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(b)

LESSON 2.8 .
Analysing forces in

Forces in Equilibrium
The principle of the forces in
equilibrium states,
“ When forces act upon an object , the Weight = Tension
object is said to be in a state of (c)
equilibrium when the resulting force
acting on the object is zero ( no net
force acting upon it) ”
When the equilibrium is reached, then
the object is in two states, that is
(i) remains stationary (if the object is
stationary)
(ii) moves at a constant velocity ( if
the object is moving)
Based on , F = ma atau a =
F Buoyant force =
Weight
m
When the equilibrium of forces (d)
is achieved, then, F = 0 ,
hence a =0
Thus a = 0 , it means the
object remains stationary or
moves at a constant velocity.

Newton’s Third Law of


Motion
Newton’s third law of motion states , “
To every action there is an equal but
opposite direction” Weight = Normal
reaction
Examples Forces in (e)
Equilibrium
(a)

Weight = Normal reaction


Weight = Normal reaction

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Pulling force = Frictional Two Forces in Equilibrium
force
(f)

P + Q=0
P =-Q

Example 1
Figure shows a stationary wooden
block of mass 2 kg resting on a table.
Weight = Lifting force
Driving force = Dragging
force
(g)
Calculate
(a) the weight of the wooden block
(b) the normal reaction

Solution
Three Forces in
Equilibrium
Weight = Normal reaction
Engine thrust = Air
resistance +
Frictional
force
(h)

P + Q +R=0

When three forces in equilibrium the


triangle of forces in one direction (in
order)

Example 2

The following figure shows a steel


sphere of mass
12 kg suspended from a length of rope
which is pulled to the side by a
Buoyant force = Weight of load horizontal force of M. The tension of
+ Weight of another rope is N.
helium
gas

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In this method the tail of the first
vector is joined to the tail of second
vector and then draw a parallelogram.
The diagonal represents the resultant
force.

Triangle method:
In this method the tip of the first
vector is joined to the tail of second
vector and then draw a line to
(a) Draw a triangle of forces. complete the triangle.
(b) Calculate the value of The third side represents the resultant
(i) M force.
(ii) N
Terdapat dua kaedah menentukan
Solution

daya paduan yang bagi daya-daya


tidak selari.

Example 3
Resultant force
Find the resultant force for the
Force is a vector quantity and hence following figure:-
it has magnitude and direction.
Two or more forces which act on an
object can be combined into a single
force called the resultant force.

If two forces are in same line, vector


addition is easy. We simply add the
forces if both pull or push together;
subtract them if one is in the opposite
direction.

If they are at an angle, the resultant


force can be determined by the
triangle method and the parallelogram
method.

Parallelogram method : Solution:

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Example 4

The figure shows a trolley is pulled by


two forces Fx = F cos θ
Fy = F sin θ
What is the magnitude and the
direction of the resultant force acting • θ is an angle between the force
on the trolley. F to the horizontal line
• the sign of the force depend on
Solution the quadrant where the force ,
F is placed

For an object on a inclined plane, the


weight,W of the object can be resolved
into two components ;
(i) parallel to inclined plane, A
(ii) perpendicular to inclined plane,B

Example 5

Figure shows a boat is pulled by two


forces.
Calculate the magnitude of the
resultant force acting on the trolley.

Solution:

Resolution of forces
A = W sin θ
A force can be resolved into two
components, that is, B = W kos θ
(i) the horizontal component, Fx and
(ii) the vertical component , Fy

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Example 6

Find the values of Px and Py for the


following figures.

TUTORIAL
2.8
1 When the equilibrium is reached
an object

A remains stationary
B moves at a constant velocity
C remains stationary or moves at
a
constant velocity

2 Which of the following shows the


three forces 5N, 12N and 13 N in
equilibrium.
Solution:

Example 7

Figure shows a stationary wooden


block of mass 50 g which is placed on
a inclined plane that is at an angle of
40o to the horizontal.
What is the magnitude of the weight
parallel to the inclined plane.

Solution

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3 Figure shows three forces F1 , F2 What is the tension , L?
and F3 acting at a point.
A 40 N B 30 N
C 20 N D 10 N
E 5N

6 Figure shows a monkey hangs


from the middle of a massless
rope.

Which of the following vector


diagram represents the forces
correctly?

4 Figure shows the forces 10 N, P If the tension of each strings is


and Q acting at a point in 150 N, what is the mass of the
equilibrium. monkey?

A 5 kg B 10 kg
C 15 kg D 20 kg
E 30 kg

7 Figure shows three loads


suspended from inelastic strings
through two smooth pulleys.
What is the magnitude of the
force, P ?

A 5.0 N B 6.4 N
C 8.7 N D 10.0 N
E 12.7 N

5 Figure shows the three forces L , M


If the three loads in equilibrium,
and N acting on a point O and
what is the value of W ?
which are in equilibrium
A 8N B 12 N
C 16 N D 24 N
E 32 N

8 Figure shows a lantern of mass 0.2


kg is suspended by a string that is
joined two other strings.

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11 Figure shows two forces 9 N and
12 N act at a point O.

What is the tension in each string


P and Q ?

A 0.86 N B 1.00 N
C 1.74 N D 2.00 N
E 3.48 N

9 The figure shows three identical Which of the following figures


pictures are hang differently on a show the resultant of two forces.
wall .

Which comparison is true about


the tension of each strings in the
arrangement of P ,Q and R?
12 Figure shows two forces 3 N and
A Tension in P > Tension in Q > 4 N which are perpendicular each
Tension in R other.
B Tension in Q > Tension in P >
Tension in R
C Tension in P > Tension in R >
Tension in Q
D Tension in R > Tension in Q >
Tension in P

10 Which of the following produces


the largest resultant force?
What is the angle between the
resultant force to the force of 4 N?

A 53.1o B 48.8o
C 42.0o D 36.9o
E 23.5o

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13 Figure shows two forces 5 N and 4
N act at a point and make an angle
of 60o with each other.

What is the magnitude of the


resultant force acting on the
ground?

What is the resultant force ? A 217 N B 433 N


C 560 N D 866 N
A 12.5 N B 9.2 N E 1732 N
C 7. 8 N D 3.0 N
E 1.5 N 16 Figure shows two forces 15 N and
10 N are applied at a point O.

14 Figure shows two forces F N


respectively act at a point O and
make an angle of 120o with each
other.

What is the resultant force?

A 9.5 N B 10.2 N
C 10.6 N D 11.8 N
E 12.4 N
What is the resultant force?
A ¼FN B ½FN 17
C FN D ¾FN
E 2F N

15 Figure shows two lengths of


cables, PQ and RQ are used to hold
a flagpole upright. Each cable has
a tension 1 000 N and makes and
angle 60o to the surface of the Based on the figure above , which
ground. of the following figures show the
resultant of two forces

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18 Which of the following figures What is the vertical component of
give the largest resultant force the force?
of three forces.
A 27.5 N B 12. 5 N
C 9.5 N D 7.5 N
E 4.5 N

21 Figure shows a gardener pushes a


lawnmower with a force 500 N at
an angle 60o to the surface of the
field.

19 Figure shows four forces 3 N, 8 N,


8 N and 20 N acting at a point.

What is the force pushing the


lawnmower forward ?
.
A 50 N B 125 N
C 250 D 500 N
E 1000 N

What is the resultant force acting


at the point?

A 5N B 6N
C 8N D 10 N
E 13 N

20 Figure shows a trolley being 22 Figure shows a small carton of


pushed by a 15 N force on a floor. weight 50 N is placed on a inclined
plane makes an angle 30o to the
horizontal .

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A 5.14 ms-2 B 6.13
-2
ms C 6.42 ms-2 D
7.66 ms-2 E 8.00 ms-2

25 Figure(a) shows a situation in tug


of war contest. The rope remains
stationary at central line although
the rope is pulled at opposite ends
What is the value of F ?
by both of teams.
F1 and F2 are the forces acting at
A 50 N B 25 N
the rope.
C 20 N D 10 N
E 5N

23 Figure shows a trolley of mass 2 kg


being pulled by a 10 N force on a
rough surface . The frictional force Figure (a)
between the rough surface and the Figure (b) shows a car is moving
trolley is 2 N. at an uniform velocity 20 ms-1
along a straight road.
F3 dan F4 are the forces acting at
the car.

What is the acceleration of the


trolley? Figure (b)
(a) Name the force
A 0.5 ms-2 B 1.0 ms- (i) F1
2
C 1.5 ms-2 D 3.0
………………………………
ms-2
……
E 6.0 ms-2
(ii) F4
24 Figure shows a toy car of mass 0.8
………………………………
kg which is released from rest and
…….
is now moving down a smooth
(b) What is the magnitude of
inclined plane. The inclined plane
resultant force between
makes an angle of 50o with the
(i) F1 and F2
horizontal plane.
………………………………
……
(ii) F3 and F4

………………………………
…..
(c) Based on your answers in (b)(i)
What is acceleration experienced and (b)(ii) also the
by the toy car informations in Figure(a) and
Figure(b), relate the situations

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to deduce a relevant physics ………………………………………
concept and hence name the ………………
concept. (c) What will happen when the
forward thrust is increased?
………………………………………
………… ……………………………………………
…………
……………………………….…… (d) Why the cyclist thrown forward
…………... when
(d) (i) What will happen to the bicycle runs over a stone.?
the motion of the car if F3
is 8 000N ? ……………………………………………
…………
………………………………… (e) Explain why the cyclist can
……….. gets serious injuries if he falls
(ii) Give one reason for into the road which the surface
your answer in is very hard.
(d)(i).
………………………………………
………………………………… ………………
………..
……………………………………………
26 Figure shows a cyclist is riding …………
along a road at a constant velocity.
The total of downward force acting ……………………………………………
on the bicycle and the cyclist is …………
650 N. The normal reaction of the
front tyre is 300 N and forward
thrust is 200 N.

27 Figure shows a ball of mass 4kg


suspended from a length of rope
NO which is pulled by two ropes
NP and NM.

(a) Calculate the normal reaction


,P acting on the rear tyre .

(b) Give one reason why the


total resistance,Q should be
200 N at that moment?

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(a) Draw a vector diagram to
show the action of the forces.

(b) Determine
(i) the value of T

(ii) the value of angle k (a) Determine the resultant force


along x-axis

(c) If the rope NO is cut , the time


taken for the ball to reach the
floor is 2.5 s .
(i) What is the velocity of the
ball when it reaches the
floor? (b) Determine the resultant force
along y-axis

(ii) What is the height of the


ball from the floor. (c) Determine the resultant force
acting on the ship.

28 Figure shows a ship is pulled


horizontally by two boats with two 29 Figure shows a man pulls a trolley
forces 6 kN and 10 kN. full of groceries with a force 70 N
at an angle 20o to the surface of
the floor.

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(a) What is
(i) the horizontal component
of the pulling force?

(ii) the vertical component of 30 Figure show a sampan in river is


the pulling force? pulled by a workman. The workman
pulls with a force of 400 N and the
rope used make an angle 50o with
the bank of the river.
(b) If the total mass of the trolley
and the groceries is 60 kg,
determine
(i) the acceleration of the
trolley

(ii) the force cause by the


trolley and the groceries
only acting on floor. (a) What is the force pulling the
sampan forward.

(b) What is the force pulling the


sampan
to the bank?
(iii) the total force acting on
the floor.
(c) (i) If the length of the rope is
increased ,
how easier for the
(d) If the trolley is pushed by workman to pull the
the man at a same angle sampan forward?
as the trolley is pulled ,
what is the total force ...........................................
acting on the floor. .................
(ii) Give the reason for your
answer in (c)(i)

…………………………………
………..

…………………………………
………..

…………………………………
………..

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…………………………………
………..

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