohibition You maynt go to Borobudur temple next month He may not call her any more 4. Polite request Yesterday I was sick. I didnt go to school. May you explain me about the lesson? May you switch on the lamp in the living room? 5. Possibility Jack is absent today. He may be sick She looks so sad after seeing the announcement. She may fall in her exam. 6. Wishes (harapan) May God be with you! May the new year bring you happiness

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Expert English Course MIGHT (boleh) F + ? + ? Verbal S + Might + V1 + O S + Might+ not + V1 + O Might + S + V1 + O? She might go home They might not borrow my car Might I visit your uncle? Nominal S + might + be + C S + might + not + be + C Might + S + be + C? He might be at home She might not be sad Might she be angry?

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Fungsi-fungsi dari MIGHT: 1. Bantuk lampau dari may dan biasanya digunakan dalam indirect speech Example : She asked, May I borrow the dictionary? She asked if she might borrow the dictionary Last night I might go with her to the harbor 2. Possibility Perhatikan percakapan berikut: A : I need some money, Mom. B : Go to your uncle. He might be able to lend some (might mengungkapkan kemungkinan yang lebih kecil dibanding may)

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Expert English Course NEED (perlu) F + ? + ? Verbal S + need + V1 + O S + need + not + V1 + O Need + S + V1 + O? She need my help They neednt sleep for 8 hours need she my book? Nominal S + Need + be + C S + Need + not + be + C Need + S + be + C? He need be here She neednt be a doctor need she be a teacher?

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NEED memiliki bebepara arti: 1. Perlu (modal) Example : we need speak English in the class room 2. Memerlukan (verb) Example : we neenn a dictionary to help our studying 3. Keperluan (noun) Example : that is our need Fungsi-fungsi dari NEED: 1. NEED sebagai modal hamper tidak pernah dipakai dalam bentuk affirmative, kecuali untuk mengungkapkan keragu-raguan. I wonder if we need buy another bike. The old one is still good. We dont think she need continue her study. He father has jus retired. 2. Dalam kalimat affirmative NEED difungsikan sebagai kata kerja (verb) She needs to buy a new dictionary We need to understand our lesson 3. NEED sebagai modal umumnya dalam bentuk negative dan interrogative. You neednt buy a new motorcycle Need I go to the hospital now? Need I go with you , Mom? (berharap jawaban NO)

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Expert English Course DARE (berani) F + ? + ? Verbal S + dare + V1 + O S + dare + not + V1 + O Dare + S + V1 + O? She dare call him They darent drive my car Dare you borrow her dictionary?

Speaking / Grammar Program

Nominal S + dare + be + C S + dare + not + be + C Dare + S + be + C? He dare be in the garden alone She darent be a doctor Dare she be a teacher?

DARE memilki beberapa arti: 1. Berani (modal) Example : we dare speak English with the senior 2. Berani (verb) Example : I dare to go home alone now. 3. Menantang (verb) Example : I dare you to get her love Fungsi-fungsi dari DARE: 1. Untuk mengungkapkan keberanian (courage) Jacky dare deliver his speech loudly in front of the audiences I dare meet our president if I am given a chance 2. Perhatikan kata daresay (dare say) Look at those clouds! I daresay its raining before long. I daresay you will get valuable parcel of diamond from France. 3. How dare you (berani-beraninya kamu . . . . . ) How dare you talk to your teacher rudely! How dare you? Take your hands off me or Ill shout! 4. Jika berupa verb bentuk negative / introgativenya menggunakan auxiliary. I dont dare to visit her Saturday tonight. Do you dare meet her again?

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Expert English Course OUGHT TO (seharusnya) F + ? + ? Verbal S + ought to + V1 + O S + ought + not + to + V1 + O Ought + S + to + V1 + O? She ought to call me We oughtnt to drive his car Ought she to take my money?

Speaking / Grammar Program

Nominal S + ought to + be + C S + ought + not+ to + be + C Ought + S + to + be + C? He ought to be in the library She oughtnt be greedy Ought she to be angry?

Fungs-fungsi dari OUGHT TO: 1. Untuk mengungkapkan nasehat (sebaiknya / seharusnya) You ought to come to her party if she invites you. You ought to drive slowly 2. Dalam banyak hal ought to sama dengan should. Namun demikian ada sedikit perbedaan. Should mengungkapkan saran / nasehat yang datangnya dari si pembicara, sedangkan ought to mengungkapkan nasehat / saran yang sebaiknya di ikuti karena merupakan pendapat umum, norma, atau peraturan. You should drive slowly. The street is busy. Look at that sign! You ought to drive slowly. 3. Ought to umumnya tidak digunakan dalam bentuk negative. Jika digunakan dalam bentuk negative to bisa dihilangkan. You oughtnt (to) leave the keys in the car. Ho oughtnt (to) visit on Saturday night.

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Expert English Course USED TO (terbiasa) F + ? + ? Verbal S + eused to + V1 + O S + used + not + to + V1 + O Used + S + to + V1 + O? She used to call me They used not to drive my car Used I to borrow your dictionary?

Speaking / Grammar Program

Nominal S + used to + be + C S + used + not + to + be + C Used + S + to + be + C? He used to be in his room She used not to be a angry Used she to be a angry?

Fungsi-fungsi dariUSED TO: 1. .. used to + V1 .. (untuk mengungkapkan kebiasaan dimasa lampau) When I was in Senior High School. I used to ride my motorcycle. My father used to smoke last year. 2. .. be + used to + V-ing .. (menjadi terbiasa dimasa sekarang) Now I am used to speaking English at my school Are you used to driving your car? 3. .. get used to + V-ing .. (mulai terbiasa dimasa sekarang) After reading, I get used to memorizing it. She gets used to cooking because she has just gotten married. 4. .. will get used to +V-ing . (akan mulai terbiasa) I will get used to visiting the zoo during my vacation in Bandung. He will used to operating this new computer.

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Expert English Course HAD BETTER (lebih baik) F + ? + ? Verbal S + had better + V1 + O S + had better + not + V1 + O Had + S + better + V1 + O? She may call me They maynt drive my car May I borrow your dictionary?

Speaking / Grammar Program

Nominal S + had better + be + C S + had better + not + be + C Had better + S + be + C? He may be at the garden She maynt be a doctor May she be a teacher?

Fungsi-fungsi dari HAD BETTER: 1. Untuk mengungkapkan nasehat. You had better join me in her wedding party tonight You had better go to the doctor for checking your condition 2. Bentuk negativnya: had better not / hadnt better You had better not sit on the table! You hadnt better go to the hospital now 3. Bentuk introgativnya : Had + S + better. Had he better study English at Al-hidayah? Had she better get married in this month?

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Expert English Course HAVE TO / HAS TO / HAD TO (Harus) F + ? Verbal S + Have to / Has to / Had to + V1 + O S + do/does/did + not + have to + V1 + O Do/Does/Did + S + have to + V1 + O? She has to call me They dont have to drive my car Do I have to borrow your dictionary?

Speaking / Grammar Program

+ ?

Nominal S + Have to / Has to / Had to + be +C S + do/does/did + not + have to + be + C Do/Does/Did + S + have to + be + C? He has to be at the garden She doesnt have to be a doctor Does she have to be a teacher?

1. 2.

Fungsi-fungsi dari HAVE TO/HAS TO: 1. Untuk mengungkapkan keharusan yang biasa, sedangkan MUST lebih kuat. Bandingkan dua kalimat dibawah ini: a. Im looking for Sally. I have to talk to her about our lunch date tomorrow. I cant meet her for lunch because I have to go to a business meeting at 01:00. b. Where is Sally? I must talk to her right away. I have an urgent message for her. Catatan: In every day statement of necessity, have to is used more commonly than must. Must is usually stronger than have to and can indicate urgency or stress importance. 2. Bentuk negative dan interrogative menggunakan do/does I dont have to visit her tonight Why does she have to like him? Fungsi dari HAD TO: Bentuk lampau dari suatu keharusan. I had to visit her last night She had to go home on time yesterday Bentuk negative dan interrogative menggunakan did. I didnt have to call her last night When did you have to go with her?

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Expert English Course WILL (akan) F + ? + ? Verbal S + will + V1 + O S + will + not + V1 + O Will + S + V1 + O? She will call me They wont drive my car Will I borrow your dictionary? Nominal S + will + be + C S + will + not + be + C Will + S + be + C? He will be at the garden She wont be a doctor Will she be a teacher?

Speaking / Grammar Program

Will memiliki beberapa arti: 1. Akan (modal) Example : I will invite you (aku akan mengundangmu) 2. Kehendak (Noun) Example : This is our Gods will (ini kehendak Tuhan) Fungsi-fungsi dari WILL: 1. Expressing a plan / willingness. I will visit you She will go to the market 2. Expression a request Will you help me to do my homework? Will you take your dictionary for me? 3. Invitation Will you go together with me? Will you play table tennis with me? 4. Offering Will you have some more? Will you stay at home or go to the movie? 5. Prediction I get the best value in my college. I will get a good job easily He is ready now. He will do his job well.

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Expert English Course WOULD (akan) F + ? + ? Verbal S + would + V1 + O S + would + not + V1 + O Would + S + V1 + O? She would call him They wouldnt drive my car Would You come here? Nominal S + would + be + C S + would + not + be + C Would + S + be + C? He would be at the garden She wouldnt be a doctor Would she be a teacher?

Speaking / Grammar Program

Fungsi-fungsi dari WOULD: 1. Bentuk lampau dari will Yesterday I would visit her She would go with him to the movie 2. Expressing a polite request Would you help me to do my homework? Would you take my dictionary? 3. Menyatakan kebiasaan dimasa lampau I would visit my grandfather every month when I was 9 years old I would swim in the river when I was in my grandfathers village 4. Jika ditambah dengan kata lain akan berarti berkehendak / berkeinginan. I would like to introduce myself to you all I would like to explain about MODALS

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Expert English Course SHALL (akan) F + ? + ? Verbal S + shall + V1 + O S + shall + not + V1 + O Shall + S + V1 + O? We shall call him We shant drive my car Shall we drive a car?

Speaking / Grammar Program

Nominal S + shall + be + C S + shall + not + be + C Shall + S + be + C? We shall be at the home soon We shant be in the office Shall we be there?

Fungsi-fungsi dari SHALL: 1. Expressing a plan/willingness (hanya untuk subyek I dan We) We shall meet him at the harbor early in the morning We shall see his boat there 2. Offering Shall I take a chair for you? Shall I make a drink for you? 3. Bentuk singkatan dari shall not adalah shant We shant meet her I shant go now

SHOULD (akan/seharusnya) F + ? + ? Verbal S + should + V1 + O S + should + not + V1 + O Should + S + V1 + O? We should call him We shouldnt drive my car Should we drive a car? Nominal S + should + be + C S + should + not + be + C Should + S + be + C? We should be at the home soon We shouldnt be in the office Should we be there?

1. 2.

Fungsi-fungsi dari SHOULD: Bentuk lampau dari Shall (biasanya di reported speech) She asked where shall I work? She asked where she should work. Suggestion/advice You should go home soon because your mother is getting sick right now You should rise your hand when you dont understand

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Expert English Course WILL vs BE GOING TO M/SM Function 100% Certainty willingness Polite request 100% Certainty Definite plan Present / Future He will be here at 06:00 (future only) The phone is ringing, I will get it. Will you please pass the salt? He is going to be here at 06:00 (future only) Im going to pain my bedroom Past

Speaking / Grammar Program

Will

Be going to

I was going to pain my bedroom, but I didnt have time

Keterangan: 1. When the speaker is making a prediction (a statement about something s/he thinks will be true or will occur in the future), either will or be going to is possible. He will be here tomorrow He is going to be here tomorrow 2. When the speaker is expressing a prior plan (something the speaker intends to do in the future because in the past s/he has made a plan or decision to do it), only be going to is used. A: Why did you buy this paint? B: Im going to paint my bedroom tomorrow. (Will is not appropriate in this sentence) C: I talked to Jack yesterday. He is tired of taking the bus to work. Hes going to buy a car. Thats what he told me. 3. Untuk menyatakan hal yang sudah dekat terjadi: BE GOING TO (Im going to build a house) BE ABOUT TO (Im about to go home) BO ON THE POINT OF (Im on the point of having dinner) BE ON THE VERGE OF (Im on the verge of watching TV)

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Expert English Course RINGKASAN TENTANG MODAL / SIMILAR MODAL M/SM USES 100% Certainty willingness Polite request 100% Certainty Be going to Definite plan Present / Future He will be here at 06:00 (future only) The phone is ringing, I will get it. Will you please pass the salt? He is going to be here at 06:00 (future only) Im going to pain my bedroom

Speaking / Grammar Program

Past

Will

I was going to pain my bedroom, but I didnt have time

Can

Ability/possibility Informal permission Informal polite request Impossibility (negative only) Past ability

Could

Polite request Suggestion

Be able to M/SM

Less than 50% certainty Impossibility (negative only) Ability USES Polite Request

I can run faster than him You can use my car tomorrow Can I borrow your book? That cant be true! That cant have been true! I could run fast when I was 15 years Could you borrow his book? I need help In math. You could have You could talk to your asked to your teacher. teacher Wheres John? He He could have been could be at home. at home That couldnt be true! That could not have been true! I am able to help you. I I was able to help will be able to help you. him. Present / Future Would you please pass the salt? Would you mind if I left early? I would rather go to the park than go to the beach. Past

Would preference

I would rather have gone to the park. When I was a child, I would visit him every weekend

Would/ Used to

Repeated action in the past Polite question to make suggestion Future with I or we as subject Polite question Shall I open the window? I shall arrive at nine. (will in common) May I borrow your

Shall

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Expert English Course book? May Formal permission Less than 50% certainty Polite question (rare) Less than 50% certainty Advisability Should 90% certainty She should do well on the test. (future only, not present) Present / Future I ought to study tonight She ought to do well on the test (future only, not present) You had better be on time, or we will leave without you Class is supposed to begin at 10 oclock You are to be here at 09 oclock I must go to class today You must not open that door Tia isnt in the class. She must be sick. (present only) I have to go to class today I dont have to go to class today I have got to go to class today You may leave this room Where is John? He may be at the library Might I borrow your book? Where is John? He may be at the library I should study tonight

Speaking / Grammar Program

He may have been at the library

Might

He might have been at the library I should have studied last night She should have done well on the test Past I ought to have studied last night She ought to have done well on the test Past form is uncommon Class was supposed to begin at 10 oclock You were to be here at 09 oclock I had to go to class yesterday

M/SM

USES Advisability

Ought to

90% certainty

Had better Be supposed to Be to

Advisability with threat of bad result expectation

Strong expectation Strong necessity

Must

Prohibition (negative) 95% certainty

Tia must have been sick yesterday I had to go to class yesterday I didnt have to go to class yesterday I had got to go to class yesterday

Necessity Have to Lack of necessity (negative) necessity

Have got to

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Expert English Course

Speaking / Grammar Program

MODAL PERFECT Dalam bahasa Inggris ada lodal yang sering muncul bersama dengan have + V3 (modal perfect) sehingga menimbulkan makna yang berbeda, yaitu antara lain: 1. 2. 3. Must + have + V3 pasti telah (kesimpulan past dimasa lampau) Jack got the best mark in the exam. He must have studied hard for it She was thin and her face looked pale. She must have been sick again Might + have + V3 Mungkin telah (kemungkinan dimasa lampau) My mother come home late. Well, She might have been caught in the traffic jam Should / ought to + have + V3 seharusnya telah (harapan yang tidak terpenuhi) The boy was not permitted have the lesson because of being late. He should have left for the school earlier 4. Could + have + V3 pada dasarnya dapat (kemampuan yang tidak dilaksanakan) She could have driven the unused car, but she went by a motorcycle.

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Expert English Course MODAL EXCERCISES

Speaking / Grammar Program

1. (+) we can answer our teachers questions correctly (-) ... (?+) (?-) 2. (-) She may not go to the market alone (+) . (?-) .. (?+) . 3. (+) They must look for a good job (-) .. (?+) .. (?-) 4. (+) He is going to build a new house (-) (?+) .. (?-) 5. Our teacher had better teach us slowly and patiently A b c d f (-) .. Page | 31

Expert English Course

Speaking / Grammar Program

(?) . (a) (b) ..................................................................................................................... (c) (d) 6. (+ )His father need buy a new car (-) .. (?) . 7. Apakah kami boleh megunjungimu nanti malam? . 8. Ibumu harus menasehati ayahmu dengan hati-hati . 9. Kamu lebih baik tinggal dirumah bari pada pergi ke pantai . 10. Perlukah kita belajar dengan keras? .

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Expert English Course THE DEGREE OF COMPARISONS (Tingkat Perbandingan)

Speaking / Grammar Program

Dalam bahasa Inggris ada tiga macam tingkat perbandingnan yang dapat dibuat dengan adjectives yaitu: 1. The positive degree (tingkat biasa) 2. The comparative degree (tingkat lebih) 3. The superlative degree (tingkat paling/ter) Aturan membuat tingkat perbandingan : A. Penambahan ER untuk tingkat comparative (lebih) dan EST untuk tingkat superlative (paling) digunakan bila kata: 1. Kata sifat yang memiliki satu suku kata (one syllable) Cheap cheaper cheapest murah Short shorter shortest pendek Rich richer richest kaya Great greater greatest besar 2. Kata sifat yang terdiri dari dua suku kata yang tekanan suara jatuh pada suku kata kedua. Polite politer politest sopan Impolite impoliter impolitest tidak sopan Sincere sincerer sincerest tulus 3. Kata sifat yang berakhiran dengan huruf mati dan didahului dengan huruf hidup, maka huruf mati (konsonan) terakhir ditulis double (ganda) Big bigger biggest besar Fat fatter fattest gemuk Sad sadder saddest sedih Glad gladder gladdest gembira Thin thinner thinnest kurus Wet wetter wettest basah Slim slimmer slimmest langsing 4. Kata sifat yang berakhiran dengan huruf Y dan sebelum Y ada huruf mati, maka Y berubah menjadi I sebelum ditambah ER dan atau EST Pretty prettier prettiest cantik Dry drier driest kering Holy holier holiest suci Heavy heavier heaviest berat Dizzy dizzier dizziest pusing Lazy lazier laziest malas 5. Sebelum huruf Y berupa huruf hidup cukup ditambah ER dan atau EST Gay gayer gayest gembira Gray grayer grayest kelabu Large larger largest luas Able abler ablest dapat Strangle strangler strangest asing Pengecualian : Pleased more pleased most pleased senang Tired more tired most tired lelah Fond more fond most fond gemar B. Pemakaian more dan most di depan kata sifat sebagai berikut : 1. Kata sifat yang terdiri dari 3 suku kata atau lebih Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful cantik Difficult more difficult most difficult sulit Careful more careful most careful hati-hati Page | 33

Expert English Course

Speaking / Grammar Program

Diligent more diligent most diligent rajin Expensive more expensive most expensive mahal 2. Kata sifat yang terdiri dari 2 suku kata dengan tekanan suara jatuh pada suku kata pertama Modern more modern most modern modern Famous more famous most famous terkenal Modest more modest most modest rendah hati Perfect more perfect most perfect sempurna

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Expert English Course 3. Tingkat perbandingan yang tidak beraturan Good better best Bad (ill) worse worst Fore (depan) former foremost,first Hind (belakang)hinder handmost Late later/latter latest,last Little smailer least Much more most Many more most Nigh nigher neigher, next Old older/eldest oldest,eldest Near nearer nearest, next bagus jelek

Speaking / Grammar Program

depan belakang terlambat sedikit banyak banyak (hamper/dekat) tua dekat

Pemakaian degree of comparisons: 1. Bentuk positive degree (Tingkat Biasa) Pola: Subj. Verb + as + adjective + as + noun/pronoun Contoh: a. Nano is as diligen as Rina b. Tukimin studies as hard as his sister c. She is as pretty as her sister d. This book is as good as that one e. My mother is as patient as my father f. She is as clever as I g. She is not so clever as he h. Is she so clever as he? i. I am as tall as you j. You are not so tall as she

2. Bentuk Comparative Degree ( Tingkat Lebih) Pola : Subj + Adjective + er + than + noun/pronoun More + adjective Less + adjective Contoh : a. He is clever than she b. He is more diligent than she c. Im more diligent than you d. He runs faster than he e. She work harder than he f. My book is more expensive than hers g. Is his book cheaper than yours? 3. Bentuk Comparative tanpa menggunakan than Pola : 1. Subj. Verb + the + Comparative + of the two + Nouns 2. Of the two + Nouns + Subj. Verb + the + comparative Contoh : Page | 35

Expert English Course a. Hasan is the smarter of the two boys b. Cahaya is the more beautiful of the two ladies c. Tukimin is handsomer/more handsome of the two boys d. This dress is the more expensive of the two dresses e. Of the two books, this book is the better f. Of the cars, mine is the faster g. Of the two big houses, hers is the cleaner h. Of the two boys, he is the worse i. This car is the expensive of the two your cars j. Tukimins book is the better of the two his new books Bentuk Superlative Degree (tingkat paling/ter) Contoh : 1. Tukimin is the most handsome/the handsomest student in his class 2. My book is the best book in my class 3. These shoes are the cheapest shoes of all 4. Is her book the most expensive book? 5. This is the most interesting car that I have driven before 6. Today is the happiest day of my live 7. Jono is the tallest boy in his family One of the + superlative + Plural nouns

Speaking / Grammar Program

Contoh 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

: One of the most diligent students in my class is Tukimin One of the biggest island in Indonesia is Kalimantan island Of the three dresses, I like the red one best One of the five students, Tukimin is the cleverest one One of the biggest oil producers in the world is Kuwait.

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Expert English Course Question Tag

Speaking / Grammar Program

Question tag adalah suatu kata atau ungkapan yang digunakan oleh seseorang untuk memberikan pernyataan dan meminta orang lain yang diajak bicara, setuju atau menyetujui dengan pendapatnaya,dalam bahasa Indonesia mirip dengan kata bukan dalam suatu kalimat, misalnya: Bandung itu bukan ibukota,bukan/kan? Bandung isnt the capital city, is it? Bahasa Inggris itu penting, bukan/kan? English is important, isnt it? Atau question tag bisa disebut juga pertanyaan pendek menggunakan auxiliary yang ditambahkan di akhir kalimat atau sebuah penyataan, contoh: Buku ini bagus,kan? This book is good, isnt it? Dia itu tidak malas,kan? He isnt lazy, is he? The Formulas of Question tags 1. The formula: Statement Question tag Example : A. Positive Negative A. Statement positive, Qt B. Negative Positive negative? 1. We will be fate, wont we? (Kita akan gemuk, kan?) 2. It is a nice day, isnt it? (Ini hari yang indah, kan?) 3. Ali can swim, cant he? (Ali tidak bisa berenang, kan?) 4. She is reading a book, isnt she? (Dia sedang membaca buku, kan?) 5. Tukimin comes late, doesnt he?(Tukimin telat datang, kan?) B. Statement negative, Qt positive? 1. Ali cant speak English, can he? (Ali tidak bisa bicara bahasa inggris, kan?) 2. It cant be right, can it? (ini tidak benar, kan?) 3. Mary didnt like swimming, did she? (Mary tidak suka berenang, kan?) 4. She isnt happy, is she? (Dia tidak senang, kan?) 5. He hasnt read the book yet, has he? (Dia belum selesai membaca buku,kan?) 2. Kata yang digunakan dalam Question tag hanyalah I, You, We, They, She, He, It, One dan There. 1. Yang menjadi It Everything This Nothing His . That .. your .. Etc. 2. Yang menjadi They These Those Everyone No one Nobody Someone Somebody Everybody Example : Ali doesnt like milk, does he? This movie is not good, is it? These books are cheap, arent they? His name is Tukimin, isnt it? Your sister always gets up early, doesnt she? Everything is ready, isnt it? There are two men in the class, arent they? Nobody called her, did they? This/that cat is on the yard, isnt it? These/those pens are blue, arent they? Nobody was watching him, were they? 3. Dalam kaimat verbal (predikatnya berupa kata kerja) yang bentuk simple present dan past tense. Tambahkan do, does, atau did untuk membuat Question tagnya. Page | 37

Expert English Course

Speaking / Grammar Program

Example : We want to go to the movie tonight, dont we? She calls him every day, doesnt she? Ali forgot the day when he met her, didnt he? He likes fishing, doesnt he? We dont bring what you want, do we? She went to the place when she knew you, didnt she? 4. Bila dalam satu kalimat ada dua auxiliaries (aux dan modal) maka question tagnya dibuat dengan modal atau auxiliary yang terletak paling depan (yang terdekat dengan subject) Example : Your house is being painted, isnt it? He has been studying English for three months, hasnt he? He will have gone to Bandung before Friday of this week, wont he? They will be there tonight, wont they? Everything will be clear, wont it?

5. Dalam pernyataan I am .., question tagnya adalah arent I atau am I not? (bukan am not I) Example : I am like my brother, arent I? / am I not? Bukan : am not I? I am handsome, arent I? / am I not? I am working harder than you, arent I? / am I not? Bandingkan dengan kalimat berikut: I am not a person whom you are looking for, am I? I am not ready, am I? 6. Kata-kata berikut bermakna negative, jadi question tagnya selalu positive. Never (tidak pernah) seldom (jarang) berely (hampir tidak) Scarcely (langka/jarang)no/none (tidak sama sekali) few (beberapa) Not any (tidak sama sekali) absent (tidak hadir) dislike (tidak suka) Disagree (tidak setuju) impolite (tidak sopan) little (sedikit) Rarely (jarang) impossible (tidak mungkin) nothing (tidak ada) In moral (tidak bermoral) in correct (tidak benar) hardly ever (hampir tidak) By no mean (sama sekali tidak) etc..

Example : She never goes to the movie, does she? He has never been in Bali, has he? You seldom get up early, do you? She hardly ever goes to town, does she? He hasnt any money, has he? Few students spoke English well, did they? Kalau a few students spoke English well, didnt they? 7. Untuk menyatakan perintah Question tagnya adalah will you? Example : Stop making noise, will you? Give me a hand, will you? Dont forget, will you? Take my bag please, will you? Page | 38

Expert English Course Be smart, will you? Let she tries, wiil you?

Speaking / Grammar Program

8. Untuk menyatakan ajakan maka question tagnya adalah shall we? Example : Lets speak English, shall we? Lets go for a walk, shall we? Lets sing together, shall we? Lets go to the movie, shall we? Lets visit Tukimin tonight, shall we? 9. Untuk kalimat majemuk, maka question tagnya dibuat berdasarkan kalimat utamanya. Example :

I believe he will come soon, wont he? She knew that I meant, didnt she? He made a statement that it was a mistake, didnt he? Youd rather I didnt say anything, wouldnt you? I supposed he should have known that, shouldnt he?

(bukan wasnt it?)

10. Untuk membuat guestion tagnya dari suatu kalimat, harus diperhatikan benar bentuk kalimatnya. Example : 1. Youd better go home now, hadnt you? Dalam kalimat ini berarti bentuk kalmatnya: Subject + Had better + Verb1 2. Youd rather stay here, wouldnt you? Dalam kalimat ini berarti bentuk kalimatnya: Subject + Would rather + Verb1 3. Shed gone to Jakarta before you arrived here, hadnt she? Dalam kalimat ini berarti bentuk kalimatnya: Subject + Had + past participle 4. He should study hard, shouldnt he? Dalam kalimat ini berarti bentuk kalimatnya: Subject + Should + Verb 1 5. She cut my belt, didnt she? Kata kerja (verb) cut, menyatakan bentuk: Cut cutting cut cut. Dalam bentuk present tense untuk subyek : she, he dan it kata kerjanya selalu ditambah dengan S atau ES Jadi, she cut my belt. Karena tidak ada tambahan s pada cut maka kalimat tersebut tentu dalam bentuk past tense. Sehingga question tagnya, didnt she? bukan doesnt she? She had John wash the car, didnt she? Dalam kalimat ini, bentuk kalimatnya menggunaka pola Causative: 11. Jika ada only maka question tagnya bisa positive atau negative Example : She only loves you, doesnt she? / does she? Page | 39

Expert English Course

Speaking / Grammar Program

He only has litte money, does he? / doesnt he? She only had a little money, did she? Didnt? 12. Kalimat yang menggunakan none of .., mengikuti setelah of None of you will go, will you? None of them will go, will they? None of us will go, will we? 13. Gabungan dari beberapa subyek mengikuti rumus sebagai berikut: I + All of subject = We We + All of subjects = We You + All of subjects, except I/We = You Subyek III (S/P) + Subyek III (S/P) = They Example : I and she can do it, cant we? You and he went to the beach, didnt you? She and he dont have money, do they? 14. Jawaban question tag: Membenarkan : You are studying, arent you? Yes I am. You arent studying, are you? No I am not. Menyangkal : You are studying, arent you? No I am not. You arent studying, are you? Yes I am.

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Expert English Course

Speaking / Grammar Program

Perhatikan singkatan-singkatan berikut sibawah ini: Youd go abroad, wouldnt you? (You would ) Youd gone abroad, hadnt you? (You had ) Youd better go abroad, hadnt you? (You had ..) Youd rather go abroad, wouldnt you? (You would ) She cut this string, didnt she? (cut adalah V2, sehingga menggunakan did) She cuts this string, doesnt she? (Cut adalah V1 + s, sehingga menggunakan does) Macam-macam singkatan Dont, doesnt, didnt, havent, hasnt, hadnt, isnt, arent wasnt, werent, wont, shant, wouldnt, shouldnt, maynt, mightnt, cant, couldnt, mustnt, neednt, darent, oughtnt to, usednt to, hasnt better. Aint : is not, am not, are not, have not, has not Im : I am Youre : You are Youll : You will Youd : You had, You would, You should Youve : You have Shes : She is Hes : He is

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Expert English Course

Speaking / Grammar Program

Exercises of Tag Question: Put a tag question! 1. Everyone is dizzy,..? 2. Everything is ready,.? 3. No one is sleepy,? 4. Nothing is ours,? 5. Someone does something in somewhere,.? 6. Her uncle will have been working,.? 7. You and she can do it,...............? 8. I will go if you go,.? 9. Lets speak English,..? 10. Few men came here last night,? 11. The rich will help the poor,..? 12. I am tidy,? 13. She put her book on the table,..? 14. Let me sit beside your friend,? 15. Shes been tired,? 16. Hed forget it,..? 17. Everyone does it,..? 18. His niece is stingy,? 19. Her nephew was upset,..? 20. She and your brother are jogging,.? 21. Your father and your mother were glad,? 22. Speak English,? 23. You speak English,? 24. Dont speak Javanese,.? 25. Do what he cant do,.? 26. What you say is nonsense,.? 27. They are fine,.? 28. You took my book,..? 29. I always make you happy,? 30. His niece will go abroad,.? 31. No one cut the cheese,? 32. Everyone is waiting for this information,? 33. Everything is needed,.? 34. He hardly ever visited his parents last year,? 35. Take it,? 36. Dont let her temp your honey,.? 37. Mine is yours,.? 38. She and your father will come here soon,..? 39. You and he can do this duty well,? 40. Our father and their mother wont stay in the jail,? 41. A few children get much attention from a career woman,.? 42. I need little sugar now,..? 43. A widow is sitting alone under your tired,..? 44. His aunt will be sad if he is failed,..? 45. Writing many articles will make you tired,..? 46. The man who insulted you last night has regretted,.? 47. Everybody know him,.? 48. His name Jacky,.? 49. This is a private conversation,..? 50. The play was very interesting,.? Page | 42

Expert English Course 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97.

Speaking / Grammar Program

The young man said rudely,..? I never get up early on Sunday,.? Last Sunday, I got up very late,.? Shes been studying English,? Shes studying English,? Shes studied English,.? Shes visited by her friend every Sunday,? Hed forget her,..? Hed forgiven her before she apologized to him,..? Hed better study English before going abroad,..? Hed rather stay at home than go to the theater,.? Hed had what you had,? Hed have had a car if he had won the competition,..? Youve been working for years,? A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian,..? He ptu piece od cheese in his pocket,.? In 1994, Mr Akhlis guided me in studying English,? Someone was crying,.?? Something was flying,? My name is Ramdhan,? Mr. Ramdhan is my brother,? His son will help me tonight,? Ive just received a letter from him,? He could understand my explanation,? What they do every day is always useful,? She and you dare speak English,? We may ask a question to our teacher,..? She might go last night,.? She needs a dictionary,? She need buy a dictionary,? He need buying a new car,..? They were expecting a valiable parcel,.? I used to saw the trees,..? I use the saw to cut the wood,..? He saws the trees every day,.? She is used to studying early in the morning,.? you ought to obey the rules,..? We have to struggle hard to rich our aims,.? Meeting them will make us relief,? The man speaking in front of us will U.S.A,? The children were flying football,? A widower is trying to marry again,.? He has his car repaired,? They are going to give us some performance,..? She is able to swim across the river,..? My mother has never been abroad before,.? The students whom Mr. Ramdhan taught last year will plan to astablish an Islamic boarding school,..? 98. None of them will deny their teachers decision,.? 99. Neither of us spoke during the journey,? 100. We hope to get many experiences after answering all the questions in this book,? Page | 43

Expert English Course

Speaking / Grammar Program

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Expert English Course

Speaking / Grammar Program

PASSIVE VOICE Passive voice atau kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subyeknya dikenai pekerjaan atau kalimat berawalan di/ter Rumus dasarnya adalah : to be + V3 Cara-cara membuat kalimat passive voice: 1. The sentence must have a transitive verb Transitive verb adalah kata kerja yang memerlukan objek Jika tidak ada objek, maka harus ada kata Tanya yang menanyakan objek. 2. Objek (A) becomes subjek (P) Objek dalam kalimat aktif menjadi subjek dalam kalimat pasif Perhatikan pamakaian auxiliary / to be nya 3. Subjek (A) becomes by Objek (P) Subjek manjadi objek yang didahului oleh by Perhatikan perubahan subjek ke objek 4. It uses to be + V3 Kalimat pasif selalu menggunakan V3 Sebelum V3 menggunakan aux / to be Apabila benbentuk pertanyaan maka subjek diletakan setelah aux / tobe yang pertama

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Expert English Course

Speaking / Grammar Program

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Expert English Course

Speaking / Grammar Program

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