ELECTRIC Circuit

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT LAB MANUAL
2011

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MUHAMMAD NAEEM
2011 | ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT
PRACTICAL WORK BOOK (LAB REPORT)

For The Course
Electric Circuit
First Year
(Electrical & Engineering)
Name of Student: _________________________________________________ Class: ______________________________Semester:____________________ Discipline: __________________________________________________ Class Roll No.: ________________
Complied by: Muhammad Naeem Lateef (Ele. Eng. student)

Supervised by:
Professor: TOUSEEF ABID

Electric Circuit
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
NFC & IEFR FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN

(Affiliated with University of Engineering & Technology, LHR)
| ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT
EXPERIMENT NO.01
Femilization with electrical equipment digital multimeter
OBJECTIVE;
To know what is basic and must common use electrical equipment. How to operate. How take reading by digital multimeter
APPARATUS;
Digital Multi Meter
THEORY;
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
DIGITAL MULTI METER

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as aVOM, is an electronicmeasuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance. Multimeters may use analog or digital circuitsanalog Multimeters and digital Multimeters.
QUANTITIES MEASURED
Contemporary multimeters can measure many quantities. The common ones are: Voltage, alternating and direct, in volts. Current, alternating and direct, in amperes. The frequency range for which AC measurements are accurate must be specified. Resistance in ohms. Additionally, some multimeters measure: Capacitance in farads. Conductance in siemens. Frequency in hertz. Inductance in henrys. Temperature in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, with an appropriate temperature test probe, often a thermocouple. Digital multimeters may also include circuits for: Continuity; beeps when a circuit conducts.

ACCURACY
Digital multimeters generally take measurements with accuracy superior to their analog counterparts. Standard analog multimeters measure with typically three percent accuracy, though instruments of higher accuracy are made. Standard portable digital multimeters are specified to have an accuracy of typically 0.5% on the DC voltage ranges.
PROBES
A multimeter can utilize a variety of test probes to connect to the circuit or device under test. Crocodile clips, retractable hook clips, and pointed probes are the three most common attachments. Tweezer probes are used for closelyspaced test points, as in surface-mount devices. The connectors are attached to flexible, thickly-insulated leads that are terminated with connectors appropriate for the meter. Probes are connected to portable meters typically by shrouded or recessed banana jacks, while benchtop meters may use banana jacks or BNC connectors. 2mm plugs and binding posts have also been used at times, but are less common today.
BATTERY
Hand-held meters use batteries for continuity and resistance readings. This allows the meter to test a device that is not connected to a power source, by supplying its own low voltage for the test. A 1.5 volt AA battery is typical; more sophisticated meters with added capabilities instead or also use a 9 volt battery for some types of readings, or even higher-voltage batteries for very high resistance testing.
CONCLUSION
We can measure voltage ac, dc by multimeter We can measure ampere by multimeter We can also check continuity of circuit and diode It portable It easy to use and it perform many function by single meter It is also check capacitance of the capacitor.
(End)
EXPERIMENT NO.02
Femilization with electrical equipment
OBJECTIVE;
To know what is basic and mist common use electrical equipment. How to operate. How take reading
APPARATUS;
Ammeter Galvanometer CRO voltmeter Auto transformer Energy meter dc power supply function Generator
THEORY;
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
AMMETER
Current measuring device\ Use in series in the circuit Do not use in parallel because it have low resistance Current measuring in ampere Modify device of galvanometer by using shunt in the parallel of galvanometer.
VOLTMETER
Voltage measuring device Use in parallel in the circuit When use volt meter, we dont care its polarity Voltagemeasuring in volt Modify device of galvanometer by using high series resistance in the series of galvanometer.
WATT METER
Watt meter is measuring device Watt meter electric power in watt It is electro dynamic type It has four terminals, two for current and other two for voltage In internal system it has two coils, one is current coil and other is pressure coil which measuring voltage.
It use in parallel and series current coil terminal use in series and pressure coil terminals use in parallel in the circuit.
GALVANOMETER
Galvano meter is type of ammeter measuring current and detecting current. The basic sensitivity of meter might be, for instance, 100 ampere, micro ampere full scale. Such meters are calibrated to read some other quantity that can be converted to a current of that magnitude, to use current divider, current divider allows a meter to be calibrated to measuring largecurrent, A meter also can beused as a volt meter, when a high resistance attach with meter in series, Some meter includes a mirror along marking of the principal scale.
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Auto transformer use as step up or step down transformer Auto transformer has only one winding Winding has at least three electrical connection one is common. Source and load are connect with two taps Each taps correspond to a different source or voltage source Auto transformer can convert voltage zero to maximum capacity of Auto transformer
ENERGY METER
Induction type meters are the most common form of AC meters. These meters measureelectric energy in kilowatt-hour. The principle of these meters is practically the same asthat of the induction wattmeter. In these meters magnet and spindle is used. The watt-hour meter consistsof two main coils: (i) Pressure coil. (ii) Current coil. The pressure coil is attached to the source while the current coil is attached to the load. Inkilowatt-hour meter the breaking magnet is provided to control the speed of the disc. Thebreaking magnet decreases the breaking torque.
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FUNCTION GENERTOR
A piece of electronic test equipment to generate electric wave forms. This wave form can be repetitive or single short in which case some kind of triggering source is required.
CATHOD RAY OSCILLOSCOP

An oscilloscope is a type of test equipment, The oscilloscope is more versatile and widely used electronic instrument It is show wave shop of electrical signal. It can show frequency wave form show distortion, and show the relative timing of two related signals It is used many places like hospital, electrical lab, physics lab etc.
DC POWER SUPPLY
DC power supply is use for variable dc supply in electrical and electronic lab We can take zero to twelve volt and we can also set current value, which we want.
CONCLUSION
These are important for electrical engineers We can take every type of reading like we can measure voltage by volt meter ampere measure by am meter, power factor measure by power factor meter etc. We conclude it is use full in every lab. Very important meter is multi meter which we can take all reading by single meter like we can measure volt, ampere, etc. Watt meter is only measure electrical power does not measure any other power like mechanical. Watt meter is totally different from energy meter it only measure power for instant but energy meter also record these power. By Galvano meter we can use it as am meter or as volt meter after some modification. CRO is general purpose instrument use in medical and use for calibration of electrical equipment. (END)
EXPERIMENT NO.03
RESISITANCE AND COLOR CODDING.
OBJECTIVE;
To know about resistance. What is behaviour in path of current and voltage. How can take its value without DMM. How we take its value with DMM.
APPARATUS;
DMM Resistance box power supply
THEORY;
RESISTANCE
A material which resist against in the flow of charge
COLOR CODDING
We can colour code on resistance for find out its value without digital multimeter.
USES
Resistor are used as part of electrical network and electronic circuits Use as potentiometers
MANUFACTURING
The electronic colour code discussed have is used to indicate the value of component, very commonly for resistor, the electronic colour code was developed in the early 1920 by the Radio Manufacturers Association, now part of Electronic Industries Alliance
TYPES W.R.T BAND

Resistance have types with respect to band most common resistance are three to four band but special or typical resistance are five or six.
PROCEDURE
Take some resistance or resistance box Observe value foam table Measure value by digital multi meter Calculate the difference between actual and estimate value.
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CONCLUSION
We observe how we can measure resistance value without multi meter. We also conclude that the given value of resistance is not so much accurate. We observe the resistance value is different at different temperature. Resistance value different at room temperature and different when it in circuit. Resistance are many type like three band, four band, five and six band. Resistance might be variable might be fixed value. We learn how we can measure resistance with digital multi meter. We learn when we measuring resistance so our hand should not touch with the edge of carbon colour code resistance. We saw only some resistance have six or five band with temperature coefficient. This is port able. It is so cheap so we can largely use it.
(END)
EXPERIMENT NO.04
OHMS LAW
OBJECTIVE;
What is ohms law What condition of circuit when we apply ohms law What is basic difference b/w p=v*I and v=i*r
APPARATUS;
Resistance box DMM power supply
THEORY;
OHMS LAW
Ohms law define that current is directly proportional provided resistance constant.
EXPLAINATION
Ohms law apply only at that place where weather condition constant. When temperature not change so resistance constant
PRACTICAL OBSERVATION
We can practical observe of three condition of ohms law First of all
CONDITION OF OHMS LAW (1) WHEN RESISTANCE CONSTANT

If we do resistance constant so current is directly proportional to current it mean if we increase voltage so increase current, if we decrease voltage so decrease current, thats first condition of ohms law. VI
(2)WHEN VOLTAGE CONSTANT

If we do voltage is constant so resistance is inversely proportional to current, if we increase resistance and voltage constant so current will be decrease. Similarly, if we decrease resistance so current increase provided voltage constant. I 1/R
(3)WHEN CURRENT CONSTANT

If we do current constant in circuit somehow so voltage is directly proportional to resistance, if we increase resistance in circuit so voltage increase. If we decrease voltage so resistance decrease in the circuit provided current constant. V R
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CONCLUSION
We see if resistance does not change so voltage directly proportional to current. We see if current does not change so voltage directly proportional to resistance. We see if voltagedoes not change so current inversely proportional to resistance. ohm law only apply in dc circuit ohms law only apply where temperature is constant Ohms law does not apply in ac circuit because there is temperature is change.
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(END)
EXPERIMENT NO.05
VERIFY KIRCHHOFS VOLTAGE LAW (with DC source)
OBJECTIVE;
To know what is KVL How voltage divide in circuit How voltage zero in circuit
APPARATUS;
THEORY;
KHIRCHHOFS VOLTAGE LAW (dc source)
Summation of voltage in close loop is zero Applied voltage equal to voltage drop in circuit
PROCEDURE
Let\s we take an example of series circuit we connect three resistant in series and give voltage, first of all we measure total voltage which we applied, after that then we measure individually across each resistance we observe applied voltage is equal to voltage drop in circuit.
MATHEMETICAL EXPALINATION
Lets take same resistance R1 R2 88500ohm 100ohm R3 470ohm
We apply different voltage. V1 V2 V3 We observe this circuit verify KVL Vt = V1 + V2 + V3 Rt = 88500+ 100 + 470 It = Vt/Rt = 25 / 8907 = 0.28mA V1 = I1 * R1 = 0.28 * 88500 = V2 = I2 * R2 = 0.28 * 100 = V3 = I3 * R3 = 0.28 * 470 = 24.8volt 0.03volt 0.13volt
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CONCLUSION
The algebraic sum of all voltage in a loop must equal to zero Multi meter should connect in circuit with same polarity The voltage drop across each resistance depend on resistor value Voltage always measure in parallel Current always measure in series of the circuit When we are measuring resistance so selector switch on ohm meter Multi meter should use care fully When we measuring resistance so our hand does not touch with the edge of resistance We use DC power supply which we can regulate voltage easily DC power supply is use for regulation purpose of DC voltage
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(END)
EXPERIMENT NO.06
VERIFY KIRCHHOFS CURRENT LAW
OBJECTIVE;
What is KCL How we can prove How we study Why we study
APPARATUS;
THEORY;
KIRCHHOFS CURRENT LAW
The sum of all current in node is zero In going and outgoing current equal to each other Sum of all current in a node is zero.
EXPALINATION;
Lets we take a parallel circuit We know that the value of current in each branch equal to the total current of the circuit. For prove of KCL we take parallel circuit, because in this circuit current is distribute.
PROCEDURE
Measure the total current in circuit Measure the current in each branch Measure the value of each resistance.
SAFTY PRECUATION
Ammeter always should use in series of the circuit Connection should be tight Reading note should carefully
OBSERVATIONS
We observe that I entering = I leaving (in node) (END)
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EXPERIMENT NO.07
VERIFY KIRCHHOFS VOLTAGE LAW (with AC source)
OBJECTIVE;
Main difference KVL with dc source and KVL with ac source What is purpose of KVL To verify KVL
APPARATUS;
Lamps DMM Lab tools power supply
THEORY;
KIRCHHOFS VOLTAGE LAW
KVL is the sum of all voltage in close loop is zero Vt = V1 + V2+ V3 Applied voltage is equal to voltage drop in circuit across each lamp
EXPLAINATION
Lets we take a series circuit We know that the value of voltage is equal to the total voltage of the parallel circuit. For prove of KVL we take series circuit, because in this circuit current is same but voltage is distribute across each lamp.
PROCEDURE
Measure the total voltage in circuit Measure the individually voltage across each component Measure the watt of each lamp.
SAFTY PRECUATION
Ammeter always should use in series of the circuit Connection should be tight Reading note should carefully
OBSERVATIONS
I observe that Vt = V1 + V2+ V3 (END)
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EXPERIMENT NO.08
OBSERVE ERROR IN READING IN ENERGY METER AND V*A
OBJECTIVE;
To study connection of EM To study energy meter parts To take reading from EM To study the difference b/w apparent and actual power
APPARATUS;
Energy meter Lab tools load circuit auto transformer DMM
THEORY;
ENERGY METER (single phase)
Energy meter is an instrument which measure energy in KWH with respect to time as well as it records the consumed energy.
CONSTRUCTION
Energy meter has different part Dialler moving disc Connection box inside coil (P.c & C.c) Connection plate casing
DAMPING FORCE
Damping system available in energy meter. The disc speed control by damping force of magnetic pole.
DIFFERENCT B/W ENERGY METER & WATT METER

The energy meter same as the like watt meter but watt meter measure energy in watt not Kilo watt hour, energy meter measure the energy as well as it has record the measured energy.
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(END)
EXPERIMENT NO.09
OBSERVE AND MEASURE WATTAGE BY WATT METER, VOLT BY VOLT METER AND AMPERE BY AMMETER ALSO OBSERVE ERROR.
OBJECTIVE;
To study connection of watt meter How measure/take accurate reading Difference in power (i) Measure by watt meter (ii) Measure by ammeter and volt meter
APPARATUS;
Voltmeter Watt meter Ammeter load (lamps) lab tools
THEORY;
WATT METER (single phase)
Induction type meters are the most common form of AC meters. These meters measure electric energy in watt.. In these meters magnet and spindle is used. The watt-hour meter consists of two main coils: (i) Pressure coil. (ii) Current coil. The pressure coil is attached to the source while the current coil is attached to the load. In Watt meter the breaking magnet is provided to control the speed of the disc. The Breaking magnet decreases the breaking torque.
FEATURES
1. They are induction type of instruments. 2. They are light in weight. 3. Torque to weight ratio is very small. 4. Temperature change has very small effect on the instrument.
PROCEDURE
1. First of all the connection is completed. 2. The voltage knob is adjusted at 500 volts. 3. The ampere knob is adjusted at 5 amps. 4. Deflection is measured from deflection scale. 5. Power is measured by above formula mentioned on Electronic Wattmeter. 6. Initially reading of kWh meter is noted and after 15 minutes the final reading is taken. 7. Change the time (which is in minute) into Hours. 8. The energy measured by electronic wattmeter should be equal to kWh meter. (END)
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EXPERIMENT NO.10 TODETERMINETHECURRENTANDPOWERFACTORINRCSERIESCIRCUIT.
OBJECTIVE;
Tounderstandtheconceptofleadingpower factor Tounderstandtheconceptofimpedance. Tosuggestmodificationforsetup
APPARATUS;
Lamp Power supply resistive load capacitor
THEORY;
R-Cseriescircuit
ItisthecircuitinwhichresistanceandCapacitanceareconnectedinseriesandcurrentleadst he voltage. Inana.c.circuittheappliedvoltageVisthevectorsumofvoltageacrossresistorandvoltage acrossCapacitor.i.e.
DIAGRAM;
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PROCEDURE;
Dischargethecapacitorbeforeandafteruse. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. Initially set the autotransformer to zero position and switch ON the supply. Adjusttheautotransformerinstepstogetthreereadings. Record the values of V, I, V, V. R C Calculatethevaluesofcircuitcomponentsi.e.resistanceR,capacitanceCandPhase angle. Reduce the voltage to zero and switch OFF the supply. Drawthephasordiagram.
CONCLUSION;
TableformeasuredandcalculatedvaluesofV,Ietc.
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(END)
EXPERIMENT NO.11 TODETERMINETHECURRENTANDPOWERFACTORINRLSERIESCIRCUIT.
OBJECTIVE;
Tounderstandtheconceptoflaggingpower factor. Tounderstandtheconceptofimpedance. Tosuggestmodificationforsetup
APPARATUS;
Lamp Power supply resistive load Inductor
THEORY;
R-Lseriescircuit
ItisthecircuitinwhichresistanceandInductorareconnectedinseriesandcurrentlagthe voltage. Inana.c.circuittheappliedvoltageVisthevectorsumofvoltageacrossresistorandvoltage acrossInductor.i.e.
DIAGRAMS;
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PROCEDURE;
Dischargetheinductorbeforeandafteruse. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. Initially set the autotransformer to zero position and switch ON the supply. Adjusttheautotransformerinstepstogetthreereadings. Record the values of V, I, V, V. R L Calculatethevaluesofcircuitcomponentsi.e.resistanceR,inductorLandPhase angle. Reduce the voltage to zero and switch OFF the supply. Drawthephasordiagram.
CONCLUSION;
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(END)
EXPERIMENT NO.12
TODETERMINETHECURRENTANDPOWERFACTORINRLCSERIESCIRCUIT.
OBJECTIVE;
Tounderstandtheconceptoflagging& leadingpower factor. Tounderstandtheconceptofimpedance. Tosuggestmodificationforsetup
APPARATUS;
Lamp Power supply Inductor resistive load capacitor
THEORY;
R-L-Cseriescircuit
Itisthecircuitinwhichresistance,Inductor and capacitorareconnectedinseriesandcurrentlagthe voltage. Inana.c.circuittheappliedvoltageVisthevectorsumofvoltageacrossresistorandvoltage acrossInductor.i.e.
DIAGRAMS;
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PROCEDURE;
Dischargetheinductorand capacitor beforeandafteruse. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. Initially set the autotransformer to zero position and switch ON the supply. Adjusttheautotransformerinstepstogetthreereadings. Record the values of V, I, V, V. R L C Calculatethevaluesofcircuitcomponentsi.e.resistanceR,inductorL, capacitor C andPhase angle. Reduce the voltage to zero and switch OFF the supply. Drawthephasordiagram.
CONCLUSION;
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(END)
EXPERIMENT NO.13 TO MEASURE THE POWER AND POWER FACTOR BY THREE AMMETER METHOD.
OBJECTIVE;
Tounderstandthepower measuring method. Tounderstandtheconceptofpower. Tosuggestmodificationforsetup
APPARATUS;
Given circuit board Power supply 24 Volts Supply Three Ammeter. Connecting Wires
THEORY;
POWER MEASURED BY THREE AMMETER
Onanalysingthegivencircuit,thetotalcurrentI1 currentis i s dividedintoI2 &I3.I2 passingthroughresistorthereforeitisinphasewithappliedvoltage,whileI3 ispassing through inductor therefore it is lagged by angle with respect to applied voltage. Graphically it can be represented as:
DIAGRAMS;
I2 A I1 I3 I3Ccos B I3 sin C
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Resolve I into components & consider ABC. (I1)2 = (I 2+ I3 cos ) 2 + (I3 sin ) 2 (I1) 2 = I2 2 + 2 I2I3 cos + I3 cos 2 + (I3 sin ) 2 I12 - I22 = 2 I2 I3 cos + I3 2 (cos 2+ sin2 ) Now, Cos = (I12 - I 2 2 - I3 2) / 2I2I3. Now again consider above equation 2I2I3 cos = (I12 - I 2 2 - I3 2) 2(V/R) I3 cos = (I12 - I 2 2 - I3 2) VI3 cos = (I12 - I2 2 - I3 2) R/2 P= (I12- I2 2- I3 2) R/2. Real Power = (I12- I22 - I3 2) R/2
(Circuit diagram)
CONCLUSION;
V (Volts) I1 (Amp) I2 (Amp) I3 (Amp) 1412414 12
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(END)
EXPERIMENT NO.14 MEASUREMENTOF POWER FACTOR BY THREE VOLTMETER METHOD.
OBJECTIVE;
Tounderstandtheconceptofpower measuring method Tounderstandtheconceptofpower. Tosuggestmodificationforsetup
APPARATUS;
Lamp 230 volt AC supply. AC ammeter AC voltmeter. Circuit board. Connecting wires
THEORY;
POWER MEASURED BY THREE VOLT METER
Onanalysingthegivencircuititisobservedthatthetwoelements,resistor,andinductor areconnectedinseriesi.e.thesameamountofcurrentispassingthrougheachelement. The voltage drop in inductor is leading the current which is graphically can be represented as:
DIAGRAMS;
C V V A V2 Vcos 3
1
Vsin 3 B
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EXPLAINATION;
Now from figure, Apply Pythagoras theorem on ABC. V12 = (V2 + V3 cos) 2 + (V3sin)2 V12 =V22 + 2V2V3cos + V32 Cos 2 + V32 Sin2 V1 2 -V22 -V3 2 = 2V2V3 Cos Cos = (V12 -V22 -V3 2) / 2V2V3 Eq #1
For real power: 2V2V3 cos = V12 -V22 -V32 2(IR)V3 cos = V12-V22-V32 V3 I cos = (V12-V22 -V32)/2R Real power = (V12-V22-V32)/2R
Eq # 2
(Circuit diagram)
CONCLUSION;
I=
V1= V2= V3= (END)
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EXPERIMENT NO.15 MEASUREMENTS OF POWER OF RESISTIVE LOAD BY ANALOGUE WATTMETER AND THEN CALCULATE ITS POWER FACTOR.
OBJECTIVE;
Tounderstandtheconceptofpower measuring method. Tounderstandtheconceptofpower. Tosuggestmodificationforsetup
APPARATUS;
Resistive load. Ammeter. 5. Power supply 220 V Voltmeter. Wattmeter. Connecting wires
THEORY;
Power MEASURE BY THREE WATT METER
The wattmeter is a measuring instrument use to measure electric power. The wattmeter is consists of a Pressure Coil and Current Coil. The current coil of the instrument carries the load current, while the pressure coil carries the current proportional to, and in phase with the voltage. The deflection of the wattmeter depends upon the current in these two coils and upon the power factor. Inductance in the pressure coil circuit should be divided as far as possible, since it causes the pressure coil current to lag behind the applied voltage. A high non-inductive resistance is connected in series with the pressure coil in order that the resultant of the coil itself shall be small in comparison, with the resistance of the whole pressure coil circuit taken by the pressure coil shall be small.
PROCEDURE;
Connect the voltmeter in parallel with the source. Connect the ammeter in series with the source. Connect the wattmeter according to the instruction already written on the labelled diagram. Now vary the load, and measure voltage, current and power each time. Finally measure power factor each time.
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(Circuit diagram)
CONCLUSION;
Load Power (Watt) V (Volts) I (Amp) cos (P/VI)
Noload 1Bulbs ON 2Bulbs ON 3Bulbs ON 4Bulbs ON 5Bulbs ON
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(END)
EXPERIMENT NO.16
TODETERMINETHECURRENTANDPOWERFACTORINRLCSERIESCIRCUIT.
OBJECTIVE;
Tounderstandthemotor and its types.
THEORY;
ELECTRIC MOTOR
An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through interacting magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors to generate force, although electrostatic motors use electrostatic forces. The reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is done by generators such as an alternator or a dynamo. Many types of electric motors can be run as generators, and vice versa. For example a starter/generator for a gas turbine, or traction motors used on vehicles, often perform both tasks. Electric motors and generators are commonly referred to as electric machines.
INDUCTION MOTOR (A.C MOTOR)

An electric motor turns because of magnetic force exerted between a stationary electromagnet called the stator and a rotating electromagnet called the rotor. Different types of electric motors are distinguished by how electric current is supplied to the moving rotor. In a DC motor and a slip-ring AC motor, current is provided to the rotor directly through sliding electrical contacts called commutators and slip rings. In an induction motor, by contrast, the current is induced in the rotor without contacts by the magnetic field of the stator, through electromagnetic induction. An induction motor is sometimes called a rotating transformer because the stator (stationary part) is essentially the primary side of the transformer and the rotor (rotating part) is the secondary side. Unlike the normal transformer which changes the current by using time varying flux, induction motors use rotating magnetic fields to transform the voltage. The current in the primary side creates an electromagnetic field which interacts with the electromagnetic field of the secondary side to produce a resultant torque, thereby transforming the electrical energy into mechanical energy. Induction motors are widely used, especially polyphase induction motors, which are frequently used in industrial drives.
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CONSTRUCTION;
The stator consists of wound 'poles' that carry the supply current to induce a magnetic field that penetrates the rotor. In a very simple motor, there would be a single projecting piece of the stator (a salient pole) for each pole, with windings around it; in fact, to optimize the distribution of the magnetic field, the windings are distributed in many slots located around the stator, but the magnetic field still has the same number of north-south alternations. The number of 'poles' can vary between motor types but the poles are always in pairs (i.e. 2, 4, 6, etc.). There are three types of rotor:
SQUIRREL-CAGE ROTOR;
The most common rotor is a squirrel-cage rotor. It is made up of bars of either solid copper (most common) or aluminum that span the length of the rotor, and those solid copper or aluminum strips can be shorted or connected by a ring or sometimes not, i.e. the rotor can be closed or semiclosed type. The rotor bars in squirrel-cage induction motors are not straight, but have some skew to reduce noise and harmonics.
SLIP RING ROTOR;

A slip ring rotor replaces the bars of the squirrel-cage rotor with windings that are connected to slip rings. When these slip rings are shorted, the rotor behaves similarly to a squirrel-cage rotor; they can also be connected to resistors to produce a highresistance rotor circuit, which can be beneficial in starting
SOLID CORE ROTOR;

A rotor can be made from solid mild steel. The induced current causes the rotation.
DC MOTOR
A DC motor is designed to run on DC electric power. Two examples of pure DC designs are Michael Faraday's homopolar motor (which is uncommon), and the ball bearing motor, which is (so far) a novelty. By far the most common DC motor types are the brushed and brushless types, which use internal and external commutation respectively to periodically reverse the current in the rotor windings.
APPLICATION;
Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives. (END)
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VISIT REPORT
GRID STATION
ZGL
SITARA ENERGY LIMITED

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Our class visit first day 1) 220/132 KV grid station Jaranwala Road Faisalabad. 2) ZGL Lahore road (Guttwala toll plaza) Faisalabad.
GridStation. Grid Station.
A Grid Station is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system, where voltage is transformed from high to low, or the reverse, or many other important functions. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps.
Grid station control by NTDC

In PAKISTAN Grid stations are controlled by NTDC (national transmission and dispatch company) A brief overview of NTDC. National Transmission & Despatch Company (NTDC) Limited was incorporated on 6th November, 1998 and commenced commercial operation on 24th December, 1998. It was organized to take over all the properties, rights and assets obligations and liabilities of 220 KV and 500KV Grid Stations and Transmission Lines/Network owned by Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA).The NTDC operates and maintains nine 500 KV Grid Stations, 4160 km of 500 KV transmission line and 4000 km of 220 KV transmission line in Pakistan. There we learn many thing, we gain many knowledge we saw in grid station many section which are following;
1. Control Rom
Which control all Grid Station section and power supply as well as output and input also control.
2. Battery section
In this section lots of batteries which store the charge for control room purpose, in case of any accident these batteries give back up supply to control room. 3.
Yard
That area where input and output supply incoming and outgoing, here also all electrical equipment like transformer, bus bar, PT, CT, isolator and earthing system as well etc.
Single Line Diagram
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Company Introduction
1995>Company established under the name Zubair & Ghazanfar (Z & G) and started work in the field of Transformers related services including of oil Dehydration under the supervision and guide line from Engr. Mian Zubair Munir and the full time practical support of Mian Ghazanfar Munir and his very dedicated team of professionals. 1996> Company name changed from Z&G to ZGL keeping the idea in view to bring its status from AOP to Private Limited. 1997> The ZGL established a CNG station in parallel to its Transformers business activities under the name ZGAS, afterward it was sold out in 2002 and whole investment brought to ZGLto establish its manufacturing setup on Sheikhupura Road, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 1998 > Company started to construct the current factory building and completed its first phaseby the end of 2002 to start the Manufacturing of Transformers & MV/LV Switchgears. 2002> Manufacturing of Transformers & Switchgear started and achieved a good name in this very particular field. 2003> Company got registered with SECP, Govt. of Pakistan as Private Limited Company under the name Zubair Ghazanfar Private Limited and with a log lof ZGL. 2004 > Company recognized by FCCI & PEC for its engineering contribution to the industrial sector of the Pakistan 2007> Company received ISO 9001:2000 certification from UKASUK through DAS Pakistan in recognition to our international quality systems being maintained in our production & service activities. 2008>Company also got recognition from IEEE-P as Quality Manufacturer Company and now is under consideration with FESCO / WAPDA for the prequalification as Manufacturer of Transformers & Switchgears. Company is also under consideration with C.E. Power, Govt. of Punjab for issuance of Electrical Contractors License in category A for Industrial Electrical Inspection & Testing activities etc.
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Company Products
Products they made as we have seen in our tour: 1) Transformer 2) Switchgears
TRANSFORMER
How they make it?

1.
Selection of Core.
The Core is constructed from cold reduced grain oriented laminated silicon steel, which are slit and cut to required size. Core loss induced due to cutting is relieved in a modern way. Eddy Current losses in the built core are kept to minimum by using bur free laminations. In order to ensure that the core loss will not increase with service, the laminations are insulated with a non-ageing phosphate coating.
2.
Winding / Insulation.
Windings are designed and made with three major considerations to ensure that they have sufficient dielectric strength to withstand service and test conditions, that they are well cooled, and that they have a high mechanical strength to withstanding short circuit stresses.
3. Inspection& Testing
The establishment and maintenance of a high standard of both material and workmanship in our factory is achieved by continuous / stage inspections during the Manufacturing and our Design & Development is subsequently proved by testing. Our laboratory is equipped with the most modern and precise measuring instruments current voltage transformers of class AL accuracy to ensure the exact characteristics of the transformer. Transformers are tested in accordance with the requirements laid down by the IEC, BSS and VDE.
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4. Energy Analyzing
We at ZGL ensure that the transformers manufactured are well in limits to minimize the hidden energy consumption through stage inspections and analyzation at each step during design and development.
5. Transformer Oil.
The oil used is must go tested and verified before filling, as to ensure the safe life and keep the equipment cool and to meet the stresses in most severe conditions.
6. Finishing Covers and conservators including Radiators are taken care in a way in our metal treatment process in which they undergo decreasing, de-rusting and phosphate coating. This is done before the header plates are welded to ensure that both the inside and outside surface of the radiator tubes are treated before they go for paint. These are then painted with a priming coat and tow final coat to BSS in used. (Unless otherwise specified) finishing
SWITCHGEAR
How they make it?
Zgl switchgear
Front door / outdoor type, sheet steel fabricated free standing front / rear accessibility, cable or bus duct connection are supplied complete with ACB, MCCB, LBS, necessary meters, Relays and Instruments etc., Breaker of either fixed or draw out type version can be supplied as required. ZGL Switchgears are extensible on both side, Related Voltage: up to 600/750V Related Current: up to 6300A Related S.C. Current: up to 100KA
Low Voltage
LV Switchgear being one of the major power products of ZGL is produced for indoor and outdoor installation complying with the latest international standards, i.e. IEC, BSS or VIDE. ZGL switchboards are steel sheet fabricated, totally enclosed, floor mounting and vermin & dust proof, These are supplied with factory fitted relevant components and copper bus bars, internal wiring, terminal block etc.
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The cubicle housing and doors are fabricated from 2-3mm thick sheet steel, to form a robust and self-supporting structure. Painting procedure includes through cleaning, pretreatment and final finishing in standard RAL colors.
Use Of
Worldwide accepted vacuum interrupters Equipped with the most wellknown VCB and well accepted vacuum Under rated operational current (in) : 20000 Times Under 100% rated SC current (Isc) : 100-125 Times
Our class visited 2nd day Sitara Energy Limited Lahore road Faisalabad.
Introduction
Sitara Energy LTD. is one of the most modern and largest captive plants in Pakistan. Electrical energy is produced by 26 sets. The maximum output power is 86 MW. The power plant is equipped with a combination of the most modern technology from Japan, Europe and USA. A general reconstruction of twenty-four generator sets was carried out from 2005 2007. The reconstruction included a modification of the generator sets. Their fuel systems were modified to operate on diesel fuel and natural gas. The whole contract was carried out by Motor System s.r.o. The Reliance SCADA/HMI system was installed for control and visualization of the generator sets and also for control of other engineering facilities. The Reliance system provides communication with WOODWARD Control System over the Modbus protocol. All important parameters from operation are controlled by Reliance. Data from the operation is automatically stored in the database. The historical data is used for displaying the historical trends, alarms/events and other relevant information. The operator (Sitara Energy LTD.) is very satisfied with the control system installed in its power plant. They generate electricity from gas and as well as furnace oil.
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Control Room Output and Synchronization

As the output of sitara is 11 KV so no synchronization with WAPDA. Maximum 500 KV is needed to synchronize. The schematic order of Electricity generation
Gas power Plant

From Natural Gas Total capacity = 30 MV Their consumption is 0.3 million cubic foot.
Generators
4 generators of Jenbacher capacity of 3 Megawatt. 6 number of generators Caterpillar ( CAT ) capacity of 2 MV. From Furnace Oil( HFOheavy fluid oil) Total capacity 48 MV.
Oil Storage& Consumption

Total storage is 3000 tons and daily consumption is 150 tons.
Each Power Plant Capacity

On HFO the generators of NAGATA with amount of 6 and capacity of 8 MV each. On the storage tank the steam heaters used to decrease viscosity of HFO. Increase Temperature process need 24 V and 500 Amps. Auxiliary Panel ( Control Panel ) All power plants have their own control room and switch gears and feeders. When RPM is 80% then voltage excitation is powered on.
Total No. Of Feeders

Total no. of feeders are 6 which distributing electricity to different industries.
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(END)
PROJECT REPORT
EMERGENCY LIGHT
Transformer converts A.C 220 volt A.C 12 volt Convertor Convert A.C 12 volt D.C 12 volt Filter Circuit Remove the A.C ripples in pulsating D.C and give pure D.C signal. Voltage Regulator It regulates the voltage. Maintain the voltage level on exact 6 volt.
Transistor It function is fast switching b/w battery and input power supply Lamp It glow only when battery supply coming. Battery it store the charge and give back up supply when cut off input power supply
| ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT 39
Save yourself to electricity!
THANK YOU! END

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ELECTRIC Circuit

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ELECTRIC CIRCUIT LAB MANUAL