Demography Demography is the study of the population.

It is concerned with measuring the size of populations and explaining their rise or decline. Populations are governed by three factors: births, deaths and migration (Giddens et al., 2003)

What is meant by population, population control and Migration?

Population pyramids are often used by demographers to depict a countrys population by age and sex. They use this pyramid to graphically depict the composition of a population and to predict population trends. To predict the future of populations, demographers use three demographic variables: fertility, mortality, and migration.

Fertility refers to how many live born children the average woman has. This rate is often computed as the average number of births per thousand women of child bearing age. Fertility is influence by age, contraceptives ad social religious values. Crude birth rates are the number of live births per year, per thousand of the population. Fecundity the potential number of children a woman can biological produce.

Mortality is the incidence of death in a countrys population (Macionis, 2001). To measure mortality, demographers used the crude death rates. Crude death rates are the number of death in a year for every thousand people in the population. Infant mortality rate is the number of babies that die under the age of one year for each thousand of live births in a given year.

Mortality is shaped by:

Level of nutrition Immunization Provisions of sanitation Health care education

 Declining rates of infant mortality are the most important influence on increasing life expectancy (Giddens, et al., 2003). Life expectancy is referred to as the number of years the average person can be expected to live. Life span which is the maximum number of years that an individual could live.

Malthusian Theory
Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Warned that the population increase would soon lead to social chaos. He argued that while the population increase is exponential, food supply depends on fixed resources that Can be expanded only by developing new land for cultivation. Population growth therefore tends to outstrip the means of support available. The inevitable outcome is famine, which combine with the influence of war and plagues, acts as a natural limit to population increase (Giddens st al, 2003).

The Demographic Theory (Macionis, 2001) Malthus predicted that human beings would always live in circumstances of misery and starvation unless they practiced what he called moral restraint. His cure for excessive population growth was for people to strictly limit their frequency of sexual intercourse. The thesis of this theory implies that population patterns reflect a societys level of technological development. This theory examines the changes in regards to the births and deaths in the industrialized countries from the nineteenth century and onwards. This theory has four stages:

Stage One: The birth and death rates are high. The high birth rates are attributed to the economic value of children and the absence of birth control. The high death rates are due to low living standards and little medical technology. (Macionis, 2001). This stage was seen in the preindustrial, agrarian societies. Stage Two: Occurred at the onset of industrialization. Death rates fell due to greater food supplies and scientific medicine, while fertility remains high. It was during this stage Malthus developed his perspectives of the future.

Stage Three: With industrial development, birthrates dropped to a level that the population remains fairly stable. In this stage children survived to adulthood and the higher standard of living made raising children expensive. Birth control methods were employed, especially for women who were working outside the home. Stage Four: This occurred in the postindustrial economy. The birthrate is constantly falling as dual income couples become the norm as raising children becomes more expensive. As this trend continues, along with steady rates, the population grows only very slowly or even decreases.

Migration
Migration is the movement of people into and out of a specific territory. Migration can be involuntary (Africans to the Western Hemisphere) or voluntary. Voluntary migration may be the result of push factors or pull factors. Push factors are factors in which people are trying to escape, e.g. poverty, political prosecution, political and religious freedoms. Pull factors are opportunities that draw people to the area, e.g. higher wages

Immigration is the movement of people entering into a country in which they are not citizens. This is calculated as the number of people entering into an area for every thousand people in the population. Emigration is measured as the number of people leaving an area. This is calculate as the number of people leaving the area for every thousand.

Both types of migration (immigration & emigration) usually occur at the same time. The difference is the net-migration rate. Net migration rate is the difference between immigrants (people moving in) and emigrants (people moving out) per 1,000 of the population.

Growth rate is the net change in a population after adding births, subtracting deaths and either adding or subtracting net migration. Basic Demographic Equation Growth rate=births deaths + net migration Zero population A demographic condition in which woman bear only children to reproduce the population.

What is a city? A city is a place where a large number of people permanently reside and do not produce their own food. What is a community? A community is a place where people identify with and where there is a sense of belonging and the feelings that others care.

The Development of Cities

Types of Cities Metropolis Megalopolis Edge cities

Urbanization-Evolution of cities
The first urban revolution began with appearance of cities about 8000B.C.E. By the start of the common era, cities emerged in most regions of the world except for North America. The second urban revolution began about 1750 as the Industrial revolution propelled rapid urban growth in Europe. The physical forms of cities, changed, as planners created wide, regular streets to facilitate trade. The emphasis on commerce, as well as the increasing size of cities, made urban life anonymous (Macioins, 2001).

Models of Urban Growth

It is believed that a third urban revolution is now occurring in poor countries, where most of the worlds largest cities will soon be found (Macionis, 2001) The Concentric Zone Model - Ernest Burgess The Sector Model Homer Hoyt The multiple Model Chauncey Harris & Edward Ullman The Peripheral Model- Chauncey Harris

Five types of urban dwellers (Henslin) Cosmopolites The singles The ethnic villagers The deprived The trapped

Theories concerning urbanism

Ferdinard Tonnies Gemeinschaft (community) a type of social organization by which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition. Gesellschaft (association) A type of social organization by which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest(Macionis, 2001)

Emile Durkheim
Agreed with Tonnies about cities, however, individuals who live in the cities do not lack social bonds, they simple organize social life differently than those living in rural areas. Mechanical solidarity-social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values, with an emphasis on tradition. Organic solidarity Generates a new type of bonding based on specialization and interdependence. This type of urban society offered individual choice, moral tolerance, and privacy than in rural villages (Macionis, 2001).

Louis Wirth - social life typical of urban areas.

*Saw the city as a large, dense and socially diverse population *Weakening of kin relationships *Replacement of an instrumental, transitory and superficial relationship *Highly specialization of the division of labor *Growth of voluntary associations * Increase in social conflict *Growing importance of the media

Information for this Powerpoint came from works by Macionis (2001), Henslin (2005), and Giddens et al (2003).