TECHNICAL INFORMATION Useful Information for Civil Engineer

Revision 1: 01 Jan 2006 Revision 2: 20 Feb, 4 Aug 2006

Disclaimer: ----------Nathan Madutujuh, ESRC or PT AMCK does not responsible for any damage or loss due to the use of any information from this program.

A. LOADING

1. Material Weight

Reinforced Concrete Plain Concrete Steel Sand Fill Earth Brick wall 15cm

= 2500 kg/m3

= 2100 kg/m3 = 7850 kg/m3 = 1800 kg/m3 = 2000 kg/m3 = 250 kg/m2

Aerated Concrete Wall = 600 kg/m3 Mortar Ceiling = 2000 kg/m3 = 20 kg/m2

Granite tile Aggregate Sand stone Boulder stone Water Glass

= 2600 kg/m3 = 1450 kg/m3 = 1850 kg/m3 = 1800 kg/m3 = 1000 kg/m3 = 2500 kg/m3

Partition wall Hotmix

= 50 kg/m2 = 2200 kg/m3

Ceramic tile + purlin = 50 kg/m2 Metal sheet roof tile = 10 kg/m2

Batubara Batubara

= 1300-1400 kg/m3 = 1250-2200 kg/m3

Batubara (Bituminous) = 1250 kg/m3 Batubara (Lignit) Batubara (Antrasit) Batubara (Grafit) = 1500 kg/m3 = 1500 kg/m3 = 2200 kg/m3

2. Dead Load

Warehouse Archive Roof + M&E

= 2500 kg/m2 = 800 kg/m2 = 500 kg/m2

3. Live Load

Schools Library Library

= 200 kg/m2 = 300 kg/m2 (Reading) = 600 kg/m2 (Stack Room)

Hospitals Room = 200 kg/m2 Apartment Balcony = 200 kg/m2 = 300 kg/m2

Corridor, stair = 300 kg/m2 Reviewing Stands = 500 kg/m2 Restroom Office = 250 kg/m2 = 250 kg/m2

Computer Lab = 500 kg/m2 Stores, Retail = 500 kg/m2 Theatre Theatre Theatre Toilet = 250 kg/m2 = 500 kg/m2 (Moveable seats) = 600 kg/m2 (Stage Area, Warehouse) = 250 kg/m2

Roof, No Access = 100 kg/m2 Roof Deck Roof + M/E = 250 kg/m2 = 500 kg/m2 (No Roof Tank)

Heavy parking = 800 kg/m2 Light parking = 400 kg/m2 Garages Garages = 400 kg/m2 (Storage, repair) = 250 kg/m2 (Private cars)

Manufacturing = 400 kg/m2 (Light) Manufacturing = 600 kg/m2 (Heavy) Printing Plant = 750 kg/m2 (Machine) Printing Plant = 500 kg/m2 (Office) Storage Storage Storage = 200 kg/m2 (Residential) = 600 kg/m2 (Light) = 1200 kg/m2 (Heavy)

Pedestrian Bridges / Walkways = 500 kg/m2 Sidewalks and driveways = 1200 kg/m2

Impact Factor = 1.2-1.4

4. Live Load Reduction Factor :

Room Function Office, Apartment Garage, Parking Warehouse, Library

Beam and Slab Frame and Girder Mass Calculation 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.8

Beban air hujan:

Rata-rata selama 1981-2010, Ekstrim utk thn 2012

Curah Hujan per bulan (Jabar) : Rata-rata = 290 mm/bln, Ekstrim (2012) = 700 mm/bln Jumlah hari hujan per bulan : Rata-rata = 7-24 hr/bln, Ekstrim (2012) = 2-30 hr/bln

5. Column Axial, Live Load Reduction Factor due to Accumulated Floors above

Number of floors above Live Load Reduction (Accumulated) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 >= 8 1.0 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40

6. Allowable Deflection

Live Load Only : L/360 DL + LL : L/240

B. CONCRETE STRUCTURES

1. Preliminary Design

Height to width Ratio for Highrise Building

H/B < 5-9

------------------------------------------Building Type Material Max Floor

------------------------------------------Load Bearing Brick wall 4

------------------------------------------Rigid Frame Shearwall Concrete Concrete 20 35 50 55 60 80

Frame+Shearwall Concrete Frame Tube Tube-in-Tube Modular Tube Concrete Concrete Concrete

-------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------Building Type Material Max Floor

------------------------------------------Rigid Frame Braced Frame Belt Truss Frame Tube Mega Brace Bundled Tube Steel Steel 20 40

Steel Composite 60 Steel Composite 80 Steel Composite 100 Steel Composite 110

Mega Truss Tube Steel Composite 140 -------------------------------------------

Main lateral structural system should be at both directions Load bearing brick wall is only for floor <= 4

a. Floor System

Note: L/Tp = Span/Thickness

===================================================================================== ======== Floor Types L/tp Explanation

===================================================================================== ========

REINFORCED CONCRETE

One-way Slabs on Beams/Walls 37

Solid slab span between two support lines

Construction: Simple Formwork Span: 4-8m Reinforcement: simple, not very efficient, good for prestressing usage: cross-wall, cross-frame residential

highrise Example: 0.2m slab for 7.4m span

One-way Pan Joists and Beams

A thin mesh-reinforced slab supported by

closely spaced joists span to major beams Span: up to 12.5m Size: 6cm slab, 15-50cm joists, spaced 50-75cm, up to 12.5m span Construction: sepcial reusable form Reinforcement: efficient, good for prestressing usage: large span

One way slab on Beams and Girders

A not very thin slab supported by

closely spaced beams span to major beams Span: Up to 14m Size: 7.5-15cm slab, 30-60cm beam, spaced 100-200cm, up to 14m span Construction: standard beam formwork Reinforcement: efficient usage: large span

Two-way Flat Plate

Uniformly thick, two-way slab supported directly by columns or short walls Span: Up to 8m (11m for posttensioned) Size: 15-30cm slab for Span 8m to 12m

Construction: standard table formwork Reinforcement: not efficient usage: Residential/Office with clearance factor Need additional reinforcement near void/edge

Two-way Flat Slab

Uniformly thick, two-way slab supported by column capitals/drop panels then to columns or short walls Capitals increased shear capacity Drop panel increased shear capacity and also negative moment capacity Span: 10m - 12m Size: 18-20cm slab for Span 10m to 12m, Drop panel thickness 40-50cm Construction: standard table formwork Reinforcement: not efficient usage: Residential/Office with clearance factor, Flat plate with heavy load Need additional reinforcement near void/edge

Waffle Flat Slabs

A slab supported by square grid of closely spaced two-way joists with solid panel near columns acting as drop panels Span: 8m to 12m Construction: need special formwork

Reinforcement: efficient Appearance: good

Two-way Slab and Beam

The slab spans two-way between orthogonal beams

Span: 4m to 6m Construction: need standard beam and slab formwork Reinforcement: efficient Good to distribute load to four directions Usage: For Length to width ratio < 2.0 (almost Square slab)

===================================================================================== ======== STEEL FRAMING

One-way Slabs on Beams/Walls 37

Solid slab or concrete on metal deck or

precast slab span between two support lines Construction: Simple Formwork Need Crane for precast concrete Span: 4-8m Reinforcement: simple, not very efficient, good for prestressing usage: cross-wall, cross-frame residential highrise Example: 0.2m slab for 7.4m span

Beams can be two-way or three-way system Steel metal deck can be made composite with beams

===================================================================================== ========

RECOMMENDATIONS: ----------------

1. Two-Way Frame System

- Two-way slabs on beams

2. One-Way Beam System

- One way slab - Precast slab - Concrete and Metal deck

3. No beams

- Two-way Flat plate or flat slab

b. Beam and Slab Size

Ordinary Concrete Slab - One way - Two way - Waffle slab

L/H

Range L (m)

28-32 3-8 30-36 7-12 20-24 10-14

Ordinary Concrete Girder - One way - Two Way - Cantilevers - Arch Beam 12-14 14-16 4-6

L/H

30-40 20-50 hr = 8-12

Ordinary Concrete beam

16-20

Prestressed Concrete Girder Prestressed Concrete Beam

20-24 24-28

Prestressed Concrete Slab - One way - Two way - Waffle slab - Hollow core slab

L/H

Range L (m)

40-44 7-12 44-48 12-15 28-32 12-24 36-40 10-20

Steel Wide Flange Girder

- One-way - Two-way - Arch beam

20 24

5-20 5-20

40-50 27-68 hr = 8-16

Steel Trussed Girder

20

c. Column Size

Required Concrete Area, Ac = Ptotal/(0.3*fc') Column Size = Sqrt(Ac)

Approximation column rebar using axial load only design (very rough):

Interior Column: 1.5 ton/m2 Exterior Column: 2.0 ton/m2 Corner Column: 2.5 ton/m2

d. Reinforcement

ASTM A706 ASTM A615M 300,400 Fya <= Fy + 120 MPa Fu/Fy >= 1.25

Stirrups Diameter:

Minimum Dbv

Main Bar

---------------------------10mm 13mm <= 32mm > 32mm

Spacing of longitudinal bars <= 350 mm Spacing of side rebars <= 350 mm

Minimum Column Rebar = 1.0 % <= 6.0%

Minimum Beam Rebar = 1.4*bw*d/Fy <= 2.5% (top or bottom rebar)

Splice:

Farther than 2*h from column face Must be enclosed by stirrups with spacing <= 4/4 or 100mm

Hook: 135 deg, 75mm, 6*db 90 deg, 75mm, 12*db

Beam Rebars:

Rebar Mminor/Mmajor ratio >= 0.5 Rebar Mmin / Mmax ratio >= 0.25

Lo = 2*h, first h -> Vc = 0 --------------------------------------------------------------------------Notes Standard Seismic Area

--------------------------------------------------------------------------Section width, b Section height, h Section ratio, b/h Stirrups, ends Stirrups, mid b >= 250mm Ln >= 4*d b/h >= 0.3 d/4, 8*db, 24*dbv, 30cm

d/2, 16*db, 48*dbv, 60cm d/2 d/2

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Column Rebars:

Lo = h, L/6, 450mm (PBI=500mm) --------------------------------------------------------------------------Notes Standard Seismic Area

--------------------------------------------------------------------------Section width, b Section ratio, b/h Stirrups, ends Stirrups, mid bmin >= 300mm b/h >= 0.4 b/4, 6*db, 24*dbv, so

b/2, 12*db, 48*dbv, 30cm b/2, 6*db, 15cm

b/2, 6*db, 15cm

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

so = 100 + (350-hx)/3 >= 100, <= 150mm

hx = spacing of stirrups leg, typically 350mm hx = 350mm -> so = 100mm hx = 250mm -> so = 100 + 100/3 = 133 mm hx = 150mm -> so = 100 + 200/3 = 150 mm

Seismic Stirrups Calculation:

Vc = 0 for V > Vmax/2, and N <= Ag*fc'/20 at distance <= h (beam) or Lo/2 (column)

So, for first distance h or Lo/2: Calculate using Vc = 0 and for next h or Lo/2 distance : Calculate using Vc

Special stirrups requirements:

For concentrated load location, For beam carrying large torsional load, Stirrups spacings <= 100mm

Torsional Reinforcement:

For beam carrying cantilever beams or large torsional load Side rebars should use same diameter as main rebar Side rebar spacing <= 150mm

PEDOMAN PELAKSANAAN STRUKTUR PEKERJAAN BETON

1.Mutu Aggregat harus memenuhi syarat 2.Test beton dilakukan dengan kubus atau silinder, di Unpar/ITB 3.Ukuran aggregat <= b/5, 0.75*clearspc, tp/3 4.Kadar Fly Ash <= 15% 5.Bila dilakukan dengan kubus, faktor konversi dibawah ini digunakan: fc' cylinder = 0.83 fc' kubus, K <= K-225 fc' cylinder = 0.87 fc' kubus, K >= K-300

6.Pengujian kekuatan masing-masing mutu beton yang dicor setiap harinya haruslah dari : 1.Minimum 1 sample per hari 2.Minimum 1 sample per 20 m3 beton 3.Minimum 1 sample per 5 ready mix truck

7.Setiap sampel diambil sebanyak 4 buah, yang akan diuji pada hari ke-3, ke-14, dan ke-28 (2 buah).

Umur beton 3 hr

Kuat Tekan 50% fc'

7 hr 14 hr 21 hr 28 hr

80% fc' 90% fc' 95% fc' 100% fc'

8.Beton memenuhi syarat bila :

1.fc,average >= fc rencana 2.fc >= fc 35 kg/cm2

9.Selimut Beton

Fungsi Komponen Langsung diatas tanah Exterior Balok dan Kolom Pelat dan Wall Shell 50 mm

Cover 70 mm

40 mm 20 mm 15-20 mm

10.Slump Beton

Balok, Kolom, Wall Perkerasan dan Pelat Bored Pile

25 100 25 75 160- 180

mm mm mm

DPT

25 100

mm

11. FAKTOR AIR SEMEN

SNI-T-15-1990-03:11, Tabel 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------No. Kondisi Lingkungan Korosif Jumlah semen FAS (Max)

------------------------------------------------------------------------1 Dalam Ruangan Korosif 2 Luar Ruangan No 325 Tidak Terlindung 275 275 0.52 325 0.6 325 0.5 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.6

Terlindung 3 Dalam Tanah

Basah/Kering 300 300

Air tanah sulfat 4 Dalam Air Tawar

------------------------------------------------------------------------5 Dalam Air Payau 6 Dalam Air Laut Type II, Type V Type II, Type V 330 370 0.5 0.45

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

12. FLY ASH

Fly Ash dapat ditambahkan dengan akibat:

1. Mutu beton dapat naik 2. Kadar maksimum 15-20% 3. Penambahan Fly Ash akan memperlambat setting, efeknya 0.5-0.8 dari beton Class F Fly Ash = 0.5 = 0.65-0.8

Blast Furnace Fly Ash

13. MASS CONCRETE

Tebal pengecoran > 1.0 m memerlukan penanganan panas akibat pengecoran Suhu di dalam beton bisa naik sampai 70-80 degC. Untuk menghindari retak maka perbedaan panas didalam dan di permukaan beton harus < 21 degC Bila tebal > 1.0 m maka suhu didalam dan dipermukaan perlu dimonitor untuk mendapatkan perbedaannya.

Persiapan dilakukan diawal dengan :

1. Menggunakan Fly Ash (untuk memperlambat reaksi kimia / setting, sehingga produksi panas melambat) 2. Menggunakan air es pada waktu pengecoran (Kurang efektif) 3. Menggunakan selimut berupa lapisan pasir + terpal atau Styrofoam tebal 10cm sehingga suhu permukaan ikut naik sehingga perbedaannya dengan suhu di dalam beton menjadi berkurang

Temp awal beton maks sebelum cor Temp maks pada beton

= 32 degC

= 71 degC

Perbedaan temp dalam dan permukaan beton <= 21 - 36 degC

Kenaikan temperatur beton : 13 degC per 100 kg/m3 cement

Isolasi untuk menjaga perbedaan temp tidak terlalu besar

- Styrofoam 1" - Plastic cor - Pasir 10cm

PEDOMAN PELAKSANAAN STRUKTUR PEKERJAAN BESI BETON

1.Besi beton tidak boleh berkarat

2.Penyimpanan besi beton harus dilindungi dari hujan dan tidak boleh bersentuhan dengan tanah

3.Ukuran diameter harus memenuhi syarat dengan toleransi +/- 0.5mm

4.Test dilakukan setiap 20 ton besi, untuk tiap diameter yang digunakan

5.Test yang dilakukan : Test Tarik dan Test Pembengkokan, yang dlakukan di Lab Unpar atau ITB

6.Persyaratan Pembengkokan

1.Diameter Pembengkokan Min, D <= 25 = 6 Db 2.Diameter Pembengkokan Min, D > 25 = 8 Db

7.Persyaratan Uji Tarik: 1.Fy,aktual <= Fy,rencana + 20 Mpa 2.Fu/Fy >= 1.25

2. Thermal effects on Podium Floor

3. Flat Slab Design

4. Post-tensioned Flat Slab Design

C. STEEL STRUCTURE

1. General

Direction Convention for kx,ky,Lux,Luy:

kx = Buckling Length Factor for Buckling around X-X (Major of I) Axis ky = Buckling Length Factor for Buckling around Y-Y (Minor of I) Axis) Lur = Minimum Lateral Unbraced Length Ratio (Lumin/L)

Lux = Lateral Unbraced Length Ratio in X-X direction (Lux/L) Luy = Lateral Unbraced Length Ratio in Y-Y direction (Luy/L)

2. Torque for Bolt Installation

Selecting Bolt

Bolt Fu (MPa)

Fy (MPa)

----------------------------A307 420 A325 830 A490 4.8 8.8 420 830 340 660 660 340 660

8.8s 830

Use Bolt Diameter : 3/4", 7/8", 1" (20, 22, 24 mm) Hole diameter : Dh = Db + 1/16" = Db + 1.5mm

Plate Thickness : >= 10 mm Slip-Critical connections : for Reversal, fatique, large impact, vibration load

Bolt Usage ----------------------------------M12 Stairways, small purlin, cold-formed M16 Light steel, towers, platform, canopy, purlins, small beams

M20 Medium and heavy structures, buildings M24 Large and heavy structures

Bolt A307 -------------------------------------------------D (in.) D (mm) Torque (ft-lb) Torque (N-m) -------------------------------------------------1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 1 6.35 9.525 12.7 15.875 19.05 25.4 5.0 14.0 40.0 50.0 110.0 250.0 6.8 19.0 54.2 67.8 149.2 339.0

--------------------------------------------------

Bolt A325 -------------------------------------------------D (in.) D (mm) Torque (ft-lb) Torque (N-m) -------------------------------------------------1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 1 6.35 9.525 12.7 15.875 19.05 25.4 11.0 37.5 95.0 190.0 335.0 750.0 14.9 50.9 128.8 257.6 454.3 1017.0

--------------------------------------------------

3. Gable Frame (Factory) Design

Rafter and Column size estimation (rough):

Light Metal Roof : WF depth = (L

+ 5) in mm, L in meter

Medium Metal Roof : WF depth = (L*1.2 + 5) in mm, L in meter

4. Tower Design and Construction

If Designing tower with height more than 100m, please consider:

1. Construction method 2. Allowable wind speed during construction 3. Allowable wind speed for unfinished module 4. Exposure Category 5. Important Factor 6. Base plate bolts must use double nuts

Some Failures Causes:

1. Chemical anchor pulled out 2. Unstable unfinished module during erection 3. Erection equipment

4. Anchor bolts failed 5. Broken of horizontal bracings

5. Cold Formed Steel Truss

If using truss with both supports modeled as hinges, horizontal reactions must be transferred to beams or columns or resisted by a horizontal tie rod.

D. GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

0. Soil Stiffness Modulus (Es) (Used for spring stiffness for raft foundation)

Es = c.Nspt (in kPa unit) Es = c*qc (in qc unit)

Soil Type

SPT

CPT

========================================================= Sand (NC) 500(N+15) 2 to 4 qc

Sand (Saturated) 250(N+15) Sand (OC) gravelly sand and Gravel 18000 + 750 N 1200(N+6) 600(N+6), N <= 15 6 to 30 qc

600(N+6)+2000, N>15

Clayey Sand Silty Sand Soft Clay Clay

320(N+15) 300(N+6)

3 to 6 qc 1 to 2 qc

3 to 8 qc IP > 30, Organic IP < 30, Stiff 100 to 500 Su

500 to 1500 Su

=========================================================

1. Pile Driving Criteria

Pile Driving Criteria:

1. Desired Length 2. Maximum Blows (400..2300 blows, depends on pile size and site condition) 3. Blows per set (1.0 s/d 2.5mm) per blows, or 10mm - 25mm per 10 blows 4. Hammer Weight Wr : 1.5, 3, 5, 7, 9 ton, Max Ratio Wr/Wp = 0.5 - 1.0 5. Drop of hammer : 500mm to 1500mm

Driving Method:

1. Drop Hammer 2. Diesel Hammer 3. Hydraulic Hammer

1. Drop Hammer

2. Diesel Hammer

Source: Kobe Diesel Pile Hammmer, K 13 : Weight of ram = 13 KN

Spun Pile

Type of Diesel Hammer Jointed Pile

(mm) Single Pile

----------------------------------------------------------300 K 13 350 K 13 400 K 25 450 K 25 / K 35 500 K 35 600 K 45 / KB 45 K 13 K 13 / K 25 K 25 / K 35 K 35 K 35 / K 45 / KB 45 K 45 / KB 45 / KB 60

Hiley Formula for Diesel Hammer:

f. En

(Wr + e^2*Wp)

Rd = -------------------- * --------------S + 0.5*(C1+C2+c3) (Wr + Wp)

Where:

Rd = Ultimate bearing capacity of pile (ton) f = Relative efficiency of hammer (1.0 for diesel, 0.75 for drop hammer) En = Hammer Energy from Manufacturer

En = 2 * Wr * H for Diesel hammer En = Wr * H for Drop Hammer Wr = Ram Mass (ton) H = Drop Height (m) e = Coeficient of Restitution e = 0.5 for concrete pile e = 0.5 for steel pile e = 0.25 for wodden pile Wp = Pile mass (ton) S = Set (Pile Penetration) per blow (m) C1 = Elastic Compression of Cushion and cap (m) C2 = Elastic Compression of Pile (m) C3 = Elastic Compression of Soil (m)

p1 = Pressure on cushion of pile butt p2 = Pressure on concrete pile p3 = pressure on soil

Values of C1,C2,C3 for Diesel Hammer:

Item

Easy

Medium

Hard

Very Hard

----------------------------------------------------------------------------p1,2,3 C1 C2 35 kg/cm2 0.003 0.002 * L 70 kg/cm2 0.006 0.004 * L 105 kg/cm2 0.01 0.006 * L 140 kg/cm2 0.013 0.008 * L

C3

0 - 0.0025

0.0025

0.0025

0.0025

3. Hydraulic Hammer

Source: IHC HYDROHAMMER Manual, S = Striking energy in KJ

Spun Pile (mm) Single Pile

Type of Diesel Hammer Jointed Pile

----------------------------------------------------------300 S 35 350 S 35 400 S 35 S 35 S 35 S 35 / S 60 / S 70

450 S35 / S60 / S70 S 60 / S 70 500 S 60 / S 70 600 S 60 / S 70 S 60 / S 70 / S 90 S 60 / S 70 / S 90

Hiley Formula for Hydraulic Hammer:

f. En

f.En

Rd = -------------------- = -------------------------------S + 0.5*(C1+C2+c3) S + 0.5*((C1 + C*Sqrt(En + C3))

Where:

Rd = Ultimate bearing capacity of pile (ton)

f = Relative efficiency of hammer (2.5) En = Energy readout on Hydrohammer control panel (KJ) S = Set (Pile Penetration) per blow (mm) C = Factor depending on type of Hydrohammer and pile cross section area

Hammer Weight = 0.5 - 1.0 of Pile Weight

Stopping the Driving of Pile (Set = mm/blow for last 30cm)

Pile Type

Max Blow/25mm

Set (mm/Blow)

set (mm/10 Blows)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Timber Pile Concrete Pile Steel Pile 4-5 Blows / 25mm 6-8 Blows / 25mm 12-15 Blows / 25mm 5 4 2 50 40 20

To achieve end bearing : Set = 25.4mm / 10 Blows = 2.5mm / Blow

Number of strokes = 500 - 3000 strokes (depend on pile size, depth, soil condition) To avoid damage = 500 - 2000 strokes (depend on pile size, depth, soil condition)

Kobe Diesel Hammer

Type

Wr (kN) Stroke (m)

-------------------------------

K150 K45 K42 K32 K25 K13

147 44.0 41.2 31.4 24.5 12.7

2.59 2.80 2.59 2.59 2.80 2.59

2. Pile Test

PDA Test can give also Pile Integrity (PIT) and Pile Length Info PDA Test cost 10 times more than PIT Test PDA Test depend on hammer weight (2.5 ton to 7 ton) PDA Test should reach ultimate load of pile (not rebound)

Axial Test load should be 200% of allowable axial load and stop if reaching more than 1" or the pile concrete capacity is reached.

Lateral Test Load should be 2xHe and stop if reaching 1/4" for first cycle and 1/2" for second cycle. The test load also depends on the desired lateral resistance and lateral capacity of pile. It is good to have simulation analysis using soil spring to determine maximum load that can be accepted by pile.

Typical Values for several Pile size:

Pile Type

Size

Lateral Test Load

========================================== Precast Pile PC28 Precast Pile PC32 2 x 3.5 ton 2 x 5 ton

Precast Pile 45X45 2 x 7.5 ton Spun Pile Bored Pile D50 D60 2 x 10 ton 2 x 12.5-15 ton

Final Set

Penurunan tiang setiap N pukulan. Untuk menentukan berhentinya pemancangan, biasanya ditentukan batas nilai set

Final Rebound

Total rebound, kenaikan kepala tiang setelah sejumlah pukulan tertentu

LOADING TEST UNTUK BORED PILE

Pengujian tiang dapat dilakukan pada used dan unused pile

Pengujian Aksial Tekan :

1. Jumlah Pengujian Aksial = 1 % dari per Jenis tiang

2. Pengujian Statik = 75%, Pengujian Dinamik = 25% dgn PDA Tiang yang diuji statik dapat diuji PDA juga untuk korelasi pada pengujian PDA lainnya

3. Bila pengujian tidak di C.O.L maka selimut tiang dari permukaan hingga C.O.L perlu diloose thdp tanah keliling dengan :

a. Double Casing b. Goegandel (semacam Geomembrane) minimal 2 lapis c. Metode lainnya

4. Bila pengujian tidak di C.O.L maka harus dipasang telltale yaitu pada elevasi COL, elevasi bottom tulanggan tiang bor dan 1/2 panjang efektif tiang

5. Tiang uji tekan pertama disarankan untuk dipasang sepasang VWSG pada 5 elevasi

Pengujian Aksial Tarik :

Hanya diperlukan bila gaya tarik atau uplift akibat gempa atau tekanan air tanah

Pengujian Lateral:

1. Dilakukan 1x per tiap jenis tiang 2. Uji Lateral harus dilakukan pada COL

Quality Test:

Untuk kontrol kualitas pekerjaan dapat dilakukan pengujian tambahan berupa:

1. PIT Test untuk mengecek kualitas pengecoran, keutuhan tiang, panjang tiang Jumlahnya 10% dari tiap jenis tiang, harga sekitar 500rb/test

2. PDA Test untuk mengetahui daya dukung tiang dan kebersihan ujung tiang Harga sekitar 4-5jt/test Jumlahnya terserah.

3. Pile Load Capacity

Type

Size (cm) T (cm) Axial (ton)

Lateral (ton.m)

Mcr (t.m) Mult (t.m)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bored Pile (KETIRA) 50 60

30 40 90 120

35 60

1.45 6.80 16.20 31.70

Large Bored Pile 80 150-250

100

250-400

Mini Pile (KETIRA) S20 S25

T28 T32

20-30 30-40 30-35 45-50 1.7 3.4

1.1-1.5 1.8-2.4

Mini Pile (PT BEP) K-450, U-39

T28, 3 D13 T32, 3 D16

23 37

1.1-1.5 1.8-2.4

Rectangular

45

150

Spun Pile (Wika, K-600) 40 45 50 60

30 35 7.5 8.0 9.0

6.0 6.5

65-70 85-93 4.83-13.25 3.5-6.0 7.89-21.30 8.87-27.95 13.80-39.93 21.30-63.83 5.5-9.0

2.5-4.0

3.75-8.0

5.25-12.0 8.25-18.0 11.25-25.0 15.75-34.0 25.5-58.0

111-121 135-150 170-185

7.5-12.5 10.5-17.0 17.0-29.0

10.0 230-252

3. Soil Parameters

4. Basement Floor Design for Expansive Soil

Expansive soil is soil that expands when the water content changes, and shrinks otherwise. If the water content kept constant, no expansion will occur. Expansive soil can cause heavy uplift load on basement floor, from 0.5-20 ton/m2

Alternative design for expansive soil:

1. Using thick slab 2. Using thin slab + tension pile 3. Using thin suspended slab + Continous watering to keep water level constant 4. Replacing top soil with non-expansive soil

If Suspended slab used, consider also how to construct the basement slab. To avoid costly formwork, one can use 10cm polystyrene compressible for formwork.

5. Differential Settlement Between Tower and Podium

1. If the differential settlement is less than 1" or L/250 no special treatment 2. If more, and soil permeability is high (sandy, sand), then use delayed strip (delay casting concrete at one strip between tower and podium slab) at least 6 months to one year. 3. If diff settlement is less than 100mm and and soil permeability is low (clay with high plasticity), then use slab with gradual thickness change from tower to podium. Use spring to model pile and to get

more even load distribution at the border of tower and podium. 4. If differential settlement is more than 100mm for point 3, use dilatation or separation between poidum and tower.

6. Earth Pressure on Basement Wall due to Earthquake

1. Use Mononobe Theory to get Kae (Active Soil Pressure Coefficient) at earthquake 2. Reference: Soil Dynamics, Brajas

7. Liquefaction Potential of Soil

1. Earthquake Magnitude > 6.0 2. High Ground Water Level (near coastal or beach) 3. Fine sand layer depth <= 15m 4. Fine sand layer Nspt <= 30 or 22, qc <= 157 tsf (15 MPA) 5. Particle smaller than 0.005mm <= 15% 6. Liquid Limit < 35% 7. Water content > 0.9 LL 8. Saturation 80-85%

Foundation for liquifaction: 1. Thick Raft Foundation 2. Deep Sloof for stiffener

3. Good pile to pilecap connection (50 D embedded length + 75mm + Sengkang masuk kedalam pilecap) 4. Pile rebar extend passing the liquifieable layer

Methods of Soil Improvement:

1. Soil Dynamic Compaction 2. Stone column, vibro compacted 3. Deep Vibro Compacted until 20-30m 4. Cement based pressurized grouting

E. COST ASPECTS

1. Generally concrete structure cost less than steel structure, except for span > 15m and for roof structure (light load)

2. Concrete Equivalent Thickness for typical structure

Range from 0.2-0.25 m3 / m2

3. Concrete Rebar density

Range from :

120-150 kg/m2 Medium Rise Residential/Office/Hotel 150-180 kg/m2 Highrise Residential/Office/Hotel

180-200 kg/m2 Mall, Exhibition Hall

4. To get optimum concrete rebar density, use optimum beam depth:

Larger beam depth - Low rebar density - More weight - More lateral earthquake load

Lower Beam depth - Higher rebar density - Less weight

5. Reducing Beam Reinforcement:

- Use Rigid End Zone with alpha = 0.5 for beams - Use Cracked Inertia factor = 0.7-1.0 - Use Slab Thickness for calculating mid-span moment (Cracked Inertia factor = 0.70 if slab thickness included)

- Use Moment redistribution factor: Reduce top/negative moment by 10-15% Increase Positive moment by 15-20%

- Use right concrete cover:

Beam < 15x20 2.5cm Beam < 30x50 3.0cm Beam >= 30x50 4.0cm Slab 2.0-2.5cm

6. Use Concrete Biaxial Columns

- Use Rigid End Zone with alpha = 0.5 for columns - Use Cracked Inertia factor = 0.7 - Use right concrete cover: Column < 20x20 2.5cm Column < 40x40 3.0cm Column >= 40x40 4.0cm

7. Use Uniaxial Concrete Column

- If possible, use Uniaxial Column placed at direction of major moment

============================ Notes on TPKB Requirements: ============================

1. Flast slab buildings

- Always has edge beams - Max floor = 20 - Single System, R = 4.5

2. Dual System

- If column contribution >= 25% : R = 5.5 - If column contribution < 25%, but > 10% : R = 4.5 - All columns must be connected with beams

3. Drift

Drift max = 0.020 hx to 0.010 hx

4. Foundation Capacity Design

- DL + LL <= Pijin - DL + LL + EQ <= 1.5 Pijin - DL + LL + w*EQ <= 2.5 Pijin