Realism Classical Realism

Individual level (human nature) [Mansbach and

Liberalism Liberalism
Some individual (e.g. John Stuart Mill) and some on state level (e. g. Immanuel Kant) [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 41]

Neorealism
Global system [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 41]

Neoliberalism
Global system level [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 41]

Constructivism
Individual level in transmission of ideas and identities [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 41]

English School

Marxism
State level, emphasizing dominant economic system [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 41]

Level of analysis

Rafferty 2008, p. 41]

Sovereign states [e.g. Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 32]

International system

States, international institutions, global corporations. [Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 47]

Individuals, states, non-state actors

Individuals, nongovernmental organizations, transnational networks. [Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 47] Malleable, changes behavior to reflect changing norms in society. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 41] Benign and perfectible under socialism, greed and selfishness without socialism. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 41]

Key actor(s)

Aggressive and selfish, cannot be improved, cannot

Benign, perfectible, harmony of interest is possible. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 41] Survival, for both offensive and

Human nature

be perfect. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 41]

Primary state objective

Various. [Kegley and

Wittkopf 2011, p. 35]

defensive realism. [Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 35] Dont matter much, may be preferable. [Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 43] A big problem, and can be reformed through strong international institution. [Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 43]

Nature and consequences of anarchy

Pessimistic, war can be managed but not eliminated. Policies should enhance power.

Optimistic, wars can be prevented by reforms, e.g. free trade, economic development, welfare, and democracy. Policies should enhance justice. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 41]

Indeterminate, depends upon the ideas that take root and attract widespread support. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 41]

Optimistic: wars are the result of class conflict, and can be eliminated by the end of capitalism and introduction of classless society. Policies should enhance equality.

World view

[Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 41]

Key features of

Key features of global politics are mutable, moving to a positive

Key features of global politics are mutable though change is

Key features of global politics are mutable. [Mansbach and

Change

global politics are permanent, evils such as war and

poverty cannot be eliminated. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 41]

direction. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 41]

impeded by material factors, only evolution of ideas and resulting change in identities and interests can modify material factors. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 41]

Rafferty 2008, p. 41]

Individuals are naturally competitive. [Mansbach and

International cooperation is possible, but will be difficult to sustain. [Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 43]

Individuals and states can cooperate to overcome collective problems. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 42] Public diplomacy, applauds public opinion as an obstacle to war. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 42]

Possible, because international cooperation will reduce selfishness. [Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 43]

Indeterminate, depending on which ideas become dominant and the response to such ideas. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 42] Crucial in forming intersubjective consensus regarding norms and ideas, to create collective identity. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p.

Socialist and capitalist states cannot cooperate. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 42]

Cooperation

Rafferty 2008, p. 42]

Elitist, diplomacy should be conducted in secrecy by professional diplomats. Public opinion is illformed and short-sighted.

Public opinion reflects class perceptions and interests, dominant economic class in society. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p.

Public opinion

[Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 42] Leaders serve the interests of the state. Focus is mainly on great powers. International institutions are suspect as they may pursue interests other than those of the states. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 42] States must be independent, autonomous, and International organizations are arenas for states to compete for influence. [Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 43] Support international organizations as encouraging peace to overcome collective dilemmas. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 42] Institutions are important and will change patters of international politics. [Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 43] States exist to serve the interests of individuals. Free trade and human rights are key regardless of state interests. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 42]

42]

42]

National interest is based on national identity,

States serve the interests of the dominant economic class in the society. Economic imperialism and dominance over the periphery of poor states. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 42]

what states make of it.

[Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 42]

National interest

Indeterminate. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 42]

Support transnational institutions created by socialist societies. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 42]

International institutions and organizations

free to act without limits of sovereignty. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 42]

Society

Tend to ignore

Focus on society

Intense focus on

Focus on society,

the role of society. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 43]

and relations among people rather than state bureaucracies. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 43]

society as the source of ideas and identities. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 43]

especially on relations between classes rather than on government. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 43]

Actors do and should seek

There are areas where participants can all profit or lose (variable-sum

Indeterminate. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 43]

Focus on relative gains of socialists compared to capitalists. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 43]

relative gain
rather than the absolute gain. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 43]

games) and there

are others in which the gain made by one actor is equivalent to the loss of other (zero-sum

Relative and absolute gain

game). Actors are

more concerned about absolute gains. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 43] Military and Security is the primary issue. [Kegley and Human security consists of far more than Security is less important than economic welfare. Indeterminate. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. Human security consists of far more than

Security

economic security are the principle

issues, support for large defense budgets and opposition to free trade which can render countries less independent. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 43] Protect sovereign autonomy and deter rivals through military preparedness and alliances. [Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 47]

Wittkopf 2011, p. 43]

military security. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 43]

[Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 43]

43]

military security, should involve economic equality and fulfillment of basic material needs. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 43]

Institutional reforms through democratization, open markets, and international law and organization. [Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 47]

Activists who promote progressive ideas and encourage states to adhere to norms for appropriate behavior. [Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 47] Ideas, images, shared knowledge, identities, discourses, and persuasion leading to new understandings and normative

Approach to peace

Anarchy, selfhelp, national interest, relative gains, balance of power [Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 47]

Collective security, reciprocity, international regimes, complex interdependence, transnational relations [Kegley and

Central concepts

Wittkopf 2011, p. 47]

change [Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 47]