d) air Using a balance the mass of a 500 cm3 round-bottomed flask full of air is found and then after

removing the air with a vacuum pump; the difference gives the mass of air in the flask. The volume of air is found by filling the flask with water and pouring it into a measuring cylinder. =============================================================================== Period of a simple pendulum In this investigation you have to make time measurements using a stopwatch or clock. Attach a small metal ball (called a bob) to a piece of string, and suspend it as shown in Figure 10.8. Pull the bob a small distance to one side, and then release it so that it oscillates to a fro through a small angle. Find the time for the bob to make a few times for the same number of oscillations and work out the average. The time for one oscillation is the period T. what is . for your system? The frequency f of the oscillations is the number of complete oscillations per second and equals to 1/T. Calculate f. How does the amplitude of the oscillations, figure 10.8, change with time? Investigate the effect on T of (i) a longer string, (ii) heavier bob. A motion sensor connected to a datalogger and computer (Chapter 19) could be used instead of stop watch for these investigations. ================================================================================= Timers A number of different devices are useful for analyzing motion in the laboratory. a) Motion sensors Motion sensors use the ultrasonic echo technique (see p. 38) to determine the distance of an object from the sensor. Connection of a datalogger and computer to the motion sensor then enables a distance-time graph to be plotted directly (See figure 19.6). Further data analysis by the computer allows a velocity-time graph to be obtained, as in Figure 20.1 and 20.2, p.96. b) Tickertape timer: tape charts A ticker tape timer also enables us to measure speeds and hence accelerations. One type, figure 19.2, has a marker which vibrates 50 times a second and makes dots at 1/50 s intervals on the paper tape being pulled through it; 1/50 s is called a tick. The distance between successive dots equals the average speed of whatever is pulling the tape in, say, cm per 1/50 s, i.e. cm per tick. The tentick (1/5 s) is also used as a unit of time. Since ticks and tenticks are small we drop the average and just refer to the speed. ================================================================================ Figure 19.2 tickertape timer

Tape charts are made by sticking successive strips of tape, usually tentick lengths, side by side. That in Figure 19.3a(overleaf) represents a body moving with uniform speed since equal distances have been moved in each tentick interval. The chart in Figure 19.3b is for uniform acceleration; the steps are of equal size showing that the speed increased by the same amount in every tentick (1/5 s). The acceleration (average) can be found from the chart as follows. ================================================================================= The speed during the first tentick is 2 cm/(1/5 s) or 10 cm/s. During the sixth tentick it is 12 cm/(1/5s) or 60 cm/s. And so during this interval of 5 tenticks, i.e. 1 second, the change of speed is (60 10) cm/s = 50 cm/s. Acceleration = (change of speed)/time taken = (50 cm/s) /(1 s) = 50 cm/s2 c) Photogate timer Photogate timers may be used to record the time taken for a trolley to pass through the gate, figure 19.4. If the length of the interrupt card on the trolley is measured, the velocity of the trolley can then be calculated. Photogates are most useful in experiments where the velocity at only one or two positions is needed. =========================================================================== Practical work Analysing motion a) Your own motion Pull a 2 m length of tape through a tickertape timer as you walk away from it quickly, then slowly, then speeding up again and finally stopping. Cut the tape into tentick lengths and make a tape chart. Write labels on it to show where you speeded up, slowed down, etc. b) Trolley on a sloping runway Attach a length of tape to a trolley and release it at the top of a runway. Figure 19.5. The dots will be very crowded at the start ignore those; but beyond them cut the tape into tentick lengths. Make a tape chart. Is the acceleration uniform? What is its average value? c) Datalogging Replace the tickertape timer with a motion sensor connected to a datalogger and computer, figure 19.6. Repeat the experiments in a) and b) and obtain distance-time and velocity-time graphs for each case; identify regions where you think the acceleration changes or remains uniform.

EQUIPMENT NEEDED

Science Workshop Interface Base and support rod Motion sensor

PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce the relationships between the motion of an object - YOU - and a Graph of position and time for the moving object. NOTE: This activity is easier to do if you have a partner to run the computer while you move. THEORY When describing the motion of an object, knowing where it is relative to a reference point, how fast and in what direction it is moving, and how it is accelerating (changing its rate of motion) is essential. A sonar ranging device such as the Motion Sensor uses pulses of ultrasound that reflect from an object to determine the position of the object. As the object moves, the change in its position is measured many times each second. The change in position from moment to moment is expressed as a velocity (meters per second). The change in velocity from moment to moment is expressed as an acceleration (meters per second per second). The position of an object at a particular time can be plotted on a graph. You can also graph the velocity and acceleration of the object versus time. A graph is a mathematical picture of the motion of an object. For this reason, it is important to understand how to interpret a graph of position, velocity, or acceleration versus time. In this activity you will plot a graph in real-time, that is, as the motion is happening. PROCEDURE For this activity, you will be the object in motion. The Motion Sensor will measure your position as you move in a straight line at different speeds. The Science Workshop program will plot your motion on a graph of position and time. The challenge in this activity is to move in such a way that a plot of your motion on the same graph will "match" the line that is already there. PART I: Computer Setup 1. Connect the Science Workshop interface to the computer, turn on the interface, and turn on the computer. 2. Connect the motion sensor's stereo phone plugs to Digital Channels 1 and 2 on the interface. Connect the yellow-taped plug to Digital Channel 1 and the other plug to Digital Channel 2.

3. Goto the "/Global Shared f/PHY105 Tools/Experiments/" shared folder and click on the "Playing with the motion sensor" button. This will open Scientific Workshop and load the experimental setup. 4. The "Sampling Options..." for this experiment are as follows: Periodic Samples = Fast at 10 Hz, Digital Timing = 10000 Hz, and Stop Condition with Time = 10.00 seconds. PART II: Sensor Calibration and Equipment Setup 1. Mount the motion sensor on a support rod so that it is aimed at your midsection when you are standing in front of the sensor. Make sure that you can move at least 2 meters away from the motion

2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

sensor. NOTE: You will be moving backwards for part of this activity. Clear the area behind you for at least 2 meters (about 6 feet). Position the computer monitor so you can see the screen while you move away from the motion sensor. Stand in front of the motion sensor and hit the record button. You will hear the sound being emitted by the motion sensor. It is the reflection of this sound that is being used by the sensor to determine the distance between the sensor and you. Move back and forth in front of the sensor and see how the measured position changes. Use a ruler to make measurements at some well-defined distances. Compare the values obtained by the motion sensor with the directly measured values. Do they agree? Are they always exaclty the same? Is the motion sensor calibrated correctly? Select open from the file menu and select "P00a Motion sensor" from the "/Global Shared f/PHY105 Tools/Experiments/" shared folder. What is the maximum and the minimum range of the motion sensor.

10. Repeat the previous measurements using the "P00b Motion sensor" and "P00c Motion sensor" setups. Can you explain the observed differences? PART III: Data Recording 1. Save your data in your own folder 2. Open "P01 Understanding Motion 1" in the "/Global Shared f/PHY105 Tools/Experiments/" shared folder . This will open the Scientific Workshop and load the experimental setup. o The document shows the following Graph display of Position (m) and Time (sec).

(Note: For quick reference, see the Experiment Notes window. To bring a display to the top, click on its window or select the name of the display from the list at the end of the Display menu. Change the Experiment Setup window by clicking on the "Zoom" box or the Restore button in the upper right hand corner of that window.) 3. Click on the Graph to make it active. Enlarge the Graph until it fills the monitor screen. 4. Study the Position versus Time plot in order to determine the following: 1. How close should you be to the motion sensor at the beginning? _______ (m) 2. How far away should you move? _______ (m) 3. How long should your motion last? _______ (sec)
o

5. When you are ready, stand in front of the motion sensor. WARNING: You will be moving backward, so be certain that the area behind you is free of obstacles. 6. Click the "REC" button to begin recording data. (Data recording will begin almost immediately. The motion sensor will make a faint clicking noise.) 7. Watch the plot of your motion on the Graph, and try to move so that the plot of your motion matches the Position vs Time plot that is already there. 8. Data recording will end automatically after a certain amount of time, or click on "STOP" to end sooner. Run #1 will appear in the Data list in the Experiment Setup window. 9. Repeat the data recording process a second and a third time. Try to improve the match between the plot of your motion and the plot that is already on the Graph. OPTIONAL The Graph can show more than one run of data at the same time. You can display up to three runs simultaneously. If you record more than three runs, use the DATA menu along the vertical axis to select the runs you want to see. To delete a run of data, click on the run in the Data list in the Experiment Setup window and press the "delete" key on the keyboard. ANALYZING THE DATA 1. Use the Statistics tools in the Graph to determine the slope of the best fit line for the middle section of your best position vs. time plot. Click the "Statistics" button and then click the "Autoscale" button to resize the graph to fit the data. 2. Use the mouse to click-and-draw a rectangle around the middle section of your plot. Use the "Statistics" menu button in the Statistics area of the Graph. Select "Linear Fit" from the Curve Fit menu to display the slope of the selected region of your position vs time plot. The "a2" term of the equation in the Stats area is the slope of the selected region of motion. The slope of this part of the position vs. time plot is the velocity during the selected region of motion. 3. Determine how well your plot of motion fits the plot that was already in the Graph. Examine the "total abs. difference" (total absolute difference) and the chi^2 (goodness of fit) terms from the Statistics area. QUESTIONS 1. In the Graph, what is the slope of the line of best fit for the middle section of your plot? 2. What is the description of your motion? (Example: "Constant speed for 2 seconds followed by no motion for 3 seconds, etc.")

Representing motion (Foundation tier) Test Bite

1. A car travels 100 m in 5 s. What is its average speed? 500 m/s 20 m/s 0.05 m/s 2. What does a horizontal line on a distance-time graph represent? Constant acceleration Constant speed Stationary object 3. Which line on the graph represents the greatest speed?

A B C 4. What does a horizontal line on a velocity-time graph represent? Constant acceleration Constant velocity Stationary object 5. Which line on the graph represents the greatest acceleration?

A B C 6. A car accelerates from rest to 30 m/s in 15 s. What is its acceleration? 45 m/s2 450 m/s2 2 m/s2 7. What does the gradient on a distance-time graph represent? The distance travelled. The speed. The acceleration. 8. What does the gradient on a velocity-time graph represent? The distance travelled. The speed. The acceleration. 9. What does the area under a velocity-time graph represent? The distance travelled. The speed. The acceleration.

Force, mass and acceleration (Higher tier) Test Bite

1. What happens to a moving object if the resultant force on it is zero? It stops It keeps moving It changes direction

2. What happens to a moving object if the resultant force on it is not zero? It speeds up in the direction of the resultant force It slows down in the direction of the resultant force It moves towards the resultant force 3. What is the unit of force? The newton, N The Newton, n The kilogram, kg 4. If we double the resultant force applied to an object, what happens to its acceleration? It stays the same It doubles It halves 5. The same resultant force is applied to three balls. Which ball experience the greatest acceleration? The 4 kg ball The 2 kg ball The 1 kg ball 6. Higher Tier: What force is needed to give an acceleration of 2 m/s 2 to a 4 kg box? 2N 6N 8N