6

CHNG 1
CC VN C BN V NN MNG

1.1. CC KHI NIM C BN
1.1.1 Khi nim nn, mng
a. Nn cng trnh
Nn cng trnh l chiu dy lp t,
nm di y mng, c tc dng tip thu ti
trng cng trnh bn trn do mng truyn xung
t phn tn ti trng vo bn trong nn.
Mt cch n gin c th hiu nn l na
khng gian pha di y mng, cn mt cch
c th th phi hiu nn l mt khng gian c
gii hn di y mng. Gii hn ny gn ging
vi hnh bng n hoc hnh tri xoan, n bt
u t y mng v pht trin ti su H
nc
t
y mng. H
nc
gi l chiu su nn cht v c
xc nh t iu kin tnh ln mng. Ti su
, ng sut gy ln bng 1/5 ln (bng 1/10 ln
i vi t yu) ng sut do trng lng bn
thn t gy ra.
b. Mng cng trnh
Mng cng trnh l mt b phn kt cu bn di ca cng trnh, n lin kt vi
kt cu chu lc bn trn nh ct, tng Mng c nhim v tip thu ti trng t
cng trnh v truyn ti trng phn tn xung nn.
Mt tip xc gia y mng vi nn bt buc phi phng v nm ngang (khng
c dc). Mt ny c gi l y mng. Khong cch h t y mng ti mt t t
nhin gi l chiu su chn mng.
V nn t c cng nh hn nhiu so vi vt liu b tng, gch, nn
phn tip gip gia cng trnh v nn t thng c m rng thm, phn ny c
gi l mng (c th gi l bn mng). tit kim vt liu, ngi ta thng git cp
hoc vt gc mng.
i vi mng BTCT thng gm cc b phn sau:
Hnh 1.1 Nn v mng.
h
H
7

- Ging mng ( king): C tc dng tng ngn bn trn v lm gim
ln lch gia cc mng trong cng trnh. Khi ging mng c kt hp lm dm mng
gim lch tm mng th phi tnh ton n nh mt dm trong kt cu khung.
- C mng: Kch thc c mng c th bng vi ct tng trt nhng thng c
m rng thm mi pha 2,5cm tng lp b tng bo v ct thp trong c mng.
- Mng (bn mng, i mng): Thng c y dng ch nht, b vt c dc
va phi, c tnh ton c kch thc hp l (tnh ton trong chng 2, 3).
- Lp b tng lt: Thng dy 100, b tng 4x6 hoc b tng gch v, va
ximng mc 50100, c tc dng lm sch, phng h mng, chng mt nc xi mng,
ngoi ra n cn lm vn khun b tng mng.
- Cui cng l nn cng trnh.
1.1.2 Phn loi nn, mng
a. Phn loi nn
C hai loi l nn thin nhin v nn nhn to.
Nn thin nhin: L nn t vi kt cu t nhin, nm ngay st bn di mng
chu ng trc tip ti trng cng trnh do mng truyn sang v khi xy dng cng
trnh khng cn dng cc bin php k thut ci thin cc tnh cht xy dng ca
nn.
Nn nhn to: Khi cc lp t ngay st bn di mng khng kh nng chu
lc vi kt cu t nhin, cn phi p dng cc bin php nhm nng cao kh nng chu
lc ca n nh:
- m vt liu ri nh m ct, m thay th phn t yu ngay st di y
mng nn c th chu ng c ti trng cng trnh.
- Gia ti trc bng cch tc ng ti trng ngoi trn mt nn t ci to kh
nng chu ti ca nn t yu, nhm lm gim h s rng ca khung ht t.
- Ngoi ra c th gia ti trc kt hp vi bin php tng tc thot nc bng
cc thit b thot nc nh ging ct hoc bc thm nhm rt ngn thi gian gim th
tch l rng i vi t yu c thm nc km.
- Cc vt liu ri nh cc ct nhm lm gim h s rng ca khung ht t do ct
c thm nc tt gip tng cng ca t nn.
8

- Si hoc vi a k thut, c tri mt hoc nhiu lp trong nn cc cng trnh
t p hoc trong cc lp m vt liu ri tng cng kh nng chu ko v gim
ln ca t nn.
- Pht va xi mng hoc vt liu lin kt vo vng nn chu lc tng lc dnh
gia cc ht t v gim th tch l rng.
- Ct t trn xi mng (phng php DCM deep cement mixing), mt s loi
thit b khoan c bit cho php trn t yu vi xi mng hnh thnh cc ct t trn xi
mng ng dng trong gia c nn ng trn t yu, thnh h o mng...

Hnh 1.2 Ct t trn xi mng gia c thnh h o mng.
b. Phn loi mng
C nhiu cch phn loi mng khc nhau:
- Phn loi theo vt liu mng: Mng bng g (cc g), gch, hc, b tng, b
tng ct thp, thp
- Phn loi theo cng ca mng: Mng cng, mng mm.
- Theo phng php ch to mng: Mng ton khi, mng lp ghp, bn lp
ghp.
- Theo c tnh chu ti: Mng chu ti trng tnh, mng chu ti trng ng
(thng gp l mng my).
- Phn loi theo su chn mng vo t: Mng nng, mng su.
9

+Mng nng: L cc loi mng c thi cng trn h o trn, sau lp t li,
su chn mng khng qu ln thng t 1,53m, nhiu trng hp c bit chiu
su chn mng c th chn 56m.
Trong thc t, ta c th phn bit mng nng da vo t l gia su chn
mng v b rng mng (h/b). Tuy nhin, t l nh lng l bao nhiu cng cha tht
r rng. Chnh xc nht l da vo phng din lm vic ca t nn, khi chu ti
trng nu khng tnh n ma st hng ca t xung quanh vi mng th l mng
nng, ngc li l mng su.
Mt s loi mng nng thng gp: Mng n (mng n ng tm, lch tm,
mng chn vt), mng bng di tng, mng bng di ct (mng bng mt phng,
mng bng giao thoa), mng b.

Hnh 1.3 Mng bng giao thoa

Hnh 1.4 Thi cng mng n
10

+Mng su: L cc loi mng m khi thi cng khng cn o h mng hoc ch
o mt phn ri dng thit b thi cng h mng n su thit k. N thng
dng cho cc cng trnh c ti trng ln.
Cc loi mng su thng gp: Mng cc (ng, p), cc khoan nhi, cc bart,
mng ging chm, ging chm hi p


Hnh 1.5 Thi cng mng cc p

Hnh 1.6 Mt i cc sau khi b tng xong
11


Hnh 1.7 Thi cng mng cc khoan nhi
1.1.3 Khi nim c bn v thit k nn mng
a. ngha cng tc thit k nn mng
Khi tnh ton, thit k v xy dng cng trnh, phi lm sao m bo tha mn ba
yu cu sau:
- Bo m s lm vic bnh thng ca cng trnh trong qu trnh xy dng v s
dng lu di sau ny.
- Bo m n nh v mt cng v bin dng ca tng kt cu cng nh ton
b cng trnh.
- Bo m thi gian xy dng ngn nht vi gi thnh hp l nht.
b. Ni dung cng tc thit k nn mng
Trong tnh ton thit k nn mng cng trnh, ngi ta ch yu tnh theo trng
thi gii hn (TTGH). Trng thi gii hn l trng thi m khi vt qu kt cu khng
cn tha mn cc yu cu ra i vi n khi thit k.
Vic tnh ton nn mng c th c tin hnh tnh ton theo 3 trng thi gii hn
nh sau:
- Trng thi gii hn th I: Tnh ton v cng v n nh ca nn v mng.
- Trng thi gii hn th II: Tnh ton v bin dng.
12

- Trng thi gii hn th III: Tnh ton s hnh thnh v pht trin ca khe nt
(ch c p dng cho cc kt cu c bit nh tng tng hm, bn y cha cht
lng...).
i vi mng
Tt c cc loi mng u phi tnh ton theo TTGH I. Hu ht mng cc cng
trnh dn dng v cng nghip th ch cn tnh ton, thit k theo TTGH I tc l tnh
kch thc mng, cu to mng, tnh ct thp b tr cho mng
i vi nn
Nn t ch c th c hai TTGH: v cng v v bin dng.
Theo TCXD 45 78, Tiu chun thit k nn, nh v cng trnh, i vi cc
trng hp sau phi tnh nn theo TTGH I:
- Nn l st rt cng, ct rt cht, t na v . (*)
- Nn di cc cng trnh thng xuyn chu ti trng ngang vi tr s ln (tng
chn, , p, cng trnh cu) hoc trng hp tnh ng t.
- Mng hoc cng trnh t trn nn mp mi dc ( trn hay ngay di mi
dc) hay gn cc lp t c d dc ln.
- Cc nn l t st yu bo ha nc v than bn.
- Ngoi ra, khi p lc hng hai bn mng chnh lch ln (thng do tn nn pha
trong cng trnh cao) th phi kim tra trt, lt mng.
Cng thc c bn tnh ton nn theo trng thi gii hn th nht l:

at
k
N
u
s (1.1)
Trong :
N - Yu t lc ngoi tc dng ln nn gy ra trng thi gii hn.
u - Sc chu ti ca nn (cng ) theo phng lc N; chng hn nu N lm
cho mng trt th u l sc chng trt; cn nu M l moment lm cho mng b lt
th u l moment chng lt...
k
at
- H s an ton, i vi nn mng thng ly t 1,5 3.
Trong tnh ton thc t, iu kin (1.1) c biu din di dng c th sau y:
V cng :

at
II
gh z
k
P
s
max
o (1.2)

ng
ng
R s
max
o (1.3)
13

Trong :
o
z
max
- ng sut ln nht theo phng ng ti y mng.
P
II
gh
- Ti trng gii hn th II ca nn (tnh theo C hc t).
k
at
- H s an ton thng chn t 1,5 2.
o
ng
max
- ng sut ln nht tc dng theo phng ngang ti mt bn ca mng.
R
ng
- Sc chu ti theo phng ngang ca nn.
V n nh trt:
| |

t
gi

K
T
T
K > =

(1.4)
Trong :
K

- H s n nh trt.
ET
gi
- Tng lc gi (chng trt).
ET
t
- Tng lc gy trt.
[K

] - H s n nh trt cho php.

V n nh lt:
| |

l
gi

K
M
M
K > =

(1.5)

Trong :
K

- H s n nh lt.
EM
gi
- Tng moment gi (chng lt).
EM
l
- Tng moment gy lt.
[K

] - H s n nh lt cho php.
Tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn II: Vic tnh ton ny l bt buc cho mi cng
trnh, tr cc cng trnh t trn nn nu (*) nhm khng ch bin dng tuyt i,
tng i ca nn khng vt qu gii hn cho php nhm m bo iu kin lm
vic bnh thng cho cng trnh.
Kim tra nn theo TTGH II l kim tra cc iu kin sau y:
- ln n nh: S s S
gh

- ln lch tng i: AS/L s (AS/L)
gh

- Gc nghing ca mng: i s i
gh

- Chuyn v ngang ca mng: u s u
gh

Cc gi tr gii hn c tra theo quy phm ph thuc vo tng loi cng trnh.
14

Bng 1.1 Bin dng gii hn ca nn cng trnh.
Tr bin dng gii hn ca nn
Bin dng tng i
ln tuyt i
trung bnh v ln
nht (cm)
Tn v c im kt cu ca cng trnh
Dng ln Dng

ln
1. Nh sn xut v nh dn dng nhiu
tng bng khung hon ton:

a) Khung BTCT khng c tng chn
b) Khung thp khng c tng chn
c) Khung BTCT c tng chn
d) Khung thp c tng chn


ln lch
tng i
Nh trn (nt)
nt
nt



0,002
0,004
0,001
0,002


ln tuyt
i ln nht
Nh trn (nt)
nt
nt



8
12
8
12
2. Nh v cng trnh khng xut hin
ng lc thm trong kt cu do ln
khng u
nt 0,006 nt 15
3. Nh nhiu tng khng khung, tng
chu lc bng:
a. Tm ln

b. Khi ln v th xy bng gch
khng c ct.
c. Khi ln v th xy bng gch c
ct hoc c ging BTCT.
d. Khng ph thuc vt liu ca tng.


Vng hoc
vng tng i
nt

nt

nghing
theo hng
ngang



0,0007
0,001

0,0012

0,005




ln trung
bnh
nt

nt

nt



10
10

10

15
4. Cng trnh cao, cng:
a) Cng trnh my nng bng kt cu
BTCT:
a1) Nh lm vic v thn xil kt cu
ton khi t trn cng bn mng.
a2) Nh trn, kt cu lp ghp.

a3) Nh lm vic t ring r


a4) Thn xil t ring l, kt cu ton



nghing
ngang v dc

nt
nghing
ngang
nghing
dc




0,003

0,003

0,003

0,004



ln trung
bnh

nt

nt

nt




40

30

25

25
15

khi.
a5) Nh trn, kt cu lp ghp.
b) ng khi c chiu cao H (m):
H s 100 (m)
100<H s 200 (m)
200<H s 300 (m)
H >300m
c) Cng trnh khc, cao n 100m v
cng.
nghing
ngang v dc
nt

nghing
nt
nt
nt
nghing

0,004
0,004

0,005
1/2H
1/2H
1/2H
0,004

nt
nt

ln trung
bnh
nt
nt
nt

40
30

40
30
20
10
20

1.2. CC TI LIU CN THIT THIT K NN MNG
1.2.1 Ti liu v a im xy dng
Ni dung ti liu ny gm:
- Bn a hnh, a mo ni xy dng cng trnh ngi thit k xc nh
c nh hng ca thin nhin i vi cng trnh nh sc gi, s bin i nhit ,
tnh hnh ng t ca khu vc
- Ti liu v c im kh hu, kh tng thy vn, mng li sng rch ca khu
vc ny.
- Mc pht trin ca th, tnh hnh phn b dn c. S pht trin, phn b
cc cng trnh giao thng, k thut h tng khc, c bit l cc cng trnh ngm nh:
cc ng ng cp thot nc, du, kh, ng st, ng xe in ngm, cc loi
ng dy cp in, in thoi
- Phi c ti liu iu tra, kho st hin trng v cc s vt, cy xanh, cc cng
trnh xung quanh v bn trong khu vc xy dng. i vi nn mng, ch yu iu tra
v quy m v tui th ca cc cng trnh ln cn, hnh thc kt cu, kiu nn mng, v
tr, kch thc v su chn mng, tnh hnh s dng, hin trng ln, bin dng, n
nh ca cc cng trnh hin trng trn. T c nh gi s b v nh hng tng
h gia cc cng trnh ny vi cng trnh d kin xy dng ln nhau.
1.2.2 Ti liu a k thut
Ti liu ny gm ti liu a cht cng trnh v a cht thu vn.
Bi v a cht ca mi khu vc, mi cng trnh l khc nhau, thm ch c nhng
v tr ch cch nhau khong 10m nhng cc lp t bin i rt khc nhau. Do
m bo vic a ra gii php nn mng hp l nht, cn phi c mt ti liu v kho
st a cht, thy vn cng trnh va m bo s liu tin cy tnh ton, va m
16

bo tnh kinh t. Do , y l ti liu quan trng nht cho cng tc thit k nn mng
i vi ngi K s nn mng.
Ni dung ti liu ny gm c:
- Cc ti liu v ct khoan a cht v cc mt ct a cht. Trong ti liu ny
phi ghi r cao trnh cc lp t, m t s b cc lp t, s lng v khong cch cc
l khoan, v tr ly cc mu t th nghim.
- V tr xut hin mc nc ngm trong t nn (cao no, thuc lp t no
mi hnh tr v trn mt ct a cht). Xc nh cc tnh cht l ha ca nc ngm,
pH, tnh xm thc, tnh n mn vt liu,
- Kt qu th nghim nh gi cc tnh cht c l ca cc lp t nh: Thnh
phn ht, dung trng, t trng, m t nhin, gii hn chy, gii hn do, h s
thm, gc ma st trong, lc dnh, cc kt qu th nghim trong phng nh ct, nn ln,
cng nh kt qu th nghim ngoi hin trng nh SPT, CPT, ct cnh,... v cc kt
qu tnh ton khc.
Tm li: Trong ti liu a k thut quan trng nht l xc nh nn t c bao
nhiu lp t, chiu dy ca mi lp, loi t g, cc ch tiu c l ca tng lp t, ct
t nhin, v tr mc nc ngm (MNN), mc n mn ca MNN. T tin hnh
thng k cc ch tiu c l tnh ton nn theo TTGH.
1.2.3 Ti liu v cng trnh thit k
Ti liu ny ch yu ly t h s thit k kin trc ca cng trnh. N bao gm:
c im cng trnh nh hnh dng, kch thc cng trnh, cng trnh thit k c tng
hm hay khng, ct san nn d kin, ct t nhin.
H thng ng ngm nh: ng nc, ng cp, ng hm ni gia cc cng trnh
ln cn hay khng.
1.2.4 Ti liu v ti trng, t hp ti trng phc v tnh ton nn mng
Phi c ti liu th hin ti trng cc chi tit cng trnh bn trn v cc ti trng
tc dng khc, c th nh sau:
- Trng lng bn thn ca kt cu cng trnh.
- p lc t, p lc nc,...
- p lc gi, cng v hng gi.
- p lc thm, p lc sng (nu c), ...
- Ti trng do nh hng cng trnh ln cn, xe c, chn ng, ...
Cc loi ti trng ny n c chia ra thnh cc loi nh sau:
17

a. Cc loi ti trng
Ti trng thng xuyn (tnh ti): L ti trng tc ng lin tc khi thi cng hay
trong sut qu trnh s dng nh trng lng bn thn (TLBT), p lc t, p lc
nc,
Ti trng tm thi (hot ti):
- Ti tm thi ngn hn: Ch xut hin trong tng giai on hoc thi gian ngn
khi thi cng hay trong sut qu trnh s dng nh con ngi, ti trng gi, do sng
p
- Ti tm thi di hn: Tc ng trong mt thi gian tng i di khi thi cng
hay trong sut qu trnh s dng nh trng lng cc dng c v thit b tnh tc ng
ln cng trnh.
Ti trng c bit: Xut hin trong nhng trng hp c bit nh ng t,
sng thn, Loi ti ny c tng sut xut hin rt him hoc c khi khng xut hin
trong mt thi gian di hoc khng xut hin trong sut qu trnh s dng ca cng
trnh.
b. T hp ti trng
Trong cc loi ti trng k trn, cc ti trng c th cng tn ti, cng ng thi
gy nh hng n cng trnh s c a vo trong tnh ton c gi l mt t hp
ti trng.
Khi tnh ton nn mng phi chn cc t hp bt li nht cho tnh ton bin dng
cng nh tnh ton n nh cho ton cng trnh trong qu trnh xy dng cng nh s
dng lu di.
- T hp chnh: gm ti thng xuyn +ti tm thi di hn +mt ti tm thi
ngn hn (thng chn l gi).
- T hp ph: ti thng xuyn +ti tm thi di hn +t nht l hai ti trng tm
thi ngn hn.
- T hp c bit: Ti trng thng xuyn +ti tm thi di hn +mt s ti
trng tm thi ngn hn v mt ti c bit.
c. Chn ti trng tnh ton nn mng
Trong tnh ton nn mng hin nay s dng ti trng tiu chun v ti trng tnh
ton (thng l ti ly c khi gii khung) vi h s vt ti n = 1,151,2.
Trong :
18

- Ti trng tiu chun l ti trng ln nht m khng gy tr ngi hay lm h
hng v khng nh hng n s lm vic bnh thng khi s dng cng nh sa cha
cng trnh.
- Ti trng tnh ton l ti trng xt n kh nng c th xy ra s sai khc
gia ti trng thc t vi ti trng tiu chun nhng thin v pha bt li cho s lm
vic bnh thng ca cng trnh do tnh cht thay i ca ti trng hay do s vi phm
v iu kin s dng bnh thng. Ti trng tnh ton bng ti trng tiu chun nhn
vi h s vt ti n. i vi tng loi ti trng khc nhau th h s vt ti c quy
phm quy nh nhng tr s khc nhau.
Khi tnh ton nn theo TTGH II tin hnh vi t hp chnh nguy him nht ca
cc ti trng tiu chun.
Khi tnh nn theo TTGH I (cng v n nh) ly t hp nguy him nht ca
cc t hp chnh, t hp ph, t hp c bit ca cc ti trng tnh ton.

1.3. LA CHN GII PHP NN MNG V SU CHN MNG
1.3.1 Khi nim v la chn gii php nn mng hp l
Thng thng khi thit k nn mng cho cng trnh no , nhim v ca ngi
thit k phi chn c phng n mng tt nht c v mt kinh t v k thut. Do ,
trc ht ngi thit k phi da vo cc ti liu v a k thut, ti trng truyn
xung mng, a ra nhiu phng n mng khc nhau.
Cc phng n c th l: Mng nng trn nn thin nhin, mng nng trn nn
nhn to, mng su,Trong mi phng n ln li c th gm nhiu phng n
nh, chng hn nh phng n mng nng th c th chn mng n hay mng bng
mt phng, mng bng giao thoa; mng su chn cc ng, p hay cc nhi hoc
phng n khc v hnh dng, kch thc v cch b tr
Tuy nhin ty loi cng trnh, c im, qui m tnh cht v do kinh nghim ca
ngi thit k m c th xut ra mt vi phng n hp l so snh v la chn
phng n ph hp nht.
Khi thit k s b so snh phng n ngi ta da vo ch tiu kinh t
quyt nh (dng tng gi thnh xy dng nn mng).
Khi thit k k thut th ngi ta kt hp c hai ch tiu kinh t v k thut ng
thi vi iu kin v thi gian thi cng quyt nh phng n.
Vic so snh la chn phng n nn mng l mt cng vic kh khn v quan
trng. Mun gii quyt tt cng vic ny, ngi thit k phi nm vng nhng l
19

thuyt tnh ton trong C hc t v Nn mng kt hp vi kinh nghim tch lu trong
qu trnh thit k v thi cng xut v la chn phng n ti u nht v nn
mng ca cng trnh xy dng.
1.3.2 La chn gii php nn mng cho cng trnh
Nh cp trn, chn c gii php nn mng ti u ca cng trnh th
phi da vo nhiu yu t nhng c bn nht l phi m bo lp t nn di y
mng phi kh nng chu ti trng cng trnh. Hu nh trong mi trng hp phi
la chn lp t tt lm nn cho cng trnh. Ngha l gii php nn mng ph thuc
rt ln vo iu kin a cht cng trnh. Thng thng nhng loi t nn sau y
khng nn dng lm lp t chu lc: ct bi bo ho nc (e>0,8), bn st, bn st
hu c.
Di y l mt s gii php nn mng ng vi 4 trng hp a cht c th m
ta thng gp.
a. Nn t ch c mt lp t tt (hnh 1.6a)
Trng hp ny su t mng ph thuc ch yu vo ti trng cng trnh. u
tin trc ht nn chn phng n mng nng trn nn thin nhin: mng n, mng
bng mt phng. Nu ti trng ln c th dng phng n mng bng hai phng,
mng b. Khi ti trng qu ln th chn mng cc.
b. Nn gm mt lp t yu rt dy
Trc ht phi gia c nn t yu ci thin tnh cht c l ca nn, sau
dng phng n mng su hay mng nng trn nn nhn to ty thuc vo ti trng
cng trnh. Cc phng php nn nhn to c th s dng l: m ct, cc ct, bc
thm kt hp gia ti trc,
c. Nn t c cu to 2 lp gm t yu - t tt (hnh 1.6b)
su chn mng ph thuc vo chiu dy lp t yu bn trn, trong :
- Khi lp t yu khng dy lm (h
y
<3m) th chng ta o ht lp t yu i ri
t mng ln lp t tt bn di, sau san lp t nn li bng loi t tt hn. Lc
ny chiu su chn mng s l h = h
y
+ Ah, vi Ah l chiu su chn mng vo lp
t tt bn di, c gi tr t nht l 30cm.
- Nu lp t yu dy hn (h
y
=3m 5m) th phi dng phng n thay t bng
cc loi t tt hn (thng dng l ct ht trung tr ln), lc ny su chn mng
khng nn qu ln.
20

- Nu lp t yu qu dy (h
y
>5m) th phi dng phng n mng nng trn
nn nhn to hoc phng n mng cc cm mi cc vo lp t tt bn di.
d. Nn t c cu to 3 lp gm t tt - t yu - t tt (hnh 1.6c)
Trng hp ny, trc ht phi xem xt chiu dy h
1
ca lp t tt bn trn, nu
lp t tt ny dy (thng h
1
> 3b vi b l b rng mng d kin, nhng phi c
tnh ton hp l) th phng n hp l l dng mng nng t trc tip ln lp t ny,
nu c th t mng cng nng cng tt, tt nhin phi m bo chiu su chn mng
ti thiu.
Nu c lp t tt v lp t yu trn u mng th nn o ht qua hai lp ny
ri t mng ln ln t tt bn di, hay dng phng n m ct thay th lp t
yu.
Nu lp t yu dy, lp t tt bn trn mng hay cng trnh c ti trng ln th
phng n hp l nht l dng phng n mng cc cm vo lp t tt bn di
hay gia c nn bng cc ct, bc thm,


Hnh 1.6 Vi th d v chn loi nn v mng
a. Nn gm ton t tt; b. Nn gm t yu t tt;
c. Nn gm t tt t yu t tt. (1,2. t tt; 3. t yu)




21

1.3.3 Chn su chn mng
Ni chung, thng su chn mng s ph thuc vo phng n mng ta chn
trc , do n s ph thuc vo ti trng cng trnh, a cht cng trnh m ngi
thit k phi tnh ton cn thn.
Ngoi ra, su chn mng cn ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: nh hng ca a
hnh, yu t thy vn, cc iu kin v kh nng thi cng mng
- nh hng ca a hnh
Nu cng trnh xy dng trn sn dc th phi m bo nguyn tc y mng
phi nm ngang. Khi chuyn t phn ny sang phn khc th c th git cp mng
tit kim chi ph.
- nh hng iu kin a cht thy vn
Thc t cho thy rng, trong nhiu trng hp nu t mng trong vng c mc
nc ngm (MNN) ln xung th mng c th b n mn, bin dng do m thay i.
Nu t nn l ct nh, ct bi th vi dng nc ngm hoc dng chy c vn tc ln
c th cun tri cng trnh i lm cho mng c ln ln. V vy, nn t mng hoc
trn hn hoc di hn MNN.
- nh hng iu kin v kh nng thi cng mng
Nu la chn chiu su chn mng mt cch hp l, c th rt ngn thi gian xy
dng mng v gii php thi cng khng phc tp. Tuy nhin, ta c th gp trng hp
cn chng dng nc p lc ln trong h mng hoc kh thi cng cc cng tc
di nc m ngi thit k phi dng phng n mng c mt bng ln (nh mng
cc i cao) mng t trn MNN, tuy bit rng phng n ny c th khng c li
v mt kinh t.
- nh hng do c im cu to v ti trng t cng trnh
Nu nh c tng hm th y mng phi cch sn tng hm t nht l 0,5m v mt
trn ca mng phi nm di sn tng hm.
Nu ti trng ca cng trnh cng ln th chiu su chn mng cng ln gim
bt din tch y mng v hn ch kh nng ln, ln lch ca cng trnh.
Nu cng trnh chu ti trng ngang v moment un ln, mng phi c chn
ln chng lt v trt.
- nh hng ca kh hu
Cn t mng su m t tr xung th tch t khng b thay i theo
ma, c bit vi nn l cc loi t st.
22

* Tm li: Chiu su chn mng ty thuc vo ti trng cng trnh, iu kin a
cht cng trnh, iu kin a cht thu vn v khi chn chiu su chn mng h cn
da vo cc yu t sau:
- Chiu su chn mng cho tt c cc cng trnh khng c nh hn 0,5m.
- Phi chn t y mng vo lp t tt, trong chiu su chn mng vo lp
chu lc ti thiu l 0,3m.
- Nn t trn hn hoc di hn mc nc ngm.
- Khng nn di y mng trong phm vi nn ln c mt lp t mng c
tnh nn ln ln v sc chu ti nh.


CU HI N TP
1.1. Khi nim v phn loi nn mng?
1.2. Phn bit gia mng nng v mng su?
1.3. Ni dung ti liu v a im xy dng v a k thut xy dng trong thit
k nn mng?
1.4. Khi no cn tnh nn theo TTGH I? Trnh by cc ni dung cn phi tnh nn
theo TTGH I?
1.5. Th no l ti trng tiu chun, ti trng tnh ton? Khi tnh ton nn mng
theo TTGH I v II th chn t hp no vi loi ti no?
1.6. Ti sao khi tnh ton nn theo TTGH I phi tnh theo t hp ti trng chnh
nguy him nht ca cc ti trng tiu chun?
1.7. Trnh by cc yu t nh hng n vic chn chiu su chn mng? Cc ch
khi chn chiu su chn mng?










23

CHNG 2
THIT K MNG NNG

2.1 PHN LOI V CU TO
2.1.1 Phn loi
Xt theo iu kin lm vic ca t nn, mt mng c gi l mng nng khi
ton b ti trng cng trnh truyn qua mng u c t nn di y mng chu,
cn phn lc ma st v lc dnh ca t xung quanh mng c b qua.
a. Da vo c im ca ti trng
Da vo tnh hnh tc dng ca ti trng ngi ta phn thnh:
+Mng chu ti trng ng tm.
+Mng chu ti trng lch tm.
+Mng cc cng trnh cao (thp nc, b cha, ng khi,...).
+ Mng thng chu lc ngang ln (tng chn, p nc, ...).
+Mng ch yu chu ti trng thng ng, moment nh.
b. Da vo cng ca mng
+Mng tuyt i cng: Mng c cng rt ln (xem nh bng v cng) v
bin dng rt b (xem nh gn bng 0). Thuc loi ny c mng gch, , b tng.
+Mng mm: Mng c kh nng bin dng cng cp vi t nn (bin
dng ln, chu un nhiu), mng BTCT c t l cnh di/ngn >8 thuc loi mng
mm.
+Mng cng hu hn: Mng b tng ct thp c t l cnh di/cnh ngn 8.
c. Da vo cch ch to
Da vo cch ch to, ngi ta phn thnh mng ton khi v mng lp ghp.
+Mng ton khi: Mng c lm bng cc vt liu khc nhau, ch to ngay
ti v tr xy dng (mng ti ch).
+Mng lp ghp: Mng do nhiu khi lp ghp ch to sn ghp li vi
nhau khi thi cng mng cng trnh.
d. Da vo c im lm vic
Theo c im lm vic, c cc loi mng nng c bn sau:
+Mng n: di dng ct hoc dng bn, c dng di ct hoc di
tng kt hp vi dm mng.
24

+Mng bng di ct: chu p lc t hng ct truyn xung (khi hng ct
phn b theo hai hng th dng mng bng giao thoa).
+Mng bng di tng: l phn ko di xung t ca tng chu lc v
tng khng chu lc.
+Mng bn, mng b : mng dng bn BTCT nm di mt phn hay ton b
cng trnh.
+Mng khi: l cc mng cng dng khi n nm di ton b cng trnh.
2.1.2 Cu to cc loi mng nng
a. Mng n
Mng n c kch thc khng ln, c y vung, ch nht hoc trn thng
lm bng gch, xy, b tng hoc BTCT.
Mng n thng dng cho ct nh dn dng, nh cng nghip, m tr cu nh,
di tr dm tng, mng m tr cu, mng tr in, thp ng ten, ...
Khi gp nhng trng hp chu ti trng ln cn m rng y mng ta phi ng
thi tng c chiu di mng v chiu su chn mng. y l mt nhc im ca
mng n. V vy, mng n ch nn dng trong trng hp t nn c sc chu ti
tt, ti trng ngoi khng ln lm.

Hnh 2.1 Mt s loi mng n
a. Mng n di ct nh: gch, xy, b tng, ...
b. Mng n di ct: b tng hoc b tng ct thp.
c. Mng n di tr cu.
d. Mng n di chn tr in, thp ng ten.
Ngoi mng ti ch ngi ta cn dng mng lp ghp. Mng ghp c u im
l rt ngn thi gian thi cng nhng c nhc im l phi dng nhiu ct thp.
Di cc mng b tng ct thp, thng ngi ta lm mt lp m bng va xi
mng, b tng 4x6, b tng mc thp hoc b tng gch v. Lp m ny c cc tc
dng sau:
a) b) c)
d)
25

+Trnh h xi mng thm vo t khi b tng.
+Gi ct thp v ct pha v tr xc nh, to mt bng thi cng.
+Trnh kh nng b tng ln vi t khi thi cng b tng.
1
0
0
>
=
2
0
0 >=250
50 h
1
0
0
>
=
2
0
0 >=250
50 h
1
0
0
>
=
2
0
0>=250
50 h
>=200 75 75 200
h
>
=
2
0
0
5
0
50
c

Hnh 2.2 Cu to mt s loi mng n
a. Mng n ng tm. b. Mng n lch tm ln (mng chn vt).
c. Mng n lch tm nh. d. Mng lp ghp.

Hnh 2.3 Thi cng thp mng n lch tm ln
26

M1 M1 M1 M1 M1
M2
1 2 3 4 5 6
A
B
C
D
5
0
0
0
1
5
0
0
5
0
0
0
1
1
5
0
0
3600 3600 4400 3600 3600
18800
M1
1
2
0
0
M2 M2 M2 M2 M2
M3 M1 M1 M1 M1
1300
M3
1
8
0
0
1500

Hnh 2.4 Mt bng mng n mng i
MAT CAT 1-1
2000
1
0
0
2
5
0
3
0
0
300
1
4
5
0
50
-2. 00
10a200
LP BETONG LOT
A4x6 MAC 50
6a150
2
0
0
0
620
12a155
-0. 50
2000 100
12a155
100
1
0
0
1
5
0
0
1
0
0
1 1
0. 00
100 100
AT TON NEN
AT T NHIEN
AKI ENG
200x300
620
2
5
0
350
5
0
5
0
50 50
10a200
6
0
0
6a100
6
0
0

Hnh 2.5 Chi tit mng n M1
27

b. Mng bng v mng bng giao thoa
Mng bng l loi mng c chiu di rt ln so vi chiu rng. Thng dng
di tng nh, di tng chn, di dy ct. Khi dng mng bng di dy ct
theo hai hng gi l mng bng giao thoa.
c im ca mng bng l lm gim s ln khng u, tng cng cho cng
trnh. Mng bng c xy bng , gch, b tng hay BTCT.
Mng bng di tng c ch to ti ch bng khi xy hc, b tng
hc hoc b tng hoc bng cch lp ghp cc khi ln v cc panen b tng ct thp.
Mng bng di ct c dng khi ti trng ln, cc ct t gn nhau nu dng
mng n th t nn khng kh nng chu lc hoc bin dng vt qu tr s cho
php. Khi dng mng bng di ct khng m bo iu kin bin dng hoc sc
chu ti ca nn khng th ngi ta dng mng bng giao thoa nhau cn bng
ln theo hai hng v tng din chu ti ca mng, gim p lc xung nn t. Vic
tnh ton mng bng di ct tin hnh nh tnh ton dm trn nn n hi.



Hnh 2.6 Mng bng di ct v mng bng giao thoa

C2
C2
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C4
C4
C3
C3
5
0
0
0
4100 2600 4000 2600 5000 1500
6
A
B
20000
7 5 4 3 2 1
1200
MB1 MB1 MB2 MB1 MB1
1500 1500 1500 1500
1
2
0
0
MB2
1600
1
2
0
0
1200 MB3
MB3
750

Hnh 2.7 Mt bng mng bng mt phng
28

618
1500
1
0
0
2
0
0
2
5
0
300
2
0
0
MAT CAT 2-2
-5. 50
10a180
8a150
6
5
0
318
12a150
318
218
6a150
212
212
212
A A
1
0
0
6
5
0
300
4
8
5
0
-5. 50
12a150
LP BETONG LOT
A4x6 MAC 75
5
5
0
0
618
10a180
0. 00
5000
AT SAN LAP
1500
1
0
0
2
0
0
2
5
0
300
2
0
0
MAT CAT 1- 1
-5. 50
10a180
8a150
6
5
0
318
12a150
318
300
1
1
AKIENG
200x300
6a150
6a150
618
318
5
0
0
- 4. 50
AT RUONG
A B
0. 00
8a150
800 800
318 318
218
2
2
A A A-A
300
2
5
0

Hnh 2.8 Chi tit mng bng mt phng di hai ct
3900
4
6
0
0
0
4000 4000
6
6
0
0
0
3 5
33000
1
4
6
0
0
4100 4500
7 8 9
4000
A
B
C
2
6
0
0
D
2 1
4000 4500
MB1
MB2
MB1 MB1 MB1 MB1 MB1 MB1 MB1
MB2
MB2
MB2

Hnh 2.9 Mt bng mng bng giao thoa
29

2
5
0
0
100 300 300
4
0
0
600
5
0
M
O
N
G

B
A
N
G

M
B
1

(
5
C
K
)

T
L

:

1
/
2
5
M
A
T

C
A
T

1
-
1
-
3
.
4
5

1
2
a
2
0
0
L

P

B
E
T
O
N
G

L
O
T

A

4
x
6

M
A
C

1
0
0

1
0
a
1
5
0
1
A
B
C
D
6
5
0
0
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
4

2
5
1200
2

2
5
4

2
5
6

2
5
4

2
5
2

2
5
2

2
5
4

2
2
2

2
5
2

2
2
4

2
2
2

2
2

1
0
a
1
5
0
4

2
5
4
0
0
4
0
0
4
0
0
4
0
0
100 1200
6
0
0
4
7
0
0
6
0
0
5
0
0
3
6
0
0
5
0
0
5
0
0
3
4
0
0
5
0
0
1
5
0
0
1
8
0
0
1
8
0
0
1
5
0
0
1
5
0
0
1
5
0
0

1
4
a
2
0
0
2
0
0
2

1
2
a
2
0
0

1
4
a
2
0
0
4

1
4
4

1
4
6

2
5
M
A
T

C
A
T

2
-
2
4

2
2
-
3
.
4
5
2
0
0
2
5
0
0
100 300 300
4
0
0
600
5
0
-
3
.
4
5

1
2
a
2
0
0
L

P

B
E
T
O
N
G

L
O
T

A

4
x
6

M
A
C

1
0
0

1
0
a
1
5
0
1200
4

2
5

1
4
a
2
0
0
4

1
4
4

2
2
2
0
0
2

2
2
1
2
-
0
.
4
5
-
0
.
4
5

Hnh 2.10 Chi tit mng bng giao thoa di nhiu ct
30

c. Mng b
Mng b l loi mng nng nhiu ct theo hai phng hoc ton b ct ca
cng trnh, hoc mt h thng nhiu silo hoc bunke, hoc cc kt cu ng khi,
cc cu trc thp, mng my. Mng b c s dng cho cc cng trnh xy dng trn
lp a cht c kh nng chu ti tng i tt hoc c ti trng ln.
Khi mc nc ngm cao, chng thm cho tng hm, ta c th dng mng b.
Lc mng b lm thm nhim v ngn nc v chng li p lc nc ngm. Mng
b c th lm bn phng hay bn sn.
Loi mng b dng bn c th dng khi bc ct khng qu 9m, ti trng tc
dng xung mi ct khng qu 100T. Khi ti trng ln v bc ct ln hn 9m th
dng bn c sn tng cng ca mng, sn ch nn lm theo trc cc dy ct.
Mng b s dng c kh nng gim ln v ln khng u, phn phi li ng sut
u trn nn t. Vic tnh ton mng bn (mng b) c tnh nh bn trn nn n
hi. Cc mng b tng ct thp dng hp dng di nh nhiu tng cng thuc loi
mng ny

Hnh 2.11 a) Mng b bn phng; b) Mng b bn phng c gia cng m ct;
c) Mng b bn sn di ; d) Mng b bn sn trn

31


Hnh 2.12 Thi cng thp mng b.

Hnh 2.13 Mng b sau khi thi cng xong

Hnh 2.14 Mng b trn cc khoan nhi.
32

2.2 THIT K MNG NNG
2.2.1 Xc nh p lc tiu chun ca t nn
Theo l thuyt C hc t, trong pha nn khi ti trng tc dng nh hn P
I
gh
th
quan h gia ng sut v bin dng l quan h tuyn tnh. thit k nn theo trng
thi gii hn v bin dng th trc ht phi khng ch ti trng t ln nn khng
c ln qu mt tr s quy nh P
I
gh
m bo mi quan h bc nht gia ng sut
v bin dng. T , mi xc nh c bin dng ca nn v tt c cc phng php
tnh ln u da vo gi thit nn bin dng tuyn tnh.
Ti trng quy nh gii hn P
I
gh
gi l ti trng tiu chun, hay p lc tiu
chun ca nn. Khi thit k nn mng c th l xc nh kch thc y mng th
ngi thit k phi chn din tch y mng rng v sao cho ng sut di y
mng bng hoc nh hn tr s p lc tiu chun. Vic xc nh p lc tiu chun
ca nn t l cng vic u tin khi thit k nn mng, c th xc nh p lc tiu
chun theo hai cch sau y:
a. Xc nh p lc tiu chun theo kinh nghim
Ty theo tng loi t v trng thi ca n, theo kinh nghim ngi ta cho sn
tr s p lc tiu chun R
tc
ca nn nh trong bng sau:
Bng 2.1 Tr s p lc tiu chun R
tc
ca nn theo kinh nghim
Tn t R
tc
(kG/cm
2
)
t mnh ln
1. t d to c ct nhi trong k h
2.Cui si l mnh v kt tinh
3. Dm, mnh v trm tch

6,0
5,0
3,0
Tn t R
tc
(kG/cm
2
) trng thi
t mnh ln
4. Ct th khng ph thuc m
5. Ct va, khng ph thuc m
6. Ct nh
a. t m
b. Rt m
7. Ct bi
a. t m
b. Rt m
c. Bo ha nc
Cht
4,5
3,5

3,0
2,5

2,5
2,0
1,5
Cht va
3,5
2,5

2,0
1,5

2,0
1,5
1,0
33

R
tc
(kG/cm
2
) ng vi st Loi t st

H s rng e
B =0 B =1
ct

st


St



0,5
0,7
0,5
0,7
1,0
0,5
0,6
0,8
1,1
3,0
2,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
6,0
5,0
3,0
2,5
3,0
2,0
2,5
1,8
1,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
*Ghi ch:
Vi cc tr s e, B trung gian, xc nh R
tc
bng cch ni suy. Cc tr s
trong
bng ng vi b rng mng b
1
=1m, h
1
=2m. Nu b
1
1m v h
1
1,5m th phi hiu
chnh:
Khi h 2m:
1
1
1
1
1
2
. 1
h
h h
b
b b
k R R
tc tc
hc
+
(

+ = (2.1)
Khi h >2m
: ( )
1 2
1
1
1
. . 1 h h k
b
b b
k R R
II
tc tc
hc
+
(

+ = (2.2)
Trong :


R
tc
hc
cng tiu chun t nn sau khi hiu chnh.

b v h - chiu rng v chiu su t mng thc t.

II
- dung trng t t y mng tr ln.
k
1
- h s tnh n nh hng ca chiu rng mng, ly k
1
= 0,125 i vi nn
t hn ln v t ct, tr ct bi; k
1
= 0,05 i vi nn ct bi v t st.
k
2
- h s tnh n nh hng ca su chn mng, ly k
2
= 0,25 i vi nn
t hn ln v t ct; k
2
= 0,2 i vi nn t ct v st; k
2
= 0,15 i vi nn t
st.
b. Xc nh p lc tiu chun theo quy phm
Theo TCXD 45-78 cho php tnh R
tc
ca nn t khi vng bin dng do pht
trin n su bng b/4:
( )
II II II
tc
tc
c D h B b A
k
m m
R . . . . .
.
* 2 1
+ + = (2.3)
Trong :
34

k
tc
- h s tin cy, nu cc ch tiu c l c xc nh bng th nghim trc
tip i vi t th k
tc
ly bng 1,0. Nu cc ch tiu ly theo bng quy phm th k
tc
ly bng 1,1.

II
- dung trng t nm trc tip di mng.

*
II
- dung trng trung bnh cc lp t t tnh t y mng tr ln.
c
II
- lc dnh tiu chun di y mng.
A, B, D - cc h s khng th nguyn ph thuc vo gc ma st c ly theo
bng 2.2.
m
1
, m
2
- ln lt l h s iu kin lm vic ca nn v h s iu kin lm vic
ca cng trnh tc dng qua li vi nn, ly theo bng 2.3
Bng 2.2 Tr s A, B v D
Tr s tiu chun
ca gc ma
st trong
tc


A

B

D
0

0,00

1,00

3,14

2

0,03

1,12

3,32

4 0,06 1,25 3,51
6

0,10

1,39

3,71

8

0,14

1,55

3,93

10 0,18 1,73 4,17
12

0,23

1,94

4,42

14 0,29 2,17 4,69
16 0,36 2,43 5,00
18 0,43 2,72 5,31
20 0,51 3,05 5,66
22 0,61 3,44 6,04
24 0,72 3,87 6,45
26 0,84 4,37 6,90
28 0,98 4,93 7,40
30 1,15 5,59 7,95
32 1,34 6,35 8,55
34 1,55 7,21 9,21
36 1,81 8,25 9,98
38 2,11 9,44 10,8
40 2,46 10,8 11,7
42 2,87 12,5 12,7
44 3,37 14,4 13,9
45 3,66 15,6 14,6

35

Bng 2.3 H s iu kin lm vic ca nn t m
1
v m
2
ca nh hoc cng trnh
H s m
2
i vi nh v cng trnh c s
kt cu cng vi t s gia chiu di
nh (cng trnh) hoc tng n nguyn
ca n vi chiu cao L/H


Loi t

H s
m
1
4 1,5
t hn ln c n ct v t
ct, khng k t phn v t
bi
1,4 1,2 1,4
Ct nh:
- Kh v t m
- Bo ha nc

1,3
1,2

1,1
1,1

1,3
1,3
Ct bi:
- Kh v t m
- Bo ha nc

1,2
1,1

1,0
1,0

1,2
1,2
t hn ln c n st v t
st c st B 0,5
1,2 1,0 1,1
Nh trn, c st B >0,5 1,1 1,0 1,0
2.2.2 Xc nh din tch y mng trong trng hp mng chu ti trng
ng tm
Xt mt mng n chu ti trng ng tm
nh hnh 2.15. Trong iu kin lm vic, mng chu
tc dng ca cc lc sau:
- Ti trng cng trnh truyn xung mng qua
ct mt nh mng: N
0
tc

- Trng lng bn thn mng: N
m
tc
- Trng lng cc lp t trn mng trong
phm vi kch thc mng: N

tc
- Phn lc nn t tc dng ln y mng: p
tc

Hnh 2.15
N
h
N
N
p
36

Biu ng sut tip xc di y mng l ng cong, nhng i vi cu
kin mng cng ta ly gn ng theo dng hnh ch nht.
iu kin cn bng tnh hc:
N
0
tc
+ N
m
tc
+ N

tc
= p
tc
.F (2.4)
Vi F l din tch y mng.
Trng lng ca mng v cc lp t trn mng c th ly bng trng lng
trung bnh ca khi mng quy c nm trong phm vi t y mng tr ln
N
m
tc
+ N

tc
=
tb
.h.F (2.5)

tb
- dung trng trung bnh ca vt liu mng v cc lp t trn mng, ly bng
22,2 T/m
3
.
h - chiu su chn mng.
T (2.4) v (2.5) ta c :
N
0
tc
+
tb
.h.F = p
tc
.F
Suy ra:
h p
N
F
tb
tc
tc
.
0

= (2.6)
iu kin c th xem nn l bin dng tuyn tnh:
p
tc
R
tc

Mun tn dng ht kh nng chu lc ca nn kch thc mng bo m kinh
t nht th p
tc
= R
tc

Vy
h R
N
F
tb
tc
tc
.
0

= (2.7)
Nh vy, mun xc nh F ta phi bit R
tc
, mun bit R
tc
phi bit b. Mun gii
quyt bi ton ny, ta c th dng phng php th dn: gi thit b sau tnh R
tc

theo (2.3) ri tnh F theo (2.7).
Mng chu ti ng tm thng lm y mng hnh vung. Mt s trng hp c
th lm mng hnh ch nht.
Vi y mng hnh vung th:
F b = (2.8)
Vi mng hnh ch nht th thng chn trc t s gia cc cnh K
n
= l/b, t
:
n
K
F
b = (2.9)
37

Cnh y mng cn lm trn n s 0,1m.
Da theo b va tm c, ta tnh li R
tc
theo (2.3), ri kim tra iu kin p lc
y mng: p
tc
R
tc

Vi p
tc
c xc nh nh sau:
h
b l
N
p
tb
tc
tc
.
0
+

= (2.10)
i vi mng bng di tng, di dy ct b c xc nh:

( ) h R l
N
b
tb
tc
tc
.
0

= (2.11)
l ly nh sau: mng bng di tng ct ra mt on l = 1m tnh; mng bng
di ct, l tnh theo bc ct.
2.2.3 Xc nh din tch y mng trong trng hp mng chu ti trng
lch tm
Mng chu ti lch tm l mng c im t ca tng hp lc khng i qua
trng tm y mng. Thng l mng cc cng trnh chu moment v ti trng
ngang. Mng chu ti lch tm thng c dng hnh ch nht.
Khi xc nh kch thc y mng lch tm, ta c th tnh nh mng chu ti
ng tm theo (2.7), sau tng din tch tnh c ln chu moment bng cch
nhn vi h s K
F
= (1,11,5). Trong K
F
ly tr s nh cho trng hp moment b
v ngc li.
Chn K
n
= l/b, chiu rng mng sau khi tnh c kch thc s b ca mng:

n
F
K
F K
b
.
= (2.12)
Nh vy trnh t tnh ton nh sau: chn trc mt gi tr b, kt hp vi iu
kin t nn tnh ra c R
tc
, tnh din tch s b y mng theo (2.7), c c gia tr
F s tm c kch thc y mng theo (2.12).
Kch thc y mng c kim tra theo iu kin n nh nn:

s
>
s
tc tc
tb
tc
tc tc
R p
p
R p
0
. 2 , 1
min
max
(2.13)
Trng hp mng chu ti lch tm mt phng th:
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
l
e
b l
N
p
tc
tc
. 6
1
0
min
max

(2.14)
38

Nu k thm trng lng ca mng v t trn mng th:
h
l
e
b l
N
p
tb
tc
tc
.
. 6
1
0
min
max
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

(2.15)
y e l lch tm:
tc
tc
N
M
e
0

=

(2.16)
EM
tc
- tr tiu chun ca moment tng ng vi trng tm din tch mng.
Khi c lc ngang H
0
tc
th moment xc nh nh sau:
EM
tc
= M
0
tc
+ H
0
tc
.h
m
(2.17)

H
0
tc
- tr tiu chun ca ti trng ngang ti chn ct.
h
m
- chiu cao mng gi nh.

p
N
M
H
p
h
l
b
l
p
p

Hnh 2.16 S ng sut mng chu ti lch tm
Theo biu thc (2.14), ty v lch tm e, biu ng sut ti y mng c th
c cc hnh dng nh sau:
Trng hp lch tm e <l/6 th
tc
p
min
>0 v biu ng sut y mng c
dng hnh thang.
Trng hp lch tm e =l/6 th
tc
p
min
=0 v biu ng sut y mng c
dng tam gic vi s tip xc trn ton b din tch mng.


Trng hp lch tm e >l/6 th
tc
p
min
<0 tc l ng sut m, nhng v y
mng khng th truyn ng sut ko cho t, do vy y mng b tch khi mt t
nn.
p
p
p
p
p

Hnh 2.17 Cc dng biu ng sut tip xc di mng chu ti lch tm

39

Trng hp mng chu ti lch tm tng qut th:
y
tc
x
tc
x
tc
tc
W
M
W
M
b l
N
p
y
=
.
0
min
max


Hay:

|
.
|

\
|

=
b
e
l
e
b l
N
p
b l
tc
tc
. 6 . 6
1
0
min
max

(2.18)
Nu k thm trng lng ca mng v t trn mng th:
h
b
e
l
e
b l
N
p
tb
b l
tc
tc
.
. 6 . 6
1
0
min
max
+ |
.
|

\
|

=

(2.19)
Trong :
N
0
tc
- ti trng tiu chun thng ng ti chn ct.
M
x
tc
; M
y
tc
- moment do cc ti trng tiu chun gy ra tng ng vi trc x v y
qua trng tm din tch y mng.
e
l
, e
b
- lch tm theo hai phng cnh di v ngn ca mng.

V d 2.1
Hy xc nh kch thc s b y mng
di ct hnh ch nht kch thc 200x300mm
vi t hp ti trng ti mt mng l:
N
tt
=62,18T; M
tt
=3,54Tm; H
tt
=1,62T. Nn t
gm hai lp vi cc ch tiu c l nh sau:
Lp 1: lp t p dy 0,6m;
1
=1,64 T/m
3
.
Lp 2: lp t ct pha, do dy >10m;

2
=1,8 T/m
3
; =24
0
; c =0,12 kG/cm
2
. Cho bit
cc h s nh m
1
=1; m
2
=1,2; k
tc
=1; n =1,2;

tb
=2,2 T/m
3
.
Bi gii:
Xc nh kch thc s b y mng
Chn chiu su chn mng l h =1,5m.
Gi nh b rng mng b =1,5m v chiu cao mng h
m
=0,5m.
p lc tiu chun ti y mng:
( )
II II II
tc
tc
Dc Bh Ab
k
m m
R + + =
* 2 1

m
1
=1; m
2
=1,2; k
tc
=1; lc dnh c =0,12 kG/cm
2

=1,2 T/m
2

Vi =24
0
, tra bng 2.2 ta c A =0,72; B =3,87; D =6,45

1
5
0
0
5
0
0
b
300
2
0
0
l
Hnh 2.18 Hnh v d 2.1
40


3
2 1
2 2 1 1 *
/ 74 , 1
5 , 1
9 , 0 8 , 1 6 , 0 64 , 1
m T
h h
h h
II
=
+
=
+
+
=

.
R
tc
= ( ) ( )
2
/ 74 , 23 2 , 1 45 , 6 74 , 1 5 , 1 87 , 3 8 , 1 5 , 1 72 , 0
1
2 , 1 1
m T = + +

.
Ti trng tiu chun:
N
o
tc
= ( ) T 82 , 51
2 , 1
18 , 62
= ; ( ) Tm M
tc
o
95 , 2
2 , 1
54 , 3
= = ; ) ( 35 , 1
2 , 1
62 , 1
T H
tc
o
= =
Din tch s b y mng:
) ( 54 , 2
5 , 1 . 2 , 2 74 , 23
82 , 51
.
2
m
h R
N
F
tb
tc
tc
o
sb
=

B rng s b mng: chn K
F
=1,2 v K
n
=1,3
) ( 53 , 1
3 , 1
54 , 2 . 2 , 1 .
m
K
F K
b
n
F
= = =
Chn b =1,5m; l =K
n
.b =1,3.1,5 =1,95m chn l =2m.
Vy kch thc y mng chn l: F = bxl =1,5x2 =3m
2
.
Vi b = 1,5m th khng cn tnh ton li R
tc

Kim tra iu kin n nh nn
Ti trng tiu chun quy v trng tm y mng:
N
o
tc
= ( ) T 82 , 51
2 , 1
18 , 62
=
( ) Tm
h H M
M
m
tc tc
tc
63 , 3
2 , 1
5 , 0 62 , 1 54 , 3
2 , 1
.
0 0
=
+
=
+
=

lch tm : ( ) m
N
M
e
tc
o
tc
07 , 0
82 , 51
63 , 3
= = =


p lc tiu chun ti y mng:
( )
2
max
/ 2 , 24 5 , 1 2 , 2
2
07 , 0 6
1
3
82 , 51 6
1 m T h
l
e
F
N
p
tb
tc
o tc
= + |
.
|

\
|
+ = + |
.
|

\
|
+ =
( )
2
min
/ 95 , 16 5 , 1 2 , 2
2
07 , 0 6
1
3
82 , 51 6
1 m T h
l
e
F
N
p
tb
tc
o tc
= + |
.
|

\
|
= + |
.
|

\
|
=
( )
2 min max
/ 58 , 20
2
95 , 16 2 , 24
2
m T
p p
p
tc tc
tc
tb
=
+
=
+
= .
Kim tra iu kin:
( )
2
max
/ 2 , 24 m T p
tc
= < 1,2xR
tc
=1,2x23,74=28,49(T/m
2
).
( )
2
min
/ 95 , 16 m T p
tc
= >0.
( )
2
/ 58 , 20 m T P
tc
tb
= <R
tc
=23,74(T/m
2
).
Nh vy kch thc mng chn F = bxl =1,5x2m l hp l.
41

2.2.4 Tnh ton nn theo trng thi gii hn v bin dng (TTGH II)
a. Khi nim
Sau khi xc nh c kch thc y mng theo iu kin p lc tiu chun,
ta phi kim tra li nn theo trng thi gii hn v bin dng, hay cn gi l TTGH II.
Ni dung ca phn tnh ton ny nhm khng ch bin dng ca nn, khng
cho bin dng ca nn ln ti mc lm nt n, h hng cng trnh bn trn hoc
lm cho cng trnh bn trn nghing lch ln, khng tha mn iu kin s dng.
m bo yu cu trn th ln ca nn phi tha iu kin:
S [S
gh
] (2.20)
Trong :
S - ln tnh ton ca cng trnh.
[S
gh
] - tr s gii hn v bin dng ca cng trnh, tr s ny ph thuc vo:
- c tnh ca cng trnh bn trn: Vt liu, hnh thc kt cu, cng khng
gian v tnh nhy cm vi bin dng ca nn
- Ph thuc vo c tnh ca nn: Loi t, trng thi v tnh bin dng ca t,
phn b cc lp t trong nn...
- Ph thuc vo phng php thi cng.
Tr s ln gii hn [S
gh
] theo TCXD quy nh ty thuc vo tnh hnh c th
ca cng trnh, ly theo bng sau:
Bng 2.4 Tr s gii hn v ln ca mng
Tr s [S
gh
] (cm) Kt cu nh v kiu mng
Trung bnh Tuyt i
1. Nh Panen ln, nh Blc khng c khung.
2. Nh bng tng gch, tng Blc ln, mng n c:
L/H 2,5 (L: chiu di tng; H: chiu cao)
L/H 1,5
3. Nh tng gch, tng Blc ln c ging BTCT hoc
gch, ct thp.
4. Nh khung trn ton b s
5. Mng BTCT kn khp ca l nung, ng khi, thp
nc.
6. Mng nh cng nghip mt tng v nh c kt cu
tng t khi bc ct l:
6m
12m
8

8
10
15

10
30



-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-



8
10

42

Ngoi ra ta cn c bit ch n chnh lch ln hay ln khng u ca cc
mng trong cng mt cng trnh. Nu tr s ny ln s gy ra s phn b li ni lc
trong kt cu bn trn, lm nt gy kt cu. chnh lch ln c nh gi qua cc
i lng:
- ln lch tuyt i:
AS =S
2
S
1
[AS
gh
] (2.21)
y S
1
v S
2
l ln ca hai im mp mng.
- nghing ca mng hoc cng trnh: L t s gia ln ca cc im bn
ngoi ca mng (hoc cng trnh) vi kch thc (chiu di, chiu rng) qua im y:
l
S S
tg i
1 2

= = o

(2.22)
nghing ca mng ch nht chu ti lch tm c th xc nh theo cc cng
thc sau:
- nghing theo phng cnh di:
3
0
2
2
. 1
|
.
|

\
|

=
l
e N
K
E
i
l
tc
l l

(2.23)
- nghing theo phng cnh ngn:
3
0
2
2
. 1
|
.
|

\
|

=
b
e N
K
E
i
b
tc
b b

(2.24)
Trong :
N
0
tc
lc dc tiu chun ca cng trnh tc dng xung mng.
e
l
, e
b
lch tm ca ti trng so vi trng tm din tch y mng theo cnh
di l v cnh ngn b.
E, - module tng bin dng v h s n hng ca t, ly trung bnh trong
phm vi tng chu nn.
K
l
, K
b
h s ph thuc vo l/b tra bng 2.5
Bng 2.5 H s K
l
v K
b
T s l/b H s
1,0 1,4 1,8 2,4 3,2 5,0
K
l
0,55 0,71 0,83 0,97 1,10 1,44
K
b
0,50 0,39 0,33 0,25 0,19 0,13


43

b. Tnh ton ln ca mng
Hin nay c nhiu phng php khc nhau tnh ton ln ca nn mng,
mt s phng php c trnh by k trong gio trnh C hc t. Trong ,
phng php cng ln tng lp l mt trong nhng phng php thng c s
dng nhiu nht v cho kt qu gn st vi thc t nht.
Cc bc tnh ton ln theo phng php cng ln tng lp:
1. Chia nn t di y mng thnh nhiu lp c chiu dy h
i
(0,20,4)b vi
b l chiu rng mng.
2. Tnh v v biu ng sut do trng lng bn thn t:
o
zi
bt
= E
i
.h
i
(2.25)
3. Xc nh p lc gy ln:
p
gl
= p
tb
tc
- .h (2.26)
- dung trng trung bnh cc lp t tnh t y mng tr ln.
h - chiu su chn mng.
4. Tnh v v biu ng sut gy ln:
o
gl
zi
= K
o
. p
gl
(2.27)
K
o
- h s ph thuc vo t s l/b v 2z/b tra bng 2.6.
5. Xc nh chiu su vng nh hng H
nc
: da vo iu kin chiu su m ti
o
z
bt
5.o
z
gl
(i vi t tt) hay o
z
bt
10.o
z
gl
(i vi t yu)
6. Tnh ton ln ca cc lp t phn t S
i
theo cc cng thc:
i
i
i i
i
h
e
e e
S .
1
1
2 1
+

=
i i i
h p a S . .
0
A =

(2.28)
i i
i
i
h p
E
S . .
0
A =
|

7. Tnh ton ln cui cng ca mng:
S = ES
i
Bng 2.6 Bng tra h s K
0

l/b 2z/b
1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4
0,0 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
0,4 0,960 0,968 0,972 0,947 0,975 0,976 0,976 0,977
0,8 0,800 0,830 0,848 0,859 0,866 0,870 0,875 0,878
1,2 0,606 0,654 0,682 0,703 0,717 0,727 0,740 0,740
1,6 0,449 0,496 0,532 0,558 0,578 0,593 0,612 0,623
2,0 0,336 0,397 0,414 0,441 0,463 0,481 0,505 0,520
44

2,4 0,257 0,294 0,325 0,352 0,304 0,3952 0,419 0,437
2,6 0,201 0,232 0,260 0,284 0,374 0,321 0,350 0,369
3,2 0,160 0,187 0,210 0,252 0,251 0,267 0,294 0,0314
3,6 0,130 0,153 0,173 0,192 0,209 0,224 0,250 0,270
4,0 0,108 0,127 0,145 0,161 0,170 0,190 0,214 0,233
4,4 0,091 0,107 0,122 0,137 0,150 0,163 0,187 0,170
4,8 0,077 0,092 0,105 0,118 0,130 0,141 0,161 0,157
5,2 0,066 0,079 0,091 0,102 0,112 0,123 0,141 0,139
5,6 0,058 0,069 0,079 0,089 0,099 0,108 0,124 0,124
6,0 0,051 0,060 0,070 0,078 0,087 0,095 0,110 0,111

2.2.5 Tnh ton nn theo trng thi gii hn v cng (TTGH I)
a. Khi nim
Khi ti trng ngoi vt qu kh nng chu lc ca nn t, nn b ph hng v
mt cng , n nh, lc ny nn c xem l t n trng thi gii hn
th nht. i vi nn , khi t n TTGH I th nn khng cn kh nng chu ti
na v nn b ph hoi. i vi nn t, khi t n TTGH I th xy ra hin tng ln
t ngt, lm ph hng cng trnh bn trn.
Phm vi s dng tnh ton nn theo TTGH I:
- Nn .
- Nn st rt cng, ct rt cht, t na .
- Nn st yu, bo ha nc v t than bn.
- Nn t mng thng xuyn chu ti trng ngang.
- Nn ca cng trnh trn mi dc.
iu kin kim tra: mun cho nn t khng b ph hng, mt n nh (trt,
tri) th ti trng truyn ln mng cng trnh tc dng ln nn t phi c cng
nh hn cng gii hn ca nn t y.

at
gh
k
P
N s

(2.29)
N - ti trng cng trnh tc dng ln mng.
P
gh
- kh nng chu ti cc hn ca nn.
k
at
- h s an ton, do c quan thit k quy nh, h s ny ph thuc vo cp
nh, cp cng trnh, ngha v hu qu ca vic nn mt kh nng chu ti, mc
nghin cu cc iu kin ca nn t, thng chn >1.
Khi tnh ton nn theo TTGH I, lc ny ti trng khi gn t n TTGH I l rt
ln, ti nhiu vng trong nn t quan h ng sut bin dng khng cn bc nht
na, lc ny khng th gii quyt bi ton theo kt qu ca l thuyt n hi na m
45

phi tnh theo hng khc. Cc bi ton tnh ton ny c th tham kho trong gio trnh
C hc t.
b. Kim tra n nh lt
Trong qu trnh chu lc, nu di y mng xut hin biu ng sut m th
mng c kh nng b lt, do vy cn phi kim tra n nh lt. iu kin kim tra:
| |
l
gl
giu
K
M
M
K > =

(2.30)
EM
giu
- tng moment gi mng khng b lt.
EM
gl
-
tng momen gy lt cho mng.

[K
l
] - h s n nh lt cho php, thng thng ly 1,5.
c. Kim tra n nh trt
Di tc dng ca ti trng ngang H s lm cho mng c xu hng b trt
mt phng y mng. m bo mng khng b trt th phi tha mn iu kin
sau:
EN
tt
.f.n
0
n.EH
tt
(2.31)
Trong :
N
tt
- tng ti trng thng ng tc dng ti y mng.
n
o
- h s vt ti ca ti trng thng ng (ly <1).
n - h s vt ti ca ti trng ngang (ly >1).
EH
tt
- tng ti trng ngang tc dng ln mng.
f - h s ma st gia t v nn ph thuc vo nhm ca y mng v loi
t. Tr s f ca hoc b tng vi cc loi t khc nhau ly theo bng 2.7:
Bng 2.7 Tr s ca f

Loi t di y mng Tr s f
1. t st v nham thch c b mt b bo mn 0,25
2. t st trng thi cng 0,3
3. t st trng thi do 0,2
4. Ct m t 0,55
5. Ct m 0.45
6. st trng thi cng 0,45
7. st trng thi do 0,25
8. ct trng thi cng 0,5
9. ct trng thi do 0,35
10. t 0,75

46

Trong thc t i vi cc mng ca cc cng trnh xy dng dn dng v cng
nghip, cc iu kin lt v trt u tha mn. iu kin ny cn c kim tra cht
ch i vi cc cng trnh c din tch y mng hp, chiu cao ln, chu ti trng
ngang, ti trng nh ln nh thp ngten, thp nc, tr in
2.2.6 Tnh ton mng theo trng thi gii
hn I
a. S tnh ton
Ta xt trng thi chu lc ca mt mng n
nh hnh 2.19. B qua lc ngang v ma st trn mt
bn ca mng. Mng chu tc dng ca cc lc sau:
- Lc do ti trng cng trnh tc dng trn ton
din tch y mng.
- Phn lc nn tc dng trn ton din tch
y mng, c chiu ngc li.
Trong iu kin chu lc nh vy, mng c kh nng b ph hng theo cc kiu
sau:
- Mng b chc thng bi ng sut ct trc tip trn tit din xung quanh chn
ct hoc chn tng (ng 1 trn hnh v 2.19).
- Mng b chc thng do tc dng ca ng sut ko chnh, lc ny mt ph hoi
l mt nghing 45
0
theo phng thng ng (ng 2 trn hnh v 2.19).
- Mng b nt gy do tc dng ca moment un. Trong phm vi chn ct
hoc chn tng, cng ca kt cu mng rt ln, nn c th xem mng b ngm ti
, phn mng cha ra ngoi chn ct (hoc chn tng) b un nh dm cng sn.
Ni dung tnh ton mng theo trng thi gii hn I l xc nh kch thc ca
mng v cu to cho hp l, m bo cho mng khng b ph hng theo nhng kiu
nu trn. Vic tnh ton gm hai ni dung l tnh chiu cao mng v b tr thp cho
mng.
b. Xc nh chiu cao ca mng cng theo iu kin bn chng un
p lc tnh ton di y mng:
2
. 6
1
min max
min
max
tt tt
tt
tb
tt
tt
p p
p
l
e
b l
N
p
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

(2.32)

Hnh 2.19 Cc hnh thc ph
hoi ca mng khi chu ti

o o
47

Chiu cao lm vic ca mng c xc nh theo:

c n
tt
l R
l p
L h
. . 4 , 0
.
.
0
>

(2.33)
Trong :
h
0
chiu cao lm vic ca mng; h
0
= h - a
a ly gn ng bng lp b tng bo v thp
y mng; a =410cm
L khong cch t cnh mng n mt ngm
ct; L = (l l
c
)/2
l cnh di y mng khi tnh theo pha chiu
di, cn khi tnh theo pha cnh ngn th bng chiu
rng mng.
R
n
cng chu nn ca b tng.
l
c
b di cnh ct.
p
tt
p lc tnh ton trung bnh trn phn L.
p
1
tt
- p lc tnh ton ti mt ngm ct.
Khi tnh cho mng lch tm ta phi tnh cho pha nguy him nht l pha c p
tt
max

vi:

2
max 1
tt tt
tt
p p
p
+
=

(2.34)
( )
l
L l
p p p p
tt tt tt tt

+ = .
min max min 1

(2.35)
c. Xc nh chiu cao ca mng cng theo iu kin xuyn thng
Mng chu ti ng tm
B dy mng h
m
c chn sao cho mng khng b chn ct xuyn thng qua.
Thc nghim cho thy mng b xuyn thng t y mng theo thp xuyn m mt
nghing ca thp hp mt ngang mt gc 45
0
.
iu kin chng xuyn thng:
P
cx
P
xt
(2.36)
Trong :
P
xt
- lc gy xuyn thng.

( ) | |
tt
c ntx
tt
xt
p h b b S p P . . 2 .
2
0
2
+ = = (2.37)
p
tt
p lc tnh ton di y mng.
S
xt
- phn din tch y mng nm ngoi thp xuyn.
P
cx
- lc chng xuyn thng.

( ) | |
0 0 xqtx
. . 4 . . 75 , 0 . . 75 , 0 h h b R S R P
c k k cx
+ = = (2.38)
Hnh 2.20 S tnh chiu cao
mng theo iu kin chu un

l
L lc
48

h
h
h
b
h
b
b + 2h
b

+
2
h
h b h
b

Hnh 2.21 S tnh chiu cao mng theo iu kin xuyn thng
ca mng n ng tm
R
k
cng chu ko ca b tng mng.
S
xqtx
din tch xung quanh thp xuyn c chn gn ng bng din tch xung
quanh ca khi lp phng cnh b
c
+ h
0
v dy h
0
.
0,75 - h s thc nghim, k n s gim cng chc thng ca b tng
so vi cng chu ko.
Mng chu ti lch tm
Cng nguyn tc tnh ton nh trng hp mng chu ti ng tm, nhng do
phn lc y mng phn b khng u, kh nng mng b b gy khu vc phn lc
y mng cc i nhiu hn nn cn tnh ton vi mt mt b xuyn bt li nht thay
v tnh cho c thp xuyn thng.
Lc gy xuyn thng:

xt
tt
xt
S p P . = (2.39)

2
max 2
tt tt
tt
p p
p
+
=

(2.40)
( )
l
h l l
p p p p
c tt tt tt tt
2
2
.
0
min max min 2
+ +
+ =

(2.41)
Trong :
p
tt
p lc tnh ton trung bnh bn pha nguy him nht.
p
2
tt
p lc tnh ton ti mp cnh y ca thp xuyn.
49


h
h
b
h
b
l + 2h
h l h
l
b

+
2
h

Hnh 2.22 S tnh chiu cao mng theo iu kin xuyn thng
ca mng n lch tm
S
xt
din tch xuyn thng bn pha nguy him nht bng din tch hnh ch nht
trn hnh 2.22:
S
xt
=b.(l l
c
2h
0
).0,5 (2.42)
Lc chng xuyn thng cng ch xt ng vi mt mt ca thp xuyn:

( )
0 0
. . . 75 , 0 . . 75 , 0 h h b R S R P
c k xt k cx
+ = = (2.43)

V d 2.2
Vi cc thng s ca bi ton trong v d 2.1, hy xc nh chiu cao mng theo
hai iu kin bn chng un v bn chng chc thng.
Cho bit b tng mng mc 250 c cng tnh ton R
n
=110 kG/cm
2
v
R
k
=9,0 kG/cm
2
.
Bi gii:
Theo iu kin bn chng un ca mng:
n c
tt
R l
l p
L h
. . 4 , 0
.
0
>


50

p lc tnh ton di y mng :
( )
2
max
/ 08 , 25
2
07 , 0 6
1
3
18 , 62 6
1 m T
l
e
F
N
p
tt
tt
= |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ =
( )
2
min
/ 37 , 16
2
07 , 0 6
1
3
18 , 62 6
1 m T
l
e
F
N
p
tt
tt
= |
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
=
( )
2 min max
/ 73 , 20
2
37 , 16 08 , 25
2
m T
p p
p
tt tt
tt
tb
=
+
=
+
= .
p lc tnh ton ti mt ngm ct:

( )
) / ( 38 , 21 15 , 1
2
37 , 16 08 , 25
37 , 16
2
1
m T p
tt
=

+ =
L =0,85m; l =2m; l
c
=0,3m ; R
n
=1100T/m
2

) / ( 23 , 23
2
08 , 25 38 , 21
2
2 max 1
m T
p p
p
tt tt
tt
=
+
=
+
=
) ( 5 , 0
1100 . 3 , 0 . 4 , 0
2 . 23 , 23
85 , 0
. . 4 , 0
.
0
m
R l
l p
L h
n c
tt
= > >
Chn chiu cao lm vic ca mng h
0
=0,5m
h
m
=h
0
+a =0,5 +0,05 =0,55m.
Theo iu kin bn chng xuyn thng
ca mng:
Vi chiu cao lm vic ca mng h
0
=0,5m .
p lc tnh ton ti chn thp xuyn:
( )
) / ( 56 , 23 65 , 1
2
37 , 16 08 , 25
37 , 16
2
2
m T p
tt
=

+ =
) / ( 32 , 24
2
56 , 23 08 , 25
2
2 max 2
m T
p p
p
tt tt
tt
=
+
=
+
=
Din tch xuyn thng:
) ( 525 , 0 35 , 0 . 5 , 1
2
m S
xt
= =
Lc gy xuyn thng:
) ( 77 , 12 525 , 0 32 , 24 T P
xt
= =
Lc chng xuyn thng:
( ) ) ( 63 , 23 5 , 0 . 5 , 0 2 , 0 . 90 . 75 , 0 T P
cx
= + =
Nh vy P
xt
>P
cx
tha iu kin xuyn thng.
Chiu cao mng chn l h
m
=0,55m



350 500 300 500 350
1
5
0
5
0
0
2
0
0
5
0
0
1
5
0
2000
1
5
0
0
850
Hnh 2.23 Hnh v d 2.2

51

d. Tnh ton v b tr thp cho mng
Mng ng tm
i vi mng ng tm, thng ti trng tc dng l ng tm nn gi tr
moment un v din tch thp theo hai phng l ging nhau. Xem bn mng nh mt
dm cng sn ngm ti mp ct, moment tc dng tnh theo phng I-I:

( ) ( ) ( )
8
. .
4
. .
2
.
2
c tt c c tt
I I
b b
b p
b b
b
b b
p M

=

=

(2.44)
Din tch ct thp mng:
0 0
. . 9 , 0 . . h R
M
h R
M
F
a
I I
a
I I
a

~ =

(2.45)

b
0,5(b-b )
b
I -I
h
l
b
h
I
I
I
I
I I I I
B
L

Hnh 2.24 S tnh moment ca ca mng n ng tm v lch tm
Mng lch tm
Moment tc dng theo phng I-I tnh cho pha c p lc tnh ton ln nht:
( )
tt tt
I I
p p
L b
M
1 max
2
. 2
6
.
+ =

(2.46)
Din tch ct thp mng:

0 0
. . 9 , 0 . . h R
M
h R
M
F
a
I I
a
I I
a

~ =

Moment tc dng tnh theo phng II-II: c th tnh ton vi p lc tnh ton
trung bnh p
tb
tt


tt
tb II II
p
B l
M
2
.
2
=

(2.47)
Din tch ct thp mng:
52


0 0
. . 9 , 0 . . h R
M
h R
M
F
a
II II
a
II II
a

~ =

Trng hp tng qut mng chu ti lch tm hai phng, ta c th dng cc
cng thc sau :
M
I
=Q
1
.l
1


2
. .
2 1
p p
L b Q
I
+
=

2
12 11
1
p p
p
+
=

(2.48)
2
22 21
2
p p
p
+
=
( )
2 1
2
. 2 .
6
.
p p
L b
M
I
+ =
Hnh 2.25

V d 2.3
Tnh ton v b tr ct thp cho mng vi cc thng s xc nh nh v d
2.1 v 2.2.
Cho bit mng s dng loi thp AII c R
a
=2800 kG/cm
2
.
Bi gii:
( )
2
max
/ 08 , 25
2
07 , 0 6
1
3
18 , 62 6
1 m T
l
e
F
N
p
tt
tt
= |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ =
( )
2
min
/ 37 , 16
2
07 , 0 6
1
3
18 , 62 6
1 m T
l
e
F
N
p
tt
tt
= |
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
=
( )
2 min max
/ 73 , 20
2
37 , 16 08 , 25
2
m T
p p
p
tt tt
tt
tb
=
+
=
+
= .
p lc tnh ton ti mt ngm ct:

( )
2
1
/ 38 , 21 15 , 1
2
37 , 16 08 , 25
37 , 16 m T p
tt
=

+ = ;
Tnh moment un ln nht theo phng cnh di:

( )
Tm
p p
bL M
tt
I I
92 , 12
6
38 , 21 08 , 25 . 2
. 85 , 0 . 5 , 1
6
2
2 1 max 2
=
+
=
+
=

2
5
25 , 10
50 . 2800 . 9 , 0
10 . 92 , 12
cm F
a
= = .
Chn thp |12 (F
a
= 1,131cm
2
) s lng thp cy n 1 , 9
131 , 1
25 , 10
= =
L
b
l
53

Chn 10|12 khong cch mm a 155
9
50 2 1500
=

=
Theo phng cnh ngn:
Tm
B
l B p M
tt
tb
II II
76 , 8
2
65 , 0
2 . 65 , 0 . 73 , 20
2
. . . = = =

2
5
95 , 6
50 . 2800 . 9 , 0
10 . 76 , 8
cm F
a
= =
Chn thp |10 (F
a
= 0,785cm
2
) ->s lng thp cy n 9 , 8
785 , 0
95 , 6
= =
Chn 10|10 khong cch mm a 211
9
50 2 2000
=

= >200mm
Vy chn li 11|10 khong cch mm a 190
10
50 2 2000
=

=
MAT CAT 1-1
2000
1
0
0
2
5
0
3
0
0
300
1
4
5
0
50
-2. 00
10a200
LP BETONG LOT
A4x6 MAC 50
6a150
2
0
0
0
620
12a155
-0. 50
2000 100
12a155
100
1
0
0
1
5
0
0
1
0
0
1 1
0. 00
100 100
AT TON NEN
AT T NHI EN
AKI ENG
200x300
620
2
5
0
350
5
0
5
0
50 50
10a200
6
0
0
6a100
6
0
0

Hnh 2.26 Hnh v d 2.3
54

2.3 TNH TON MNG I
2.3.1 Khi nim chung
Cc loi mng i thng c s dng thit k mng nh ph c mt bng b
khng ch bi ranh gii hai nh hai bn hoc thit k hai ct tng i gn
nhau, cng nh khng ch s lch tm ca mt mng no bng cch kt hp mng
vi mt mng bn cnh.
Mng i c th c dng hnh ch nht, hnh thang, hoc kt hp hai mng n
bng mt sn cng.

Hnh 2.27 a) Mng i ch nht; b) Mng i hnh thang;
c) Mng i c sn cng.

Phng php dng tnh ton mng i l phng php mng tuyt i cng.
Phng php ny xem mng l tuyt i cng v p lc phn b di y mng l
phn b u hoc theo quy lut tuyn tnh. Ni lc trong mng tnh ton theo phng
php xc nh ni lc trong dm trong gio trnh Sc bn vt liu.

Hnh 2.28 Thi cng mng i
55

2.3.2 Tnh ton mng i
Cc bc tnh ton tnh i tng t nh cch tnh ton mng n. Trnh t tnh
ton c th tm tt nh sau:
- Xc nh din tch y mng tng t nh mng n vi ti trng tnh ton
l tng ti trng ng ca hai ct.
- Kim tra p lc y mng v tnh li p lc y mng vi ti trng tnh
ton.
- Xem mng nh mt dm t ln hai gi ta l hai ct, chu ti trng tc
dng l p lc y mng tnh bc 2, v biu moment v lc ct cho
mng.
- Xc nh chiu cao lm vic ca mng theo iu kin chc thng vi ct c
ti trng ln hn v theo iu kin ct vi lc ct ti tit din nguy him nh
trong mng n.
- Tnh din tch ct thp cn thit v kim tra hm lng ct thp.
a. Xc nh s b din tch mng
Mt mng i c s tnh ton v chu tc dng ca ti trng nh hnh 2.22.
T hp ti trng tc dng ti chn ct s 1 l: (N
1
tt
; M
1
tt
; H
1
tt
) v ti chn ct s 2 l:
(N
2
tt
; M
2
tt
; H
2
tt
).
L L L
L/2 e
b
x

Hnh 2.29 S tnh ton mng i

56

i vi mng i, do khong cch L
3
gia hai tim ct l c nh theo h s kin
trc nn nhim v ca ngi thit k l i xc nh khong cch L
1
, L
2
v chiu rng b
ca mng. Trong , khong cch L
1
v L
2
c th b khng ch bi din tch t xy
dng do cng trnh bn cnh.
Gi thit b rng b ca mng (theo kinh nghim thng b =11,5m), sau tnh
p lc tiu R
tc
theo cng thc (2.3). Din tch s b y mng c tnh theo cng thc
(2.7):

h R
N
F
tb
tc
tc
sb
.
=


Trong :

+ =
tc tc tc
N N N
2 1

T tnh c b rng mng theo cng thc (2.12)

n
sb F
K
F K
b
.
=
Vi h s K
F
= 1,21,7 v K
n
= 1,52,5 (c tng hn so vi mng n do chiu
di thng ln hn nhiu so vi chiu rng mng)
Chiu di mng L =bxK
n
t y chn ra c gi tr L
1
v L
2
ty thuc vo
lch tm ln hay b ca mng. Theo kinh nghim, nu bn pha ct no ti trng ng
ln hn th thng chn khong cch L
1
hay L
2
pha ln hn, nn chn L
1,2
0,4m.
Trong trng hp lch tm t c th chn L
1
=L
2
d tnh ton.
b. Kim tra n nh nn
Gi s chiu cao mng l h
m
,

chuyn ton b ti trng xung ti trng tm y
mng.

+ =
tc tc tc
N N N
2 1

+ =
tc tc tc
H H H
2 1

(2.49)

( ) x L N x N h H H M M M
tc tc
m
tc tc tc tc tc
+ + + + =
3 2 1 2 1 2 1
) (
Trong EH
tc

cn bng vi p lc t t y mng tr ln.
lch tm:

=
tc
tc
N
M
e

(2.50)
p lc tiu chun di y mng:
h
L
e
b L
N
p
tb
tc
tc
.
. 6
1
min
max
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=


(2.51)
57

Kch thc y mng c kim tra theo iu kin n nh nn:

s
>
s
tc tc
tb
tc
tc tc
R p
p
R p
0
. 2 , 1
min
max
(2.52)
R
tc
c tnh li vi gi tr b rng mng b c chn
c. Tnh ton nn theo trng thi gii hn v bin dng (TTGH II)
Tnh ton tng t nh mng n bao gm tnh ln lch, gc xoay v ln
tuyt i ca mng.
d. Tnh ton ni lc cho dm mng
Xc nh p lc tnh ton di y mng:
|
|
.
|

\
|

L
e
b L
N
p
tt
tt
. 6
1
min
max

(2.53)
p lc y mng bn di ti v tr tim ct:
( )
tt tt tt tt
p p
L
L
p p
min max
1
min 1
+ =

(2.54)
( )
tt tt tt tt
p p
L
L L
p p
min max
3 1
min 2

+
+ =


L L L

Hnh 2.30 S tnh ton moment v lc ct ca mng i.
58


Moment theo phng cnh di:
( )
tt tt
p p
L b
M
1 min
2
1
1
. 2
6
.
+ =

( )
tt tt
p p
L b
M
2 1
2
3
max
16
.
+ =

(2.55)

( )
tt tt
p p
L b
M
2 max
2
2
2
. 2
6
.
+ =

Tnh lc ct cho dm mng
Lc ct ca dm mng c th c xc nh mt cch gn ng nh sau:
Ti v tr gi 1:
( )
1 1 min 1
.
2
1
L p p Q
tt tt tr
+ =

(2.56)

tt tr ph
N Q Q
1 1 1
=
Ti v tr gi 2:

( )
tt ph ph
tt tt ph
N Q Q
L p p Q
2 2 2
2 2 max 2
.
2
1
+ =
+ =

(2.57)
e. Tnh ton bn v cu to mng
Chiu cao mng i c th chn s b theo kinh nghim h
m
=0,50,8m ri sau
kim tra iu kin chng xuyn thng mng.
P
cx
P
xt

Lc gy xuyn thng:

xt
tt
tb xt
S p P . = (2.58)
Trong :
p
tb
tt
p lc tnh ton trung bnh.

2
min max
tt tt
tt
tb
p p
p
+
=

(2.59)
S
xt
= |bxL - L.(b
c
+ 2h
0
)|.0,5

(2.60)
Lc chng xuyn thng cng ch xt ng vi mt mt ca thp xuyn:

0
. . . 75 , 0 . . 75 , 0 h L R S R P
k k cx
= = (2.61)

59

L
L L L
b
l
b
b

+
2
h

Hnh 2.31 S tnh ton xuyn thng mng i.

Tnh thp cho dm mng
Thp lp trn:

. . 9 , 0 . .
max
0
max
a a
a
R
M
h R
M
F = =

(2.62)

Thp lp di:

( ) ( )
0
2 1
0
2 1
. . 9 , 0 . . h R
M M
h R
M M
F
a a
a
= =

(2.63)

Tnh thp cho bn mng
Theo phng cnh di, b tr thp theo cu to |10a200 hay |12a200.
L L L
B
I
I
I I I I
L

Hnh 2.32 S tnh ton thp mng i

Moment tc dng tnh theo phng II-II: tnh ton vi p lc tnh ton trung bnh
p
tb
tt


tt
tb II II
p
B L
M
2
.
2
=

(2.64)
Din tch ct thp:

0 0
. . 9 , 0 . . h R
M
h R
M
F
a
II II
a
II II
a

= =

(2.65)
60

V d 2.5
Hy thit k mng i di hai ct hnh ch nht C
1
(200x200mm) v
C
2
(200x300mm) vi cc s liu nh sau:
T hp ti trng tc dng ti ct C
1
: N
1
tt
=22,18T; M
1
tt
=1,54Tm; H
1
tt
=1,2T.
T hp ti trng tc dng ti ct C
2
: N
2
tt
=28,34T; M
2
tt
=2,14Tm; H
1
tt
=1,4T.
Khong cch gia tim hai ct l L
3
=1,8m.
Nn t gm hai lp vi cc ch tiu c l nh sau:
Lp 1: lp t p dy 0,6m;
1
=1,64 T/m
3
.
Lp 2: lp t ct pha, do dy >10m;
2
=1,8 T/m
3
; =24
0
; c =0,12 kG/cm
2
.
Cho bit cc h s m
1
=1; m
2
=1,2; k
tc
=1; n =1,2;
tb
=2,2 T/m
3
.
Bi gii:
a. Xc nh kch thc mng
Chn chiu su chn mng l h =1,5m.
Gi thit b =1,2m; chiu cao mng chn l h
m
=0,6m.
p lc tiu chun ti y mng:
( )
II II II
tc
tc
Dc Bh Ab
K
m m
R + + =
* 2 1
.
m
1
=1; m
2
=1,2; k
tc
=1; lc dnh c =0,12 kG/cm
2

=1,2 T/m
2

Vi =24
0
, tra bng (2.2) ta c A =0,72; B =3,87; D =6,45;
( )
3
2 1
2 2 1 1 *
/ 74 , 1
5 , 1
9 , 0 8 , 1 6 , 0 64 , 1
m T
h h
h h
II
=
+
=
+
+
=

.
R
tc
= ( ) ( )
2
/ 28 , 23 2 , 1 45 , 6 74 , 1 5 , 1 87 , 3 8 , 1 2 , 1 72 , 0
1
2 , 1 1
m T = + +

.
Ti trng tiu chun:
( ) T N
tc
48 , 18
2 , 1
18 , 22
1
= = ; ( ) Tm M
tc
28 , 1
2 , 1
54 , 1
1
= = ; T H
tc
1
2 , 1
2 , 1
1
= =
( ) T N
tc
62 , 23
2 , 1
34 , 28
2
= = ; ( ) Tm M
tc
78 , 1
2 , 1
14 , 2
2
= = ; T H
tc
17 , 1
2 , 1
4 , 1
2
= =
T N N N
tc tc tc
1 , 42 62 , 23 48 , 18
2 1
= + = + =

Din tch s b y mng:

2
1 , 2
5 , 1 . 2 , 2 28 , 23
1 , 42
m F
sb
=

=
Ly K
F
=1,2 v K
n
=2 m
K
F K
b
n
F
12 , 1
2
1 , 2 . 2 , 1 .
= = =
Chn b =1,2m L =2x1,2 =2,4m.
61

V mng lch tm nn ta ly kch thc L
1
v L
2
khng bng nhau. V pha ti N
2

ln hn nn ta chn L
2
=0,6m; L
1
=0,4m chiu di mng:
L =L
1
+L
2
+L
3
=0,4 +0,6 +1,8 =2,8m.
b. Kim tra n nh nn
( ) x L N x N h H H M M M
tc tc
m
tc tc tc tc tc
+ + + + =
3 2 1 2 1 2 1
) (
Vi h
m
=0,6m; x =1m

= + + + + = Tm M
tc
78 , 4 1 . 48 , 18 8 , 0 . 62 , 23 6 , 0 ). 17 , 1 1 ( 78 , 1 28 , 1
lch tm : ( ) m
N
M
e
tc
tc
11 , 0
1 , 42
78 , 4
= = =

400 1800 600
2800
1200
475
I
I
I I I I
400 1800 600
2800
1200
400 1800 600
2800
1300
3050

Hnh 2.33a Hnh v d 2.5
Vi b =1,2m th khng cn tnh ton li R
tc
, R
tc
=23,28 T/m
2
.
p lc tiu chun ti y mng:
62

( )
2
max
/ 78 , 18 5 , 1 2 , 2
8 , 2
11 , 0 6
1
8 , 2 2 , 1
1 , 42
m T p
tc
= + |
.
|

\
|
+

=
( )
2
min
/ 88 , 12 5 , 1 2 , 2
8 , 2
11 , 0 6
1
8 , 2 2 , 1
1 , 42
m T p
tc
= + |
.
|

\
|

=
( )
2 min max
/ 83 , 15
2
88 , 12 78 , 18
2
m T
p p
p
tc tc
tc
tb
=
+
=
+
= .
Kim tra iu kin:
( )
2
max
/ 78 , 18 m T p
tc
= < 1,2xR
tc
=1,2x23,28=27,94(T/m
2
).
0 / 88 , 12
2
min
> = m T p
tc

( )
2
/ 83 , 15 m T P
tc
tb
= <R
tc
=23,28(T/m
2
).
Nh vy kch thc mng chn F = bxl =1,2x2,8m l hp l.
c. Tnh ton ni lc cho dm mng
p lc tnh ton di y mng :
( )
2
max
/ 58 , 18
8 , 2
11 , 0 6
1
8 , 2 2 , 1
52 , 50
m T p
tt
= |
.
|

\
|
+

=
( )
2
min
/ 49 , 11
8 , 2
11 , 0 6
1
8 , 2 2 , 1
52 , 50
m T p
tt
= |
.
|

\
|

=
( )
2 min max
/ 04 , 15
2
49 , 11 58 , 18
2
m T
p p
p
tt tt
tt
tb
=
+
=
+
= .
p lc y mng bn di ti v tr tim ct:
( )
2
1
/ 5 , 12
8 , 2
4 , 0
49 , 11 58 , 18 49 , 11 m T p
tt
= + =
( )
2
2
/ 06 , 17
8 , 2
2 , 2
49 , 11 58 , 18 49 , 11 m T p
tt
= + =

Moment theo phng cnh di:
( ) ( ) Tm p p
L b
M
tt tt
14 , 1 5 , 12 49 , 11 . 2
6
4 , 0 . 2 , 1
. 2
6
.
2
1 min
2
1
1
= + = + =

( ) ( ) Tm p p
L b
M
tt tt
18 , 7 06 , 17 5 , 12
16
8 , 1 . 2 , 1
16
.
2
2 1
2
3
max
= + = + =


( ) ( ) Tm p p
L b
M
tt tt
9 , 3 06 , 17 58 , 18 . 2
6
6 , 0 . 2 , 1
. 2
6
.
2
2 max
2
2
2
= + = + =

Lc ct ca dm mng c th c xc nh mt cch gn ng nh sau:
Ti v tr gi 1:
( ) ( ) T L p p Q
tt tt tr
8 , 4 4 , 0 . 5 , 12 49 , 11
2
1
.
2
1
1 1 min 1
= + = + =
63

T N Q Q
tt tr ph
38 , 17 18 , 22 8 , 4
1 1 1
= = =
Ti v tr gi 2:
( ) ( ) T L p p Q
tt tt ph
69 , 10 6 , 0 . 06 , 17 58 , 18
2
1
.
2
1
2 2 max 2
= + = + =
T N Q Q
tt ph ph
65 , 17 34 , 28 69 , 10
2 2 2
= + = + =
d. Tnh ton bn v cu to mng
Tnh ton chiu cao mng
Chn kch thc tit din dm mng l 250x600mm kim tra mng theo iu
kin xuyn thng. S xuyn thng mng nh hnh v 2.33.
Chn chiu cao lm vic ca bn mng h
0
=h
m
a =60 5 =55cm
b
c
+ 2.h
0
= 0,2 +2.0,55 =1,3m >b =1,2m
Nhn vo hnh v ta thy ton b din tch y mng nm trong phm vi y thp
xuyn nn khng cn tnh ton kim tra xuyn thng. Vy kch thc dm mng
250x600mm l hp l.
Tnh ton thp cho dm mng
Thp lp trn:
Chn chiu cao lm vic ca mng h
0
=h
m
a =60 7 =53cm
2
5
0
max
38 , 5
53 . 9 , 0 . 2800
10 . 18 , 7
. .
cm
h R
M
F
a
a
= = =

Chn 3|16 c F
a
=6,03cm
2
.
Thp lp di:

( )
2
5
0
2 1
92 , 2
53 . 2800 . 9 , 0
10 . 9 , 3
. .
cm
h R
M M
F
a
a
= = =

Chn 2|16 c F
a
=4,02cm
2
.
Tnh thp ai vi Q
max
= 17,65T:
Kim tra iu kin b tr ct ai hay khng:

0 max 0
. . 35 , 0 . . 6 , 0 h b R Q bh R
n k
< <
B tng mc 250 c R
k
=9kG/cm
2
v R
n
=110kG/cm
2
. Vy:
53 , 0 . 25 , 0 . 1100 . 35 , 0 53 , 0 . 25 , 0 . 90 . 6 , 0
max
< < Q
01 , 51 15 , 7
max
< < Q
64

Vy biu thc trn tha mn iu kin khng ch v cn b tr ct ai. Chn ct
ai hai nhnh, d =8cm, thp CI c R
a
=2100 kG/cm
2
. Tnh q

:
m T
h b R
Q
q
k

/ 16 , 6
53 , 0 . 25 , 0 . 90 . 8
65 , 17
. . . 8
2
2
2
0
2
= = =
m
q
f n R
u

a a
343 , 0
16 , 6
10 . 503 , 0 . 2 . 21000 . .
4
= = =


Ly theo cu to: chn u =150mm on nhp gn gi dm v u =200mm on
gia dm.
Tnh ct thp cho bn mng
Chn chiu cao lm vic ca bn mng h
0
=h
m
a =60 5 =55cm
Thp theo phng cnh di: ly thp theo cu to |10a200
Moment tc dng tnh theo phng II-II

2
2 2
75 , 4 04 , 15 .
2
475 , 0 . 8 , 2
2
.
cm p
B L
M
tt
tb II II
= = =

Din tch ct thp mng:

2
5
0
43 , 3
55 . 2800 . 9 , 0
10 . 75 , 4
. .
cm
h R
M
F
a
II II
a
= ~ =

Chn thp |10 (f
a
=0,785cm
2
)
S cy thp n =3,43/0,785 =4,4 Chn 5 cy
Khong cch gia hai cy thp: a =(2800-2x50)/4 =675 >200 nn ly thp theo
cu to |10a200.
B tr ct thp cho mng: xem hnh 2.33b

2.4 TNH TON MNG MM
2.4.1 Khi nim chung
Hin nay, cc cng trnh nh cao tng, ti trng ln c xy dng ngy cng
nhiu, nhiu khi phi xy dng trn nn t yu. Do vy cc loi mng bng, mng
bng giao thoa, mng b, mng hp c s dng nhiu. Do vy vic nghin cu tnh
ton loi mng ny l cng vic ht sc cn thit phc v cng tc thit k
nn mng m bo nn mng cng trnh iu kin chu lc v bin dng.
Khc vi mng cng, mng mm c kh nng un ng k di tc dng ca ti
trng cng trnh. S un ny nh hng n s phn b li ng sut tip xc di y
mng. Do vy khi tnh ta khng th b qua s un ca bn thn kt cu mng.
65

MAT CAT 2-2
400
2
5
0
2
5
0
2
0
0
0
- 2. 50
10a200
LP BETONG LOT
A4x6 MAC 50
2
5
0
0
620
10a200
- 0. 75
600
10a200
10a200
620
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
0
0
2 2
0. 00
100 1800
AT TON NEN
AT T NHIEN
AT TON NEN
600 100
300
AKIENG
200x300
AKIENG
200x300
6a150 6a150
620
620
100
200
6
0
0
50 50
6a100 6a100
316
8a200
216
1800 400
100
2800
6
0
1

Hnh 2.33b Hnh v d 2.5

Hin nay, ngi ta dng 2 loi m hnh nn tnh ton kt cu trn nn n hi:
- Nn bin dng n hi cc b : cho rng ln ch xy ra trong phm vi din
tch chu ti.
- Nn bin dng n hi tng qut : khi chu ti trng th bin dng xy ra c
trong v ngoi din chu ti.
66

Mc chnh xc ca cc kt qu tnh ton ph thuc vo nhiu yu t : loi m
hnh nn s dng, c tnh ca b tng khi chu tc dng ca ti trng, trong m
hnh nn c nh hng rt ln n kt qu tnh ton.
2.4.2 Tnh ton mng mm theo phng php h s nn
Theo phng php bin dng n hi cc b, t nn c tng ng vi mt
h v s cc l xo n hi tuyn tnh, thng thng c bit vi tn nn Winkler.

Hnh 2.34 M hnh nn Winkler

Hng s n hi ca h cc l xo c gi l h s nn n hi k.
Cng phn lc ca t ti mi im t l bc nht vi ln n hi ti im
:
o =-k.Al hay P
x
=-k.W(x) (2.66)
H s nn c xc nh t th nghim bn nn ti hin trng tit din trn hay
vung c kch thc t 0,3m n 1m thm ch ln hn khi cn kho st c tnh t
cho nhng cng trnh quan trng hoc c th tra theo bng.
2.4.3 Gii phng trnh vi phn vng ca dm trn nn n hi
Gi p(x) - p lc ln mng tit din x.
q(x) - phn lc ca t nn tit din x.
Trn c s ca c vt liu :
2
2
. .
dx
y d
J E M =

(2.67)
Trong :
M moment ti tit din bt k.
E module Young ca vt liu mng.
J moment qun tnh tit din ngang ca dm.
Mt khc ta c :
dx
dM
Q =



67

x

Hnh 2.35 S tnh dm trn nn n hi theo phng php h s nn

( ) ( ) x q x p
dx
dQ
=
( ) ( ) x q x p
dx
dQ
dx
M d
= =
2
2

( ) ( ) x q x p
dx
y d
J E
dx
M d
= =
4
4 2
.
( )
( ) ( ) x q x y k
dx
x y d
J E = + . .
4
4

(2.68)
Trong trng hp ti tp trung th p(x) =0
( )
( ) 0 . .
4
4
= + x y k
dx
x y d
J E

(2.69)
chia 2 v cho EJ v t
4
. . 4 J E
k
= o (1/m)
( )
( ) ( ) 0 . 4
4 4
= + x y x y o

(2.70)
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l :
( ) ( ) ( ) x C x C e x C x C e x y
x x
o o o o
o o
sin cos sin cos
4 3 2 1
+ + + =


(2.71)
Trong phng trnh ny c cc h s tch phn C
1
, C
2
, C
3
, C
4
: cc h s ny s
tm c t cc iu kin bin ca tng loi bi ton c th, ngha l s tm c :
- vng ca dm y(x).
- Gc xoay ca dm o(x) =y(x)
- Moment ca dm M = y(x)
- Lc ct ca dm Q = y(x)




68


BI TP CHNG 2

Bi 2.1
Mt mng n kch thc 1,4mx2m; chiu su chn mng l 1,5m. Tnh sc chu
ti tiu chun R
tc
khi nn t c cu to nh sau:
Lp 1: Lp ct dy 1m c =1,8 T/m
3
.
Lp 2: Lp ct pha cha xc nh c chiu dy, c =2,0T/m
3
; =29
o
; c =0.
Nn t trong khu vc xy dng khng c mc nc ngm xut hin. Cho bit
m
1
=1,2; m
2
=1; k
tc
=1.
Bi 2.2
Mt mng n kch thc 1,5mx2m; chiu su chn mng l 1,8m. Tnh sc chu
ti tiu chun R
tc
khi nn t c cu to nh sau:
Lp 1: L lp t p dy 1m c =1,65 T/m
3
.
Lp 2: Lp st pha dy > 10m c
w
= 1,8 T/m
3
;

bh
=2,0 T/m
3
; =23
o
;
c =0,12 kG/cm
2
.
Mc nc ngm xut hin su 1m. Cho bit m
1
=1,2; m
2
=1; k
tc
=1.
Bi 2.3
Mt mng n kch thc 1,4mx1,8m; chiu su chn mng l 2m. Tnh sc chu
ti tiu chun R
tc
khi nn t c cu to nh sau: t nn l lp ct c chiu dy
20m,
w
=1,8 T/m
3
;

bh
=2,04 T/m
3
; =30
o
; c =0.
Mc nc ngm xut hin mt t t nhin. Cho bit m
1
=1,2; m
2
=1; k
tc
=1.
Bi 2.4
Mt mng n kch thc 2mx2m; chn su h =1,5m; tip nhn mt ti ng tm
N
tc
=55T. t nn l loi ct cht trung bnh c c =0; =30
0
; =1,84 T/m
3
.
Kt qu th nghim nn c kt trong phng nh sau:
p lc p (T/m
2
) 0 2,5 5 10 20 40
H s rng e 0,875 0,864 0,851 0,826 0,801 0,782
a/ Kim tra tnh n nh ca nn?
b/ Tnh ln ti tm mng bng phng php cng ln cc lp phn t?

69

Bi 2.5
Mt mng n c kch thc bxl =2x2,5m; chn su h =2,2m. Ti trng tc
dng ti mt ngm mng: N
tt
=70T; M
tt
=5,4Tm; H
tt
=1,6T. Nn t gm hai lp vi
cc ch tiu c l nh sau:
Lp 1: lp st dy 1,6m; =1,78 T/m
3
.
Lp 2: lp t ct pha dy >10m; =1,82 T/m
3
; =24
0
; lc dnh c =1,05 T/m
2
.
Bit m
1
=1,2; m
2
=1; k
tc
=1; n =1,15;
tb
=2,2 T/m
3
.
a/ Kim tra tnh n nh ca nn?
b/ Xc nh chiu cao ca mng bit kch thc ct 25cmx40cm?
c/ Kim tra iu kin xuyn thng mng?
d/ Tnh ton v b tr ct thp cho mng bit b tng mng mc 250, cng
thp R
a
= 2800kG/cm
2
?
Bi 2.6
Mt mng n c kch thc bxl=1,5mx1,8m v c chn su 1,6m. Nn t
gm hai lp vi cc ch tiu c l nh sau:
Lp 1: lp t p dy 0,5m; =1,6 T/m
3
.
Lp 2: lp t st pha dy >10m; =1,8 T/m
3
, =21
0
; lc dnh c =1,24 T/m
2
.
Ti trng tc dng : N
tt
=60,6T; M
x
tt
=2,56Tm; M
y
tt
=4,56Tm.
Bit m
1
=1,2; m
2
=1; k
tc
=1; n =1,15;
tb
=2,2 T/m
3
.
a/ Kim tra tnh n nh ca nn?
b/ Xc nh chiu cao ca mng bit kch thc ct 25x30cm?
c/ Tnh ton v b tr ct thp cho mng bit b tng mng mc 250, cng
thp R
a
= 2800kG/cm
2
?
Bi 2.7
Kim tra kch thc chiu cao mng n di ct, chu ti trng ng tm trn
mt mng l N
tc
=60T. S b chn chn kch thc mng l lxbxh
m
=1,8x1,8x0,5m;
b tng mc 250; ct l
c
xb
c
=0,4x0,3m
2
; n =1,15.
Bi 2.8
Kim tra chiu cao theo iu kin m thng ca mng n di ct 20x20cm,
chu ti trng chn ct N
tt
=60T ; M
tt
=0 ; Q
tt

=0.
Cho bit: Kch thc s b ca mng chn 1,5x1,5x0,45m; b tng mc 200.
Lp bo v ct thp dy 4cm.

70

Bi 2.9
Kim tra chiu cao ca mng b tng ct thp mc 250 di ct b tng ct thp
22x22cm v tnh lng ct thp cn thit trong mng. Cho bit:
- Ti trng tnh ton tc dng di ct ng tm N
tt
=76T.
- Kch thc mng bxl =1,8x1,8m; chiu cao mng h
m
=0,5m; lp bo v ct
thp l 5cm; cng thp R
a
=2800kG/cm
2
.
Bi 2.10
Mt mng n c kch thc bxl=1,5x1,8m. Nn t gm ba lp vi cc ch tiu
c l nh sau:
Lp 1: lp t p dy 0,4m;
1
=16 kN/m
3
.
Lp 2: lp t st mm dy 1,6m;
2
=17,4 kN/m
3
; =18
0
; c =0,08 kG/cm
2
.
Lp 3: lp t ct pha do mm dy >10m;
3
=18 kN/m
3
; =23
0
; lc dnh
c =0,14 kG/cm
2
.
Ti trng tc dng: N
tt
=54,2T; M
tt
=4,3Tm; H
tt
=2,42T; m
1
=1; m
2
=1,2; k
tc
=1;
n =1,15;
tb
=2,2 T/m
3
. Kch thc ct 250x300; mc b tng mng 250.
a/ Hy chn chiu su chn mng sao cho tha iu kin n nh nn?
b/ Hy chn chiu cao mng theo iu kin chu un v kim tra xuyn thng
mng?
c/ Tnh ton v b tr ct thp cho mng bit cng thp R
a
= 2800kG/cm
2
?
Bi 2.11
Mt mng n chu ti ng tm N
tt
=62,9T. Nn t gm ba lp vi cc ch tiu
c l nh sau:
Lp 1: lp t p dy 0,4m;
1
=16 kN/m
3
.
Lp 2: lp ct pha t st 3m;
2
=18,4 kN/m
3
; =24
0
; c =0,08 kG/cm
2
.
Lp 3: st pha t ct dy >10m;
3
=19 kN/m
3
; =14
0
; c =0,18 kG/cm
2
.
Cho bit: m
1
=1; m
2
=1,2; k
tc
=1; n =1,15;
tb
=2,2 T/m
3
. Kch thc ct
400x300; mc b tng mng 250.
a/ Hy chn chiu su chn mng v kch thc mng sao cho tha iu kin n
nh nn?
b/ Hy chn chiu cao mng theo iu kin chu un v kim tra xuyn thng
mng?
c/ Tnh ton v b tr ct thp cho mng bit cng thp R
a
= 2800kG/cm
2
?


71

Bi 2.12
Hy thit k mng i di 2 ct vi cc s liu sau: khong cch tim ct l
1,5m; kch thc ct 1 l 0,2x0,35m v ct 2 l 0,2x0,2m.
Nn t gm hai lp vi cc ch tiu c l nh sau:
Lp 1: lp t p dy 0,7m; =1,68 T/m
3
.
Lp 2: lp t st pha dy >10m; =1,8 T/m
3
; =21
0
; c =1,05 T/m
2
.
Ti trng tc dng : Ct: 1 N
1
tt
= 36T; ( ) Tm M
tt
06 , 3
1
= ; ( ) T H
tt
16 , 1
1
=
Ct 2: N
2
tt
= 26T; ( ) Tm M
tt
06 , 2
2
= ; ( ) T H
tt
86 , 0
2
=
Bit: m
1
=1,2; m
2
=1; k
tc
=1; n =1,2;
tb
=2 T/m
3
.
a/ Chn kch thc mng tha iu kin n nh nn?
b/ Tnh ni lc cho dm mng?
c/ Xc nh chiu cao ca mng, tnh ton v b tr ct thp cho mng bit b
tng mc 200; R
a
= 2800kG/cm
2
? (Cc s liu khc SV t tham kho)
Bi 2.13
Hy thit k mng i di 2 ct vi cc s liu sau: khong cch tim ct l
2,2m; kch thc ct 1 l 0,25x0,35m v ct 2 l 0,25x0,25m.
Kt qu kho st a cht :
STT Lp t Chiu
dy(m)

kN/m
3

h

kN/m
3
W% W
L
W
P
c
kPa
E
kPa
1 t p 0,5 16 - - - - - - -
2 St 3,6 18,3 26,5 32 44 26 14 16 7000
3 A ct 10 19,1 26,5 17 22 14 20 18 12000
Ti trng tc dng : Ct 1 N
1
tt
= 46,8T; ( ) Tm M
tt
76 , 3
1
= ; ( ) T H
tt
92 , 1
1
=
Ct 2 N
2
tt
= 29,2T; ( ) Tm M
tt
44 , 2
2
= ; ( ) T H
tt
44 , 2
2
=
Bit: m
1
=1,2; m
2
=1; k
tc
=1; n =1,15;
tb
=2 T/m
3
.
a/ Chn kch thc mng tha iu kin n nh nn?
b/ Tnh ni lc cho dm mng?
c/ Xc nh chiu cao ca mng, tnh ton v b tr ct thp cho mng bit b
tng mc 250; R
a
= 2800kG/cm
2
? (Cc s liu khc SV t tham kho)
72


CHNG 3
THIT K MNG CC

3.1 KHI NIM V PHN LOI
3.1.1 Khi nim
Mng cc thuc loi mng su, l loi mng khi tnh sc chu ti theo t nn
c k n thnh phn ma st xung quanh mng vi t v c chiu su chn mng
kh ln so vi b rng mng. Mng cc c th s dng cho cc cng trnh c iu
kin a cht, a hnh phc tp m cc loi mng nng khng p ng c nh
vng t yu hoc cng trnh trn sng.
T xa xa, con ngi bit s dng cc g ng su xung gnh cng
trnh. Ngy nay, cng vi s tin b ca khoa hc k thut ni chung, mng cc
ngy cng c ci tin, hon thin, a dng v chng loi cng nh phng php
thi cng, ph hp vi yu cu ca tng cng trnh xy dng. Mng cc c cc u
im sau :
- Gim chi ph, vt liu, gim khi lng cng tc t.
- Trnh c nh hng ca mc nc ngm i vi cng tc thi cng, c
gii ha cao v thng ln t.
- Tng tnh n nh cho cc cng trnh c chiu cao ln, ti trng ngang ln
nh cc nh cao tng, nh thp
Kinh nghim ca cc nc gn y cho thy, khi xy dng nh khng c tng
hm th mng cc t ra c nhiu hiu qu kinh t.
Nhim v ch yu ca mng cc l truyn ti trng t cng trnh xung cc
lp t tt nm su bn di v cc lp t xung quanh n.
Cc b phn chnh ca mng cc
Mng cc gm 2 b phn chnh l cc v i cc.
Cc l kt cu c chiu di ln so vi b rng tit din ngang, c ng hay
thi cng ti ch vo lng t, , truyn ti trng cng trnh xung cc tng t
su hn v m bo cho cng trnh c n nh.
i cc l kt cu dng lin kt cc ct li vi nhau v phn b ti trng
ca cng trnh ln cc cc.

73



Hnh 3.1 a) Mng cc i thp b) Mng cc i cao
Mt s thut ng v nh ngha
- Cc chim ch: l loi cc c a vo lng t bng cch y t ra
xung quanh. Bao gm cc loi cc c ch to trc, c a xung su thit
k bng phng php ng, p, rung hay cc nhi ti ch m l to bng phng
php ng.
- Cc thay th: l loi cc c thi cng bng cch khoan to l v sau lp
vo bng vt liu khc (nh b tng, BTCT) hoc a cc cc ch to sn vo.
- Cc th nghim: l cc c dng nh gi sc chu ti hoc kim tra
cht lng cc (siu m, kim tra cht lng b tng).
- Nhm cc: gm mt s cc c b tr gn nhau v chung mt i.
- Bng cc: gm nhng cc c b tr theo 13 hng di cc mng bng.
- B cc: gm nhiu cc c chung mt i ln, vi kch thc i ln hn
10x10m.
- Cc chng: l cc c sc chu ti ch yu do lc chng ca t, ti mi
cc.
- Cc ma st: l cc c sc chu ti ch yu do ma st mt bn ca cc v t
v phn lc ca t nn ti mi cc.
- Lc ma st m: l gi tr do t tc dng ln thn cc, c chiu cng vi
chiu ca ti trng cng trnh tc dng ln cc khi chuyn dch ca t xung quanh
cc ln hn chuyn dch ca cc.
74


- Sc chu ti cho php ca cc: l gi tr ti trng m cc c kh nng mang
c bng cch chia sc chu ti cc hn cho h s an ton theo quy nh.
- Ti trng thit k ca cc: l gi tr ti trng d tnh tc dng ln cc.
3.1.2 Phn loi cc, mng cc
a. Da theo vt liu ch to cc
- Cc g: vt liu s dng l g.
- Cc tre: s dng cc loi tre gc, c chc.
- Cc b tng: vt liu l b tng, s dng cho cc chu nn.
- Cc BTCT: loi cc ny c s dng nhiu nht.
- Cc thp: s dng cc loi thp nh hnh nh I, C, H; d b g st, tn cng
bo dng.
b. Da theo c im lm vic ca cc
Phn thnh hai loi l cc chng v cc ma st
Mng cc ma st: (mng cc treo) l loi mng gm cc cc ch xuyn qua
nhng lp t thng thng ch khng ta trn nn cng. Mng cc ma st chu
ti trng do cng trnh truyn xung ch yu nh ma st gia cc cc v t nn.

Hnh 3.2 a) Mng cc ma st b) Mng cc chng
Mng cc chng: l cc c sc chu ti ch yu do lc chng ca t, ti
mi cc.
c. Theo hnh dng i cc
Ngi ta phn chia thnh hai dng l mng cc i thp v mng cc i cao.
Mng cc i thp: c i cc nm di mt t t nhin, s lm vic ca
mng ny vi gi thit ton b ti trng ngang do t t y i tr ln chu.
75


Mng cc i cao: c i cc nm cao hn mt t t nhin, lc ny ton b
cc ti trng ng v ngang u do cc cc trong mng chu. Thng gp trong cc
cng trnh cu, cng
S lm vic ca mng cc i thp khc vi mng cc i cao rt nhiu. Mng
cc i cao chu ti trng ngang km hn nhng v mt thi cng c rt nhiu u
im.
d. Theo phng php thi cng
Ty theo phng php thi cng h cc n su thit k m ngi ta phn
thnh cc loi cc sau:
- Cc h bng ba.
- Cc h bng phng php xi nc.
- Cc h bng my chn ng.
- Loi cc ti ch (cc khoan nhi).
- Mng cc barrette.
- Cc ng thp nhi b tng.
- Cc m rng chn.
3.2 CU TO CC
3.2.1 Cc g
Thng gp cc cng trnh ph tm, v kh nng chu ti theo vt liu khng
ln v cc g ch gi c cht lng bn lu trong iu kin nm hon ton di
mc nc ngm.
Cc g c th thi cng t mt cy g. Loi ny c chiu di t 4,512m,
ng knh 1836cm. Khi cn phi tng chiu di ca cc g th ngi ta ni cc
on g li vi nhau. Nu cn tng tit din ca cc th c th ghp 3 hoc 4 cy g
li vi nhau.
3.2.2 Cc b tng ct thp
u im: iu kin p dng khng ph thuc vo tnh hnh nc ngm, iu
kin a hnh, chiu di v cu to ty theo mun. C gii ha cao, cht lng cc
m bo v cc c d kim tra cht lng.
Nhc im: Khi tit din v chiu di cc ln th trng lng cc ln, gy
kh khn cho vic vn chuyn v treo cc ln gi ba. Tn nhiu thp cu to
m bo trong qu trnh vn chuyn v thi cng.
76



Hnh 3.3 Cu to cc g
a) S ni cc b) S cc n v ghp 3 cc
Vt liu lm cc: cc BTCT thng dng mc 250300. Vi cc BTCT ng
sut trc th s dng b tng mc 400 i vi mng cc i cao v mc 300 i
vi mng cc i thp.
Tit din cc: thng c dng trn, vung, ch nhtTrong , loi cc
vung c s dng nhiu nht do vic ch to n gin v c th ch to ngay ti
cng trng. Kch thc tit din ngang ca loi cc ny thng l 20x20cm,
25x25cm, 30x30cm, 35x35cm, 40x40cm. Chiu di ca cc thng l 10m i vi
tit din t 2030cm v 10m i vi tit din t 3040cm.
Mt s cc quy nh cu to ca cc ng tit din vung
Cc BTCT ch to sn thng c b tr 4 hay 8 thanh thp dc, c tnh
ton t iu kin vn chuyn, cu lp cng nh chu lc ngang i vi mng cc
i cao. Quy nh ct chu lc chnh c ng knh | 10, thp CII (AII). Thp ai
dng nh v khung thp v chu lc ct, c ng knh |6, |8, c th ch to ct
ai theo dng ri hay xon.
Trong phm vi 1m tnh t u cc v 0,5m tnh t mi cc, bc ct ai
a =5cm tng cng cng ti u mi cc. Li thp u cc c b tr
|6a50 chng ng sut cc b ti u cc khi ng cc, trnh v u cc khi
ng hay p. Thng b tr 3-5 li cch nhau 5cm. Thanh thp gia cng mi
cc chu ng lc khng xuyn khi qua cc lp t cng, thng dng | 20.
Khi cc di, c th ni cc t cc on cc ch to sn. ni cc c th dng
thp tm hn ni cc hay dng thp gc L. Vic ni cc c thc hin khi p
xong on trc . Vi cc chu nn th khng cn kim tra cng , vi cc
chu moment th cn kim tra cng thp ti mi ni kh nng chu lc.
77



L
1000 500
0,207L 0,207L
1
80
300- 400 1500 b 1000
1
06 a50
30
70
300
06 a50
0 > 20
06 a50
d
d
L
1000
0,207L 0,207L
1
80
1500 b 1000
1
1500

Hnh 3.4 Cu to cc b tng ct thp
d
-
2
0
x
2
d
-
2
0
x
2
1
5
-
2
0
c
m
d
d
1
5
-
2
0
c
m

Hnh 3.5 Cu to hp thp u cc v mi ni cc
78



Hnh 3.6 Thi cng thp cc

Hnh 3.7 Cu to chi tit thp u cc.

Hnh 3.8 Cng trng thi cng thp cc.
79



Hnh 3.9 Mi cc.

Hnh 3.10 Bi c cc

Hnh 3.11 Thi cng cc p
80


3.3 CU TO I CC
i cc l kt cu dng lin
kt cc ct li vi nhau v phn b ti
trng cng trnh ln cc cc. i cc
thng ch to bng BTCT, ti ch,
trong tnh ton thit k nn chn mc
b tng 200.
Hnh dng kch thc ca y i
ph thuc vo din tch cn thit b
tr s cc trong mng theo nhng quy
nh v khong cch ti thiu gia cc
cc. Chiu su chn i ph thuc vo
iu kin a cht, c tnh cu to ca
cng trnh (nh c tng hm, kho
cha). Chiu cao i do tnh ton
quyt nh, nhng phi c tr s cn
thit m bo ngm ca cc trong i.
Trng hp p u cc ngm ct thp vo trong i th phi m bo
chiu di neo >20| i vi thp c g v >30| i vi thp khng g. Khong
cch t mp i n mp hng cc ngoi cng c 25cm i vi cc cng trnh cu
ng, thy li v c 10cm i cc cng trnh dn dng.
Khong cc t tim cc n tim cc gn nhau trong i L 3d i vi cc ma
st v L 2d i vi cc chng. Ct thp cu to trong i c th dng thp
|1214, b tr vi khong cch 1525cm theo c hai phng trong i.

Hnh 3.13 Li thp chu lc bn di i cc.
Hnh 3.12 Cu to i cc
1
0
0
h
d
L c
100
1
0
0
BT LOT A1x2 M100
12a200 12a200
14a200
3 4
1 2
c
100
81




Hnh 3.14 Li thp cu to bn trn i cc.

Hnh 3.15 Thi cng thp i cc.

3.4 XC NH SC CHU TI CA CC N
3.4.1 Khi nim chung
Mng cc khi ng ring l gi l cc n. S lm vic ca cc khi ng mt
mnh v khi lm vic trong nhm cc th s khc nhau. Tuy nhin hin nay trong
82


thit k mng cc, ngi ta gi thit rng sc chu ti ca cc trong nhm v ca
cc n l bng nhau.
Khi thit k mng cc, vic xc nh sc chu ti ca cc c ngha quan
trng nht v n nh hng n s an ton ca cng trnh v gi thnh cng trnh.
Cc trong mng c th b ph hoi do bn thn cng vt liu cc b ph hoi
hoc do t nn b ph hoi. V th khi thit k phi xc nh hai tr s v sc chu
ti ca cc: mt tr s tnh theo vt liu lm cc (P
vl
) v mt tr s tnh theo cng
ca t nn (P
n
). Sau chn tr s nh nht a vo tnh ton.
3.4.2 Xc nh sc chu ti cc theo cng vt liu
a. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc g
Sc chu ti theo vt liu ca cc g c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
g
R F K P . . = (3.1)
Trong :
P - sc chu ti tnh ton cc.
K - h s ng nht vt liu, ly bng 0,7.
F din tch tit din ngang cc.
R
g
- cng chu nn dc th ca g .
b. Cc b tng ct thp tit din c
Vi cc BTCT, sc chu ti cc hn ca cc theo vt liu xc nh theo cng
thc:
( )
a a c n vl
F R F R m k P . . . . + = (3.2)
k.m - h s iu kin lm vic ca vt liu, c ly bng 0,7
R
n
- cng chu nn cho php ca b tng.
R
a
- cng chu nn hay ko cho php ca thp.
F
c
- tit din cc.
F
a
- din tch ct thp b tr trong cc.

V d 3.1
Hy xc nh sc chu ti theo vt liu ca cc BTCT, bit cc c kch thc
0,25x0,25x8m, thp chu lc chnh dng 4|16, loi thp AII c R
a
=2800kG/cm
2
,
b tng cc mc 250 c R
k
=9kG/cm
2
v R
n
=110kG/cm
2
.


83


Bi gii:
Sc chu ti cc theo vt liu c xc nh theo:
( )
a a c n vl
F R F R m k P . . . . + =
k.m =0,7
R
n
=110kG/cm
2
=1100 T/m
2
.
R
a
=280kG/cm
2
=28000T/m
2
.
F
c
=0,25x0,25 =0,0625m
2
.
Thp |16 c din tch mt cy l f
a
=2,01cm
2

F
a
=4x2,01x10
-4
=8,04.10
-4
m
2
Vy: P
vl
=0,7.(1100x0,0625 +28000x8,04.10
-4
) =63,88T.

3.4.3 Xc nh sc chu ti cc theo t nn
a. Tnh sc chu ti ca cc theo ch tiu trng thi ca t nn (phng
php thng k)
Cc ma st khi chu ti trng th mt phn ti trng c truyn xung t
thng qua mi cc v phn cn li c truyn vo t nh ma st gia mt xung
quanh cc v t bao quanh. Sc chu ti trng nn theo phng dc trc ca cc
ma st theo kt qu th nghim trong phng xc nh theo cng thc:

+ =
i si fi p p R tc
l f m u A q m Q . . . . (3.3)
Trong :
m
R
, m
f
- cc h s iu kin lm vic ca t mi cc v mt bn ca cc,
tra bng 3.3. Cc h s m
R
, m
f
ca t c st trong khong t (05) c c bng
php ni suy.
A
p
- din tch tit din ngang mi cc.
q
p
- cng chu ti ca t di mi cc, ph thuc vo loi t v chiu
su h mi cc (T/m
2
), tra bng 3.1
u - chu vi tit din ngang cc.
f
si
- lc ma st n v ca mi lp t m cc i qua, ph thuc vo trng thi
v chiu su trung bnh ca mi lp t, tra bng 3.2
l
i
- chiu dy ca lp t th i tip xc vi cc.
Sc chu ti tnh ton (thit k) ca cc c xc nh vi K
tc
=1,4:
4 , 1
tc
tc
tc
tk
Q
K
Q
Q = = (3.4)
84


Bng 3.1 Bng tra R (hay q
p
)
Cng tnh ton R ca t di mi cc (T/m
2
)
Ct c cht trung bnh (cht va)
Ct si Ct th - Ct va Ct nh Ct bi -
t st c st B bng
su
ca mi
cc
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
3

4

5

7

10

15

20
25
30
35
750

830

880

970

1050

1170

1260
1340
1420
1500
400
660

510
680

620
700

690
730

690
770

750
820

850
900
950
1000
300

380

400

430

500

560

620
680
740
800
200
310

250
320

280
340

330
370

350
400

400
440

480
520
560
600

120
200

160
210

200
220

220
240

240
260

290

320
350
380
410

110

125

130

140

150

165

180
195
210
225
60

70

80

85

90

100

110
120
130
140
Ghi ch:
1. Cc tr s R ghi di dng phn s th t s ng vi t ct cn mu s ng
vi t st.
2. su ca mi cc l su trung bnh cc lp t khi san nn bng
phng php gt b hoc p dy n 3m, nn ly t mc a hnh t
nhin, cn khi gt b hoc p thm t 310m th ly t cote quy c nm
cao hn phn b gt 3m hoc thp hn mc t p 3m.
3. i cc gi tr trung gian ca su v st B th R tnh bng phng
php ni suy.





85


Bng 3.2 Bng tra f
i

Lc ma st gii hn trung bnh gia cc v t (T/m
2
)
t ct cht va
Ct th
v ct
ht
trung
Ct
nh
Ct
bi
- - - - - -
t st c st B bng
su
trung
bnh
ca
cc lp
t
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
10
15
20
25
30
35
3,5
4,2
4,8
5,3
5,6
5,8
6,2
6,5
7,2
7,9
8,6
9,3
10
2,3
3,0
3,5
3,8
4,0
4,2
4,4
4,6
5,1
5,6
6,1
6,6
7,0
1,5
2,1
2,5
2,7
2,9
3,1
3,3
3,4
3,8
4,1
4,4
4,7
5
1,2
1,7
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,7
2,8
3,0
3,2
3,4
3,6
0,5
0,8
1,1
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
1,9
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,1
2,2
0,4
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,3
0,4
0,5
0,7
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,9
0,9
0,3
0,4
0,6
0,7
0,7
0,7
0,7
0,7
0,7
0,7
0,7
0,8
0,8
0,2
0,4
0,5
0,5
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,7
0,7
Ghi ch:
1. Khi xc nh gi tr f
i
theo bng 3.2 th nn t phi c chia thnh cc
lp nh, ng nht c chiu dy khng qu 2m.
2. Ma st bn tnh ton f
i
ca t ct cht nn tng thm 30% so vi gi tr ghi
trong bng.
Bng 3.3 Bng h s lm vic m
R
v m
f
ca cc ng
H s lm vic ca t
khi xc nh sc chu ti
ca cc ng lm vic
theo s cc ma st



Phng php h cc v loi t
Di mi
cc m
R

Theo mt
xung quanh
cc m
f

1. H bng cch ng cc c v rng bt mi bng ba c hc 1,0 1,0
86


(ba treo), ba hi, ba diesel.
2. H bng cch ng cc vo h khoan dn v ng su xung
hn 1m vi y h khoan c ng knh:
a. Bng cnh cc tit din vung.
b. Nh hn 5cm so vi cnh cc vung.
c. Nh hn 15cm so vi cnh cc vung hay ng knh cc
trn.
3. H vo ct c dng nc xi nhng mt cui cng h
khng dng xi.
4. H bng cch rung v p rung vo t.
a. Ct cht va
- Ct th v ct trung.
- Ct nh
- Ct bi
b. t st c st B =0,5
- ct
- st
- St
c. t st c st B 0
5. H cc rng mi h bng loi ba bt k:
a. Khi ng knh lng ng khng qu 40cm.
b. Khi ng knh lng ng trn 40cm.
6. H bng phng php bt k loi cc ng bt mi n su
10m c to bu bng cch n mn trong ct cht va v t
st c st B 0,5 khi ng knh bu m rng bng:
a. 1,0m khng thuc vo loi t va nu.
b. 1,5m trong t ct v ct.
c. 1,5m trong t st v st.


1,0

1,0
1,0
1,0

1,0



1,12
1,1
1,0

0,9
0,8
0,7
1,0

1,0
0,7




0,9
0,8
0,7

1,0

0,5
0,6
1,0

0,9



1,0
1,0
1,0

0,9
0,9
0,9
1,0

1,0
1,0




1,0
1,0
1,0

V d 3.2
Vi cc thng s cc cho trong v d 3.1. Hy xc nh sc chu ti ca cc
theo phng php thng k. D tnh chiu su chn i l 2m.
Nn t gm 3 lp:
Lp 1: lp t st yu, do mm, dy 3,6m.
Lp 2: lp t st pha ct, do mm, dy 3,8m.
Lp 3: ct ht trung, dy >6m.
Cc ch tiu c l cc lp t nh sau:
87


Lp
t
Dung trng
(T/m
3
)
Gc ma st
()
Lc dnh
(kG/cm
2
)
st
B
Kt qu TN
CPT
(T/m
2
)
Kt qu
TN SPT
(N)
1 1,72 8 0,09 0,6 246 4
2 1,80 12 0,11 0,3 459 8
3 1,86 28 0 0 672 30
Mc nc ngm khng thy xut hin trong h khoan.
Cho bit cc h s m
R
=m
f
=1; m
1
=1; m
2
=1,2; k
tc
=1; n =1,2;
tb
=2,2 T/m
3
.
Bi gii:
Vi chiu di cc thit k d tnh l 8m, tr on p u cc v ngm trong
i chn l 0,6m chiu di cc cn li l 7,4m
Sc chu ti ca cc theo phng php thng k xc nh theo cng thc:

+ =
i si fi p p R tc
l f m u A q m Q . . . .
Trong :
m
R
=m
f
=1
A
p
=0,25x0,25 =0,0625m
2
.
u =0,25x4 =1m
2
0
0
0
1
6
0
0
3
8
0
0
2
0
0
0
z


=
2
,
8
m
1
6
0
0
1
8
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
z


=
4
,
5
m
z


=
6
,
4
m
z


=
8
,
4
m

Hnh 3.16 Hnh v d 3.2.
Chiu su mi cc z
mi
=9,4m t vo lp t th 3 l ct ht trung, tra bng
3.1 v ni suy ta c q
p
=394T/m
2
.
88


Xc nh lc ma st thnh n v f
si
. Chia nn t thnh cc lp mng c b
dy 2m nh hnh v. Tra bng 3.2 kt hp ni suy ta c bng kt qu sau:
Lp phn
t
Chiu su z
(m)
B dy
(m)
st
B
Gi tr f
si
(T/m
2
)
f
si
.l
i
(T/m)
1
2
3
4
2,8
4,5
6,4
8,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,0
0,6
0,3
0,3
-
1,04
3,9
4,24
6,26
1,664
7,02
8,48
12,52

E f
si
.l
i

29,684

Q
tc
=1. 394.0,0625 +1.1.29,684 =54,31T.
Sc chu ti thit k cc:
T
k
Q
Q
tc
tk
79 , 38
4 , 1
31 , 54
= = =


b. Tnh sc chu ti ca cc theo kt qu th nghim xuyn ng (SPT)
Th nghim xuyn tiu chun SPT (Standard penetration test) c thc hin
bng ng tch ng knh 5,1cm; di 45cm; ng bng ba ri t do nng 64kg;
chiu cao ri l 76cm; thc hin trong l khoan. Khi th nghim, m s ba
ng cho tng on 15cm ng ln vo t, 15cm u khng tnh, ch dng gi tr s
ba cho 30cm sau gi l N. N30 c xem l s nht ba tiu chun.
Cng thc ca Meyerhof (1976):

+ =
i
i
tb c u
l N u K F N K Q . . . . .
2 1
(3.5)

Trong :
Q
u
- sc chu ti cc, n v tnh l (kN).
K
1
=400 cho cc ng v 120 cho cc khoan nhi.
K
2
=2 cho cc ng v 1 cho cc khoan nhi.
N - s nht ba SPT trung bnh ti mi cc tnh trong phm vi 1d t mi cc
tr xung v 4d t mi cc i ln.
N
tb
i
- s nht ba SPT trung bnh ca lp t th i cc i qua
F
c
- din tch tit din ngang ca cc
l
i
- chiu dy lp t th i cc i qua.
u - chu vi thn cc.
H s an ton khi tnh sc chu ti cc theo th nghim xuyn tiu chun ly t
2,53
89



3 5 , 2
= =
u u
tk
Q
k
Q
Q
(3.6)
V d 3.3
Vi cc thng s cc cho trong v d 3.2. Hy xc nh sc chu ti ca cc
theo kt qu th nghim xuyn tiu chun SPT.
Bi gii:

+ =
i
i
tb c u
l N u K F N K Q . . . . .
2 1


Trong :
K
1
=400.
K
2
=2 cho cc ng.
F
c
=0,25x0,25 =0,0625m
2
.
u =0,25x4 =1m.
N =20.
N
1
=4; N
2
=8; N
3
=30
Q
u
=400.30.0,0625 +2.1.(4.1,6 +8.3,8 +30.2) =943,6kN
Sc chu ti thit k cc: T kN
k
Q
Q
u
tk
74 , 37 44 , 377
5 , 2
6 , 943
~ = = =


c. Tnh sc chu ti ca cc theo cng thc ca Nht Bn
( ) | | d L c L N A N Q
c s s p a u
t o . . . . 2 , 0 . .
3
1
+ + =
(3.7)
Trong :
N
a
- ch s SPT di mi cc.
N
s
- ch s SPT ca lp ct bn thn cc.
L
s
- chiu di on cc nm trong t ct (m).
L
c
- chiu di on cc nm trong t dnh (m).
c - lc dnh ca t dnh.
d - ng knh hay cnh cc.
- h s ph thuc vo phng php thi cng cc
+Cc BTCT thi cng bng phng php ng = 30.
+Cc khoan nhi = 15.



90


d. Tnh sc chu ti ca cc theo kt qu th nghim xuyn tnh (CPT)
Sc chu ti cc theo kt qu th nghim xuyn tnh c tnh theo cng thc
sau:

+ = + =
i si c p ms mui u
l q u F q Q Q Q . .
(3.8)

Trong :
F
c
din tch tit din ngang mi cc.
q
p
sc cn ph hoi ca t mi cc.
q
p
= K
c
.q
c
(3.9)
q
c
sc cn mi xuyn trung bnh ca t trong phm vi 3d pha trn mi cc
v 3d pha di mi cc.
K
c
h s tra bng 3.4 ph thuc loi t, li cc.
u chu vi cc.

i
ci
si
q
q
o
=
(3.10)
q
ci
sc cn mi xuyn trung bnh ca lp t th i.
o
i
h s ph thuc loi t, trng thi t, phng php thi cng cc v c
tnh b mt thnh cc, tra bng 3.4.
Sc chu ti thit k cc:

2 5 , 1 3 2
+

=
ms mui
tk
Q Q
Q
(3.11)
Bng 3.4 Bng h s K
c
v o
H s Gi tr cc i q
p
(kPa)
H s K
c
Cc nhi Cc ng Cc nhi Cc ng
Loi t
Sc
khng
mi
q
c

(kPa)
Cc
nhi
Cc
ng
Thn
h b
tng
Thn
h ng
thp
Thn
h b
tng
Thn
h ng
thp
Thn
h b
tng
Thn
h ng
thp
Thn
h b
tng
Thn
h ng
thp
t loi st
chy, bn
<2000 0,4 0,5 30 30 30 30 15 15 15 15
t loi st
cng va
2000-
5000
0,35 0,45 40 80 40 80 (80)
35
(80)
35
(80)
35

35
t loi
t st
cng n
rt cng
>5000 0,45 0,55 60 120 60 120 (80)
35
(80)
35
(80)
35

35
Ct chy 0-2500 0,4 0,5 (60)*
*
120 (60)
120
(120)
60
35 35 35 35
91


120
Ct cht
va
2500-
10000
0,4 0,5 (100)
180
(200)
180
100 (200)
250
(120)
80
(80)
35
(120)
80
80
Ct cht
n rt
cht
>10000 0,3 0,4 150 (300)
200
150 (300)
200
(150)
120
(120)
80
(150)
120
120
phn,
mm
>5000 0,2 0,3 100 120 100 120 35 35 35 35
phong
ha, mnh
vn
>5000 0,2 0,4 60 80 60 80 (150)
120
(120)
80
(150)
120
120
Ghi ch:
Cc gi tr trong ngoc c th s dng khi:
- i vi cc, thnh h c gi tt, khi thi cng khng ph hoi thnh h v
b tng t cht lng cao.
- i vi cc ng c tc dng lm cht t khi ng cc.
V d 3.4
Vi cc thng s cc cho trong v d 3.2. Hy xc nh sc chu ti ca cc
theo kt qu th nghim xuyn tnh CPT.
Gii:

+ = + =
i si c p ms mui u
l q u F q Q Q Q . .


F
c
=0,25x0,25 =0,0625m
2
.
u =0,25x4 =1m.
q
p
= K
c
.q
c
q
c
=672T/m
2
.
Tra bng 3.4 ta c K
c
=0,5
Q
mi
=0,0625.0,5.672 =21T

i
ci
si
q
q
o
=

q
c1
=246 T/m
2
; q
c2
=459 T/m
2
; q
c3
=672 T/m
2

Tra bng 3.4 ta c o
1
= 30; o
2
= 40; o
3
= 100;
T Q
ms
165 , 70 2
100
672
8 , 3
40
459
6 , 1
30
246
1 = |
.
|

\
|
+ + =
Sc chu ti thit k cc:
T Q
tk
48 , 43
2
165 , 70
5 , 2
21
= + =


92


3.5 THIT K MNG CC I THP
3.5.1 Cc gi thuyt khi tnh ton mng cc i thp
Vic tnh ton mng cc i thp da trn c s cc gi thit sau y:
- Ti trng ngang do ton b t t y i tr ln tip nhn cho nn mun tnh
ton theo mng cc i thp phi tha iu kin sau:
b
H
tg h
.
.
2
45 . 7 , 0
0

|
.
|

\
|
> (3.12)
, - gc ma st trong v dung trng t t y i tr ln.
EH - tng ti trng ngang tnh ton.
b - cnh y mng i theo phng vung gc ti trng ngang.
- Sc chu ti ca cc trong mng c xc nh nh i vi cc n ring l,
khng k n nh hng ca nhm cc.
- Ti trng cng trnh truyn qua i cc ch truyn ln cc cc ch khng trc
tip truyn ln phn t gia cc cc ti mt tip gip vi i cc hay ni cch khc
t ti mt tip gip vi i khng trc tip lm vic.
- Khi kim tra cng ca nn t v khi tnh ln ca mng cc th ngi
ta xem mng cc nh l mt khi mng quy c bao gm cc, i cc v phn t
gia cc cc.
- V vic tnh ton khi mng quy c ging nh tnh ton mng nng trn nn
thin nhin nn tr s moment ca ti trng ngoi ti y khi mng quy c c
ly gim i mt cch gn ng bng tr s moment ca ti trng ngoi so vi cao
trnh y i.
- i cc xem nh tuyt i cng, cc v i cc xem nh lin kt ngm cng
vi nhau.
3.5.2 Chn vt liu lm cc, kch thc cc v i cc
B tng cc cn c thit k chng c cc tc nhn n mn c trong nn
t. Da trn iu kin lm vic ca cc, mc b tng ti thiu c th ly nh sau:
- Cc h trong iu kin bnh thng, d ng: M 250
- Cc phi ng n chi rt nh: M 400
Ct thp cc cn chn ng theo yu cu cht lng, ni thp theo ng yu
cu quy phm. Hm lng ct thp khng nh hn 0,8%, ng knh khng nh
93


hn |14. i vi nh cao tng, hm lng ct thp dc trong cc c th ln n
11,2%.
Ct thp ai c th s dng |6|8, dng mc, ai kn hay xon. Loi thp c
th dng l AI, AII b tr theo tnh ton.
Vic chn kch thc tit din ngang ca cc, chiu di cc ph thuc vo ti
trng cng trnh, tnh cht ti trng, kh nng thi cng v quan trng l iu kin a
cht cng trnh.
Chiu cao ca i cc c xc nh bng tnh ton nhng khng nh hn
0,5m (vi i cc cng trnh dn dng) v phi m bo iu kin chiu cao
ngm cc hoc ct thp ch cc trong i.
- Vi cng trnh xy dng dn dng v cng nghip, chiu cao i t 0,61m.
- Vi cng trnh cu ng, chiu cao i thng t 1,52,5m.
Kch thc y i ph thuc vo s lng cc b tr v cch b tr cc trong
mng. Thng thng vic chn kch thc y i sao cho ph hp b tr cc
ng thi tit kim vt liu nht.
3.5.3 Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc n
Sau khi la chn c kch thc cc, sc chu ti ca mt cc c tnh ton
theo cc phng php v cc cng thc trn, gi tr nh nht tnh c s c chn
a vo tnh s b mng cc. Sc chu ti ca cc s c hiu chnh sau khi
tin hnh th nghim nn tnh v ng.
3.5.4 Xc nh s lng cc v b tr cc trong mng
a. Tnh s lng cc
S lng cc c th c c lng theo cng thc sau:
tk
tt
Q
N
n . | = (3.13)
N
tt
- ti trng tnh ton ca cng trnh ti chn ct.
Q
tk
- sc chu ti tnh ton ca mi cc.
| - h s xt n nh hng ca moment, ti trng ngang v s lng cc
trong i. Thng thng =11,5 vi mng cc i thp, =11,6 vi mng cc
i cao.


94


b. B tr cc trong mng
Cc cc c th c b tr theo mng li tam gic u hay mng vung,
khong cch cc cc cao trnh y i khng c nh hn 1,5d hay cnh cc.
Ti mt phng mi cc khng c nh hn 3d hay cnh cc. Khi khong cch cc
ln hn 6d th nh hung ln nhau ca cc cc c th b qua. Do , khong cch
trong mt mng cc thng thng c b tr t 3d n 6d.
Khi ti trng lch tm qu nhiu, th nn b tr cc khng u nhau tn
dng kh nng lm vic ca tt c cc cc. Cng gn v pha moment tc dng th
cc cng b tr st nhau hn.
3
d
d/3-d/2
d
/
3
-
d
/
2
3d
3
d
3
d
3
d
3d
3
d
4d-5d
3
d


2
3d 2
3
d 3
d
3d 3
3
d
3d
3
d
4
d
3d 3d

Hnh 3.17a Cch b tr cc trn mt bng
95


3d
3d
4
d
3
d
3d
3
d
3d-5d 3d-5d
3
d
3d 3d
3
d
3
d


3
2
3
d


3
2
3d 3d
3
d
3
d
4d-5d 4d-5d
3
d
3
d

Hnh 3.17b Cch b tr cc trn mt bng

Hnh 3.18 Cch b tr 12 cc ngoi thc t thi cng
96


3.5.5 Kim tra ti trng tc dng ln u cc
Khi mng cc chu ti trng lch tm, lc tc dng ln mi cc trong nhm
khng u nhau v c xc nh theo cng thc sau :
( )

= =
=
n
i
i
tt
y
n
i
i
tt
x
tt
x
x M
y
y M
n
N
y x P
1
2
1
2
.
.
, (3.14)
EN
tt
- tng ti trng tnh ton tnh ti y i cc.
n - s lng cc trong mng.
M
x
tt

, M
y
tt
- moment theo hai phng x, y.
x
i
, y
i
- ta ca cc th i.
x,y - ta cc cn tnh.
iu kin an ton cho cc cc nh sau:
P
max
+ P
c
Q
tk
(3.15)

Vi:
P
max
- lc tc dng ln cc ln nht.
P
c
trng lng tnh ton mt cc.
P
c
=F
c
.l
c
.
bt
(3.16)

F
c
din tch tit din ngang cc.
l
c
chiu di cc.

bt
trng lng ring ca BTCT bng 2,5T/m
3
.

V d 3.5
Qua cc v d t 3.1 n 3.4, ta chn sc chu ti thit k cc l 37,74T.
Bit t hp ti trng tc dng ti mt ngm ct: N
tt
=92,76T; M
x
tt
=2,46Tm;
M
y
tt
=7,04Tm; chiu tc dng ca moment theo nh hnh v. Yu cu:
a/ Tnh ton s lng cc v b tr cc trong i?
b/ Kim tra ti trng tc dng ln u cc?
Bi gii:
a/ S lng cc c th c c lng theo cng thc sau:

tk
tt
Q
N
n . | =
Vi:
N
tt
=92,76T
Q
tk
=37,74T
97


Chn =1,3
2 , 3
74 , 37
76 , 92
3 , 1 . = = =
tk
tt
Q
N
n |
Chn 4 cc
B tr cc trn mt bng

b/ Kim tra ti trng tc dng ln u cc

( )

= =
=
n
i
i
tt
y
n
i
i
tt
x
tt
x
x M
y
y M
n
N
y x P
1
2
1
2
.
.
,
Ex
i
2
=4.0,4
2
=0,64m
2

Ey
i
2
=4.0,4
2
=0,64m
2
Trng lng trung bnh ca i v t trn i :
N
1
=F

.h.
tb
.n =1,3x1,3x2x2,2x1,1 =8,18T
n =1,1 h s vt ti.
Tng ti trng thng ng tc dng ti y i :
EN
tt

=8,18 +92,76 =100,94T


P(x,y) = x y
x y
11 84 , 3 24 , 25
64 , 0
. 04 , 7
64 , 0
. 46 , 2
4
94 , 100
=
P
1
= 25,24 +3,84.0,4 +11.0,4 =31,18T
P
2
= 25,24 - 3,84.0,4 +11.0,4 =28,1T
P
3
= 25,24 +3,84.0,4 - 11.0,4 =22,38T
P
4
= 25,24 - 3,84.0,4 - 11.0,4 =19,3T
Vy P
max
=31,18T; P
min
=19,3T tt c cc cc u chu nn
Trng lng ca mt cc :
P
c
=F
c
.l
c
.
bt
=0,0625.7,4.2,5 =1,16T
Kim tra iu kin ti tc dng ln u cc:
P
max
+P
c
=1,16 +31,18 =32,34T <Q
tk
=37,74T
Cc m bo iu kin bn.
3.5.6 Kim tra cng nn t ti mt phng mi cc
kim tra cng ca nn t ti mi cc, ngi ta coi cc, i cc v
phn t gia cc cc l mt mng khi quy c. Mng ny c chiu su y mng
bng khong cch t mt t n mt phng i qua mi cc.
250 800 250
2
5
0
8
0
0
2
5
0
Hnh 3.19 Hnh v d 3.5
98


Din tch mng:
( )( ) o o tg L B tg L A B L F
qu qu qu
. 2 . . 2 .
1 1
+ + = = (3.17)
A
1
, B
1
- khong cch t mp hai hng cc ngoi cng i din nhau theo hai
pha.
L - chiu di cc tnh t y i ti mi cc.
o - gc m rng so vi trc thng ng, k t mp ngoi ca hng cc ngoi
cng.
4
tb

o = (3.18)

h
L
H
B B
o
A
L.tgo Ltgo
L
h
L
H
o
o
o

Hnh 3.20 S xc nh khi mng quy c v tnh ln cho mng cc

tb
- gc ma st trung bnh cc lp t cc i qua.
L
l
L
l l l
i i
n n
tb

=
+ + +
=
.
...
2 2 1 1


(3.19)

i
- gc ma st trong ca cc lp t th i.
l
i
- chiu dy lp t th i
99


Sau khi coi mng cc nh mt khi mng quy c, th vic kim tra cng
ca nn t mi cc c tin hnh nh mt mng nng trn nn thin nhin,
ngha l phi tnh ton cc iu kin n nh nn nh khi tnh ton cho mng n.
Cng tiu chun ca t nn ti mi cc:
( )
II II II qu
tc
tc
c D H B B A
k
m m
R . . . . .
* 2 1
+ + =

(3.20)
m
1
, m
2
, k
tc
- xc nh nh trong tnh ton mng nng.
A, B, D cc h s sc chu ti ph thuc vo gc ma st trong ca lp t ti
mi cc.
B
qu
b rng khi mng quy c
B
qu
= B
1
+ 2.L.tgo (3.21)
H chiu su khi mng quy c tnh t mi cc ln mt t.
c
II
lc dnh tiu chun ca lp t ti mi cc.

II
dung trng lp t ti mi cc c tnh n y ni.

*
II
dung trng trung bnh cc lp t tnh t mi cc tr ln c k n y
ni.
Trng hp lch tm mt phng:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

qu qu
tc
tc
L
e
F
N
p
. 6
1
max

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

qu qu
tc
tc
L
e
F
N
p
. 6
1
min
(3.22)
2
min max
tc tc
tc
tb
p p
p
+
=
Trng hp lch tm hai phng:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

qu
b
qu
l
qu
tc
tc
B
e
L
e
F
N
p
. 6 . 6
1
max

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

qu
b
qu
l
qu
tc
tc
B
e
L
e
F
N
p
. 6 . 6
1
min
(3.23)
2
min max
tc tc
tc
tb
p p
p
+
=


100


Kim tra n nh nn t ti mi cc theo ba iu kin:

s
>
s
tc tc
tb
tc
tc tc
R p
p
R p
0
. 2 , 1
min
max
(3.24)
V d 3.6
Vi cc thng s ca bi ton cho trong v d t 3.1 n 3.5. Yu cu:
Kim tra n nh ca nn t ti mi cc?
Bi gii:
Ti trng tiu chun:
N
tc
=92,76/1,2 =77,3T;
M
tc
x
=2,46/1,2 =2,05Tm;
M
tc
y
=7,04/1,2 =5,87Tm
0
0 0 0
46 , 15
4 , 7
28 . 2 12 . 8 , 3 8 . 6 , 1
=
+ +
=
tb

o =
tb
/4 =15,46
0
/4 =3,86
0
Xc nh kch thc khi mng quy c:


L
qu
=B
qu
=1,05 +2.7,4.tg3,86
0
=2,05m
F
qu
=2,05.2,05 =4,2m
2

Trng lng trung bnh ca i v t trn i :
N
tc

=1,3.1,3.2.2,2 =7,44T
Dung trng trung bnh ca t tnh t mi cc ln mt t:
( )
3 *
/ 78 , 1
4 , 9
2 86 , 1 8 , 3 8 , 1 6 , 3 72 , 1
m T
II
=
+ +
=
Trng lng ca 3 lp t tnh t mi cc tr ln:
N
tc
1
=(4,2.9,4 1,3
2
.2 4.0,0625.7,4.1,0).1,78 =60,96T
Trng lng ca 4 cc :
N
tc
c
=4.0,0625.7,4.2,5 =4,63T
Tng ti trng tiu chun :
EN
tc
=77,3 +7,44 +60,96 +4,63 =150,33T
lch tm:
e
l
=5,87/150,33 =0,04m
e
b
=2,05/150,33 =0,014m
( )
2
max
/ 45 , 41
05 , 2
04 , 0 6
05 , 2
014 , 0 6
1
2 , 4
33 , 150
m T P
tc
= |
.
|

\
|
+

+ =
101


( )
2
min
/ 14 , 30
05 , 2
04 , 0 6
05 , 2
014 , 0 6
1
2 , 4
33 , 150
m T P
tc
= |
.
|

\
|

=
Cng tiu chun ca lp t di mi cc :
( )
II II II qu
tc
tc
Dc BH AB
k
m m
R + + =
* 2 1
.
m
1
=1; m
2
=1,2; k
tc
=1; A =0,98; B =4,93; D =7,4 ;
( )
3 *
/ 78 , 1
4 , 9
2 86 , 1 8 , 3 8 , 1 6 , 3 72 , 1
m T
II
=
+ +
= .
R
tc
= ( ) ( )
2
/ 5 , 103 0 78 , 1 4 , 9 93 , 4 86 , 1 05 , 2 98 , 0
1
2 , 1 1
m T = + +

.
( )
2
max
/ 45 , 41 m T P
tc
= < R
tc
=103,5(T/m
2
).
( )
2
min
/ 14 , 30 m T P
tc
= >0.
Kt lun : nn n nh.
3.5.7 Tnh ton ln mng cc
Cng nh i vi cc loi mng khc, khi thit k mng cc phi tha mn
iu kin sau :
S S
gh

y cn ch rng, ng sut gy ln c tnh t mt phng mng khi quy
c (tc l mt phng mi cc).
Vic kim tra lc ny ging nh i vi mng nng trn nn thin nhin. Tnh
ln ca khi mng ny theo phng php tng phn t hay bt c phng php tnh
ln no. ln cng phi nh hn S
gh
m bo cng nng s dng ca cng
trnh.
p lc gy ln:
p
gl
=p
tc
tb

tb.
H (3.25)

tb
- dung trng trung bnh ca cc lp t tnh t mi cc tr ln.
3.5.8 Tnh ton bn v cu to i cc
a. Chiu cao i cc
Chiu cao i cc c th c chn theo kinh nghim h

=3d (vi d l cnh
cc vung hay ng knh cc trn) ri sau kim tra theo iu kin xuyn thng.
Trng hp s lng cc trong i t ( 6cc), nhm m bo khng c cc no
nm ngoi phm vi thp xuyn thng, ta c th ly b dy lm vic ca i cc h

0

tha iu kin sau:
102


l
c
+ 2h

0
> A
1

hay

b
c
+ 2h

0
> B
1
(3.26)
b
c
, l
c
- b rng v b di ca ct.
A
1
, B
1
- xc nh nh trong s khi mng quy c.
h

0
chiu cao lm vic ca i.
h

0
= h

- a (3.27)
Gi tr a =100150mm.
h
45
a
h
l + 2h
l
h
b + 2h
A
h
45
a
h
l + 2h
h
b + 2h
A
l

Hnh 3.21 S xc nh chiu cao i cc cho trng hp
s lng cc nhiu v cc t
Trng hp s lng cc nhiu ( 6 cc)
Trong trng hp ny, mt s lng cc nm ngoi phm vi thp xuyn. iu
kin kim tra l lc gy xuyn thng ca cc cc phi nh hn lc chng xuyn
thng ca i. C th kim tra cho bn mt ca thp xuyn hay mt nguy him nht.
P
xt
P
cx
(3.28)

P
xt
lc gy xuyn thng, bng tng cc phn lc u cc nm ngoi phm vi
thp xuyn bn mt nguy him nht.
P
cx
lc chng xuyn tnh ton.

xqtx k cx
S R P . . 75 , 0 s

(3.29)
R
k
cng chu ko ca b tng.
S
xqtx
=h
0

.(b
c
+ h
0

) - khi tnh cho mt mt.

103


S
xqtx
=h
0

.(b
c
+h
0

).2 +h
0

.(l
c
+h
0

).2 - khi tnh cho bn mt.

Sau khi chn c chiu cao lm vic ca i theo cc iu kin trn, chiu
cao i cui cng c tnh:
h

= h

0
+a (3.30)
b. Tnh ton v b tr thp cho i
Xt mt ngm i qua chn ct, moment do cc cc bn phi ca mt ngm
c tnh nh sau :
M =EP
i
.r
i
(3.31)
P
i
- phn lc u cc th i bn pha cn tnh moment.
r
i
- khong cch t tim cc th i bn pha cn tnh moment n mp ct.
h
a
h
h
r
r
r
I
I
I I
I I

Hnh 3.22 S tnh ton moment trong i cc
Din tch ct thp cn thit c tnh t monment M:

a
a
h R
M
F
0
. . 9 , 0
= (3.32)
Tng t, ta cng tnh c moment v din tch ct thp cho mt ngm cn
li.
Theo kinh nghim thit k, ct thp chu lc b tr trong i cc khng nn ly
ng knh nh hn 12mm, khong cch thng 100250mm.
V d 3.7
Vi cc thng s ca bi ton c cho trong cc v d t 3.1 n 3.6.
104


a/ Hy thit k chiu cao i?
b/ Tnh ton v b tr thp cho i?
Bit b tng i dng mc 250 c R
n
=110 kG/cm
2
; R
k
=9 kG/cm
2
. Kch
thc cot 300x400mm; thp AII c R
a
=2800 kG/cm
2
.
Bi gii:
a/ Tnh chiu cao i:
Chiu cao i c th chn theo kinh nghim h

=3d =3.250 =750mm.

Chn h

=700mm
Kim tra chiu cao i theo iu kin xuyn thng:
Chn a =10cm h
0

=h

a =70 10 =60cm.
S lm vic ca i cc nh sau:
250 800 250
2
5
0
8
0
0
2
5
0
1
3
0
0
1300
1
5
0
0
1600
250 800 250
2
5
0
8
0
0
2
5
0
1
3
0
0
1300
2
5
0
400 200
3
0
0

Hnh 3.23a Hnh v d 3.7
Kch thc ca y thp xuyn:
b
c
+2.h
0

=0,3 +2.0,6 =1,5m

l
c
+2.h
0

=0,4 +2.0,6 =1,6m

Nh vy khng c cc no nm ngoi phm vi y thp xuyn nn chiu cao
i chn nh vy l hp l.
b/ Tnh thp v b tr thp cho i:
Theo cc v d trc ta tnh c cc ti trng tc dng ln u cc nh
sau:
P
1
= 31,18T; P
2
= 28,1T; P
3
= 22,38T; P
4
=19,3T
Moment theo phng I-I:
M
I-I
=(31,18 +28,1).0,2 =11,86Tm
105


F
a
I-I
=
2
5
84 , 7
60 . 28000 . 9 , 0
10 . 86 , 11
cm =
Chn thp |14 (F
a
=1,54cm
2
) ->s lng thp cay n 1 , 5
54 , 1
84 , 7
= =
Chn 7|14, khong cch gia cc cy thp a=(1300 2.50)/6 =200mm
Moment theo phng II-II:
M
II-II
=(31,18 +22,38).0,25 =13,39Tm
F
a
II-II
=
2
5
86 , 8
60 . 2800 . 9 , 0
10 . 39 , 13
cm =
Chn thp |14 (F
a
=1,54cm
2
) ->s lng thp cay n 8 , 5
54 , 1
86 , 8
= =
Chn 7|14, khong cch gia cc cy thp a=(1300 2.50)/6 =200mm
1
0
0
7
0
0
800 250
100
1
0
0
12a200 12a200
14a200
3 4
1 2
250 800 250
1300
8
0
0
1
3
0
0
2
5
0
2
5
0
3
0
0
400
250
100
14a200
1
14a200
2

Hnh 3.23b Hnh v d 3.7
3.5.9 Kim tra cc khi vn chuyn, cu lp v treo ln gi ba
106


S khi vn chuyn cc
m bo iu kin chu lc khi vn chuyn, th v tr mc cu cn b tr sao
cho moment dng ln nht bng moment m ln nht. T iu kin ny, xc nh
c khong cch v tr mc cu l 0,207L v gi tr moment tnh c:
M
max
=0,0214.q.L
2
(3.33)
L chiu di cc.
q trng lng cc tnh cho mt n v chiu di.
q = n

.
bt
.F
c
(3.34)
n

h s ng, c ly t 1,22 ty theo iu kin phng tin vn chuyn
v cung ng vn chuyn c tnh trng tt hay xu.

bt
trng lng ring ca b tng bng 2,5T/m
3
.
F
c
tit din ngang ca cc.

0,207 0,586L 0,207
L
0
,2
9
3
L

Hnh 3.24 S tnh khi vn chuyn cc v treo ln gi ba

S khi treo ln gi ba
Khi cc c chiu di >8m cn b tr thm mc cu th 3 khi thi cng treo
cc ln gi ba. Cng t iu kin cn bng moment tnh c khong cch v tr
mc cu l 0,293L v gi tr moment tnh c:
M
max
= 0,043.q.L
2
(3.35)
T gi tr moment tnh ton kim tra lng ct thp trong cc c m bo
kh nng chu lc khi thi cng khng. Cng ca thp mc cu cng cn c
kim tra khi thi cng.


BI TP CHNG 3
107



Bi 3.1
Hy thit k mng cc di ct c tit din 40x60cm (xc nh sc chu ti
cc, chn s lng cc, b tr, kim tra ti tc dng ln cc, kim tra n nh v
ln, tnh thp) chu ti lch tm N
tt
=105T; M
tt
=8Tm; H
tt
=4,2T.
Bit kch thc cc 0,25x0,25x7m; mc b tng 250; cng ct thp
R
a
=2800kG/cm
2
.
Kt qu kho st a cht :
Lp t a
cm
2
/kG
Chiu
dy (m)

kN/m
3

h

T/m
3
W% W
L
W
P c
kG/cm
2
e

St pha
ct
0,03 3,4 1,92 2,72 26 30 20 22 0,2 0,80
st 0,04 2 1,94 2,72 30 48 18 18 0,1 0,81
Ct va 0,005 8 1,96 2,65 19 - - 32 0,01 0,61
Bi 3.2
Chn s lng, b tr cc mt cch hp l v kim tra ti trng tc dng ln
cc trong s dng. Bit cc tit din 30x30cm, di 10m, sc chu ti tnh ton ca
cc n [P] = 35T.
Ti trng tnh ton mc y i l N
tt
=100T; M
y
tt
=7,8Tm ; M
x
tt
=0.
Bi 3.3
Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo t nn, bit cc c chiu di L =12m, tit
din 30x30cm. y i nm su 1,5m so vi mt t t nhin.
- Nn t gm: + Lp 1: dy 8m c B =0,64.
+Lp 2: ct ht trung, cht va, dy >20m.
Bi 3.4
Xc nh v b tr ct thp trong i ca mng cc di ct 40x40cm nh sau:
- Cc 25x25cm, di 12m, gm 6 cc (2 hng) b tr cch u theo c hai
phng vi khong cch L = 1m. Cc chu ti u nhau P =25T.
- Chiu cao lm vic ca i 0,7m.


Bi 3.5
108


Hy chn s lng cc v b tr hp l theo iu kin sc chu ti ca cc
trong s dng. Cho bit cc c tit din 25x25cm, di 12m, sc chu ti nn
[P] =26,8T. Ti trng tnh ton ti y i N
tt
=126T ; M
tt
=10,4Tm.
Bi 3.6
Xc nh sc chu ti theo vt liu ca cc BTCT tit din 30x30cm, di 10m,
b tng mc 300, thp dc chu lc 4|18 c R
a
=2800kG/cm
2
.
Bi 3.7
Xc nh sc chu ti theo kt qu th nghim xuyn tnh CPT ca cc BTCT
tit din 30x30cm, di 10m, b tng mc 300, h

=1,5m. T trn xung gm cc lp
t nh sau :
Lp 1: St yu c q
c
=800kPa dy 4,5m.
Lp 2: St pha trng thi do c q
c
=2150kPa dy 3,2m.
Lp 3: Ct ht trung cht va c q
c
=6210kPa dy >10m.

Bi 3.8
Mt mng cc i thp chu tc dng ca ti trng tnh ton ti mc y i:
ti trng ng N
tt
=122T, moment M
tt
=-12,8Tm. Sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc
n b tng ct thp tit din 30x30cm, di 9m l 38T.
a/ Tnh ton s lng cc v b tr cc trn mt bng?
b/ Kim tra ti trng tc dng ln u cc?

Bi 3.9
Mt mng cc c s b tr nh hnh v, ti
trng tc dng ti y i cc (b qua khi lng t
trn i v khi lng i) : N
tt
=280T; M
tt
x
=8 Tm ;
M
tt
y
=15 Tm; tit din cc 0,3x0,3m. Tnh ti trng
tc dng ln cc cc P
i
?






1000 1000
9
0
0
9
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
0
300 300
2600
2
4
0
0
500 500
109


Ti liu tham kho

1. Nn v mng L c Thng, Bi Anh nh, Phan Trng Phit NXB
Gio Dc 2000.
2. Nn v mng cc cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip GS.TS Nguyn
Vn Qung, KS.Nguyn Hu Khng, KS.Ung nh Cht NXB Xy Dng H
Ni 2002.
3. Hng dn n nn v mng GS.TS Nguyn Vn Qung, KS.Nguyn
Hu Khng NXB Xy Dng H Ni 1996.
4. Nn v mng TS.Chu Ngc n NXB i Hc Quc Gia Tp H Ch
Minh 2010.
5. Hng dn n nn v mng - TS.Chu Ngc n NXB i Hc Quc
Gia Tp H Ch Minh 2012.
6. Thit k v tnh ton mng nng V Cng Ng Trng i Hc Xy
Dng 1998.
7. Mng cc phn tch v thit k - V Cng Ng Nguyn Vn Thi NXB
khoa hc v k thut - 2004.
8. Nhng phng php xy dng cng trnh trn nn t yu Hong Vn
Tn, Trn nh Ng, Phan Xun Trng, Phm Xun, Nguyn Hi -1995.
9. Tiu chun TCXD 189 1996: Mng cc tit din nh - Tiu chun thit
k.
10. Tiu chun TCXD 205 1998: Mng cc Tiu chun thit k.
11. Tiu chun TCXD 206 1998: Cc khoan nhi Yu cu v cht lng
thi cng.