12) UNBALANCE LOAD DESCRIPTION: Unbalanced loading produces negative sequence component of unbalanced stator current due to which

an inverse (negative sequence) rotating field of double frequency is induced in the rotor. Unbalanced current will have positive, negative, zero sequence component, the negative sequence current rotates counter to the D.C. field and thus produces a flux which cuts the rotor at twice the rotational velocity inducing double frequency currents in the field system and the rotor body. Eddy current are induced on the surface of the rotor which lead to localized overheating in the rotor end zones and in the slot wedges. Unbalanced condition causes due to the following reason 1) When a fault occurs in the stator winding 2) An unbalanced external fault, which is not cleared quickly. 3) Open circuiting of a phase. 4) Failure of one contact of the circuit breaker. The time for which the rotor can be allowed to withstand such a condition depends upon the heating of the rotor so temperature rise is proportional to the square of the negative sequence current. SEQUENCE OF EVENTS 220kv unit circuit breaker trip SET POINTS I2>10% (warning) Time delay for warning stage -20.0SEC Time constant-2000sec. I>>49% (trips Gen CB) Trip time delay -3.00SEC

IMPEDENCE PROTECTION DESCRIPTION It provides as a fast back-up protection to generator and transformer differential relays (phase faults, earth faults). It is used as a selective time graded short circuit protection to provide shortest possible tripping times for short-circuits in the synchronous machine on the terminal leads as well as in the lower voltage winding of the transformer. This protection operates as a time-delayed over current protection for short circuits on the HV side of the transformer, thus providing a back up protection for these faults. It has two zone of protection zone-1 (Z1) and over-reach zone-1B (Z1B). Additionally, a non-directional final stage (T2) and a power swing blocking stage (PPOL) are available. In order to prevent frequent tripping due to dynamic occurrences in the system, such as load fluctuations, short circuits, autoreclosures or switching operations, the impedance protection is provided with the power swing-blocking feature. SEQUENCE OF EVENTS 220KV CB opens. SEE trips. Rapid Shut Down

SET POINTS Zone-1 (trip zone) R-1 ---8.17 OHM X-1 ---8.17 OHM. Time delay0.30sec Zone-2 (overreaching zone) R1B---12.85 OHM X1B---12.85 OHM What do these zones mean? IMPEDENCE PROTECTION POWER SWING DESCRIPTION Impedance protection is provided with a power swing blocking feature to prevent from the tripping of the generator circuit breaker during power swing such as load fluctuation, switching operation, auto reclosures etc. blocking relay operates to prevent tripping of gen. CB. In order to detect a power swing the rate of change of impedance vector is measured, that is dz/dt. Where dz. is the difference of impedance between the power swing polygon and trip polygon, power swing polygon area is greater as compared to trip polygon area so power swing is detected before the impedance vector enters the trip polygon. If the rate of change of the impedance is smaller than the value dz/dt then a power swing is recognized. Note: Power swing blocking acts on the first zone Z1 only. When the overreach zone Z1B is active no power swing can occur because the network circuit breaker is then open. The non-directional over-current time back-up stage T2 is not blocked either.

SET POINTS Dz./dt= 85.6ohm/sec Dz=2.00ohm Time delay= 2.00sec.

15) BREAKER FAILURE

DESCRIPTION If the breaker fails to trip due to hydraulic failure after getting the trip command, the entire bus section to which the particular generator is connected is made disconnected by tripping all the breakers of that particular bus SEQUENCE OF EVENTS Gen. CB opens 220kv CB trips Unit CB trips. SEE opens. Rapid shut down. Unit auxiliary change over 1) REVERSE POWERDESCRIPTION In reverse power GT run as a synchronous motor so instead of giving power to the grid it draws power from the grid. It happens if generator loses its driving force that is if energy (fuel supply) to the prime mover fails. If Generator is allowed to run for longer period as synchronous motor the turbine blades will get overheated and will be damaged due to churning action. Also GT draws heavy load from the grid. SEQUENCE OF EVENTS Unit Circuit breaker opens. SEE trips SET POINTS-5.00% of the rated power within 6seconds. Time delay for trip with stop valve open 6.0sec Time delay for trip with stop valve closed--- 0.55sec.

In the event of tripping of stop valve (for e.g. fault in the fuel oil system) gen. Circuit

Breaker should trip immediately (with less time delay). And in the event of trip with stop valve open (during power oscillation or following synchronization) time delay is 6.00sec i.e. larger time delay so as to bridge the possible transient reverse power, to reach steady state active power .If rotor oscillation continues for more than time delay (6.0SEC) CB should trip as fuel needed to meet the heavy load is less. (Due to heavy load fluctuation).