Feltes 5

Testing Methods: An Overview
Machine Measurements
James W. Feltes Johnny R. Willis Carlos Grande-Moran

Power Technologies, Inc.
Power Technologies Schenectady, NY
u Introduction u Test u Test
Preparation Procedures
Machine Measurements Introduction

u Purpose:
More accurate models
Generator Excitation System Turbine Governor

u Model
Parameters May Be Inaccurate
Not typically verified by field tests Parameters may change (aging, tuning)
Machine Measurements Introduction (cont.)

u Benefit:
Improved Stability Analysis
Possible increase in power transfer capability Equally possible decrease in power transfer capability Increased accuracy in calculation of transient and dynamic stability limits
Machine Measurements Introduction (cont.)

u Advantages
of PTI Test Procedure:
Plant and generator protection remains intact No interruption of CT signals Unit instantly available if needed
Machine Measurements Test Preparation

u Gather
Information
One-line diagram showing metering, protection, and supply to auxiliaries Generator and turbine nameplate data Manufacturers data
Reactances and time constants Saturation curves and Vee curves Reactive capability curve Exciter and governor models, equipment info
Machine Measurements Test Preparation

u Gather
Information (cont.)
Plant data
Hydro unit - physical description (measurements) of flow path (penstock, surge tank, tailrace) Steam unit - heat balance diagram All units - Allowed operating ranges (local criteria or practices)
Machine Measurements Test Preparation (cont.)

u Select
Signals
Accessibility & Location Preconditioned? Transducers? Time delay? Determine location of test equipment Wire signals to common terminal block Signal electrical isolation

u Visit
control room
Note meter locations and signal ranges Determine feasibility of getting steady state data from SCADA printouts on demand Determine method of communications between operator and test engineers

u Determine
Test Sequence
Open Circuit Vee Curves Partial Load Rejections

u Detailed
Step-by-Step Test Plan

u Discuss
Test Procedure
Plant Operators and Engineers Plant Informs System Dispatchers No operator adjustments during data recording Tests typically require 1-2 days, including instrumentation setup
u u u u
Test Equipment - Dynamic System Monitor

Recording of AC and DC signals Phasor measurement and recording of AC signals Captures low frequency dynamic phenomena Can compute real & reactive power, phase angle, frequency, etc. in real time Comprehensive data analysis and power system simulation capability through DADiSP and PSS/E Provides digital data allowing later comparison with derived simulation model performance
DSM System 200 u Portable Version
Measurement Equipment
u Clamp-on
CT
Measurement Equipment (cont.)

u Split
Core CT

u Position
Transducer

u Position
Transducer on a Hydro Unit

u Magnetic
Pick-up

u Optical
Pick-up
Machine Measurements Test Procedures

u Steady
State Tests
Open Circuit Tests Vee Curves (MW/MVAr variations)

u Dynamic
Tests
Partial Load Rejections
Open Circuit Test Procedure
u Goal:
Generator Saturation Curve u Procedure:

Unit at rated speed Main breaker open (unit off-line but at rated speed) Measure Efd and I fd over range of Vt
Open Circuit Test Procedure (cont.)
u Terminal
voltage measurement range:
30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 104%, 108% of rated.
u Take
backup readings (DVM, SCADA) when possible u Make sure generator is isolated from auxiliary loads
Open Circuit Test Coordination Requirements
u Plant
Operators:
Need to be able to hold unit at rated speed, open circuit (no power)
Hydro units - vibration, controls Steam units - turbine heating, controls Gas turbines - generally no problems
Adjustment of terminal voltage

AVR control range Switch to manual for lower voltages if needed
Open Circuit Test Procedure (cont.)
Machine Measurements Vee Curve Test Procedure

u Goal:
Steady State Reactances u Procedure:

Main breaker closed (unit on-line) Take steady-state readings at various load levels (MW) and excitation levels (MVAr)
Vee Curve Test Procedure (cont.)
u Measured

Values:
Terminal voltages (from PTs) Armature currents (from CTs) Generator field voltage (direct) and current (from shunt) Exciter field voltage (direct) Turbine speed (automatic from DSM) Control signal from governor, valve/gate position, etc. Power angle (requires special instrumentation) if possible
u Calculated
Values:
Real and Reactive Power (once per electrical cycle)

u Measurement
Points
Based on unit reactive capability curve Five MW levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) Five MVAr levels at each MW level
Max (+,-) VARs that you are comfortable with 50% of maximum (+,-) Unity power factor
Additional MW levels at any MVAr level

u Example
REACTIVE POWER IN MVAR
MVARS ABSORBED
of Measurement Points (100 MVA, 0.85 PF Unit)
OVEREXCITATION REGION
B 50
MVARS SUPPLIED
SAFE OPERATION POWER IN MW 10 50 85 MW 100
D 50 UNDEREXCITATION REGION
u Measurement
Typical V Curve Measurement Points 500 MW Unit
MW 0 40 80 125 170 210 250 290 330 375 420 460 500 MVAR -250, -125, 0, 125, 250 0 0 -250, -125, 0, 125, 250 0 0 -200, -100, 0, 100, 200 0 0 -150, -75, 0, 75, 150 0 0 -100, 0, 100
Points in Tabular Form
Vee Curve Coordination Requirements
u Plant
Operators:
Need to go from zero to full load

Hydro and GT - easy Steam - involved process
Reverse-power relaying at zero load Avoid levels of operating problems

Hydro - cavitation Steam - control or auxiliary problems GT - usually no problem areas
Vee Curve Coordination Requirements
u System
Operators:
Small Plant - usually easy Large Plant:

Requires coordination of dispatch changes with output of other units Adjustment of reactive output may affect system voltages and require reactive power redispatch (reactors, capacitors, scheduled voltages on other units)
Partial Load Rejection Test Procedure
u Goals:
Generator transient and subtransient reactances and field time constants Turbine-generator inertia Excitation system model parameters Governor model parameters
u Procedure:
Five partial load rejections Purpose: provide disturbance to excite unit and determine dynamic response Tests are designed to isolate parameters in order to simplify analysis
Load Rejection Coordination Requirements
u Plant
Operators:
Need to go to desired loading (real and reactive power) Isolate generator from auxiliary loads Will open main breaker to initiate test Coordinate opening with measurement team No operator adjustments until recording of test completed Re-synchronization following test and preparation for next test
Load Rejection Coordination Requirements
u System
Operators:
Inform system operator that test is imminent System will see loss in real and/or reactive power Change in frequency very small for systems with large generating capacity Change in line flows or bus voltages may be significant Preventative dispatch or other operating changes?
u Test
#1 (Direct Axis Parameters)
0 MW -30% MVAr Excitation system in manual control

u Underexcite
unit so open circuit voltage is lower than operating voltage u Generator saturation minimized
u Test
26 24 Terminal Voltage (kV) 22 20 18 16 14 12 0 5 10 15 Tim e ( S e c o n d s ) 20 25 30
#1 - typical terminal voltage plot:
u Test
0 MW -30% MVAR
#2 (Excitation System Parameters)
Excitation system in AVR control

u AVR
Limit var absorption so that field voltage does not go below 50% of value at rated voltage, no load.
parameters including limits u Alternative: Step in AVR reference

u Test
25.6 25.4 Terminal Voltage (kV) 25.2 25 24.8 24.6 24.4 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time (Seconds)
#2 - typical terminal voltage plot:
u Test
#3 (Excitation system response in opposite direction)

0 MW +25% MVAR Excitation system in AVR control
Var load should not allow terminal voltage to exceed 8% overvoltage (use data from sat.)
u AVR
parameters including limits
u Test
#4 (Quadrature axis and governor model parameters)

5% to 10% MW (typical) -5%to -15% MVAr (typical) Excitation system in manual control
Set VARs so power angle matches power factor, resulting in all flux on quadrature axis
u Small
signal governor response
u Test
#5 (Quadrature axis and governor model parameters)

20% MW
May use < 20% MW to limit overspeed Use results of test #4 to estimate overspeed.
-5% to -15% MVAR (typical)

Set Vars so power angle matches power factor
Excitation system in AVR control

u Governor
limit determination
u Test
#5 - typical speed (frequency) plot
150 MW Hydro , 40 MW rejection

61.8 61.6 61.4 61.2 Speed (Hz) 61 60.8 60.6 60.4 60.2 60 59.8 0 10 20 30 40 50 Tim e ( S e c o n d s )
3% Overspeed
Additional Examples of Measurements

u Excitation
system step test on a nuclear unit u Plot of terminal voltage versus time
Terminal Voltage (kV)
Time (cycles)

Same excitation system step test on a nuclear unit u Plot of field voltage versus time
u
dleiF
Time (cycles)

Governor load rejection test. u 650 MW steam unit (70 MW rejection) u Plot of generator frequency versus time
u
(Hz) Frequency
Time (cycles)

Same governor load rejection test. (650 MW steam unit) u Plot of control valve position versus time
u
(%) Pos itio Con n e trol Valv
Time (cycles)

u
Governor load rejection test. 44 MVA hydro unit (4.8 MW rejection) Plot of generator speed deviation versus time (measured and from simulation model)
Speed
Time (Seconds)

u
Same governor load rejection test. (44 MVA hydro unit)

Plot of gate position versus
time (measured and from simulation model)
Gate
Time (Seconds)
sition

u
) on (pu iati ed Dev Spe
Governor load rejection test. 45 MVA gas turbine unit (5.4 MW rejection) Plot of generator speed deviation versus time (measured and from simulation model)
Time (Seconds)

u
Same governor load rejection test. (45 MVA gas turbine) Plot of FSR (fuel command voltage) versus time (measured and from simulation model)
FSR
Time (Seconds)
u)

u
Same governor load rejection test. (45 MVA gas turbine) Plot of exhaust temperature (oC) versus time (measured and from simulation model)
Exh Tem aust pera ( ture
oC)
Time (Seconds)

u
Governor load rejection test. Same 45 MVA gas turbine unit 12.9 MW load rejection Plot of generator speed deviation versus time (measured and from simulation model)
d e e p S
Time (Seconds)

u
FSR
Same governor load rejection test. (45 MVA gas turbine - 12.9 MW rejection) Plot of FSR (fuel command voltage) versus time (measured and from simulation model)
Time (Seconds)
u)

u
Same governor load rejection test. (45 MVA gas turbine - 12.9 MW rejection) Plot of exhaust temperature (oC) versus time (measured and from simulation model)
oC)
Time (Seconds)

u
Governor load ramp test. Same 45 MVA gas turbine unit Plot of generator electric power versus time (measured and from simulation model)
E el c cirt
Time (Seconds)

u
Same governor load ramp test.

45 MVA gas turbine unit Plot of FSR (fuel command voltage) versus time (measured and from simulation model)
FSR
Time (Seconds)
u)

u
45 MVA gas turbine unit
Plot of exhaust temperature (oC) versus time (measured and from simulation model)
oC)
Same governor load ramp test.
Time (Seconds)
Next Step Model Derivation

u Data
processing u Model derivation

- understanding of models and equipment - certain amount of trial and error - experience helps
u Comparison
with test results u Typically requires 1 -2 weeks per unit

Technology Transfer to Utilities

u Training
of utility staff in testing and model derivation

PTIs experience is that testing is more easily learned than model derivation Utility staff generally experienced in plant operations and instrumentation May be less experienced in controls and equipment modeling

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Testing Methods: An Overview

James W. Feltes Johnny R. Willis Carlos Grande-Moran

Power Technologies Schenectady, NY

Power Technologies, Inc.

Machine Measurements Introduction

More accurate models

Generator Excitation System Turbine Governor

Parameters May Be Inaccurate

Machine Measurements Introduction (cont.)

Improved Stability Analysis

Machine Measurements Introduction (cont.)

of PTI Test Procedure:

Power Technologies, Inc.

Machine Measurements Test Preparation

Machine Measurements Test Preparation

Power Technologies, Inc.

Machine Measurements Test Preparation (cont.)

Machine Measurements Test Preparation (cont.)

Power Technologies, Inc.

Machine Measurements Test Preparation (cont.)

Open Circuit Vee Curves Partial Load Rejections

Step-by-Step Test Plan

Power Technologies, Inc.

Machine Measurements Test Preparation (cont.)

Power Technologies, Inc.

Test Equipment - Dynamic System Monitor

Power Technologies, Inc.

Power Technologies, Inc.

Measurement Equipment (cont.)

Power Technologies, Inc.

Measurement Equipment (cont.)

Power Technologies, Inc.

Measurement Equipment (cont.)

Transducer on a Hydro Unit

Power Technologies, Inc.

Measurement Equipment (cont.)

Power Technologies, Inc.

Measurement Equipment (cont.)

Power Technologies, Inc.

Measurement Equipment (cont.)

Power Technologies, Inc.

Machine Measurements Test Procedures

Open Circuit Tests Vee Curves (MW/MVAr variations)

Partial Load Rejections

Power Technologies, Inc.

Generator Saturation Curve u Procedure:

Power Technologies, Inc.

voltage measurement range:

Adjustment of terminal voltage

Power Technologies, Inc.

Machine Measurements Vee Curve Test Procedure

Steady State Reactances u Procedure:

Power Technologies, Inc.

Real and Reactive Power (once per electrical cycle)

Additional MW levels at any MVAr level

REACTIVE POWER IN MVAR

of Measurement Points (100 MVA, 0.85 PF Unit)

SAFE OPERATION POWER IN MW 10 50 85 MW 100

Power Technologies, Inc.

Points in Tabular Form

Power Technologies, Inc.

Need to go from zero to full load

Reverse-power relaying at zero load Avoid levels of operating problems

Small Plant - usually easy Large Plant: