Differentiating Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

MATHEMATI CS 277
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
23
DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL
AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
We are aware that population generally grows but in some cases decay also. There are many
other areas where growth and decay are continuous in nature. Examples from the fields of
Economics, Agriculture and Business can be cited, where growth and decay are continuous.
Let us consider an example of bacteria growth. If there are 10,00,000 bacteria at present and
say they are doubled in number after 10 hours, we are interested in knowing as to after how
much time these bacteria will be 30,00,000 in number and so on.
Answers to the growth problem does not come from addition (repeated or otherwise), or
multiplication by a fixed number. In fact Mathematics has a tool known as exponential function
that helps us to find growth and decay in such cases. Exponential function is inverse of logarithmic
function.
In this lesson, we propose to work with this tool and find the rules governing their derivatives.
OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to :
q define and find the derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions;
q find the derivatives of functions expressed as a combination of algebraic, trigonometric,
exponential and logarithmic functions; and
q find second order derivative of a function.
EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
l Application of the following standard limits :
(i)
n
n
1
lim 1 e
n
_
+

,
(ii)
( )
1
n
n
lim 1 n e
+
(iii)
x
x
e 1
lim 1
x
(iv)
x
e
x
a 1
lim log a
x
(v)
( )
h
h 0
e 1
lim 1
h
l Definition of derivative and rules for finding derivatives of functions.

MATHEMATI CS
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
278
23.1 DERIVATIVE OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Let
x
y e be an exponential function. .....(i)
( ) x x
y y e
+
+
(Corresponding small increments) .....(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have

x x x
y e e
+

Dividing both sides by x and taking the limit as x 0

[ ]
x
x
x 0 x 0
y e 1
lim lim e
x x

x x
dy
e .1 e
dx

Thus, we have
( )
x x
d
e e
dx

.
Working rule : ( )
( )
x x x
d d
e e x e
dx dx

Next, let
ax b
y e .
+
Then
a(x x) b
y y e
+ +
+
[ x and y are corresponding small increments]

( )
a x x b ax b
y e e
+ + +

ax b a x
e e 1
+
1

]
a x
ax b
e 1
y
e
x x
+
1

a x
ax b
e 1
a e
a x
[Multiply and divide by a]

Taking limit as x 0 , we have

a x
ax b
x 0 x 0
y e 1
lim a e lim
x a x
+

or
ax b
dy
a e 1
dx
+

x
x 0
e 1
lim 1
x
1
1
1
]

ax b
ae
+
MATHEMATI CS 279
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
Working rule :

( )
( )
ax b ax b ax b
d d
e e ax b e a
dx dx
+ + +
+

( )
ax b ax b
d
e ae
dx
+ +
Example 23.1 Find the derivative of each of the follwoing functions :

(i)
5x
e (ii)
ax
e (iii)
3x
2
e
Soution : (i) Let

5x
y e .
Then
t
y e where 5 x = t
t
dy
e
dt

and
dt
5
dx
We know that,
dy dy dt
dx dt dx

t
e 5
5x
5e
Alternatively
( )
( )
5x 5x 5x
d d
e e 5x e 5
dx dx

5x
5e
(ii) Let
ax
y e
Then
t
y e when t = ax
t
dy
e
dt

and
dt
a
dx

We know that,
t
dy dy dt
e a
dx dt dx

Thus,
ax
dy
a e
dx

(iii) Let
3x
2
y e

3
x
2
dy d 3
e x
dt dx 2
_

,
Thus,
3x
2
dy 3
e
dt 2
Example 23.2 Find the derivative of each of the following :

(i)
x
y e 2cosx + (ii)
2
x x
5
y e 2sinx e 2e
3
+ +
MATHEMATI CS
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
280
Solution : (i)
x
y e 2cosx +
( )
( )
x
dy d d
e 2 cos x
dx dx dx
+

x
e 2sinx
(ii)
2
x x
5
y e 2sinx e 2e
3
+ +

( )
2
x 2 x
dy d 5
e x 2cos x e 0
dx dx 3
+ +
[Since e is constant]
2
x x
5
2xe 2cosx e
3
+
Example 23.3 Find
dy
dx
, when
(i)
xcosx
y e (ii)
x
1
y e
x
(iii)
1 x
1 x
y e

+
Solution : (i)
xcosx
y e
( )
xc os x
dy d
e x c o s x
dx dx

xc os x
dy d d
e x cosx cosx (x)
dx dx dx
1
+
1
]

[ ]
xcosx
e xsinx cosx +
(ii)
x
1
y e
x
( )
x x
dy d 1 1 d
e e
dx dx x x dx
_
+

,
[Using product rule]
x x
2
1 1
e e
x
x
+
x x
2 2
e e
[ 1 x] [x 1]
x x
+
(iii)
1 x
1 x
y e

+

1 x
1 x
dy d 1 x
e
dx dx 1 x
+
_

+
,
1 x
1 x
2
1.(1 x) (1 x).1
e
(1 x)
+
1
+
1
+ 1
]
1 x
1 x
2
2
e
(1 x)
+
1
1
+ 1
]
1 x
1 x
2
2
e
(1 x)
+
MATHEMATI CS 281
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
Example 23.4 Find the derivative of each of the following functions :
(i)
sinx x
e sine
(ii) ( )
ax
e cos bx c +
Solution :
sinx x
y e sine
( )
sinx x x sinx
dy d d
e sine sine e
dx dx dx
+
( )
( )
sinx x x x si nx
d d
e cose e sine e sinx
dx dx
+
sinx x x x si nx
e cose e sine e cosx +
sinx x x x
e [e cose sine cosx] +
(ii)
ax
y e cos(bx c) +

( )
ax ax
dy d d
e cos(bx c) cos bx c e
dx dx dx
+ + +
ax ax
d d
e [ sin(bx c)] (bx c) cos(bx c)e (ax)
dx dx
+ + + +
ax ax
e sin(bx c) b cos(bx c)e .a + + +
ax
e [ bsin(bx c) acos(bx c)] + + +
Example 23.5 Find
dy
dx
, if
ax
e
y
sin(bx c)
+
Solution :
ax ax
2
d d
sin(bx c) e e [sin(bx c)]
dy
dx dx
dx
sin (bx c)
+ +
+
ax ax
2
sin(bx c).e .a e cos(bx c).b
sin (bx c)
+ +
+
ax
2
e [asin(bx c) bcos(bx c)]
sin (bx c)
+ +
+
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 23.1
1. Find the derivative of each of the following functions :
(a)
5x
e (b)
7x 4
e
+
(c)
2x
e
(d)
7
x
2
e
(e)
2
x 2x
e
+
2. Find
dy
dx
, if
MATHEMATI CS
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
282
(a)
x
1
y e 5e
3

(b)
x
1
y tanx 2sinx 3cosx e
2
+ +
(c)
x
y 5sinx 2e (d)
x x
y e e
+
(a)
x 1
f(x) e
+
(b)
cotx
f(x) e
(c)
2
xsin x
f(x) e
(d)
2
xsec x
f(x) e
(a)
x
f(x) (x 1)e (b)
2x 2
f(x) e sin x
5. Find
dy
dx
, if
(a)
2x
2
e
y
x 1
+
(b)
2x
e cos x
y
x sin x
23.2 DERIVATIVE OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

We first consider logarithmic function
Let y l o g x .....(i)
( ) y y log x x + + .....(ii)
(
x
and y are corresponding small increments in x and y)
From (i) and (ii), we get
( ) y log x x l ogx +

x x
log
x
+
y 1 x
log 1
x x x

1
+
1

]

1 x x
log 1
x x x
1
+
1
]
[Multiply and divide by x]

x
x 1 x
log 1
x x
1
+
1
]
Taking limits of both sides, as
x 0
, we get
x
x
x 0 x 0
y 1 x
lim lim log 1
x x x

1
+
1
]
MATHEMATI CS 283
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus

x
x
x 0
dy 1 x
log lim 1
dx x x

_
+
' ;

,

1
l oge
x

x
x
x 0
x
lim 1 e
x

1
_ 1
+

1
, ]
Q
1
x
Thus,
d 1
(logx)
dx x
Next, we consider logarithmic function

y log(ax b) + ...(i)
y y log[a(x x) b] + + + ...(ii)
[
x
and y are corresponding small increments]
From (i) and (ii), we get
y log[a(x x) b] log(ax b) + + +
a(x x) b
log
ax b
+ +
+
(ax b) a x
log
ax b
+ +
+
a x
log 1
ax b
1
+
1
+
]

y 1 a x
log 1
x x ax b
1
+
1
+
]
a ax b a x
log 1
ax b a x ax b
+ 1
+
1
+ +
]
a
Multiply and divide by
ax+b
1
1
]
ax b
a x a a x
log 1
ax b ax b
+
1
+
1
+ +
]
Taking limits on both sides as
x 0
ax b
a x
x 0 x 0
y a a x
lim lim log 1
x ax b ax b
+

1
+
1
+ +
]
or
dy a
loge
dx ax b
+
( )
1
x
x 0
lim 1 x e
1
1
+
1
]
Q
or,
dy a
dx ax b
+
MATHEMATI CS
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
284
Working rule :

d 1 d
log(ax b) (ax b)
dx ax b dx
+ +
+

1 a
a
ax b ax b

+ +
Example 23.6 Find the derivative of each of the functions given below :
(i)
5
y logx (ii) y log x (iii)
( )
3
y l ogx
Solution : (i)
5
y logx = 5 log x

dy 1 5
5
dx x x

(ii)
y log x

1
2
logx
or
1
y logx
2
dy 1 1 1
dx 2 x 2x

(iii)
( )
3
y l ogx

3
y t , when t logx

2
dy
3t
dt

and
dt 1
dx x
We know that,
2
dy dy dt 1
3t
dx dt dx x

2
dy 1
3(logx)
dx x

2
dy 3
(logx)
dx x
Example 23.7 Find,

dy
dx
if
(i)
3
y x logx (ii)
x
y e l ogx
Solution :
(i)
3
y x logx

3 3
dy d d
logx (x ) x (logx)
dx dx dx
+
[Using Product rule]
2 3
1
3x logx x
x
+
( )
2
x 3logx 1 +
MATHEMATI CS 285
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
(ii)
x
y e l ogx

x x
dy d d
e (logx) logx e
dx dx dx
+
x x
1
e e logx
x
+
x
1
e logx
x
1
+
1
]
(i) log tan x (ii) log [cos (log x )]
Solution : (i) Let y = log tan x
dy 1 d
(t anx)
dx t anx dx

2
1
sec x
t anx

2
cosx 1
s i nx
cos x

= cosec x.sec x
(ii) Let y = log [cos (log x)]
dy 1 d
[cos(logx)]
dx cos(logx) dx

( )
( )
1 d
sinlogx l ogx
cos logx dx
1

1
]

sin(logx) 1
cos(logx) x

1
tan(logx)
x

Example 23.9 Find
dy
dx
, if y = log(sec x + tan x)
Solution : y = log (sec x + tax x )
( )
dy 1 d
s ecx t a n x
dx secx t a nx dx
+
+

2
1
sec x t anx sec x
secx t a n x
1
+
]
+
[ ]
1
secx sec x t a n x
secx t a n x
+
+
MATHEMATI CS
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
286

secx(t anx secx)
s ecx t a n x
+
+
= sec x
Example 23.10 Find
dy
dx
, if

1
2 2
2
3
3
4
(4x 1)(1 x )
y
x (x 7)
+
Solution : Although, you can find the derivative directly using quotient rule (and product rule)
but if you take logarithm on both sides, the product changes to addition and division changes to
subtraction. This simplifies the process:
1
2 2
2
3
3
4
(4x 1)(1 x )
y
x (x 7)
+
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
( )( )
( )
1
2 2
2
3
3
4
4x 1 1 x
logy log
x x 7
1
1
+
1
1
]
or ( ) ( )
2 2
1 3
logy log 4x 1 log 1 x 3logx log(x 7)
2 4
+ +
[ Using log properties]
Now, taking derivative on both sides, we get

2 2
d 1 1 3 3 1
(logy) 8x 2x
dx x 4 x 7
4x 1 2(1 x )
_
+

, +
( )
2 2
1 dy 8x x 3 3
y dx x 4 x 7
4x 1 1 x
+
+

2 2
dy 8x x 3 3
y
dx x 4(x 7)
4x 1 1 x
1
+
1
+ ]

2 2
3 2 2
3
4
(4x 1) 1 x 8x x 3 3
x 4(x 7)
4x 1 1 x
x (x 7)
1 +
+
1
+ ]
MATHEMATI CS 287
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
1. Find the derivative of each the functions given below:
(a) f (x) = 5 sin x - 2 log x (b) f (x) = log cos x
2. Find
dy
dx
, if
(a)
2
x
y e logx
(b)
2
x
e
y
l ogx

(a) y = log ( sin log x ) (b) y = log tan
x
4 2
_
+

,
(c)
a bt anx
y log
a bt anx
+ 1
1
]
(d) y = log (log x )
4. Find
dy
dx
, if
(a)
2 1 1 3
2
3 7 2 2
y (1 x) (2 x) (x 5) (x 9)
+ + + (b)
3
2
5 1
2
4 4
x(1 2x)
y
(3 4x) (3 7x )
+
23.3 DERIVATIVE OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION (CONTINUED)
We know that derivative of the function
n
x w.r.t. x is n
n 1
x

, where n is a constant. This rule is
not applicable, when exponent is a variable. In such cases we take logarithm of the function and
then find its derivative.
Therefore, this process is useful, when the given function is of the type
( ) [ ]
( ) g x
f x
. For example,
x x
a , x etc.
Note : Here f(x) may be constant.
Derivative of a
x
w.r.t. x
Let
x
y a , a > 0
Taking log on both sides, we get
x
logy loga xloga [
n
logm nlogm]
( )
d d
logy (xloga)
dx dx
or
( )
1 dy d
loga x
y dx dx

or
dy
yloga
dx

MATHEMATI CS
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
288

x
a loga
Thus,
x x
d
a a loga
dx

, a > 0
(i)
x
y x (ii)
sinx
y x
Solution : (i)
x
y x
Taking logrithms on both sides, we get
logy xl ogx
Taking derivative on both sides, we get
1 dy d d
logx (x) x (logx)
y dx dx dx
+
[Using product rule]
1 dy 1
1 logx x
y dx x
+
= log x + 1

dy
y[logx 1]
dx
+
Thus,
x
dy
x (logx 1)
dx
+
(ii)
sinx
y x
log y = sin x log x

1 dy d
(sinxlogx)
y dx dx

or
1 dy 1
cosx.logx si nx
y dx x
+
or
dy sinx
y cosxlogx
dx x
1
+
1
]
Thus,
sinx
dy si nx
x cosxlogx
dx x
1
+
1
]
Example 23.12 Find the derivative, if
( )
( )
s i n x
x
1
y l ogx sin x
+
Solution : Here taking logarithm on both sides will not help us as we cannot put
MATHEMATI CS 289
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus

x 1 si nx
(logx) (sin x)
+ in simpler form. So we put

x
u (logx) and
1 si nx
v (sin x)
Then, y u v +
dy du dv
dx dx dx
+
......(i)
Now
x
u (logx)
Taking log on both sides, we have
x
logu log(logx)
logu xlog(logx)
n
log m nl ogm
1
]
Q
Now, finding the derivative on both sides, we get
1 du 1 1
1 log(logx) x
u dx logx x
+
Thus,
du 1
u log(logx)
dx l ogx
1
+
1
]
Thus,
x
du 1
(logx) log(logx)
dx l ogx
1
+
1
]
.....(ii)
Also,
1 si nx
v (sin x)

1
logv sinxlog(sin x)
Taking derivative on both sides, we have

1
d d
(logv) [sinxlog(sin x)]
dx dx

( )
1
1
2
1 dv 1 1
sinx cosx log sin x
v dx
sin x
1 x

or,
1
1 2
dv si nx
v cosx logsin x
dx
sin x 1 x

1
+
1
]
( ) ( )
si nx
1 1
1 2
si nx
sin x cosxlog sin x
sin x 1 x

1
+
1
]
....(iii)
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we have
( ) ( )
( )
sinx
x
1 1
1 2
dy 1 sinx
logx log logx sin x cosxlogsin x
dx logx
sin x 1 x

1 1
+ + +
1 1
]

]
Example 23.13 If
y x y
x e ,
prove that

( )
2
dy l ogx
dx
1 l ogx
+
MATHEMATI CS
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
290
Solution : It is given that
y x y
x e

...(i)
ylogx (x y)loge
(x y)
or y(1 logx) x + [ ] l oge 1 Q
or
x
y
1 logx
+
(ii)
Taking derivative with respect to x on both sides of (ii), we get

( )
( )
2
1
1 l ogx 1 x
dy x
dx
1 l o g x
_
+

,
+

( ) ( )
2 2
1 l ogx 1 l ogx
1 l ogx 1 l ogx
+

+ +
Example 23.14 Find ,
dy
dx
if
x 1 1
e l ogy sin x sin y

+
Solution : We are given that
x 1 1
e l ogy sin x sin y

+
Taking derivative with respect to x of both sides, we get
x x
2 2
1 dy 1 1 dy
e e l o g y
y d x dx
1 x 1 y
_
+ +

,

or
x
x
2 2
e 1 dy 1
e l ogy
y dx
1 y 1 x
1

1
1
]
or
2 x 2
x 2 2
y 1 y 1 e 1 x l o g y dy
dx
e 1 y y 1 x
1

]
1

]
Example 23.15 Find
dy
dx
, if
( )
( )
( ) cosx ......
cos x
y cosx

Solution : We are given that

( )
( )
( )
( )
cosx ......
cosx y
y cosx c os x

MATHEMATI CS 291
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
l ogy y l ogcos x
Differentiating (i) w.r.t.x, we get

( ) ( )
1 dy 1 dy
y s i nx log c o s x
y dx cos x dx
+
or
( )
1 dy
log cos x y t a n x
y dx
1

1
]
or ( )
2
dy
1 yl og cosx y t a n x
dx
1
]
or
( )
2
dy y t a nx
dx 1 yl og c os x

1. Find the derivative with respect to x of each the following functions :
(a)
x
y 5 (b)
x x
y 3 4 + (c)
x
y sin(5 )
2. Find
dy
dx
, if
(a)
2x
y x (b)
logx
y (cosx) (c)
si nx
y (logx)
(d)
x
y (tanx) (e)
2
2 x
y (1 x ) +
(f)
2
(x sinx)
y x
+
3. Find the derivative of each of the functions given below :

(a)
cotx x
y (tanx) (cotx) + (b)
1
logx sin x
y x (sinx)

+
(c)
tanx cosx
y x (sinx) + (d)
2
x logx
y (x) (logx) +
4. If
( )
( )
( ) si nx. . . . . .
s i nx
y s i nx

, show that

( )
2
dy y cot x
dx 1 yl og s i nx
5. If y l ogx l ogx l ogx ...... + + + , show that

( )
dy 1
dx x 2x 1
MATHEMATI CS
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
292
23.4 SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVES
In the previous lesson we found the derivatives of second order of trigonometric and inverse
trigonometric functions by using the formulae for the derivatives of trigonometric and inverse
trigonometric functions, various laws of derivatives, including chain rule, and power rule discussed
earlier in lesson 21. In a similar manner, we will discuss second order derivative of exponential
and logarithmic functions :
Example 23.16 Find the second order derivative of each of the following :
(i)
x
e (ii) cos (logx) (iii)
x
x
Solution : (i) Let
x
y e
Taking derivative w.r.t. x on both sides, we get
x
dy
e
dx

2
x x
2
d y d
(e ) e
dx
dx

2
x
2
d y
e
dx

(ii) Let y = cos (log x)
Taking derivative w.r.t x on both sides, we get
( )
( ) sin l ogx dy 1
sin l ogx
dx x x

( )
2
2
sin l ogx
d y d
dx x
dx
1

1
]
or
( ) ( )
2
1
x cos l ogx sin l ogx
x
x

( ) ( )
2
2 2
sin l ogx cos l o g x d y
dx x
(iii) Let
x
y x
log y = x log x ....(i)
Taking derivative w.r.t. x of both sides, we get
1 dy 1
x logx 1 logx
y dx x
+ +
or
dy
y(1 logx)
dx
+
....(ii)
Taking derivative w.r.t. x on both sides we get
MATHEMATI CS 293
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
[ ]
2
2
d y d
y(1 logx)
dx
dx
+
=
1 dy
y (1 logx)
x dx
+ +
...(iii)
y
(1 logx)y(1 l ogx)
x
+ + +
2
y
(1 l ogx) y
x
+ +
(Using (ii))
2
1
y (1 logx)
x
1
+ +
1
]
( )
2
2 x
2
d y 1
x 1 l o g x
x
dx
1
+ +
1
]
Example 23.17 If
1
acos x
y e

, show that
( )
2
2 2
2
d y dy
1 x x a y 0
dx
dx

.
Solution : We have,
1
acos x
y e

.....(i)
1
acos x
2
dy a
e
dx
1 x
2
ay
1 x

Using (i)
or
2
2 2
2
dy a y
dx
1 x
_

,
( )
2
2 2 2
dy
1 x a y 0
dx
_

,
.....(ii)
Taking derivative of both sides of (ii), we get
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2
dy dy d y dy
2x 2 1 x a 2y 0
dx dx dx
dx
_
+

,
or ( )
2
2 2
2
d y dy
1 x x a y 0
dx
dx

[Dividing through out by
dy
2
dx
]
MATHEMATI CS
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
294
1. Find the second order derivative of each of the following :
(a)
4 5x
x e (b)
( )
5x
tan e
(c)
l o g x
x
2. If ( ) ( ) y acos l ogx bsi n l ogx + , show that
2
2
2
d y dy
x x y 0
dx
dx
+ +
3. If
1
tan x
y e

, prove that
( )
( )
2
2
2
d y dy
1 x 2x 1 0
dx
dx
+ +
l (i)
x x
d
(e ) e
dx

(ii)
x x
d
(a ) a loga ; a 0
dx
>
l If
is a derivable function of x, then

(i)
d d
(e ) e
dx dx

(ii)
d d
(a ) a loga ;a 0
dx dx

>
(iii)
ax b ax b ax b
d
(e ) e a ae
dx
+ + +

l (i)
d 1
(logx)
dx x
(ii)
d 1 d
(log )
dx dx
, if
is a derivable function of x.
l (iii)
d 1 a
log(ax b) a
dx ax b ax b
+
+ +
l http://www.wikipedia.org
l http://mathworld.wolfram.com
LET US SUM UP
SUPPORTIVE WEB SITES
MATHEMATI CS 295
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus

TERMINAL EXERCISE
(a)
x x
(x )
(b)
( )
x
x
x
2. Find
dy
dx
, if
(a)
xl ogs i nx
y a
(b)
1
cos x
y (sinx)

(c)
2
x
1
y 1
x
_
+

,
(d)
3
4 x
x 4
y log e
x 4
1
_ 1

1
+
,
1
]
3. Find the derivative of each of the functions given below :
(a)
2
x x
f(x) cosxlog(x)e x
(b)
1 2 si nx 2x
f(x) (sin x) x e

(a)
l ogx s i nx
y (tanx) (cosx) +
(b)
t anx cos x
y x (si nx) +
5. Find
dy
dx
, if
(a) If
4
2
x x 6
y
(3x 5)
+
+
(b) If
x x
x x
e e
y
(e e )
6. Find
dy
dx
, if
(a) If
x a
y a x
(b)
2
x 2x
y 7
+

(a)
2 2x
y x e cos3x
(b)
x
2 c o t x
y
x
8. If
x.......
x
x
y x ,
prove that
2
dy y
x
dx 1 y l o g x
MATHEMATI CS
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
296
ANSWERS
1. (a)
5x
5e
(b)
7x 4
7e
+
(c)
2x
2e
(d)
7
x
2
7
e
2

(e)
( )
2
x 2x
2 x 1 e
+
+
2. (a)
x
1
e
3
(b)
2 x
1
sec x 2cos x 3s i nx e
2
+
(c)
x
5cosx 2e
(d)
x x
e e
3. (a)
x 1
e
2 x 1
+
+
(b)
2
c o t x
cosec x
e
2 c ot x
1
1
1
]
(c)
2
xsi n x
e [ si nx 2xcos x] s i nx +
(d)
[ ]
2
xsec x 2 2
e sec x 2xsec x t a n x +
4. (a)
x
xe
(b)
2x
2e sinx(sinx cosx) +
5. (a)
2
2x
2 3/ 2
2x x 2
e
(x 1)
+
+
(b)
2x 2
2
e [(2x 1)cotx xcosec x]
x

1. (a)
2
5cosx
x
(b) tanx
2. (a)
2
x
1
e 2xlogx
x
1
+
1
]
(b)
2
2
x
2
2x logx 1
.e
x(logx)
3. (a)
cot(logx)
x
(b) secx
(c)
2
2 2 2
2absec x
a b tan x
(d)
1
xl ogx
4. (a)
2 1 1 3
2
3 7 2 2
(1 x) (2 x) (x 5) (x 9)
+ + +

2
1 2 2x 3
2(1 x) 3(2 x) 2(x 9)
7(x 5)
1
+
1
+ +
1
]
(b)
3
2
5 1
2
4 4
x(1 2x)
(3 4x) (3 7x )
+
2
1 3 5 7x
2x 1 2x 3 4x
2(3 7x )
1
+ 1
+
1
]
MATHEMATI CS 297
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
1. (a)
x
5 log5 (b)
x x
3 log3 4 log4 + (c)
x x
cos5 5 log5
2. (a)
2x
2x (1 logx) + (b)
logx
l ogcosx
(cosx) tanxlogx
x
1
1
]
(c) ( ) ( )
s i n x s i nx
l ogx cosxl og l ogx
x l o g x
1
+
1
]
(d) ( )
x
x
t anx l ogt a nx
s i nxc os x
1
+
1
]
(e)
3
2
x 2
2
x
(1 x) 2xlog(1 x ) 2
1 x
1
+ + + 1
+
1
]
(f)
2
2
(x sinx)
x si nx
x (2x cosx)logx
x
+
1
+
+ + 1
1
]
3. (a)
( )
( ) ( )( )
cotx x 2 2
cosec x 1 logtanx tanx logcotx xcosec xtanx cotx +
(b)
( )
( )
1
sin x logx 1 1
2
logsinx
2x logx sinx cotxsin x
1 x

1
+ +
1
]
(c)
( )
[ ]
cosx
tanx 2
t anx
x sec xlogx sinx cosxcotx sinxlogsinx
x
_
+ +

,
(d)
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
logx x
1 log logx
x x 1 2logx logx
x
1 +
+ +
1
]
1. (a)
( )
5x 4 3 2
e 25x 40x 12x + + (b)
( ){ }
5x 2 x 5x 5x
25e sec e 1 2e t ane
5
+
(c)
3
2l ogx 3
x

TERMINAL EXERCISEs to Terminal uestions
1. (a)
x x
(x ) [x 2xlogx] + (b)
x
(x) x 1 x
x [x logx(logx 1)x ]
+ +
2. (a)
xlogsinx
a [logsinx xcotx]loga +
(b)
( )
1
cos x
1
2
l ogs i nx
si nx cos x c o t x
1 x
1
1
1
]
MATHEMATI CS
Notes
MODULE - V
Calculus
298
(c)
2
x
1
1
x
_
+

,
1 1
2xlog x
1
x
1
x
1
1
_
+
1
,
1
+
1
]
(d)
3 3
1
4(x 4) 4(x 4)
+
+
3. (a)
2
x x
1
cosxlog(x)e x tanx 2x 1 logx
xlogx
1
+ + + +
1
]
(b)
1 2 sinx 2x
2 1
2 sinx
(sin x) .x e cosxlogx 2
x
1 x sin x
1
+ + + 1
1
]
4. (a)
logx
1
(tanx) 2cos ec2xl ogx logtanx
x
1
+
1
]
sinx
(cosx) [ si nxt anx + cosxlog(cosx)] +
(b)
tanx 2
tanx
x sec xlogx
x
1
+
1
]
+
cosx
(sinx) [cotxcosx sinxlogsinx)]
5. (a)
4
2
x x 6
(3x 5)
+
+
4 1 6
x 2(x 6) (3x 5)
1
+
1
+ +
]
(b)
2x
2x 2
4e
(e 1)
6. (a)
x a 1
e
a .x [a xlog a]
+ (b)
2
x 2x
e
7 (2x 2)log 7
+
+
7. (a)
2 2x
2
x e cos3x 2 3tan3x
x

+
' ;

(b)
x
2 cotx 1
log2 2cosec2x
2x x
1

1
]

Differentiating Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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Differentiating Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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MATHEMATI CS 277

l Definition of derivative and rules for finding derivatives of functions.

[Multiply and divide by a]

Example 23.1 Find the derivative of each of the follwoing functions :

Soution : (i) Let

Example 23.2 Find the derivative of each of the following :

23.2 DERIVATIVE OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Next, we consider logarithmic function

Example 23.7 Find,

Taking logarithm on both sides, we get

3. Find the derivative of each of the following functions :

+ in simpler form. So we put

Taking derivative on both sides, we have

Solution : We are given that

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 23.3

3. Find the derivative of each of the functions given below :

5. If y l ogx l ogx l ogx ...... + + + , show that

is a derivable function of x, then

7. Find the derivative of each of the following functions :

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