I nternational J ournal of Engineering I nventions

e-ISSN: 2278-7461, p-ISSN: 2319-6491

Volume 2, Issue 11 (July 2013) PP: 54-59
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 54
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials

M. H. Gulzar
Department of Mathematics, University of Kashmir, Srinagar

Abstract: In the framework of the Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem various results have been proved on the
location of zeros of complex polynomials. In this paper we give some new results on the zeros of complex
polynomials by restricting the real and imaginary parts of their coefficients to certain conitions.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 30C10, 30C15
Key-words and Phrases: Coefficients, Polynomials, Zeros

I. Introduction and Statement of Results
The following result known as the Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem [10] is well-known in the theory of
distribution of zeros of polynomials:
Theorem A: Let

=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n such that its coefficients satisfy
0 ...
0 1 1
> > > > >

a a a a
n n
.
Then all the zeros of P(z) lie in the closed unit disk 1 s z .
In the literature [1-9, 12] there exist several generalisations and extensions of this result .
Recently Y. Choo [3] proved the following results:
Theorem B: Let

=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n with
n j a a
j j j j
,...., 2 , 1 , 0 , ) Im( , ) Re( = = = | o , such that for some and , and for some
1
k ,
2
k ,

0 1 1 1 1 1
... ... o o o o o o o

> > > > s s s s
+ n n
k

0 1 1 1 1 2
... ... | | | | | | |

> > > > s s s s
+ n n
k .
Then P(z) has all its zeros in
2 1
R z R s s where

1
0
1
M
a
R = and
n
a
M
R
2
2
=
with
) ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1 1
| o | o + + + + =
n n n
k k a M ) ( ) (
0 0 1
| o | o + +
n n
k

and
) ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1 2
| o | o + + + =
n n
k k M
0 0 0 2 1
) ( ) ( a k k
n n
+ + + | o | o .
M. H. Gulzar [8] made an improvement on the above result by proving the following result:
Theorem C: Let

=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n with
n j a a
j j j j
,...., 2 , 1 , 0 , ) Im( , ) Re( = = = | o , such that for some and , and for some
1
k ,
2
k ,
2 1
,t t ,

0 1 1 1 1 1
... ... o t o o o o o

> > > s s s s
+ n n
k

0 2 1 1 1 2
... ... | t | | | | |

> > > s s s s
+ n n
k .
Then P(z) has all its zeros in
4 3
R z R s s where

3
0
3
M
a
R = and
n
a
M
R
4
4
=
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials
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with
) ( ) ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1 2 1 3 n n n n n
k k k k a M | o | o | o

+ + + + + =

0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( | t | t o t o t + +
and
) ( ) ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1 2 1 4 n n n n
k k k k M | o | o | o

+ + + + =

0 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( a + + + | t | t o t o t .
The aim of this paper is to find a ring-shaped region between two concentric circles with centre not necessarily
on the origin. More precisely, we prove the following results:
Theorem 1: Let

=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n with
n j a a
j j j j
,...., 2 , 1 , 0 , ) Im( , ) Re( = = = | o , such that for some and , and for some
1
k ,
2
k ,
2 1
,t t ,

0 1 1 1 1 1
... ... o t o o o o o

> > > s s s s
+ n n
k

0 2 1 1 1 2
... ... | t | | | | |

> > > s s s s
+ n n
k .
Then P(z) has all its zeros in
6 1 5
R z R s s where

n
n
a
k o

) 1 (
1
1

= ,
n
n
a
k
M
a
R
o ) 1 (
1
5
0
5

= and
n
a
M
R
6
6
=
with
) ( ) ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1 2 1 5 n n n n n
k k k k a M | o | o | o

+ + + + + =

0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( | t | t o t o t + +
and

n n n
k k k M | | o | o

) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2
2 2 1 6
+ + + =

0 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( a + + + | t | t o t o t .
Theorem 2: Let

=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n with
n j a a
j j j j
,...., 2 , 1 , 0 , ) Im( , ) Re( = = = | o , such that for some and , and for some
1
k ,
2
k ,
2 1
,t t ,

0 1 1 1 1 1
... ... o t o o o o o

> > > s s s s
+ n n
k

0 2 1 1 1 2
... ... | t | | | | |

> > > s s s s
+ n n
k .
Then P(z) has all its zeros in
8 2 7
R z R s s where

n
n
a
k i |

) 1 (
2
2

= ,
n
n
a
k
M
a
R
| ) 1 (
2
7
0
7

= and
n
a
M
R
8
8
=
with
) ( ) ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1 2 1 7 n n n n n
k k k k a M | o | o | o

+ + + + + =

0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( | t | t o t o t + +
and

n n n
k k k M o | o | o

) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2
1 2 1 8
+ + + =

0 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( a + + + | t | t o t o t .
Remark 1: The bounds for the zeros of P(z) in both Theorem 1 and Theorem 2 are easily seen to be sharper
than those of Theorems B and C. For different values of the parameters
2 1 2 1
, , , t t k k , we get many other
interesting results. For example for
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials
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1
1
= k , 1
2
= t , in Theorem 2 ,we get a result due to B. L. Raina et al [11].
For 1 , 1
2 1
= = t t , Theorem 1 reduces to Theorem B.
For 1
1
= k , 1
2
= k ,, in Theorem 1, we get the following result:
Corollary 1: Let

=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n with
n j a a
j j j j
,...., 2 , 1 , 0 , ) Im( , ) Re( = = = | o , such that for some and , and for some
2 1
,t t ,

0 1 1 1 1
... ... o t o o o o o

> > > s s s s
+ n n


0 2 1 1 1
... ... | t | | | | |

> > > s s s s
+ n n
.
Then P(z) has all its zeros in
10 9
R z R s s where

9
0
9
M
a
R = and
n
a
M
R
10
10
=
with
) ( ) ( 2
9 n n n
a M | o | o

+ + + =
0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( | t | t o t o t + +

and
) ( ) ( 2
10 n n
M | o | o

+ + =
0 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( a + + + | t | t o t o t .

II. Proofs of Theorems

Proof of Theorem 1: Consider the polynomial
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( z P z z F =

...... ) ( ) (
) ...... )( 1 (
1
2 1 1
1
0 1
1
1
+ + + =
+ + + + =

n
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
z a a z a a z a
a z a z a z a z


0 0 1
2
1 2
) ( ) ( a z a a z a a + + +
...... ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
1
2 1 1 1 1
1
+ + + =


+ n
n n
n
n
n
n n
n
n
z z k z k z a o o o o o

} ) 1 ( ) ( ...... ) (
) 1 ( ) {( ) 1 ( ) (
0 2 0 2 1
1
2 1
2 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 1
z z z
z k z k i a z z
n
n n
n
n
n
n n
| t | t | | |
| | | o t o t o
+ + + +
+ + + +

...... ) {( } ) 1 ( [{
2 1
1 1 1
+

+ + =

z
k k z a z
n n
n n n n
n
o o
o o o

}]
) 1 (
......
) 1 (
) {( }
) 1 (
0 2
1
0 2 1 2 1
2
1 2
0
1
0 1
1
0 1 1
n n
n n
n
n n
n n n
z z z
z
k
k i
z
a
z z
| t | t | | |
|
| |
o t o t o

+ +

For 1 > z , we have n j
z
j n
,......, 1 , 0 , 1
1
= <

and, therefore ,
.... { ) 1 ( [ ) (
2 1
1 1 1
+

+ + >

z
k k z a z z F
n n
n n n n
n
o o
o o o
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials
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}]
) 1 (
......
) 1 ( ) 1 (
0 2
1
0 2 1 2 1
2
1 2
0
1
0 1
1
0 1 1
n n
n n
n
n n
n n n
z z
z
z
k
k
z
a
z z
| t | t | | |
|
| |
o t o t o

+ +

+ + +

0 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
...... { ) 1 ( [ o t o o o o o o + + + + >
n n n n n n
n
k k z a z

2 1 2 1 2 0 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 (

+ + + + +
n n n n n
k k a | | | | | o t
}] ) 1 (
0 2 0 2 1
| t | t | + +
) ( ...... ) ( ) {( ) 1 ( [
1 1 2 1 1 1 +
+ + + + =

o o o o o o o
n n n n n n
n
k k z a z

}] ) 1 ( ) (
...... ) ( ) ( ...... ) ( ) 1 (
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ...... ) (
0 2 0 2 1
1 1 1 2 2
2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
| t | t |
| | | | | | |
| | o t o t o o o


+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+

n n n
n n
k
k a


n n n n n
n
k k k k z a z | | o | o o

) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2 { ) 1 ( [
2 2 1 1
+ + + + =

}] ) 1 ( ) 1 (
0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
a + + + | t o t | t o t
0 >
if

n n n n n
k k k k z a | | o | o o

) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2 { ) 1 (
2 2 1 1
+ + + > +

} ) 1 ( ) 1 (
0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
a + + + | t o t | t o t
or

n n n
n n
n
k k k
a a
k
z | | o | o
o

) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2 [{
1 ) 1 (
2 2 1
1
+ + + >

+


This shows that those zeros of F(z) and hence P(z) whose modulus is greater than 1 lie in

n n n
n n
n
k k k
a a
k
z | | o | o
o

) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2 [{
1 ) 1 (
2 2 1
1
+ + + s

+

}] ) 1 ( ) 1 (
0 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
| t o t | t o t + + .
Since the zeros of P(z) of modulus less than or equal to 1 already satisfy the above inequality, it follows that all
the zeros of P(z) lie in

6 1
R z s .
To prove the other half of the theorem, we have
...... ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
1
2 1 1 1 1
1
+ + + =


+ n
n n
n
n
n
n n
n
n
z z k z k z a z F o o o o o

0 0 2 0 2 1
1
2 1
2 1 2 0 1 0 1 1
} ) 1 ( ) ( ...... ) (
) 1 ( ) {( ) 1 ( ) (
a z z z
z k z k i z z
n
n n
n
n
n
n n
+ + + + +
+ + +

| t | t | | |
| | | o t o t o


0
) ( a z Q + = ,
where
...... ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
1
2 1 1 1 1
1
+ + + =


+ n
n n
n
n
n
n n
n
n
z z k z k z a z Q o o o o o
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials
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} ) 1 ( ) ( ...... ) (
) 1 ( ) {( ) 1 ( ) (
0 2 0 2 1
1
2 1
2 1 2 0 1 0 1 1
z z z
z k z k i z z
n
n n
n
n
n
n n
| t | t | | |
| | | o t o t o
+ + + +
+ + +

For 1 s z ,

) - ( ) - ( ...... ) ( ) k - ( ) 1 ( ) (
1 1 1 2 n 1 1 - n 1 +
+ + + + + + s

o o o o o o o o o
n n n n
k z a z Q


0 2 0 2 1 1 1
1 2 2 1 2 0 1 0 1 1
) 1 ( ) ( ...... ) - ( ) - ( ......
) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) ( ......
| t | t | | | | |
| | | | | o t o t o

+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+
n n n n n
k k


n n n n n
k k k k z a | | o | o o

) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2 ) 1 (
2 2 1 1
+ + + + + s

0 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( | t o t | t o t + + .
R k z a
n n
+ + = o ) 1 (
1


5 1
) 1 ( M R k a
n n
= + + s o ,
where

n n n
k k k R | | o | o

) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2
2 2 1
+ + + =

0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( | t | t o t o t + +
Since Q(z) is analytic and Q(0)=0, it follows by Rouches theorem that
z M z Q
5
) ( s for 1 s z .
Therefore , for 1 s z ,
) ( ) (
0
z Q a z F + =
) (
0
z Q a >
z M a
5 0
>
0 >
if

5
0
M
a
z < .
This shows that F(z) does not vanish in
5
0
M
a
z < .It is easy to see that
0 5
a M s . In other words, it follows
that F(z) and hence P(z) has all its zeros in z
M
a
s
5
0
.
Since

1 1 1 1
+ s + = z z z ,
we have

1 1
5
0
+ s s z z
M
a
.
Therefore

1 1
5
0
s z
M
a

i.e.
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials
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1
1
5
0
) 1 (

o
s

z
a
k
M
a
n
n
.
Hence, it follows that P(z) has all its zeros in

1
1
5
0
) 1 (

o
s

z
a
k
M
a
n
n
.
That completes the proof of Theorem 1.
Proof of Theorem 2: Similar to that of Theorem 2.

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