http://hardwareclasses.blogspot.in/2012/08/back-side-ports-or-blackpanel.

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1. Computer 10.BIOS 2. CPU 3. Processor 4. Motherboard 5. RAM 6. Hard Disk Drive 7. SMPS 8. CD or DVD drives 9. Cabinet Assembling Monitors Ports

Computer Is What?
Everybody know what computer is. Computer is an electronic device, which stores the data and retrieves the data. from our school days we knew that. so many meaning in online, but meaning isn't changed, is it?

Computer is nothing, but a device, which takes the input from you and gives the output to you. so computer gives information for your data either this is a program or an instruction. computer is a combination of input unit, output unit and CPU.

All electronic devices are not computers. for example Calculator has also Input Unit(Number Pad), Output Unit(Display Screen), CPU(Inside Chip) and it gives output to your calculation. also But It is only for one purpose like Calculations. So This is not Computer. Computer means It is for more than one purpose, we can use computer for many purposes like data storing, watching movies, listening music, CD or DVD writing and executing programs. And also TV, Radio, DVD Players, are not computers. At the same way Only CPU is not computer. That means CPU without Input, Output Units are not computer. so Computer is a set of Input unit, output unit and CPU. Without the input unit, we can't use computer and also output unit. There are so many names such as Desktop, PC (Personal Computer) Etc.

What does Computer Consist of

what does computer consist of? Computer is not a single part. it consists or combination of Input unit, Output unit and CPU is called Computer. so let's talk about parts of computer.

Simply Computer parts or Computer Consist of Input unit, Output unit and CPU.

What is Input Unit and Input Devices?

Input Unit is what CPU takes for output is called Input unit. that type of devices are called as Input devices such as Keyboard, Mouse, scanner, web cam, joysticks and barcode reader. these devices all are input devices.

What is Output Unit and Output Devices?

Output is what CPU gives is called Output Unit. that type of devices are called as Output devices such as monitor, Printers and Speakers. These types of devices are Output devices.

What

is

CPU?

CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. CPU is the main part of computer, because CPU takes the input from input devices and give output to output devices. CPU consists of ALU, CU and MU. ALU stands for Arithmetical and Logical Unit, ALU does the operations like Adding, dividing, subtraction, multiplication, And, Or operations. CU stands for Control Unit. which is used to control the signals from input and output. MU stands for Memory Unit. which is used to store the data.

BIOS is What
BIOS stands for Basic Input and Output System, Which is a small chip in motherboard. but it is one of the important chips in motherboard. It has a predefined software.

BIOS is also called as CMOS BIOS. CMOS stands for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. It has a predefined Software, which checks the each and every component

of motherboard, when we turn on the CPU, that is called POST. POST stands for Power On Self Test, after which the system starts booting up. It stores the setting of motherboard components and its specifications, Date, time and passwords. in motherboard there is a battery to give power to BIOS chip to store the settings. There is a jumper to reset the setting of a BIOS. It is useful, when BIOS software will Corrupt. There is a option to see BIOS settings on start-up. Intel Motherboards have F2 button, Mercury Motherboards have del button and branded systems have F10 button. When you press the key at startup, BIOS settings will be on screen. you can see system configuration and other settings here.

CMOS BIOS settings

There are three company BIOS chips. They are Award, Phonix and AMI. when you press Del or F2 or F10 key at system startup. These CMOS BIOS settings will be opened.

Marked the keys and options. These are the keys to open BIOS settings at startup.

This is the Award BIOS options. they are Standard CMOS features, Advanced BIOS features, Advanced Chipset features, Integrated Peripherals, Power Management Setup, PnP/PCI configurations, PC Health Status, Frequency/Voltage Control, Load Fail-safe Defaults, Load Optimized Defaults, Set Supervisor Password, Set User Password, Save & Exit Setup and Exit Without Saving, and below the shortcut keys Esc to Quit, F10 to Save & Exit setup, Arrow keys to select Items.

This is the standard CMOS setting, in these settings, Date, Time settings, disk drive settings, how many drives have detected or not. in this motherboard, Hard drives connected to IDE channel 0 Master, that means Primary Master and DVD RW connected to IDE channel 4 Master. Floppy drive settings, if your system has floppy disk drives, you must enable Drive A, just like this. bottom of this window, There are some option to change settings.

These are the Advanced settings. Hard disk boot priority settings for using more than one hard drives, select hard drive for boot. at the same CD-ROM boot priority. important options are first boot and second boot devices. first boot always in Hard disk, but whenever you format your system, you must change first boot device as CD drive to boot from bootable CD.

These are the Advanced Chipset settings. These settings for Graphics purpose. your system has Installed AGP cards, These settings are automatically enabled. but your have to select or change card memory here.

These are the power management settings. These are all default settings. Don't change these settings.

PnP stands for Plug and Play. these are the Pnp/PCI configuration settings. These are also default settings. no need to change the settings. It will automatically take the settings, when you insert or install PCI cards.

These are the PC health status settings. these are also default settings. no need to change the settings.

These are Load fail safe defaults settings. load fail safe default settings are used to restore the default settings of a BIOS.

Supervisor password is used to set password to all BIOS settings. to create password, just select the option and enter password and conformation. user password is used to login. this option is to view the all BIOS settings. if you want to change option supervisor password is must.

Last two option are used to save or not options. save & exit option is saving your settings and without saving option is not saving option.

You know the Main Parts of Computers

what are the main parts of Central Processing Unit? inside the cabinet we will see some hardware parts of CPU. these are all the parts of CPU or Inside parts of CPU.

Inside the cabinet, will see Processor, Processor Fan, Motherboard, RAM, Hard disk drive, CD or DVD ROM or Writter, and SMPS. these are all the Physical parts of CPU. each and every part is important part of CPU. because without any part not possible to run computer. so all the parts are important parts of CPU.

Processor:
every part has some purpose to run the computer. processor is the main part of CPU. all are saying that Processor is the heart of computer or brain of computer compared with the human. processor is process or execute the data what you have given. heat will generate automatically, so to control the processor heat there is a fan, this is called processor heatsink and fan.

Motherboard:
After processor, motherboard is the main part because all remaining parts are connected to motherboard only. motherboard is a main circuit board, which has socket, ram slots, other slots and ports to connect.

RAM:
RAM full form is Random Access Memory. which is primary memory and temporary storaging device.

Hard

Disk

Drive:

Hard

disk

drive

is

main

storaging

device,

it

is

secondary

memory.

CD
These drives are used to

or
read and write the CD or

DVD:
DVDs.

SMPS:
SMPS full form is Switching Mode Power Supply. which is main power supply to power all the parts of CPU.

Processor and Its Specifications

Processors and its specifications are very important, when you buy a PC. but how to we find a processor specifications? there are so many ways to know specifications of a PC. but here we discuss about processor only.

Any processor we find the specification on top of the processor. see the above image, in this processor we see some indications. in this processor A is a processor name (Intel Core 2 Duo) Intel is the Company name and Core 2 Duo is the processor version name, B is clock speed or processor speed (2.66GHz), C is Level 2 Cache Memory (6MB), D is FSB speed (1333) and E is Core Voltage (0.6 Volts). these are the specification on top of a processor.

At the same way let's take a look of old model processors and its specifications. this is the Pentium-III processor. this is a slot type processor. top of the processor we find specification of the processor. Intel is the company name, Pentium-III is the version name, 500 is the clock speed, 512 is the cache memory, 100 is the FSB speed. 2.0V is the core voltage.

every hardware student should know these processor specifications.

Differences Between CPU and Processor

CPU is Central Processing Unit. Processor works as Central Processing Unit. No one CPU called as Processor, but all are Processor called as CPU. What is Processor and what is CPU? what are the differences of both?

CPU is main part of computer and it is beside the monitor or cabinet with all the parts is called CPU. Processor is a main part of CPU. which is a small device inside the CPU. it processes the data and gives output. so CPU is different and Processor is different.

Some times processor called as cpu, Anybody ask you what's your system? answer is dual core or core 2 duo or 13 or 15 or 17. actually this is processor name. so processor called as cpu sometimes.

Which is the best INTEL and AMD

Intel and AMD, Both are Processor Manufacture Companies. Which is the best Processor? the answer is both are the best companies. because depends on performance, both are the best.

Intel and AMD both are best processor Manufacture companies. there are small variations of both. actually lot of people don't know what AMD is. some purposes AMD is better than Intel. Compared with AMD, Intel is best for Home and Office purpose. Compared with Intel, AMD is best for Animation, Graphics and Games purpose.

Intel:
Intel Processors are best for maximum all purposes. It generates low heat then AMD Processors. No need to maintain Air Conditions or additional Fans.

AMD:
AMD Processors are better for 3D Animation, Graphics and 3D Gaming purpose then Intel Processors. It generates more heat then Intel Processors. Air Conditions needed to this Processors. AMD processors supported Motherboards are rare. so whenever motherboard is in problem, it is very difficult to purchase. because latest motherboard are in market only. they won't support your old processors. so that all are prefer Intel.

Three Processor Manufacture Companies

This information is also very important to know. how many manufacture companies are in market? Totally we have three manufacture companies are in market. here are them.

They are Intel, AMD and VIA companies. maximum all are know Intel. because 90 percent processors are Intel in India. AMD means Advanced Micro Device. this is also very big company in the world and VIA is small company compared with Intel and AMD. Actually this company is a motherboard manufacture company. one time this company launched Processors, but they are failed. so we have only two companies are for processors. Depends on performance both Intel and AMD companies are the best. but depends on temperature and other reasons AMD failed. so Intel is now every green company in India. But some purposes AMD is better than Intel.

Two Types of Processors

Everyone should know Processors and its types. because processor installation times it is very useful. so far we have totally two types of processors are there.depends on structure and technologies.

Processor types are Slot and Socket types. Slot type processor are old processor. now socket type processors are in use. Slot type processors were in big size and low speeds. Socket types processors were upgraded by this slot type processors technology.

Slot Type Processors:

These slot type processors were used in Pentium.I, Pentium MMX, Pentium.II and Pentium.III systems. here is the image of Pentium.II Processor. it is a slot type processor. you can insert this to processor slot. Before 1990, socket processors had been used. whenever processor technology changed, socket type processor were launched. Socket type processor solved hanging problems.

Socket Type Processors:

Now all are using socket type processors. here the core 2 duo processor. this is socket type processors. socket type processors are two types. one is pin processors and second is pinless processors. below the processor is pinless processor.

Processor is the main part of CPU

Today our class is about processor and its architecture. i already told you processor is the main part of CPU. processor has millions of transistors to process the data.

Processor is a multipurpose programmable small chip. it accept digital input data and gives result as output. lot of people processor also called as CPU. now a days processor is upgraded by microprocessor. because now processors are in very small size compared with old processors. Processor internal structure is called processor architecture. Intel technologies are depends on processor architecture. they are core technology, HT technology and HD technology.

MOTHERBOARDS IDENTIFICATION
Mother board is the largest circuit board used inside the computer. It contains almost all the important components of the computer. It is the back bone of the system because each and every component or devices are connected to the mother board.

Processor socket:
There are so many types. here i mentioned basic three types of Processor Sockets.

LIF: Low insertion force

ZIF: Zero insertion force

Chipset: Northbridge and Southbridge called as chipset. Northbridge: This is the supporting chip for processor which controls ram slots and graphics (AGP) thats why this is called as memory control hub (MCH) & graphics memory control hub (GMCH).It is near to the processor socket or slot. Southbridge: This is also a supporting chip for the processor. It controls the Input & Output devices. So it is called as input output control hub (ICH).

Expansion slots: Expansions slots are the backbone of the mother board. These are used to expand the system as and when required. There are two types of expansion slots: ISA (industry standard architecture) PCI (peripheral component interconnect or interface) Smps: switch mode power supply is said to be the heart of the computer because it circulates the power to each and every component. It is of three types: AT (advanced technology) ATX (advanced technology extended) BTX (balanced technology extended)

These are differed by their pins, At-12pins Atx-20pins Btx-24pins IDE port (integrated device electronics): it has total 40 pins. The devices connected to this port are hard disk, cd-rom, cd-rw, DVD-ROM, and dvd-rw. SATA Ports (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment): it has 7 pins for data. This port is used to connect Hard disk drives, CD and DVD drives. FDD connector: floppy disk is connected to this connector. It has total 34 pins.

Back Side Ports or Black Panel

You can see some connectors on back side of the CPU, these are called Ports or Back panel.

Many Ports are in back side of the CPU. Input and output devices are connected here to communicate with CPU. Ports: 1. PS/2 Ports 2. Serial Port 3. VGA Port

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Parallel Port or Printer Port USB Ports Ethernet Port Audio Ports DVI Port eSATA Ports

Maximum all motherboards have PS/2 Ports, VGA ports, USB ports, Ethernet Port and Audio Ports. but latest motherboards have DVI and eSATA ports.

SATA or Serial ATA Connectors

SATA stands for Serial Advanced Technology Attachment.

SATA or Serial ATA connectors are used to connect Serial ATA devices such as Hard disk drives and DVD drives. It has 7 pins and maximum in black color.PATA (Parallel ATA) had been replaced by SATA. It was designed in 2003. Each connector supports only one drive. It is L shape connector. SATA data cable is used to connect the SATA drives to motherboard.

FDC or Floppy Disk Connector

Floppy Disk Connector is used to connect Floppy Disk Drive to motherboard.

FDD Connector or Floppy Drive Connector is always near IDE connectors. It is only single connector with 34 pins (33 pins and one missing pin). Always in black color. It is used to connect Floppy Disk Drive. It supports two Floppy drives. Drive A and B are reserved for floppy drives. Floppy Drive cable is used to connect the drive to motherboard.

Primary and Secondary IDE Interfaces

Primary and Secondary IDE interfaces or IDE Connectors. IDE stands for Integrated Device Electronics.

Motherboards have two IDE connectors. Each connector has 40 pins (39 pins and one missing pin) and Each connector supports two IDE devices as master and slave. so total two IDE connectors supports four devices such as hard disk drives and CD or DVD drives. IDE connectors are also called as ATA connectors or Parallel ATA connectors. any motherboard has two IDE connectors, one is IDE1 and second is IDE2. IDE1 is called as primary IDE and IDE2 called as secondary IDE.

CNR slot
CNR stands for Communications and Networking Raiser. The slot is only for networking, audio and modem purpose.

You can see the slot in only pentium-4 motherboards. it has totally 30 pins. Intel corporation developed the CNR slot to avoid AMR (Audio/Modem Raiser). It was cheaper than AMR. you can insert LAN cards, Audio cards and Modem cards.

ISA Slots
ISA stands for Industry Standard Architecture. ISA slots or Expansion slots were used in 1980s.

In olden days ISA slots were used for adding additional facility to computer. It was designed by IBM in 1981. It was a 8bit to 16 bit data transfer bus and it was not plug and play bus. it was always in black color. the bus has total 96 pins (62+36). It is double size of PCI slots. You can see the slots on Pentium-I, Pentium-MMX, Pentium-II and pentium-III systems.

PCI slots
PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect. These slots give addition facility to attach hardware to CPU.

PCI slots are always in white color. It supports all the PCI cards, such as Lan cards, display cards, TV tuner card, capture card, sound card, USB cards. PCI slots are also called as expansion slots. PCI slots are plug and play slots. that means when you insert any card, new hardware found on the operating system. In olden days ISA slots were used instead of PCI slots. PCI cards takes 5v power to work and 124 pin BUS.

AGP Slot
AGP stands for Accelerated Graphics Port. AGP slot is used to insert or install AGP Cards.

It was designed in Intel corporation 1996. They introduced this for 3D gaming and animation purpose. This slots are always near the PCI slots. AGP slots and cards are released in three versions. They are AGP 1.0, AGP 2.0 and AGP 3.0. AGP 1.0 takes 3.3 volts power. 256MB per second for 1x AGP cards speed and 533MB per seconds for 2x AGP cards speed. AGP 2.0 takes 1.5 volts power, 256MB per second for 1x AGP cards speed and 533MB per seconds for 2x AGP cards speed and 1067MB per second for 4x AGP cards. AGP 3.0 takes 0.8 volts power, 1067MB per second for 4x AGP card speed and 2133MB per second for 8x AGP cards speed.

2x and 4x AGP slots are old model AGP slots. 8x AGP slots are only new model slots. now a days all are using AGP 3.0 version AGP cards. AGP is obsolete. AGP has been replaced by PCI Express. PCI Express is newer and faster.

RAM slots
RAM slots are used to insert or install RAM memory modules. Here the RAM slots types and differences.

So far many types of RAM slots. They are SIMMs, DIMMs, RIMMs, SD RAM, DDR RAM.

SIMM RAM slots:

SIMM stands for Single Inline Memory Module. They were used in 1980s. They were two types RAM slots, one is 30pins and second in 72pins. The maximum capacity of 30pin SIMMs RAM slots were 16MB and 72pin SIMMs RAM slots were 128MB. 32bit data transfer.

The installation of SIMMs are insert the RAM with 30 degrees angle and put it up until It gets locked with 90 degrees angle. There was a order to install the RAMs.

DIMM RAM slots:

DIMM stands for Dual Inline Memory Modules. SIMMs were upgraded by DIMMs. There are many RAMs for the RAM slots. They are 70pin, 100pin, 144pin, 168pin, 172pin, 184pin, 200pin, 204pin, 214pin, 240pin and 244pin RAMs. 64bit data transfer.

RIMM RAM slots:

RIMM stands for Rambus Inline Memory Module. Actually these RAMs were better performance than SIMMs and DIMMs, But faced over heating problems.

Processor Slots and sockets

CPU socket is also called as processor socket. Processor socket is used to insert or install the processor.

This is the Plastic component with electrical connectors between Motherboard board and the processor. Generally we have two types of sockets are available to install processors. they are LIF sockets and ZIF sockets.

LIF sockets:
LIF stands for Low Insertion Force. It supports Slot type processors. Low insertion force slots require low force to insert or install the processor. At the same time to remove the processor, the force is required. There are locks to remove the processor at both sides of the processor slot. It locks the processor to slot.

Eg: Pintium II, Pentium III, Pentium II Xeon, AMD Athlon,

ZIF

Sockets:

ZIF stands for Zero Insertion Force. It supports socket type processors. These are the zero insertion force sockets, so no need to apply any force to install or remove the processor. There is a locking lever on one side of the processor socket. it locks the processor to socket. Here we have two types of sockets. they are PGA and LGA sockets. PGA stands for Pin Grid Array. LGA stands for Land Grid Array. PGA sockets: It supports only pin processors.

Eg: Intel Pentium, Intel Pentium MMX, AMD K6, Intel Pentium Pro, Intel Pentium III, Intel Celeron, AMD Athlon, AMD Duron, AMD Sempron, Intel Pentium 4, Intel Itanium, Intel Atom, AMD Phenom II, AMD FX.

LGA sockets: It supports only pinless processors.

Eg: Intel Pentium 4, Intel Pentium D, Intel Celeron, Intel Celeron D, Intel Dual Core, Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Quad, Intel Xeon, AMD Athlon 64 FX, AMD Opteron, Intel Core i3, i5, i7

Four types of Motherboards

Today our class is about motherboard types and differences. we already discussed about motherboard, which is the main circuit board and it interconnects the remaining parts of computer.

Totally we have 4 types of motherboards so far. They are XT, AT, Baby AT and ATX. XT Motherboards: XT Stands for eXtended Technology. These are all old model motherboard. In this motherboards, we find old model processor socket LIF (Low Insertion Force) sockets, ram slots Dimms and ISA (Industry Standards Architecture) slots, 12pin Power Connector and no ports. They have slot type processors, Dimms memory modules, ISA slots for add-on card, and no ports. There are connectors and add-on cards for ports. Eg: Pentium-I, Pentium-MMX, Pentium -II and Pentium-II Processors.

AT Motherboards: AT stands for Advanced Technology. Advanced Technology Motherboards have PGA (Pin Grid Array) Socket, SD Ram slots, 20pin power connector PCI slots and ISA slots. we find the above components on AT motherboards. Eg: Pentium-III Processors

Baby AT Motherboards:

Baby AT Motherboards have the combination of XT and AT. They have both slot type processor sockets and PGA processor sockets, SD Ram slots and DDR Ram slots, PCI slots and ISA slots, 12 Pin power connector and 20Pin power connector and Ports. Eg: Pentium-III and Pentium-IV

ATX Motherboards: ATX stands for Advanced Technology eXtended. latest motherboards all are called as ATX motherboards. designed by ATX form factor. In this motherboards, we find MPGA Processor Sockets, DDR Ram slots, PCI slots, AGP slots, Primary and secondary IDE interfaces, SATA connectors, 20pin and 24 pin ATX power connector and Ports. Eg: Pentium-IV, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo, Quad Core, i3, i5 and i7 Processors.

Motherboard, Motherboard Contents and Its Functions

Motherboard is a also one of the important parts of the CPU. It is a Main Circuit board. Motherboard connects all the parts of CPU. Motherboard Consist of Processor Socket, RAM slots, PCI slots, AGP slot, IDE connectors and Ports.

Mecury 845 Chipset Motherboard

Every motherboard has connectors and slots to connect all the remaining parts of CPU. here the list of all the slot and connector of motherboard.

CPU Socket North Bridge South Bridge RAM Slots AGP Slot PCI Slots CNR Slot Floppy Connector Primary and Secondary IDE Connectors SATA connectors Power Connector BIOS CMOS battery Ports

CPU Socket:
CPU Socket or Processor Socket. Which is used to install or insert the processor. we have two types of sockets. LIF sockets and ZIF socket. LIF stands for Low Insertion Force, this is the old model sockets and ZIF stands for Zero Insertion Force, this is the present model sockets.

LIF socket or slot type processor socket

ZIF socket or PGA sockets

North Bridge:
North Bridge is always near the processor socket. which is one of the important component of a motherboard. It is a focal Point of Motherboard and It is also called as Memory

Controller Hub. North Bridge interconnects Processor socket, RAM slots and AGP slot. here Gigabyte chip is north bridge it is near Processor socket.

South Bridge:
North bridge and south bridge are the two main poles of a motherboard. South Bridge interconnects Primary and Secondary IDE interfaces, SATA connectors, Floppy Drive Connector, PCI slots and BIOS.

RAM Slots:
RAM slots are used to insert RAMs. there are so many types of ram slots. they are SD ram slots, DDR ram slots, DDR2 and DDR3 ram slots. SD stands for synchronize Dynamic and DDR Stands for Double Data Rate.

AGP slot:

AGP slots are used to insert or install AGP Cards. AGP full form is Accelerated Graphics Port. This slot is for graphics and 3d gaming purpose. it is always beside the PCI slots

PCI slots:
PCI slots are used to Insert or install Add-on cards, such as LAN cards, Sound cards, Capture cards and TV tuner cards. PCI full form is Peripheral Component Interconnect.

Floppy Drive Connector:

Floppy Drive Connector is used to connect floppy drives. It supports two floppy drives. so that A and B drives are reserved for two floppy drives in My computer. it has 32 pins.

Primary and Secondary IDE Interfaces:

Primary and Secondary IDE interfaces are also called as IDE connectors or PATA connectors. IDE full form is Integrated Device Electronics. it supports IDE devices, such as Hard disks and CD and DVD drives.

SATA Connectors:
SATA connectors are also called as Serial ATA connectors. SATA full form is Serial Advanced Technology Attachment. These are connect with serial ATA devices, such as Hard disk drives and CD or DVD drives.

Power Connector:
This power connector is ATX power connector. it has 20 or 24 pin connector. mother takes the power from this connector to work.

BIOS:
BIOS stands for Basic input and Output system. This is also one of the important chips. it conducts the POST (Power On Self Test).

CMOS battery:
There is a battery in the motherboard, which is used to power the south bridge and the BIOS to save the setting, data and time.

Ports:
Ports are used to connect input and output devices. they are attached and come with motherboard and they are in backside of CPU.

RAMs Identification
It is very easy to identify Which is the SD RAM or DDR RAM. But in DDR RAM, we have three types of RAM. these are difficult to identify, which is DDR-1, DDR-2 or DDR-3.

How to know SD RAM and its speed and capacity? Very easy to identify the SD RAM, SD RAMs have only two notches. so easy to identify this is SD RAM. Any RAM chip has label. on the label, there are some specification of RAM. is it SD RAM or not, speed and capacities are mentioned on the label. as shown is the blow ram and label. it is SD RAM, because it has two notches. in the label, it is mentioned as SD RAM, capacity is 128MB and speed is 133MHz. so this is the 128MB SD RAM.

How to know DDR RAM and Its speed and capacity? DDR RAMs have single notch. so identify the DDR RAMs are easy, But DDR RAMs are three types. so identify the DDR-1, DDR-2 and DDR-3 is difficult. so to identify DDR RAM, Label is only way to identify is it DDR-1 or DDR-2 or DDR-3, so DDR type, speeds and capacities are mentioned on the label. here the RAM is DDR RAM and some label are there. DDR means DDR 1 RAM, first label is 512MB DDR 1 RAM, second is 1GB DDR2 RAM and third is 2GB DDR3 RAM.

Two Types of RAM

RAM is a Random Access Memory, which stores the data temporarily. Its a primary memory of computer. Without RAM, Computer can't work. so it is also important component of CPU. Actually there are many types of RAMs, but not necessary to know old type RAMs. so Simply RAMs are two types: 1. SD RAM (Synchronize Dynamic Random Access Memory. 2. DDR RAM (Double Data Rate Random Access Memory.

SD RAM: SD RAM Stands for Synchronize Dynamic Random Access Memory. SD RAM memory module has two notches. at the same SD RAM slots have two notches to insert SD RAMs. It is also old RAM. it was used in Pentium -II and Pentium-III.

SD RAM DDR RAM: DDR RAM Stands for Double Data Rate Random Access Memory. DDR RAM memory module has single notch and DDR RAM slots have also single notch. Now all are using DDR RAMs. It is double speed of SD RAMs. Present DDR RAMs are three types, they are DDR-1, DDR-2 and DDR-3. DDR-4 is in designing stage. DDR RAM are using in PentiumIV, Pentium-Celtran, Dual Core, Core 2Duo, i3, i5, i7, core 2 quad and AMD processor CPUs.

DDR-1 RAM In older days the rams are three types. they are SIMMs (Single Inline Memory Modules), DIMMs (Dual Inline Memory Modules) and RIMMs (Rambus In-line Memory Modules). They were used in Pentium-I, Pentium-MMX and Pentium-II CPUs.

Jumper and Jumper Settings

What is Jumper? What are Jumper setting? Why these jumper setting? IDE drives have this jumper settings. how jumper setting use for detecting IDE drives?

Jumper is a small pin. which is used to short the two pins. but jumper setting for IDE drives are important when you use more than two devices to single IDE cable. The main reason for jumper settings is each IDE connector supports two IDE devices. then how system identifies two devices connected to single IDE cable. through the jumper setting, system understand the drives connected.

Depends on jumper settings, each IDE connector divided into two types one is master and second is slave. so when you connect single drive, it will connect either master or slave. when you connect single drive to single IDE connector, there is no problem with jumper settings. in the above image, MA means Master, SL means Slave and CS means Cable Select.

When you connect two drives to a single IDE cable, then you should change jumper setting one drive as master and second drive as slave. if you have any problem with jumper setting then use cable select mode. in jumper settings, there is a cable select mode. insert jumper to cable select (CS) pins for both drives. then system automatically recognize the drive settings.

More About Hard Disk Drivers

Hard disk drive is a main storage device. It stores the data permanently. There are three types of hard drives and all hard drives have specifications on the top of the hard drive.

On the top of the any hard drive, there are serial number, pin number, capacity and jumper settings. Serial number and pin numbers are important to replace or repair, when your hard disk is in problem. Capacities are also mentioned on label, it is useful when you buy a hard disk. IDE hard Drives:

IDE hard drives have 40pin IDE data connector, Jumper setting and 4pin power connector. IDE data cable is connected to IDE 40pin connector, which comes from motherboard. Jumper setting are to change drive option from master to slave or slave to master. peripheral power connector is connected to 4pin power connector. which comes from SMPS.

SATA Hard Drives: SATA hard drives have 7pin power connector and 4pin data connector. no jumper setting for SATA hard drives, because one SATA connector for one drive only. SATA data cable is connected to 4pin SATA connector. here blue marked connector is SATA power connector. right side connector is SATA data connector. some hard drives have 4pin power connector also.

SCSI Hard Drives: SCSI hard drives have 50pin connector, 68pin connector and 80pin connectors, 4pin power connector and jumper setting.

Three types of Hard Disk Drives

Hard disk drive is a main storage device of computer. its a non-violated drives and stores the data permanently, so that this is permanently storage device and its a secondary memory of a computer.

Hard disk drives are three types.

IDE Hard drives SATA Hard drives SCSI Hard drives

IDE Hard Drives: IDE Stands for Integrated Device Electronics. These drives are also called as PATA (parallel Advanced Technology Attachment) hard drives. Hard drives have 40pin data interface and 4 pin power connector and Jumper setting to change drive setting to connect motherboard. These drives have low speed and low capacity than SATA and SCSI hard drives. ATA cables are used to connect Hard drives to motherboard. These drives capacities are 10GB, 20GB, 40GB, 80GB, 120GB, 160GB, 250GB and 320GB.

SATA Hard Drives: SATA stands for Serial Advanced Technology Attachment. These drives have 4pin data interface and 7 pin power interface to work and no jumper pins, because no need to change drive setting. these drives have high speed and high capacity than IDE hard drives and Low speed and low capacity than SCSI hard drives. 4pin SATA cables are used to connect hard drives to motherboard. These drives capacities are 80GB, 120GB, 160GB, 250GB, 320GB, 500GB, 1TB and 2TB.

SCSI Hard Drives: SCSI stands for Small Computer System Interface. These drives have generally 50 to 68 pins. These drives are very high capacity and high speed than both IDE and SATA drives. 50 to 68 pin SCSI data cables are used to connect these hard drives. Generally these drives

are used in servers. Capacities are 160GB, 250GB, 320GB, 500GB, 1TB, 2TB, 5TB and 10TB.

AT, ATX, BTX SMPS Connectors, voltages and functions

There are three types of SMPSs. They are AT, ATX, BTX. These three types of SMPSs have different connectors and each wire has different voltages. Here the connectors and its voltages.

AT SMPSs have 12 pin power connector, ATX SMPSs have 20 pin power connector and BTX SMPSs have 24 and 28 pin power connectors. AT power supplies were used in 80s and from 1996 we use ATX power supplies. Here are the AT, ATX and BTX SMPSs voltages and users.
Smps Red Yellow Blue White Black Orange Green Gray or Brown Purple AT +5v +12v -12v -5v 0v +5v ---------ATX +5v +12v -12v -5v 0v +3.3v +5v +5v +5v BTX +5v +12v -12v -5v 0v +3.3v +5v +5v +5v

Red : it is used for signal sending Yellow : It is used for motor running White &Blue: It is used for backward compatibility Black : It is used for grounding purpose Orange : It is used for power good signal Green : It is used for power supply on in ATX Gray & Brown: It is used for power good signal in ATX Purple : It is used for auto shutdown in ATX

SATA power connector

SATA stands for Serial Advanced Technology Attachment. This is also called as Serial ATA.

This is the SATA power connector from SMPS. It is a L shape connector. It powers the serial ATA devices such as hard disk drives and DVD drives. It supports one drive for one SATA cable. This connector has 15pins. BTX SMPSs have this connectors. Only two connectors from

SMPS. but if you want to connect more than two SATA drives, you must use IDE to SATA power cable. ATX SMPSs doesn't have this connectors. so IDE to SATA cable is must to connect SATA drives.

Peripheral Power Connector

Peripheral power connector is a connector comes from SMPS. Which is used to connector IDE devices such as IDE hard disk drives and CD or DVD drives.

This connector is a 4pin connector. It is a D shape connector. It is a female connector from SMPS. It supports only IDE disk drives. but There is a IDE to SATA cable to connect SATA disk drives. Directly it supports only ATA drives. All types of SMPSs have this peripheral connectors. Any SMPS have total 4 peripheral connectors. because Primary and Secondary IDE interfaces supports totally 4 ATA devices. so that all SMPSs have 4 connectors. but Now all are using SATA drives. so BTX SMPSs have 2 Peripheral power connectors and 2 SATA power connectors. In this connector yellow carries 12volts, Red carries 5volts and black is the ground wire.

SMPS Power Connectors

SMPS stands for Switching Mode Power Supply. It gives the power to all the component of computer. SMPS power connector gives power to motherboard.

Totally we have three types of SMPSs. they are AT, ATX and BTX SMPSs.

AT Power connector:
AT stands for Advanced Technology. This type of SMPSs were used in PI, PII, and PIII computers. This power connector has 12pin power connector (6+6).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Red wire (+5v) Yellow (+12v) blue (-12v) White (-5v) Black (0v) Orange (+5v)

ATX power connector:

ATX stands for Advanced Technology eXtended. It has 20pin power connector. these are used in PIII, PIV, Dual Core and Core 2 Duo computers. It has additional 4pin ATX 12v connector.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Red wire (+5v) Yellow (+12v) blue (-12v) White (-5v) Black (0v) Orange (+5v) Green (+5v) Gray or Brown (+5v) Purple (+5v)

BTX Power Connector:

BTX stands for Balanced Technology eXtended. It has 24pin power connector and 4 pin 12v ATX connector. These are used in Dual core, Core 2 Duo, I3, I5 and I7 computers.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Red wire (+5v) Yellow (+12v) blue (-12v) White (-5v) Black (0v) Orange (+5v) Green (+5v) Gray or Brown (+5v) Purple (+5v)

More About Switching Mode Power Supply

SMPS (Switching Mode Power Supply) has different connector for motherboard, disk drives and floppy drives. so we have to know all the SMPS connectors and its purpose.

back side of the CPU, there is a power socket. This socket takes 230 volts power from wall socket. This is also called as AC 230 volts input connector. This is male connector. Some SMPSs have AC 230 volts output connector also. This connector gives power to monitor. This is female connector.

ATX power connector: Below is the 24pin ATX power connector, this is latest model smps power connector. it has 20pins or 24pins.

12V ATX connector: Below is the 12v ATX connector. It has 4pin. yellow carries 12v. so this is called as 12v ATX connector.

Peripheral Power Connector: Below is the peripheral power connector. this is IDE power connector. it has 4 pins. yellow carries 12 volts, red carries 5 volts and black is the ground wire. any SMPS has 4 peripheral power connectors. every motherboard supports 4 IDE devices such as hard disk drives and CD or DVD drives. latest motherboards have only single IDE connector, so latest motherboard supports only 2 IDE drives. so that latest SMPSs have 2 peripheral power connectors for connecting 2 IDE drives.

SATA Power Connector:

Below is the SATA power connector. it has 7 pins. It is only for Serial ATA drives such as SATA hard disk drives and SATA CD or DVD drives. latest SMPSs have this connector. all SMPSs have 2 SATA power connectors.

Floppy Power Connector: here is the floppy power connector, it is different from all other connectors. of course all are different. this is only for floppy. but now a days no one use floppy drives.

Three Types of SMPSs

SMPS full form is Switching Mode Power Supply. It is a main power supply to power the each and every component of computer or it converts the main power supply 230volts to 12volts, 5volts, 3volts and distribute to all components of computer.

SMPSs are three types.

AT SMPS ATX SMPS BTX SMPS

AT SMPS: AT stands for Advanced Technology. These are all old SMPSs. They had 12pin power connector, this is called as AT power connector. They were used in Pentium-I, PentiumMMX, Pentium-II and Pentium-III CPUs.

ATX SMPS: ATX stands for Advanced Technology eXtended. They had 20pin Power connector, this is called as ATX power connector. They were used in Pentium-III, Pentium-IV and AMD CPUs.

BTX SMPS: BTX stands for Balanced Technology eXtended. They have 24pin Power connector, this is also called as ATX power connector. It has 15pin SATA power connectors. They are used in Dual core, core2duo, Quad core, i3, i5, i7 and latest AMD CPUs.

DVD RW Drive Identification

DVD RW stands for Digital Video Disk Read and Write. It can not only read DVDs and write the DVDs. DVD RW means CD ROM, CD Writer, DVD ROM and DVD Writer. It reads and Writers all the Disks (CDs and DVDs).

These are the DVD RW drives. latest DVD RW drives in market are two models. one is IDE DVD writers and SATA DVD writers, depends on your motherboard supporting. your motherboard doesn't support SATA, then choose IDE DVD RW, your motherboard doesn't support IDE, then choose SATA DVD RW. In front view, we find three logos. DVD recorder, Compact Disk rewritable and RW. latest drives haven't head phone jack and volume control. Access LED and Eject buttons are common for all drives. Access LED glows, whenever disk inside the drive is accessed. Eject button is used to eject the disk.

This is the back view or rare view of DVD RW drive. we have learned these connectors in previous posts.

This is the back view or rare view of SATA DVD RW drive. it has only two connectors. one is SATA power connector and SATA data connector.

DVD Combo Drive Identification

DVD Combo is a drive, which reads the CDs and DVDs and Writes CDs only. it can't write DVDs. this drives are released after DVD ROMs and before the DVD writers. but it is the combination of CD writer and DVD ROM.

This is the front view of DVD combo drive. some specification are found here. Samsung is the vendors name. head phone and volume control are used to listen the audio. in this drive three logos on front view. DVD ROM, Compact Disk Rewritable logo and RW combo logo. Access LEd, Eject button are common. Eject button is used to eject the disk. LED shows the processor.

These are all the back side connectors of any DVD Combo drive. Jumper settings are used to change the drive settings. IDE connector is connected to motherboard IDE connector. 4 power connector, This is the point from which drive derives power to work.

DVD ROM Drive Identification

DVD ROM stands for Digital Video Disk Read Only Memory. DVD ROMs read not only DVD and also CDs. the advantage of DVD ROM is it supports CDs.

What is the difference between CD ROMs and DVD ROMs? CD ROMs doesn't support DVDs and DVD ROMs supports CDs. this is the difference. Any DVD ROM has two logos. that are compact disk logo and DVD ROM logo. Samsung is the vendors name. Eject button is used to eject the drive door to insert or remove the disk. Access LED and Pin hole are common for all drives. Pin hole is used to remove the CD or DVD without power.

All CD or DVD drives have same backside connectors. jumper settings are used to change the drive settings from master to slave or slave to master. 40pin IDE connector is connected to the motherboard and IDE data cable is used to connect this drive to motherboard. power connector is used to power the drive.

Serial number, model number, voltages, manufacture data and some specification are found on top of the drive.

CD RW Identification
CD RW stands for Compact Disk Read and Write. CD Writer means CD ROM and CD writer. so this is not only read the data from the CD, and also write the data to CD.

CD RW Drive: Front View: This is the CD RW drive. LG is the vendors name. Head phone jack is used to listen to audio whenever the audio CD inside this drive. volume control is used to adjust volume for head phone jack. Access LED glows, whenever the CD inside the CD drive is accessed. Eject button is used to unlock the door to insert or remove the CD. it has compact disk rewritable logo.

Generally any writer has three speeds mentioned on CD RW drives. read speed, write speed and rewrite speed. in this drive 52 x is the write speed, that means this drive writes data to CD with maximum 52x speed. 24x is the re write speed, that means this drive re writes the data to re-writable disks with maximum 24x speed. again 52x is the read speed as mentioned in the image, that means this drive reads data with 52x speed.

Back

View:

there is no difference between CD ROM and CD RW drives back panel. same jacks, connectors and power connector. CD audio connectors, these are connected to motherboard CD in jacks connector. Jumper settings are used to change drive setting. IDE connector is to be connected to motherboard primary or secondary IDE connector. power connector is used to take the power to work.

These are the specification, that are found on the top of the drive.

CD-ROM drive Identification

CD ROM stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. CD ROM Drive, Which means that it can read data from the CD, but can not write the data on CD.

CD-ROM drive: Front View: CD-ROM stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. it is used to read CDs only. below image is the CD ROM drive. in this image, CREATIVE is the vendors name, headphone jack is used to listen the audio while CD drive is playing an audio CD, Access LED glows, whenever the CD inside the CD drive is accessed, volume control is used to increase or decrease the head phone jack volume. 52x on the CD drive tells us that the Drive can read data from the CD with at the right 7800 KBPS. X always stands for 150 KBPS and right side button is the Eject button. Pin hole is used to unlock the drive, to remove a cd in the drive, in case of power failure. Back View:

This the back view or rare view of CD ROM drive. these are the CD Audio Connectors, a card from this is to be connected to sound card, in order to listen to sound while playing an audio CD from the sound card. Jumper setting are used to change the drive settings. IDE connector from the motherboard is connected to this, for exchange of signals. Power Connector, this is the point from which the drive derives power to work.

These are the specifications are found on top of the CD Drive.

Jumper and Jumper Settings

What is Jumper? What are Jumper setting? Why these jumper setting? IDE drives have this jumper settings. how jumper setting use for detecting IDE drives?

Jumper is a small pin. which is used to short the two pins. but jumper setting for IDE drives are important when you use more than two devices to single IDE cable. The main reason for jumper settings is each IDE connector supports two IDE devices. then how system identifies two devices connected to single IDE cable. through the jumper setting, system understand the drives connected.

Depends on jumper settings, each IDE connector divided into two types one is master and second is slave. so when you connect single drive, it will connect either master or slave. when you connect single drive to single IDE connector, there is no problem with jumper settings. in the above image, MA means Master, SL means Slave and CS means Cable Select. When you connect two drives to a single IDE cable, then you should change jumper setting one drive as master and second drive as slave. if you have any problem with jumper setting then use cable select mode. in jumper settings, there is a cable select mode. insert jumper to cable select (CS) pins for both drives. then system automatically recognize the drive settings.

Total Four Types of CD and DVD Drivers

CD or DVD drives are used to read or write the CDs or DVDs. Depends on the CD or DVD drives work, CD drives are divided into two types and DVD drives are divided into two types. CD drives are two types:

CD ROM CD RW

CD ROM: CD ROM stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. This type of drives are used to read the CDs only. These drives have compact disk logo to identify.

CD RW: CD RW stands for Compact Disk Read and Write. This type of drives are not only read the CDs and also write the CDs. These drives have compact disk rewritable logo to identify.

DVD drives are two types: DVD ROM: DVD ROM Stands for Digital Video Disk Read Only Memory. This type of drives are used to read the CDs and DVDs. these drives have DVD ROM logo to identify.

DVD RW: DVD RW stands for Digital Video Disk Read and Write. This type of drivers are used to read and write the CDs and DVDs.

Two Types of Computer Cabinets

Cabinets and its types, There are two types of cabinets depends on motherboard form factor. They are AT cabinets and ATX cabinets. there are many differences.

AT Cabinets: AT stands for Advanced Technology. These are old model cabinets. It has power, reset buttons and Power, HDD LEDs. power button is not a finger touch switch. It doesn't have USB ports and audio jacks. It supports AT SMPS and XT motherboards. ATX Cabinets: ATX stands for Advanced Technology eXtended. These are latest cabinets. It has power, Reset buttons and Power, HDD LEDs. Power button is finger touch switch. It has USB ports and audio jacks also. It supports ATX SMPS and ATX, BTX motherboards.

Cabinets
Cabinet, which is used to insert all the parts of CPU. It is just like skin of computer. It holds all the component of CPU. some are this is called as CPU.

This is the front view of cabinet. in front view there are two LEDs, two switches, two USB ports and two audio jacks. all cabinets have these switches, LEDs, ports and jacks.

Power switch is a finger touch switch. when the power switch is pressed, the computer is turned on. Reset switch is used to restart the computer. Power LED, which glows, when the computer is switched on. and continuous to glow until computer is switched off. HDD LED, which glows, whenever the hard disk is accessed.

This is the back view of cabinet. SMPS case is where the SMPS is fixed. Motherboard ports case is where the ports of the motherboard get fixed. system fan case, where the system fan is fixed. ADD ON cards cases, where the PCI cards, AGP cards are fixed.

This is the cabinet inner view. top of the cabinet there is a cabinet for CD or DVD drives. HDD or FDD cabin is used to fix the HDDs or FDDs.

Connecting Front Panel USB and Audio Ports

Front Panel USB and Audio ports are also come with Cabinet. so if it is not working, you have to connect these connectors to motherboard.

These are the front panel USB and Audio connectors. Below image is the connectors for front panel USB and Audio. These connectors are connected to motherboard to work.

Connecting Front Panel USB Ports:

There are two or four USB connectors on front side of the cabinet. These are called front panel USB ports. They won't work without connect these connectors to motherboards. There are two USB connectors on any motherboard. each connector supports two USB ports. so maximum all motherboards supports four front panel USB ports. Here is the jack of front panel USB. it has a 9pins and one missing pin. total 10 pins jack.

There is a missing on motherboard pins. so it doesn't insert reverse direction. co-inside the missing on motherboard pins and front panel USB jack. insert the front panel USB jack to motherboard USB pins. But some old model cabinets don't have 10 pins jack. two 3 pins jacks and two ground wires. Here is the image to insert two, 3 pin jacks and two ground wires, if you have old model cabinets.

This chart is useful to insert 3 pins jacks and ground wires. Data +(Plus) and - (Minus) wires are co-inside with above images pins. Orange wires are +5 volts and Black wires are ground wires. so follow the above image and insert the front panel USB jacks.

Connecting Front Panel Sound Ports:

There are two audio connectors on front side of the cabinet. these are called front panel audio ports. Green color port for Line out (Head phone jack) and pink color port for Mic (Microphone).

ATX cabinets have single jack with 10 pins. so it is easy to insert or connect to motherboard. This is near motherboards ports. it has one missing pin position is the indication of FP Audio. pin number 8 is missing pin. Before you begin to install the front panel Audio jack, find the yellow front panel audio pins, and remove the two jumpers, insert the Front panel audio jack in such a way that missing pin of the audio jack with missing of the motherboard audio connector.

If you have old model cabinets, then jack is separated with 9 pins. so here is the pin configuration chart. follow the below image and insert the front panel audio pins to motherboard.

Connecting Front Panel Connectors - Power Switch, Power LED, HDD LED and Reset Switch
Front Panel Connectors are come with cabinet. These connectors are connected to Motherboard.

Front Panel Connectors are Power SW, Power LED, HDD LED and Reset SW. In Assembling process These connectors are connected to motherboard pins. There is a front panel pins on motherboard.

Here is the chart to connect front panel connectors. 6 and 8, both pins are power sw pins. so you can connect power sw to 6,8 pins. Power LED connector has two wires. 2 and 4 pins are power LED pins. so you can connect 2,4 pins to power LED. but LED has + (plus) and - (minus) pins. 2 is +(Plus) pin, 4 is -(minus) pin. so you can connect power LED green wire to pin 2, white wire to pin4. Pins 1 and 3 for HDD LED and pins 5 and 7 for Reset SW. Latest motherboards have On board speaker. so no need to connect speaker. but old model motherboard and systems have speaker and speaker pins. speaker pins are near to front panel connectors. it is a four pin connector. For more details refer motherboard manual.

Assembling a Personal Computer

Assembling is a part of computer hardware. Assembling is a processor of connecting all the parts of computer. here is the process.

Take the processor and motherboard Install the processor to motherboard. Fix the processor heat sink and fan. prepare the cabinet to insert the motherboard with processor.

Open the left side door of the cabinet and remove the back panel I/O shield. Insert the back panel comes with motherboard. Its a motherboards ports case. after install the I/O shield. always holds the motherboards on the RAM slots or PCI slots. place the motherboard in such a way that ports of the motherboard correctly fit into the I/O shield. Fix the screws. becareful not to touch the motherboard with sharp edge of the screw driver as it may damage some of the components on the motherboard.

Install the RAM. Installing SMPS.

Place the SMPS in the SMPS case and secure it to the chassis with the help of four outer screws.

Insert the Power connector to motherboard from SMPS. Insert the 12v ATX connector. Installing the hard disk drive.

Put the hard disk drive into the HDD cabin and secure it using the Inner screws. connect the IDE data cable to the motherboard, in such a way that the notch on the cable goes into the hole provided for the notch on the motherboard. now connect the cable to the HDD, in such a way that when we install the power connector and red wire of the peripheral power connector and red wire of the IDE data cable come edges and to each other.

Installing the CD or DVD drives.

Remove the cover on the front side of the cabinet, push the CD or DVD drive into the case from front. Secure it to the Chassis with inner screws. connector one end of the IDE data cable to the motherboard and other end to the CD or DVD drive. connect the cable to the CD or DVD drive in such a way that when we install the peripheral power connector, the red wire of the power connector and red wire of the IDE data cable come edges and to each other.

Connecting front panel connectors.

Connect the front panel connectors, Power SW, Power LED, Reset SW, HDD LED. These are the front panel connectors. connect the cable according to your motherboard manual.

These are the motherboard front panel connections. here the +PW- is the power SW. +HDis the hdd LED connector, -RES+ is the Reset connector, +speak is the speaker connector.

Connecing front panel USB and audio connectors.

These are the usb1 and usb2 front panel connectors. in the connectors there is a missing pin to connect the right direction. so connect the front panel USB cables to the front usb connector. at the same way connect front panel audio also. this connector has also missing pin.

Connecting SATA Hard disk drives

SATA hard disk drive is one of type of hard disk drives. SATA hard disk drives are performance is better than IDE hard disk drives. so now all hard disk drives are SATA compatible.

How to install or connect SATA hard disk drive to motherboard? SATA hard disk drives have two connectors back side. one is 4pin SATA data connector and second is 7pin power connector. Use SATA data cable to connect hard disk drive to motherboard. it is a L shape connector.

SATA data cable

SATA1 and SATA2 Connectors

This is the SATA connectors on motherboards. Use SATA data cable to insert to motherboard SATA connector and insert other connector of cable to hard disk drive.

Powering SATA hard disk drive: Use 7 pin SATA power connector from SMPS, and insert it to hard disk power connector. It is also L shape connector, so no problem with this connector for wrong inserting problems.

Connecting IDE Hard Disk Drives

Installing Hard disk drives are so easy. Totally we have three types of hard disk drives depends on interface. They are IDE, SATA and SCSI. Let's learn how to connect IDE hard disk drives.

Connecting

IDE

Hard

Disk

Drivers:

There are two primary and secondary IDE interfaces on a motherboard. Using IDE cable or data cable to connect IDE drives, such as hard disk drives or CD or DVD drives. when you insert the cable, there is a notch on the cable one side and hard disk drive IDE connector has a some cutting. Here are the primary and secondary IDE interfaces, You know which is primary and which is secondary. I marked with red color, IDE 1 is primary and IDE 2 is secondary.

IDE 1 and IDE 2

IDE cable

Take the IDE cable and insert to motherboard IDE 1 or IDE 2 interface. make sure that notch and missing pin co-inside the IDE connector cutting. Other side also insert same as hard disk drive IDE connector. Powering Hard disk drives: Take the 4 pin peripheral power connector and insert to hard disk drive power connector.

There is a red cable one side of the IDE data cable. after insert the power connector to hard disk drive. red cable of the IDE cable is co-inside with the peripheral power connector. this is the processor of installing hard disk drive.

Inserting AT, ATX and BTX Power connector and ATX 12V connector
Inserting power connector or giving power to motherboard. Two types of power connectors. one is AT power connector and ATX power connector.

Inserting AT power connector: AT full form is Advanced Technology. This power connector was a 6+6=12 pin power connector. Only XT SPMSs have this power connector. It supports AT motherboard. When you insert the power connector to power socket, co-inside the black wires of both connectors. of course It won't be inserted in wrong direction. so no problem with this connector and insert the connectors one by one.

This is the process of inserting AT power connector. make sure that co-inside the black wires are must. Inserting ATX and BTX power connector:

ATX stands for Advanced Technology eXtended. It is a 20pin power connector. It supports 810, 845, 865, 915 chipset motherboards and Motherboards have also 20pin power socket. below is the 20pin power connector. It has a lock to lock the power socket.

Power socket has also a lock. This lock is co-inside the power connector lock. It locks the power connector. insert the power connector until it gets locked. Removing power

connector is also same process. but to unlock the connector, press the lock and remove the power connector from the motherboard power socket.

This is the 4pin 12v ATX connector. Yellow carries 12v and black is the ground wire. One side there is a lock on the connector. Use this lock when you remove this jack from motherboard ATX 12v connector.

Inserting Processor Heatsink and FAN

After Install or insert the processor, heatsink and fan must be inserted. It cools the processor. so that this also called as CPU cooler.

Before going to install processor heat sink and fan, use cooling paste to avoid heat problems. if it is new system, no need to use cooling paste. because new processors come with cooling paste.

here is the processor heat sink and fan retention module. it is used to insert the processor fan, which locks the heat sink and fan.

Top of the heat sink and fan, there are two locks. both are in exact opposite directions. use these two locks to lock the heat sink and fan. while lock the processor fan, don't apply heavy force, it may be damaged. after lock the heat sink fan, then connect the fan connector to motherboard fan connector. it is nearly processor. This is the old model heat sink and fan. but latest model heat sink fans are very heavy and different technology.

Latest fans are very easy to insert. there are four legs to insert on the motherboard and motherboard has four holes. put the fan into motherboard and press the locks until it gets locked.

Inserting RAMs
RAMs are two types, They are SD RAMs and DDR RAMs. the difference of these RAMs are notches. SDRAMs have two notches and DDR RAMs have single notch.

Catch the ram in the edges and put it into the slot RAM Slot, such a way that the notches on the RAM go into the notches on slot. press the RAM into the slot until the white lever get locked. Insert SD RAM into SD RAM slots and insert DDR RAM into DDR RAM slots.

In the above images, black color slots are SD RAM slots and blue color slots are DDR RAM slots. so here inserted the SD RAMs into SD RAM slots. Inserting DDR RAMs is also same process.

Inserting Socket Type Processors

In this socket types processors, we have two types of processors. They are Pin processors and Penless processors. Let't know how Insert these two processors

Pin

Processor:

Before you install processor to socket, you have to know about socket. It is a 478 pin socket. so that this is called as PGA 478 socket. beside of this socket there is a locking lever. this is used to lock the processor. The above pin processor socket is how the socket looks without processor. on the socket, missing pins indicates the pin 1 indication.

Unlock the lever and move it up until it is perpendicular to motherboard. place the processor into the socket. place the processor in such a way that the pin 1 on the processor co-inside with the pin 1 on the socket. make sure that it is correctly sitting into the socket. never press the processor into the socket. This processor was designed by ZIF (Zero Insertion Force). so no force is required to insert the processor. now lock the processor by restoring the locking lever to its original position.

matching of Pin 1 indications

This is the process of installing processor. Removing or uninstalling processor is also same process. unlock the lever, remove the processor the lock the socket. this is the how to remove the processor. Pinless Processors:

This is the pinless processor. Red color marked indications are pin1 indication.

processor is same, unlock the locking lever, make sure that co-inside the pin indications on processor and motherboard and lock the processor with locking lever.

Removing processor also same process. unlock the locking lever, remove the processor and lock the socket.

Inserting Slot Type Processors

Inserting or Removing processors are very important in Assembling process. Actually it is very easy processor, but be careful, when you insert or install processor.

Inserting or Removing processors are common, while upgrading processor or assembling new computer. There are two types of processors. so first will see slot type processor and installing. First thing is it never inserts reverse direction, so don't worry, while installing or inserting processor. slot type processors and sockets are designed by LIF (Low Insertion Force). so we have to apply low force to insert processor. Slot types processors are first model processor. Eg: Pentium-1, Pentium-2, Pentium-MMX and Pentium-3 processors. Before insert the processor, fix the processor fan on the processor and connect the processor fan connector. While inserting processor, there is a notch on the Processor and processor slot. so processor notch co-inside the processor slot. whenever you insert the processor, automatically locks are locked. insert the processor until locks are locked.

At the same way, removing of processor is also in assembling process. so let's know how to Remove the processor.

These are the side locks of processor. These are automatically locked, when you insert processor. at the same way just unlock these locks, then processor automatically remove from the processor slot. apply light force for removing processor also.

Three Types of Computer Monitors

Monitor is a standard output devices. Which shows the output information. Monitor is also one of the important parts of computer, because without monitor, system can't work. so that this is the standard output device. Monitors are three types:

CRT Monitors LCD Monitors LED Monitors

CRT Monitors: CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tube. These are all old model monitors. main disadvantages are heavy weight, occupy more place, high power consumption, high radiation and supports low resolution. These are all main reasons to prefer LCD or LED monitors.

LCD Monitors: LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. the main advantage of LCDs are light weighy, occupy less place, 12v power consumption, low radiation and supports high resolutions.

LED Monitors:

LED stands for Light Emitting Diode. actually there are no differences between LCD and LED monitors, but better picture quality in LED monitors. so now all are prefer LED monitors than LCD monitors.

Front Panel Ports

Front side of the Cabinet, we can see the two USB ports and two Audio ports.

Front panel ports are common for all ATX Cabinets. Front panel has two USB ports and two audio ports. you can use these usb ports for connecting pen drivers, ipads, cell phones,

and all usb devices. Audio ports for connecting headset. Green color port for headphone jack and pink port for micro phone.

VGA Port
VGA stands for Video Graphics Array. VGA Port is also one of the back side ports.

VGA port is used to connect monitors, Which has 15 pin in three rows. It is always in blue color. This is also a D shape connector and This is female port. This port is come from motherboard. when your VGA port has broken, You must get the PCI VGA card to connect monitor. It is inserted in PCI slot. This VGA connector supports analog and digital monitors. That means VGA , SVGA Monitors. but not Black in white monitors.

USB Port
USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. It is a universal port and used for all latest devices.

It has 4 pins. two pins for 5volts and 2 pins for data transfer. It supports maximum all latest devices, such as keyboards, mice, printers, scanner, pen drives, cell phones, iPads, iPhones etc.

Symbol of USB

USB

versions:

USB 1.1: Many versions from introduced USB. USB 1.1 released in 1998. It supports 1.5 Mbits per second. USB 2.0: It released in 2000. USB 1.1 has been upgraded by USB 2.0 with Hi-Speed. It supports 480 Mbits per second. so that, this is called as hi-speed USB.

USB 2.0 logo USB 3.0: It released in 2008. It is 10 times faster than USB 2.0. speed is 5 Gbits per second.

USB 3.0 logo Posted by rupendrakumar modini

Audio Ports or Audio Connectors

Audio ports are in backside of the computer.

A computer have two audio ports, they are back panel audio ports and front panel audio ports. All Motherboards have three audio ports. Green port for Audio out. this is used to connect headset or two speakers or 2.1 surround system. Pink connector for mic, this is used to connect microphone. Blur color connector for Line in, this connector is used to connect Tv tuner card or capture cards.

Back Panel Audio Ports:

Back panel Audio connectors are come from motherboards. it supports 2.1, latest motherboards support 5.1 and 7.1 audio surround system. All computers support 2.1 audio system by default. To listen 5.1 audio, change audio setting in sound manager.

Front Panel Audio Ports:

These front panel audio connectors are come from Cabinet. Only two connector are in front panel. This is for headset and mic. It is useful for internet chatting users.

Ethernet or LAN port

Ethernet port is also called as LAN port.

This port is used to connect Local Area Network (connected to another computer or LAN HUB or LAN Switch or Router. It has 8 pins. RJ45 jack is used to insert in this connector. it has two LED. Green LED for connectivity and orange LED for sending data.

Parallel Port or Printer Port

Parallel Port is one of the interface to connect printers.

Parallel Port is also called as Printer port. Because it is used for printers only. It is a 25 Pin female port and D shape connector. It is bidirectional port, send and receive data at a time. It supports Dot Matrix Printers only. Latest motherboards doesn't have the parallel port.

Serial Port
Serial Port is used to connect external modems and old model serial mice.

Two serial port were in old motherboard. now all motherboards have only one serial port. It has 9 pins, it is a male connector and D shape connector. It supported Dail-Up modems, Satellite Phones, Printers, Digital cameras and serial mouses. It sends only one bit at a time.

PS/2 Ports
PS/2 Type of Port, simple PS 2 Ports. Here are the PS/2 ports, one for keyboard and second for mice.

Some are also called as 6 pin PS/2 Ports. Maximum all motherboards have two PS/2 Ports. Purple color PS/2 port for keyboard and green color PS/2 port for mice device. Latest motherboard only one PS/2 Port. Purple color PS/2 port is only for keyboard not for mice, at the same green color PS/2 port is only for mice not for keyboard.It has 6 pins. In older days 5 pin Din connector was used for Keyboard. PS/2 Ports are replaced Din Port. PS/2 Ports are designed in 1987.

Back Side Ports or Black Panel

You can see some connectors on back side of the CPU, these are called Ports or Back panel.

Many Ports are in back side of the CPU. Input and output devices are connected here to communicate with CPU. Ports: 1. 2. 3. 4. PS/2 Ports Serial Port VGA Port Parallel Port or Printer Port

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

USB Ports Ethernet Port Audio Ports DVI Port eSATA Ports

Maximum all motherboards have PS/2 Ports, VGA ports, USB ports, Ethernet Port and Audio Ports. but latest motherboards have DVI and eSATA ports.

PS/2 Ports
PS/2 Type of Port, simple PS 2 Ports. Here are the PS/2 ports, one for keyboard and second for mice.

Some are also called as 6 pin PS/2 Ports. Maximum all motherboards have two PS/2 Ports. Purple color PS/2 port for keyboard and green color PS/2 port for mice device. Latest motherboard only one PS/2 Port. Purple color PS/2 port is only for keyboard not for mice, at the same green color PS/2 port is only for mice not for keyboard.It has 6 pins. In older days 5 pin Din connector was used for Keyboard. PS/2 Ports are replaced Din Port. PS/2 Ports are designed in 1987.

Serial Port
Serial Port is used to connect external modems and old model serial mice.

Two serial port were in old motherboard. now all motherboards have only one serial port. It has 9 pins, it is a male connector and D shape connector. It supported Dail-Up modems, Satellite Phones, Printers, Digital cameras and serial mouses. It sends only one bit at a time.

VGA Port
VGA stands for Video Graphics Array. VGA Port is also one of the back side ports.

VGA port is used to connect monitors, Which has 15 pin in three rows. It is always in blue color. This is also a D shape connector and This is female port. This port is come from motherboard. when your VGA port has broken, You must get the PCI VGA card to connect monitor. It is inserted in PCI slot. This VGA connector supports analog and digital monitors. That means VGA , SVGA Monitors. but not Black in white monitors.

Parallel Port or Printer Port

Parallel Port is one of the interface to connect printers.

Parallel Port is also called as Printer port. Because it is used for printers only. It is a 25 Pin female port and D shape connector. It is bidirectional port, send and receive data at a time. It supports Dot Matrix Printers only. Latest motherboards doesn't have the parallel port.

USB Port
USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. It is a universal port and used for all latest devices.

It has 4 pins. two pins for 5volts and 2 pins for data transfer. It supports maximum all latest devices, such as keyboards, mice, printers, scanner, pen drives, cell phones, iPads, iPhones etc.

Symbol of USB

USB

versions:

USB 1.1: Many versions from introduced USB. USB 1.1 released in 1998. It supports 1.5 Mbits per second. USB 2.0: It released in 2000. USB 1.1 has been upgraded by USB 2.0 with Hi-Speed. It

supports

480

Mbits

per

second.

so

that,

this

is

called

as

hi-speed

USB.

USB 2.0 logo USB 3.0: It released in 2008. It is 10 times faster than USB 2.0. speed is 5 Gbits per second.

USB 3.0 logo

Ethernet or LAN port

Ethernet port is also called as LAN port.

This port is used to connect Local Area Network (connected to another computer or LAN HUB or LAN Switch or Router. It has 8 pins. RJ45 jack is used to insert in this connector. it has two LED. Green LED for connectivity and orange LED for sending data.

Audio Ports or Audio Connectors

Audio ports are in backside of the computer.

A computer have two audio ports, they are back panel audio ports and front panel audio ports. All Motherboards have three audio ports. Green port for Audio out. this is used to connect headset or two speakers or 2.1 surround system. Pink connector for mic, this is used to connect microphone. Blur color connector for Line in, this connector is used to connect Tv tuner card or capture cards.

Back Panel Audio Ports:

Back panel Audio connectors are come from motherboards. it supports 2.1, latest motherboards support 5.1 and 7.1 audio surround system. All computers support 2.1 audio system by default. To listen 5.1 audio, change audio setting in sound manager.

Front Panel Audio Ports:

These front panel audio connectors are come from Cabinet. Only two connector are in front panel. This is for headset and mic. It is useful for internet chatting users.