2013

Computing Techniques
Assignment 1
Introduction to computer and its part, binary-decimal conversions

Harsh Mahajan Structural Engineering SGSITS 7/29/2013

Computing Technique Assignment-1

Q1. To purchase the computer, what specifications needed? Describe their meaning and range. Answer: Definition: Computer: A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU) and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. A computer is essentially consist of two things: Hardware and software Hardware: Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitute a computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as monitor, keyboard, Computer data storage, hard drive disk, mouse, CPU (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects that you can actually touch. Software: Computer software is any set of machine-readable instructions (most often in the form of a computer program) that directs a computer's processor to perform specific operations. The term is used to contrast with computer hardware, the physical objects (processor and related devices) that carry out the instructions. On most computer platforms, software can be grouped into a few broad categories: System software is the basic software needed for a computer to operate (most notably the operating system). Application software is all the software that uses the computer system to perform useful work beyond the operation of the computer itself. Embedded software resides as firmware within embedded systems, devices dedicated to a single use. In that context there is no clear distinction between the system and application software.

The main parts of computer: 1. 2. 3. 4. Central Processing Unit Input devices Output devices Operating system

1 Central processing Unit: A central processing unit (CPU) is the hardware within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. CPU mainly consist of: a. b. c. d. Processor Motherboard RAM Hard drive

a. Processor: Every part has some purpose to run the computer. Processor is the main part of CPU. all are saying that Processor is the heart of computer or brain of computer compared with the human. Processor is process or execute the data what you have given. heat will generate automatically, so to control the processor heat there is a fan, this is called processor heatsink and fan. Processor also comes in two type: 1. 32 Bit 2. 64 bit 32/64 bit: 32 bit is a description of the internal registers of the processor. processors communicate data internally through a bus. Registers are holding cells within the processor that hold sets of data for the processor to work with. A 32 bit processor can hold 32 registers. A bit is the smallest piece of data that a computer can work with. Basically, a bit is either a 1 or a 0. Hence bit coming from binary digit. Now, a processors internal "highway" is made up of 32 "lanes". 64 bit processors can handle more than twice the amount of data at a time then can a 32 bit processor. Clock speed: The clock speed of a CPU is defined as the frequency that a processor executes instructions or that data is processed. This clock speed is measured in millions of cycles per second or megahertz (MHz). The clock itself is actually a quartz crystal that vibrates at a certain frequency when electricity is passed through it. Each vibration sends out a pulse or beat, like a metronome, to each component that's synchronized with it. Range: 1.2 GHz to 2.4 GHz. Range: Processor is predominantly manufactured by INTEL: Its range starts from Pentium Pro Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium II and III Xeon, Pentium M, Celeron M, Intel Core, Pentium 4, Pentium 4 EE, Pentium Dual Core, Core i3, Core i5, Core i7

b. Motherboard: A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, planar board or logic board) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in computers and other expandable systems. It holds many of the crucial electronic components of the system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory , and provides connectors for other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard contains significant sub-systems such as the processor. Motherboard specifically refers to a PCB with expansion capability the board is the "mother" of all components attached to it, which often include sound cards, video cards, network cards, hard drives or other forms of persistent storage, TV tuner cards, cards providing extra USB or Firewire slots, and a variety of other custom components. c. RAM: Random-access memory is a form of computer data storage. A randomaccess device allows stored data to be accessed directly in any random order. In contrast, other data storage media such as hard disks, CDs, DVDs and magnetic tape, as well as early primary memory types such as drum memory , read and write data only in a predetermined order. Random-access memory takes the form of integrated circuits. RAM is a form of temporary memory which hold the data to functioning of computer. Speed of processing data in a computer is mainly depends on size of RAM hence range of RAM is predominantly depend on its size; varies from 128MB to 4GB and may be go more higher in future. d. Hard disk: A hard disk drive (HDD) is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. An HDD retains its data even when powered off. Data is read in a random-access manner, meaning individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order rather than sequentially. An HDD consists of one or more rigid ("hard") Rapidly rotating disks (platters) with magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm to read and write data to the surfaces. Range: Size of hard disk varies from 512MB to 1TB. More the size more disk allocation for data. 2. Input devices : An input device is a peripheral device that converts symbols that people understand into bits that computers can process. Input devices are; Keyboard, mouse, touch pad, webcam, scanner, joystick. 3. Output devices: An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) which converts the electronically generated information into human readable form. Display devices A display device is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information. Information shown

on a display device is called soft copy because the information exists electronically and is displayed for a temporary period of time. Display devices include CRT monitors, LCD monitors and displays, gas plasma monitors. Other forms of output devices are : printer, plotter, speaker. 4. Operating system: An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function. Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources. For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware,[ although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently make a system call to an OS function or be interrupted by it. Range- Now a days OS of different companies are installed in PC; Windows 98,2000,XP, Vista, W7, W8 etc. In computing, a device driver is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. A driver typically communicates with the device through the computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware connects. When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver, the driver issues commands to the device. Once the device sends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke routines in the original calling program. Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific. They usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous timedependent hardware interface.

Q2 Solve some example of binary to decimal and decimal to binary conversion Answer: 1. Convert (101011101)2=(?)10 101011101 876543210 1X28 + 0X27 +1X26 + 0X25+ 1X24 + 1X23 +1X22 + 0X21 + 1X20 = 256 + 0 + 64 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 1 = (249)10 2. Convert (1100101)2 = (?)10 1100100 6543210 1X26 + 1X25 +0X24 + 0X23+ 1X22 + 0X21 +0X20 = 64 + 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 0 +0 = (100)10 3. Convert (1011.110) = (?)10 1011 |110 3210