THE KINDS OF ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS Introduction

Hello, Im Julia

Are you Yunita ? Id like to introduce my self Id like you to meet .. this is and this is how do you do? Pleased to meet you Pleased to meet you too I dont think weve met.

Hello, My name is May I introduce my self ? Are you Yunita ? Id like to introduce my self Id like you to meet .. Hello, Im Julia Hello, My name is May I introduce my self ? INTRODUCTION (Perkenalan) A. Self Introduction (Memperkenalkan Diri Sendiri)

Here are some phrases and the responses for formal introduction Formal Introduction Good morning. My name is Please, allow me to introduce myself. I am May I introduce myself? I am How do you do? My name is I am Dewi / My names Dewi Let me introduce myself Hi, Im Baskara. Hello, my names Baskara. Good evening. My name is Baskara. May I introduce myself? Im Baskara. Let me introduce Responses Good morning, how do you do? How do you do, nice to meet you? Oh, hello, nice to meet you I am ../ my names Hi /Hello Mr .. Hi, Im Renata. Glad to meet you. Hello. My names Renata. Pleased to meet you. Good evening. Im Renata. How do you do? How do you do? My name is Rena. Nice to meet you.

myself. My name is Baskara. How do you do? My name is Baskara. Informal introduction is used when you introduce yourself to someone at about the same age with you. Informal introduction id used in a non formal situation. Here are some Responses for informal introduction Informal introduction Hello, I am Nice to meet you Hi, I amNice to meet you Excuse me. I am . whats your ? Hi, whats your name . Example 1 : Hello, my name is Dewi. I live in Sukabumi but I was born in Rangkasbitung on may 2 nd , 1987. I study at SMK Mardiyuana Cikembar. I choose to study he re because . Example 2 : Hi, let me intoduce my self. My name is Ismail. Im sixteen year old. I was born an Oktober 17th 1987 in Subang, where I live till nowdays. I study at SMK Subang. I like study here because Example 3 : Hello, Im Shifa. Allow me to tell you about my self. I was born in Rangkasbitung on may 2 nd , 1987. Now I live in this city, therefore I choose this school to study . B. Introducing other (Memperkenalkan Orang lain) Formal Good morning, may I introduce our guest here, His name is Mr. this is .my friend in this office. I d like to introduce you to Mr. Sandy Dewi, Let me introduce you to .. Shifa, may I introduce you to . Mr. Alax, allow me Responses How do you Mr./Mrs. nice to meet you. My name is Responses Hi, I am . Nice to meet you Hello, I am . Nice to meet you I am Hello. I am . / My names .

introduce you to Miss .. Informal Let me introduce my friend, her name is Ana. Anna this is Chris my friend here. Have you meet my friend, Oky? Rini, this is Andy, Edi and Topan Oh Dewi, I d like you to meet . By the way, do you know each other ? Do you know Baskara? Have you met Baskara? This is a friend of mine, Renata. Baska this is Rena, my friend. May I introduce our new member, Mr. Rafael Romero? Please allow me to introduce our new District Manager. Let me introduce you to Mr. Iskandar our Marketing Manager. Mr. Iskandar, this is Mr. Hermawan from Borneo Plantation Company. Responses Hello Anna, glad to meet you. Hello Oky, I am Bara. Glad to see you How do you do nice to meet/see you No, I dont think so. No, I havent. Hi, glad to meet you. Im Renata. Hello, Renata. Pleased to meet you. Im glad to know you. Its nice to meet you. How do you do? How do you do? Its very nice to meet you.

Sympathy

Expressing of sympathy on minor Whats shame Thats too bad Whats pity Thats pity

Expressing of sympathy on serious accident Goodness! How Awful! How terrible! How dreadful!

 Thats a nuisance Oh dear Expressing of sympathy on personal circumstances Im sorry to hear that accept my deepest sympathy Im sorry about that Please Send my deepest condolence! Im really sorry for them Please accept my condolences!

Advice
why dont you I think youd better . Why dont you try Why not.. It would probably be a good idea to ..

Obligation
You must .. you have to . You had to .

Non Obligation
I dont have to . You dont have to . You must not .

Like
I like . I love I adore We dont mind . like, be fond of, be keen on .

Dislike
I hate . I cant stand . I dislike . cant stand, cant bear I detest

Pride
Im very proud of you. I feel proud of my brother.

Ability
I can.. I know how to. I have ability I am able to

Disability
I cant . I dont know how to I am not good at.. dont have ability in ..

 Im good at ..

I am not able to . I dont have experience of

Apologize
Im sorry to trouble you Ive come home here to apologize Im very sorry about that Im very sorry . Im terribly sorry . Please forgive me for I have to apologize for ..

Offering Help
Can I help you ? What can I do for you ? Can I do something for you ? Ill be happy to .. if you d like Id be glag to . if you d like Shall I .? Would you like me to..? Would you like ..? Offering Something Can I get you something to drink? Would you like something to drink? Do like .. Do like . or .. Do you wont .. Do you take .. or . May I give you Would you like some candies? Would you like to have dinner with me? Oh yes, Id love to. That sounds nice. Thats very kind of you. Oh, thank you. Yes, please Offering to friends Want some? Have some. Chocolate? Do you want to something to eat ? Shall I get you something to read ? Can/may I help you? What can I do for you? Do you want me to joint us? Would you like me to . Let me Ill . if you d like

 Glass of lemonade? Grab some for yourself. Would you like to have a pancake? Why dont you have some lemonade? What can I get for you? What will you have? Offering to older people: Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green? Should I get you a bottle of water? Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Lina? Would you care for some salad? Accepting an Offer Yes, please Yes, of course Of cours I can Thats very kind of you I appreciated that That would be marvelous Thank you Thanks a lot Thanks, Id love to Many thanks Yes, please Id like it very much Thank you, I would That would be very nice Refusing an Offer Thats very kind of you but I can do it myself. Thanks anyway I appreciate that but I can do it myself That would be marvelous but I can do it myself Thank you for your kindness but I can do it myself Please dont be bother (yourself) Im sorry .. Im sorry I cant. I have to Oh, Id love to, but I dont think I cant. Its all right. I can

 No, thanks. No, I really wont thank you. Not for me, thanks. No, thanks. Im not hungry.

Thank
Thanking Thank you. Thanks. I want to thank you for I want to tell you ho grateful I am Im extremely grateful to you for Im grateful for Im very grateful for Im so grateful for Thank you very much for Thank you so much for Thank you for That was nice of you. Thank you. That was nice of you. Thank you. But you really shouldnt have Theyre beautiful but you didnt need to (give me anything) Thanks a lot for I really appreciate Thanks. Thanks a million. Response Youre welcome. Thats all right. Thats okay. Its a pleasure. It is no trouble. It is nothing. Not at all. Dont mention it. Youre very/ quite welcome. Youre entirely welcome. Dont mention it. Youre welcome. It was my pleasure. Dont mention it. Youre welcome. Well, I just wanted to show my appreciation for But I wanted to. Youre welcome Sure It was nothing. What are friends for? Dont worry about it Forget it. Other Expressions of Thanks: FORMAL Im really grateful to you. I do appreciate Im very much obliged to you. That is very good of you. I really cant thank you enough.

 I should like to say how grateful I am. I should like to express my gratitude. INFORMAL Thank you. Thank you very much. Many thanks. Thank you very much indeed. Thanks. Thanks a lot. Thanks a million Cheers. Cheers. In General, People Thank Someone: For gift (an expressions of thanks, a compliment on the gift, a question relating to the gift) For favors (doing something for another person that the doer had no obligation to do) For an offer of help For a compliment and a wish of success When asked about their health For an invitation When leaving a party or social gathering For services, such as being waited in a store Expressing thanks for failed attempt: Thank you for trying. I appreciate your help anyway. Thank you very much for your effort. Thanks, anyway. Thanks a lot for trying, at least. Im sorry it didnt work out. Perhaps youll have better luck next time. Sorry it didnt work out. Sure. Too bad it didnt work.

Invite
Inviting Would you like to .? Why dont you ..? Do you fancy..? Would you mind ? Do you feel like ..? How about ? Accepting Yes, Id love to With pleasure Id be delighted Thats good idea Im pleased to do that. With pleasure.

 Is there any chance of ? Would you like to.. Would you mind joining us to. Would you like to come along ? Would you care to would you be interested in How about . How would you like to Do you want to . Do think you can come to would you be able to Shall we What about Lets .. Why dont we Wont you. We would like to invite you for .. We would like to have you for .. We would like to join us you for .. We want/hope you to join us for .. If you are not busy, please .. if you are free can you .. If you dont have any other plans would you Id like you to come to dinner. Id like to ask you to come swimming. Would you like to go to the theater with me on Saturday night? How about going to the football match with me tomorrow afternoon?

That would be nice. I will. All right Wonderful / Great I did love/like to I did glad/happy to that sounds be terrific/fun/wonderful we d be verry happy to come Thanks for asking/inviting me the invitation. Thank you, Id be glad to go. Yes, thank you. Id be happy to go. Thank you so much for inviting me. Lets meet at the school canteen. Yes, Id love to. Sure. Great. All right Refusing Id love to, but.. Im sorry Im afraid I cant , I have to. Thank, thats great, but Im sorry. Ill. Id love to, but. Id love to, but I cant. Id love to, but I wont be able to Im sorry I cant, I have to That would be nice but I dont have time. I wish I could, but Im afraid I cant.Thanks anyway Thank you but I have another program. Thank you for asking me,but Thank you very much,but. Thanks but Im afraid I cant. I have .. Im sorry, but I dont think I can. Sorry, I cant. (But thanks anyway). Im so sorry, Ill be very busy tomorrow

night. Im afraid thats not too good fro me, what about after lunch? Examples : Study the dialogue below! Dani : Have you got anything to do night, Deby? Deby : I dont think so. Why? Dani : My Friends is going to celebrate his wedding party tonight. He invited me. I dont want to go allone. I dont know withy whom should i go there. Would you like to accompany me, Dani? Deby : Id (would) love to, but what time, Dani? Dani : What about at seven oclock? Ill pick you up. Deby : Ok thats fine. Dani : Thanks, Deby youre very kind. Acil: Would you care to see the movie with me next Sunday ? Bai : That would be nice. Please fetch me at 9 a.m. Ungkapan ajakan umumnya dinyatakan dengan : Lets + V.base/be. Example : a. Lets speak English! b. Lets sing a pop song! c. Lets be happy! d. Lets be smart!

Asking for Permission

Can I ? Could I ? May I ? Would be all right ? Do you mind if ? Would you mind if? I was wondering if I could?

Giving and Refusing Permission

Yes, you can. Okay. Sure. Of course. By all means. No problem. How to Ask for Things Asking for things in English doesnt need to be stressful. Just remember some key phrases, and youll be able to deal with most situations smoothly and confidently! Sorry,. Im sorry, you cant. Im afraid not

 Expression ask for things . Do you know if? . Do you have? . Do you accept . (credit cards)? . Is this the right way for. (the Post Office)? . Could you tell me if . (theres a Post Office near here)? . Would you mind . (keeping an eye on my luggage?) . I wonder if you could . (move your suitcase a little.) Excuse me, do yo have this dress in a smaller size? (In a shop) Excuse me, do you know where the nearest bank is? (On the street) Hello. Id like some information about (ask for something) Can I have. (ask for something) Three stamps for Europe, please. (ask for something) (Good morning.) How can I help you? (greeting) What can I do for you? (offering) Will that be all? (need anything else) (Is there) anything else? (need anything else) (Hello.) Can / Could I have .. please? (Falling intonation) (Good morning.) Can / Could you give / get me .. please? ( help) (Good evening.) A table for two, please (help) Responding to questions You ask for something, then the person you have asked needs more information. He or she asks you a question. If you havent expected this, you can play for time say something to give you time to think. Say something like Oh, Ah, Um, or Er to give you a second or two to formulate an answer. Remember, complete silence makes the other person feel uneasy! You: Two tickets to Glasgow, please. Clerk: Single or return? You: Um, return please. Were coming back tomorrow. (You are at the bureau de change) Clerk: How would you like your money? You: Oh, er, three tens and a five, please. You: Hello. Can I have a leaflet about London museums, please. Clerk: Sure. Anything else? You: Um, do you have any information about musicals?

Pleasure and Displeasure Permission

Im so happy . I feel . How happy to I feel Im really sad to .. feel unpleased with .

 Im very pleasure with Its a pleasure to

I feel disappointed.

Agree and Disagree

Yes, I agree Thats quite true Youre absolutely right! Im of exactly the same opinion I think so I go along that line Im with you I agree completely I suppose youre right Im afraid I entirely disagree I cant agree I dont think its very good Uhm.. I dont think so Surely not I am sorry, but I have to disagree I couldnt agree less Im not sure I can agree

Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction

We feel satisfied/contented with it. It makes us satisfied. It gives my satisfaction. I am dissatisfied with it. It is dissatisfactory. It makes me dissatisfied.

Expression of Giving Compliment / Congratulation Compliments express approval and are aimed at showing that you like some aspect of the other persons appearance, belonging or work. It is also to appreciate other people, but overuse of compliments might seem insincere. Whom to Compliment: Anyone you have occasion to talk with (friends, family, colleagues, and even strangers) What to Compliment Notice something new about the persons appearance: new car, new haircut, a piece of jewellery, etc On a person of his or her general appearance: You look good today When visiting someones house for the first time: What a beautiful house you have. When hosts prepare a meal for you: The meal was delicious. How to Compliment in formal or informal :

 I would like compliment you on I think your (hair) is very nice. I just love your (dress). The (chicken) is very delicious. I really like your (skirt). This (cheese) is super. Thats not a bad (bike) youve got. Thats neat. Thats nice. Thats not bad. Terrific. Pretty good. OK! All right. Response to Compliment : Thank you. Its nice of you to say so. Thank you but really isnt anything special. Thank you. Yours is even nicer. Im glad you like it. Thank you. Thank you. Returning Compliment : Its nice to hear that from someone with your experience. Yours is nice, too. (Its enough to say Thank you to a compliment. No further reply is required)

How to Congratulating Congratulating Id be the first to congratulate you on. Id like to congratulate you on Please accept my warmest congratulations. May I congratulate you on I must congratulate you. Responding to congratulations Its very good of you to say so. How nice of you to say so. Thank you very much for saying so. Im glad you think so. Oh, its nothing special actually. Oh, I have a lot to learn yet. Thank you.

 It was great to hear about Congratulations. Congratulations on Well done Nice one. Good. Fantastic!

Oh, not really. Oh, nothing to it, actually. Oh, thanks.

Expression of Anger and Annoyance

Here some example of expressing anger or displeased and annoyance. The examples are categorized by the situation: formal and informal. FORMAL This is extremely irritating I cant say Im at all pleased Im extremely displeased/angry/unhappy. I must say I reject to I will not pull up with I take great exception to INFORMAL Oh, hell, No! Oh damn! Oh no, whats next? Oh dear/Oh No! She makes me mad. He really makes me see red. What an idiot! What a nuisance! I really hate him! I cant stand it anymore. Im very annoyed Im fed up with it. Thats the last straw. This really makes me cross/angry. Why the hell didnt he stop calling me..? Ive had just about enough of this condition. It annoys me. It isnt very nice/ pleasant.

EXPRESSING OF FEELING
Asking about feelings How do you feel about it? How do you find /like What are you thinking about? What is your feeling? What do you think of .. Why do you think You have something on your mind? What are you looking so serous about? Is something bothering you? Want to talk about it? Are you ok? Do you like/think Are you happy about something?

Expression of Giving Direction

Here is some useful vocabulary for asking directions in English. Asking for directions How do I get to ? Whats the best way to ? Whats the quickest way of getting to your office? Where is ? Where are you exactly Can you tell me the best way of getting to your office? Some Phrases to Show Direction Go straight on (until you come to ). Turn back./Go back. Turn left/right (into -street). Go along . Cross signpost Opposite Near Between Next to at the end (of)

 on/at the corner (of) across from traffic lights behind in front of, in back of, in the middle of Take the first/second road on the left/right Its on the left/right.. / (to) (on) the right/left of To be (is) located/situated (just) around the corner Getting information Will you be coming by car or by train? Its much easier if you take the train. Which hotel are you staying at? General information in English Were not far from or Were quite close to Its about a mile / kilometre / two blocks from Were opposite / next to / in front of / across the road from / round the corner from the supermarket. Giving directions in English Come off the motorway / highway at Junction / Exit 12. Its signposted Manchester. Follow the signs to Theres a one-way system in the centre of town. Take the A12 to Chelmsford. Go straight on / left / right at the lights / at the roundabout /at the junction of and Go past the supermarket. Youll come to / see Its the first turning on the right after the bank. Use landmarks to help Youll see a large sign / roundabout. On your left youll see an industrial centre / a hospital / the police station. Just after the level crossing / shopping centre (or mall). Go past the petrol station / the garage.

Expression of Surprise and Disbelief

Some expressing of surprise and disbelief in formal and informal.

FORMAL I find that very surprising. I must say it surprises me. I find it extraordinary. Indeed? How very surprising. I must say it surprises me. INFORMAL Thats very surprising.Really? Here? Is she? That is a surprise. What a surprise. Good heavens. Thats amazing/extraordinary. My goodness. What?No! I dont believe it! Are you serious? Well, I never! Oh, no! Fantastic! You dont say. Whod have thought it? Fancy that. Youre kidding. LETS COMPARE EXPRESSIONS Are you serious? No! I dont believe it. You must be joking. Youre kidding. Really? Thats very surprising. What a surprise! My goodness. Dialogue. Expressing surprise FUNCTIONS Expressing disbelief

Alex Brian Alex Brian Alex Brian Alex Brian Alex Brian

: I went to Soraksan last weekend. : Really, who did you go with? : Only my girlfriend and I went. : Youre kidding your girlfriend went with you? Did anyone else go? : No, just the two of us. We had a great time. We climbed Sorak Mountain, had dinner at the Kensington Hotel and climbed up to Teetering Rock. It was incredible. : Let me get this straight. You and your girlfriend went alone to Sorak? What about her folks and your folks, did they know about this trip. : Oh yeahit was no problem. : Seriously, I find this hard to believe I know your parents, they wouldnt allow this. : Honestly, it was no problem : Wow, I wish my folks were that liberal and open-minded.

EXPRESIONS OF REQUEST (Permintaan )

Function of Request: To ask somebody to do something politely To make polite request uses some expressions Expressions Ask of Request (Bertanya/Meminta) Formal: Could you phone me at 7 oclock? Would you mind repairing my watch? Would you mind ,please? Would you mind (Verb-Ing) Would you mind not. (Verb-Ing) Would you like .. (Verb-1) Would it be possible for you to.? We should be most grateful if ? Would you be so kind as to ? Would you like to be patient? Informal: Can you give me the book? Do you think you could take me to the shop I wonder if you could write me an application letter? Can I borrow your pen? Could I have a seat? Cant I sit beside you?

 May I use your computer? Can you ? Could you ? Will you? Would you ? Wont you ..? Will you move here? Wait a minute, please? Come here please? Wont you please be patient? Attention please? Close the door, please Please Expressions Response of Request (Menerima Permintaan) OK Sure yes All right Certainly Its a pleasure I have no objection I should be delighted to come by all means Id be happy to. No problem Mmm Yes, of course Yes, just a minute Yeah. Right you are By all means I should be most happy Expressions Refusal of Request (Menolak Permintaan) Im afraid, I .. (give your reason). Im sorry, I cant. Id like to, but(give your reason). Im afraid its not possible Im afraid not

 Sorry Sorry, I cant Sorry, I still use it No, I wont Not likely Of course not Certainly not You must be joking

EXPRESSIONS OF LEAVE TAKING

(Expresi Meninggalkan Pembicaraan) Leave Taking Formal Situation - Good bye - I look foward to seeing you again soon, good bye Informal Situation Pre-closing Sorry, Ive go to Well, talk to you later, then to be going -Sorry, I have to go now. - Ill talk to you later. - Its been nice talking to you - So, Ill see you next week - OK then - I think Id better be going now. -Well, its time for me to leave. -I think its already late at night. -I must be going home. Closing/leave-taking - Good bye and give me regard to Mr/Mrs. See you later Take care So long Until the next week / time -I will be seeing you - Yes of course. See you. - Sure. See you later. - So long. - Take care. - Keep in touch. So long Bye bye See you Take care Please keep in touch Good bye Good night, Indah Good bye, Mr. Saiful You too Ok Certainly Bye bye - Good bye - Good bye Yes of course, it was nice to see you Responses

Please, excuse me but I really have See you soon

 Good night, Ali Good-bye, Mrs. Mariah Have a nice (day).. Have a nice / good time Good luck All the best Enjoy your self Remember me to (your mother) Bye-bye - Bye-Bye; Bye; Bye now; Take care of yourself - Cheerio! - Have nice dream - Have a good trip - you too, so long - till we meet again -See you later - Fine. -See you soon OK. -See you tonight All right .- See you tomorrow.

- See you at school.

Expressions of Greeting
(Ekspesi Menyapa) In our daily life, we often need to greet someone, to introduce ourselves and other person and to express thanking. Thats why you need to learn this unit. It will be beneficial for you to get along well with people around you, either today or later when you get into the world of work. FORMAL GREETING Good morning Good afternoon - Good noon/day Good evening - Good night Hello, how are you -Nice to meet you Time Good morning after day break, before noon. (00.00 12.00 a.m) RESPONSES Hello, Hello, good afternoon - Good noon/day Good evening - Good night Im fine thank you -Nice to meet you, too

 Good afternoon after 12.00, before sunset. p.m) Good day after day, before sunset, p.m) Good night (09.00 00.00 a.m) Note : a.m = ante meridiem (00.00-12.00) p.m= post meridiem (12.00-00.00) INFORMAL GREETING - Morning - Afternoon - Evening - Hello, hi Initial greetings - Hi, hows life? - How are you? - How are you today? - How are you this morning? - How are you doing? - How are things - How is everything - How have you been? - Whats news? - Hows business? - Long time not see? - Hows life treating you? - Whats news? - Hows everything? - Hows business? - Hows it going? - Good to see you. Example :

(12.00 16.00 (12.00 p.m)

Good evening after sunset, before bed time. (06.00 09.00

RESPONSES - Morning - Afternoon - Evening - Terrific / great, and you? - Hello /hi Responding to initial greetings - Im fine , thank you and how are you? - Im very well - Fine thanks, and you? - Very well - Good /pretty good/pretty well - Not bad /all right - Just fine, thanks - All right thank - Pretty well, what about you? - Yeah! - Okay - Terrific. And you? - Just fine, thanks. - Great, thanks. - Pretty well. What about you? - Excellent

Situation 1 : Soraya meets Adam at the cafeteria. Soraya : Hello, Adam. How are you getting on? Adam : Fine, thanks. How are you? Soraya : Im very well. Thank you.

Adam : Have you finished your lunch? Soraya : Yes, I have. Id better be going, or Ill be late at my office. Goodbye, Adam. Adam : Goodbye, Soraya. See you tomorrow.

Expressions of Handling Guest

Words and expressions used in handling guests: What can I do for you, Sir? We would like to offer you a special floor We recommend you to go to . Welcome to our hotel I hope you enjoy the food Im sure youll enjoy your stay here. Words Eexpressions used in talking about Telephone Handling; Who is speaking, please? Sorry, the line is engaged Ok, Ill put you through Hold on, please.

EXPRESSIONS OF LIKE/LOVE AND DISLIKE/HATE

(Mengungkapkan Perasaan Suka/Cinta dan Tidak Suka/Benci) Formal : - Im really very fond of .. - What I particularly/greatly enjoy/like is - I have a particular / special fondness for .. Informal -I like it -Im keen on it / Im crazy -I adore (very strong) - Theres nothing I like/enjoy more than - Ive always liked . - (benda/noun/gerund) .. is my cup of tea - I like people who are sociable. - I like someone who is funny. - I really like an honest person. - I like it when people are reliable. -I like it when someone is easygoing. -I like it when a person is punctual. -I love it when my mother cooks my favorite meal

-I love you -I really love you -I falling in love with you -I can stop loving you -I need you -. is a lovely/marvellous -I do love -I have always love . Expression of Dislike -I dont really like it - Im not really interasted in . - I cant enjoy .. - (benda/noun/gerund) .. is not my cup of tea - I cant stand - Oh, how awful . - There nothing I like less - I dont like people who leave things all over place. - I think people who blow smoke in your face are disgusting. - I cant stand it when people blow smoke in my face. - It bothers me when someone talks impolitely

EXPRESSIONS OF ASKING AND GIVING OPINION

(Meminta dan Memberikan Pendapat) Opinion intinya adalah pada kata opini dan argumen. Opini adalah pendapat sedangkan argumen adalah alasan. Dialog opini adalah dialog yang saling mengutarakan pendapat tentang satu hal. jadi masing masing punya opni sendiri-sendiri. Biasanya menggunakan kata in my opinion, in my view, I thnk dan sebagainya. sedangkan dialog argumen adalah dialog yang saling menyatakan argumen atau alasan alasan. biasanya menggunakan kata kta first, second , dan seterusnya untuk mngurutkan argumaenya Asking opinion Giving opinion Formal : - Have you got any comments on .. - Do you have any idea? - Do you have any opinion on - Would you give me your opinion on.? - What is your reaction to - What is your opinion about.? - What are you feeling about.?

- What are your views on.? - Please give me your frank opinion? Informal - What do you think of.? - What do you think about? - What is your opinion? - Why do they behave like that? - Do you think its going? - How do you like? - How was the trip? - How do you think of Rinas idea ? - How do you feel about this dicition? Formal : - I personally believe .. - I personally consider . - I personally think /feel . - I hold the opinion . - My own view of the matter is - Well, personally . - If I had my view, I would .. Informal - I think I like it. - I dont think I care for it. - I think its good/nice/terrific.. - I think that awful/not nice/terrible - I dont think much of it. - I think that.. - In my opinion, I would rather. - In my case .. - What Im more concerned with . - What I have in my mind is - The way I see is that - No everyone will agree with me, but . - To my mind .. - From my point of view . - If you aks me, I feel . - Absolutely Asking someones point of view: What do you think about the comedian series Bajaj Bajuri? Excuse me, what do you feel about the language used in that film?

 What are your views about Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone? What are your feelings about the two characters which were terrified by a Tyrannosaurus rex in Jurassic Park? What do you think about TV shows? Have you got any comments on the latest album of Padi? What is your reaction to? Id be glad to have your view on What would you say to? Expressing points of view: Fantastic! I always love the Bajaj Bajuri serial and all of the silly ideas of these series. Awful! I must say frankly that sometimes the intimate language used in these series is very dangerous for Indonesian children. Personally I believe. In my view, . It seems to me. From my point of view. Id just like to say. Well, to my mind this scene. Personally, I consider. To be perfectly frank. Asking about wonder(curiosity) thoughts/feelings: How do you feel about it? What are you thinking about? You have something on your mind? What are you looking so serious about? Is something bothering you? Is there anything you want to talk about? Want to talk about it? Are you O.K.? Are you worried about something? Expressing wonder(curiosity): I wonder at her rudeness. I wonder how he can come here after what happened. I really wonder if he loves somebody younger. Im just wondering if she knows how much I love her. I wonder who she is. I was just wondering how to do it. I dont wonder after the treatment she had.

Note : Informal Expression are used in a sitation where you are talking between friends or close friends. The expressions usually respond to something that you discuss in an informal situation. Formal Expressions are used in a situation where you are talking in aformal situation, such as in the office or school between the teacher and students Think about is used when a person is occupied with something or somebody Example : I cant stop thinking about her Think of is used to imagine something. You can actually replace the word think of with the word imagine.

RECOUNT TEXT
My Day I had a terrible day yesterday. First, I woke up an hour late because my alarm clock didn't go off. Then, I was in such a hurry that I burned my hand when I was making breakfast. After breakfast, I got dressed so quickly that I forgot to wear socks. Next, I ran out of the house trying to get the 9:30 bus, but of course I missed it. I wanted to take a taxi, but I didn't have enough money. Finally, I walked the three miles to my school only to discover that it was Sunday! I hope I never have a day as the one I had yesterday.

the text structure of the recount text above is

Genre Recount Social function Generic structure Orientation Events : provides the setting and introduces participants : tell what happened, in what sequence : to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining

Re-orientation : optional-closure of events

NARRATIVE TEXT
The Fortune Teller In the great city of Taipei, there lived a man called Lin and his wife. They had no children. Because of this, Orientatio n Orientation: provides the setting and introduces participants. Events: tell what happened, in what sequence. Re-orientation: optional closure of events.

I had a terrible day yesterday. First, I woke up an hour late because my alarm clock didn't go off (paragraph 1)

Next, I ran out of the house trying to get the 9:30 bus, but of course I missed it. I wanted to take a taxi, but I didn't have enough money (paragraph 2)

Finally, I walked the three miles to my school only to discover that it was Sunday! I hope I never have a day as

they were very unhappy. One day, they found a baby boy outside their door. He was wrapped in a blanket and crying. They took the baby into their house and called him Sau Ling. They loved him very much. When Sau Ling was a young man, a fortune-teller came to the house. "You must send your son away," he said. "One day he will become a thief and cause you a lot of trouble." Mr and Mrs Lin were very sad to hear this. They believed what the fortune-teller said. They gave Sau Ling some clothes and money and sent him away. Several years later, Sau Ling was having a meal in Complicati on

an inn several miles from Taipei. He put his bag on the oor near his table. After nishing his meal, he picked up his bag. "That's strange!" he thought, "It feels so heavy." He looked inside. It was full of small gold bars. Then he realised that someone had taken his bag by mistake and left another bag, in its place. That evening, a young man came to the inn, "Has anyone seen my bag?" he asked. Sau Ling was very honest. He returned the bag to him. The young man thanked him. "You are really very honest," he said, "I shall ask my father to give you a job." The young man's father was a rich merchant. He gave Sau Ling a good job. "But go home rst," he said, "and take a holiday." Sau Ling returned to Taipei. Mr and Mrs Lin were delighted to see him again. The fortune-teller was also present. Sau Ling told them what had happened. The fortune-teller did not know what to say. He left the house without saying a word. Mr and Mrs Lin never believed in fortune-teller after that. Sau Ling took them to live with him and they were very happy and contented until the end of their lives. Every text has its own structure. The structure of narrative text consists of three parts: orientation, complication, and resolution. Orientation describes scene and introduces the participants of the story. Complication begins when there is a problem in resolution. The structure of narrative text occurs in the text variously. A text may have only one complication and resolution but another text may have more than one complication and resolution. Genre Narrative Social Function : to amuse, entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways. Generic Structure Orientation Resolution : : sets the scene and introduces the participants. a crisis arises. the crisis is resolved, for better or for worse. Complication : Resolution

Procedure Text
How to operate a fan
1. Plug the power cord into a wall
GOAL

outlet. (AC 120 Volts 60 HZ) 2. To make the fan move sideways, push the pin on top of the motor. 3. To move the fan up or down, rst pull up the oscillating pin, then press the tilt adjustment knob. 4. To change the speed of the fan, press one of the switches at the bottom. 1. 2. 3. 4. What do we do rst to operate a fan? How can we change the speed of the fan? What do we do to make it move sideways? How do we make it go up and down?
METHOD OF STEPS

The structure of procedure texts generally consists of three parts, namely goal, materials needed and methods or steps. This structure is appropriately applied in a recipe. In a howtotext, the materials needed part sometimes is not applicable. Genre Procedure Social function of actions or steps. Generic structure Goal. Materials (not required for all procedural texts) Steps (a series of steps oriented to achieving the goal) : to describe how something is accomplished through a sequence

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
Gua Tabuhan Is a Lively Unique Cave

In the cave, Nyi (Mrs) Kamiyem and Ki (Mr) Padmo sit on a big stone. Nyi Kamiyem will sing a song and Ki Padmo will beat the drum. Joining them are people called wiyogo which are drummers and other gamelan musicians. What makes this unique is that they mix gamelan with the sounds of nature. The visitors dance, forgetting all problems. Many tourists go to this cave. Maybe you are interested in going there too but you don't know where it is. Gua Tabuhan is located near Pacitan in East Java. It is situated in a lime hill called Tapan, in Tabuhan, Wareng village. The route is easy. Along the road there is beautiful tropical scenery to enjoy rice elds, coconutpalms and birds. East of the cave peddlers sell souvenirs. The drink and food peddlers are on the north side. People sell agates on the cave terraces. Somehow, it is like a fair. It is said that the cave is the only place where nature produces sounds like the music of gamelan. Nyi Kamiyem, a wellknown pesinden (traditional Javanese singer) from the village of Gabuhan, who often sings in the cave, does not doubt anything. ua Tabuhan did not use to welcome visitors. According to Kartowiryo (90), village elder, Gua Tabuhan used to be a hiding place for robbers. It was believed to be a sacred place. No one dared go inside. However, Wedana (chief of a district) Kertodiprojo, went to the cave to nd out what was wrong. He found out that the cave was inhabited by the annoying evil spirits. The people chased the spirits away. The cave is dark, so people need lights, and a local guide will lead the way. Sometimes visitors bump their heads against the sharp rocks on the ceiling. Inside the cave there is a plain big stone which is believed to be the prayer mat of Pangeran Diponegoro, one of the Indonesian heroes who fought against the Dutch. It is said that Pangeran Diponegoro used to seclude himself in the cave. Some people now use the place for meditation. There is a stream in the cave, in the east corner, which
DESCRIPTION iDENTIFICATION

can only be seen outside. However, it can be heard from inside. Besides the cave, Watukarang, a beach nearby, is good to visit. By the way, do you want different souvenirs? You can nd them in Donorodjo village where agate craftsman work. So, have a nice journey. The structure of descriptive text is divided into two parts: Identication and description. The identication part is the part where writers of descriptive text identies phenomenon to be described. The description part describes parts, qualities, and characteristics. Description text focuses on specic participants. It normally uses simple present tense. Genre Descriptive Function : to describe a particular person, place or thing.

Generic Structure a. b. Identication : identies phenomenon to be described. Description : describes parts, qualities, characters.

NEWS ITEM TEXT

Seven Killed in Accident on Jalan Sultan Seven people were killed in a collision between a bus, a car and a truck at 10:35 p.m. on Jalan Sultan last night. The dead were all passengers in the car. Police believe the car may have been trying to overtake the bus when it was struck by a truck coming from the opposite direction. The driver of the car may not have been using his lights, as the truck driver said he did not see the car approaching. The police said the car should not have been trying to pass the bus, since overtaking is not allowed on Jalan Sultan. In addition, the police reported that the cara small Japanese carshould not have been carrying more than ve people. The names of the victims are not yet known.
SOURCE BACKGROUND EVENT NEWSWORTHY EVENT

The structure of news item text is divided into three parts. The rst part is newsworthy events that consists of recount of the event in summary form. The second part is background events. This part includes the elaboration of what happened, to whom and in what circumstances. The last part is source that consists of comments by participants, witnesses and authorities experts on the event. Genre News item Social Function important. Generic structure Newsworthy event (s) : recounts the event in summary form. Back ground Events : elaborate what happened; to whom, in what curriculum stances. Sources : Comments, by participants, witnesses to and authorities expert on the event. : to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered news worthy or

REPORT
Information report Information report consists of two main parts. General information Bundles of more specic information

The social purpose of information reports is presenting information about something. They generally describe an entire class of things, whether natural or made: mammals, the planets, rocks, plants, computers, countries of origin, transportation, and so on. The common grammatical patterns of an information report include: use of general nouns, eg hunting dogs, rather than particular nouns, eg our dog; use of relating verbs to describe features, eg Molecules are tiny particles; some use of action verbs when describing behaviour, eg Emus cannot y; use of timeless present tense to indicate usualness, eg Tropical cyclones always begin over the sea; use of technical terms, eg Isobars are lines drawn on a weather map; use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organise bundles of information; repeated naming of the topic as the beginning focus of the clause.

Example: Sydney the Metropolitan City Sydney is the most populous city in Australia, with a metropolitan area population around 4.12 million. It is the state capital of New South Wales and is the site of the rst European colony in Australia. The city is Australias largest nancial centre. Sydney is located on Australias south-east coast. The city is built around Port Jackson, which includes Sydney Harbour, leading to the citys nickname, the Harbour City. This city is a major international tourist destination famous for its beaches and twin landmarks: the Sydney Opera House and the Harbour Bridge. The metropolitan area is surrounded by national parks, and contains many bays, rivers and inlets. Sydney also has many shopping centres and retail outlets throughout the city. The Queen Victoria Building on George Street also contains many shops. Many of the large regional centres around the metropolitan area also contain large shopping complexes. Sydney has several museums. The biggest are the Australian Museum (natural history and anthropology), the Powerhouse Museum (science, technology and design), the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Museum of Contemporary Art and the Australian National Maritime Museum. Sydneys Central Business District (CBD) extends southwards for about 3 kilometres (1.25 mi) from Sydney Cove. It is the point of the rst European settlement in the area at the southern end of the bridge known as The Rocks. It is densely concentrated with skyscrapers and other buildings including historic sandstone buildings such as the Sydney Town Hall and Queen Victoria Building are combined by several parks such as Wynyard and Hyde Park. The text entitled Sydney the Metropolitan City presents the general information and specic information about Sydney. Such a text is a report which basically consists of two main parts: general information bundles of more specic information A report usually talks about something concrete or which can be observed such as animals, plants, planets, and natural disasters. The social purpose of information reports is presenting information about something. They generally describe an entire class of things, whether natural or made: mammals, the planets, rocks, plants, computers, countries of origin, transportation, and so on. The common grammatical patterns of an information report include: use of general nouns, eg hunting dogs, rather than particular nouns, eg our dog; use of relating verbs to describe features, eg Molecules are tiny particles; some use of action verbs when describing behaviour, eg Emus cannot y; use of timeless present tense to indicate usualness, eg Tropical cyclones always begin over the sea; use of technical terms, eg Isobars are lines drawn on a weather map; use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organise bundles of information; repeated naming of the topic as the beginning focus of the clause.

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Five Trees should be Planted for Every Vehicle: Experts V e h i c l e manufacturers should take some responsibility for the serious air pollution in the city by planting five trees for every motor vehicle they produce, environment experts said. Zulfan A Rambe, operational director of Indonesian Hazardous Materials and Waste Research (IHWaR) Foundation told a discussion in commemoration of World Tree Day on Nov. 21 trees must be planted to balance for the pollution the city vehicles are responsible for. We will propose to the city administration to oblige the automotive manufacturers to plant ve trees for each motor vehicle they produce. The administration should make regulations about corporate responsibilities to deal with the pollution problem. Environmental technology expert Eddy Soentjahyo said motor vehicle emission has contributed up to 70 percent of air pollution in the city, which has more than 5.5 million motor vehicles. Experts have said open green spaces one alternative solution to deal with air pollution, because it reduces carbon emission by absorbing pollutants and reload source of oxygen to clean the air. They said trees can improve drainage by preventing soil erosionandabsorbing rainwater. T h e a u to m ot i ve industr y also has the responsibility to provide green areas as the solution of pollution problem, Eddy said. Manufacturers should join together to buy land in the city where trees could be planted, he said. Eddy also suggested property developers consider making green areas on rooftops to absorb the sun heat. Daud Silalahi from the University of Padjajaran in Bandung keeps losing its open green space due to residential and industrial developments. Some 9 percent of Jakartas city area is made up of open green space, said city administration, but the 2007 Law on Spatial Planning stipulates a city should provide at least 30 percent of its total size for open green space. What I (am) concerned (for) the most is that we have the law without implementation procedures, Daun said.

Analytical Exposition Analytical exposition proposes or suggests a certain topic which may only be pro or contra, not both. This type of writing consist of: Opinion/ proposal of something or what is usually called a thesis Reasons behind the proposal or argument or what is called argument Sometimes what has been discussed is also expressed again in the end of the text called

reiteration. It has the purpose of arguing a case for or against a particular position or point of view. It also explains how and why the argument is proposed. The common grammatical patterns in exposition include: general nouns, eg ears, zoos; abstract nouns, eg policy, government; technical words, eg species of animals; relating verbs, eg It is important ; action verbs, eg We must save ; thinking verbs, eg Many people believe ; modal verbs, eg We must preserve ; modal adverbs, eg Certainly we must try ; connectives, eg rstly, secondly ; evaluative language, eg important, signicant, valuable.

HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Organic Farming A Solution for Harmless Food Organic farming is a form of agriculture which excludes the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, plant growth regulators, livestock feed additives, and genetically modied organisms. It is believed that organic farming should replace conventional one for some reasons. Firstly, as far as possible, organic farmers rely on crop rotation, integrated pest management, crop residue, compost and mechanical cultivation to maintain soil productivity and control pests. Secondly, studies have shown that people who work with pesticides have an increased risk of developing Parkinsons disease. The resistant plants, using cover crops and crop rotation, and encouraging benecial insects and birds are the primary methods of pest control. Finally, a 2001 study demonstrated that children who are fed organic diets experienced signicantly lower organophosphorus pesticide exposure than children fed conventional diets. A similar study in 2006 measured the levels of organophosphorus pesticide exposure in 23 preschool children before and after replacing their diet with organic food: levels of organophosphorus pesticide exposure dropped dramatically and immediately when the children switched to an organic diet. Although the researchers did not collect health outcome data in this study,

pesticides examined in these two long-term studies, paraquat and dieldrin, are not allowed on organic farms. The herbicide paraquat and fungicide maneb together, but not alone, have been shown to cause brain damage in mice. Some organic farming standards do allow the use of natural methods of protection from pests such as those derived from plants. Organic activists state that natural pesticides are a last alternative, while growing healthier, disease-

they concluded it assumes that children whose diets consist of organic food items would have a lower probability of neurologic health risks. Therefore, organic farming should replace conventional one to reduce the using of pesticides which usually remain in farm production such as fruits and vegetables since there are a lot of research which prove that pesticides may be harmful for the consumers if people use pesticides improperly.

Hortatory Exposition Text The elements of hortatory exposition texts are: 1. 2. 3. The general statement of topic discussed. Arguments which are arranged according to the writers choice. Usually it is based on the criteria of weak and strong arguments. Suggestion which contains what should or should not happen. The purpose of hortatory exposition texts is to argue a case for or against a particular position or point of view and it proposes a suggestion at the end of the argumentation. The purpose of hortatory exposition text is to argue a case for or against a particular position or point of view and it proposes a suggestion at the end of the argumentation. It has the three element. (a) The general statement of topic discussed; (b) Arguments which are arranged according to the writers choice. Usually it is based on the criteria of weak and strong arguments; and (c) Suggestion contains what should or should not happen.