Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

Nguyen nh Hanh

OXIT
I- TNH CHAT HOA HOC: OXIT BAZ 1) Oxit baz + nc dung dch baz Vd : CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 2) oxit baz + axit muoi + nc Vd : CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O Na2O + 2HNO3 2NaNO3 + H2O 3) Oxit baz (tan) + oxit axit muoi Vd : Na2O + CO2 Na2CO3 OXIT AXIT 1) Oxit axit + nc dung dch axit Vd : SO3 + H2O H2SO4 2) Oxit axit + dd baz muoi + nc Vd : CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O 3) Oxit axit + oxit baz (tan) muoi Vd : ( xem phan oxit baz )

Lu y : - Cac oxit trung tnh ( CO,NO,N2O ) khong tac dung vi nc, axit, baz ( khong tao muoi ) - Mot so oxit lng tnh ( Al2O3, ZnO, BeO, Cr2O3 ) tac dung c vi ca axit va dd baz Vd : Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O - Cac oxit lng tnh tao ra goc axit co dang chung : RO2 , co hoa tr = 4 hoa tr kim loai R - Mot so oxit hon tap khi tac dung vi axit hoac dung dch baz th tao ra nhieu muoi Vd: Fe3O4 la oxit hon tap cua Fe(II) va Fe(III) Fe3O4 + 8HCl FeCl2 + 2FeCl3 + 4H2O Vd 2 : NO2 la oxit hon tap tng ng vi 2 axit HNO2 va HNO3 2NO2 + 2NaOH NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O Natri nitrit Natri nitrat II- PHNG PHAP IEU CHE TRC TIEP 1)ot cac kim loai hoac phi kim trong kh O2 ( tr Ag,Au,Pt va N2 ): t0C 2) Nhiet phan baz khong tan V du : 2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O 3) Nhiet phan mot so muoi : Cacbonat ,nitrat , sunfat cua mot so cac kim loai ( Xem bai P nhiet phan) t0C V du : 2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2 0 tC CaCO3 CaO + CO2 4) ieu che cac hp chat khong ben phan huy ra oxit V du : 2AgNO3 + 2NaOH 2NaNO3 + AgOH Ag2O H2O -------------------------------------

BAZ

Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

Nguyen nh Hanh

I- TNH CHAT HOA HOC BAZ TAN 1) Lam oi mau chat ch th QT xanh dd baz + Phenolphtalein : hong 2) dd baz + axit muoi + nc NaOH + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O 3) dd baz + oxit axit muoi + nc Ba(OH)2 + CO2 BaCO3 + H2O 4) dung dch baz tac dung vi muoi ( xem bai muoi ) 5) dd baz tac dung vi chat lng tnh 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 BAZ KT 1) Baz KT + axit muoi + nc Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl CuCl2 + 2H2O t0C 2) Baz KT oxit baz + nc t0C 2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O

II- PHNG PHAP IEU CHE TRC TIEP 1) ieu che baz tan * Kim loai tng ng + H2O dd baz + H2 V du : Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2 * Oxit baz + H2O dd baz * ien phan dung dch muoi ( thng dung muoi clorua, bromua ) pdd V du : 2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2
co ma ng nga n

* Muoi + dd baz muoi mi + baz mi V du : Na2CO3 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + 2NaOH 2) ieu che baz khong tan * Muoi + dd baz muoi mi + baz mi V du : CuCl2 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + 2NaCl -----------------------------------------

AXIT
I- TNH CHAT HOA HOC 1) Tac dung vi chat ch th mau: Dung dch axit lam qu tm o 2) Tac dung vi kim loai : a) oi vi cac axit thng (HCl, H2SO4 loang ) Axit + kim loai hoat ong muoi + H2 V du : 2HCl + Fe FeCl2 + H2 b) oi vi cac axit co tnh oxi hoa manh nh H2SO4 ac , HNO3

Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

Nguyen nh Hanh

H2SO4 ac

SO2

(hac ) Kim loai ( tr Au,Pt) + HNO3 ac Muoi HT cao + H2O + (2 ) NO2 (nau) HNO3 loang NO V du : 3Fe + 4HNO3 loang Fe(NO3)3 + 2H2O + NO 3) Tac dung vi baz ( Phan ng trung hoa ) Axit + baz muoi + nc V du : HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O H2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 CuSO4 + 2H2O 4) Tac dung vi oxit baz Axit + oxit baz muoi + nc V du : Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O Lu y: Cac axit co tnh oxi hoa manh ( HNO3, H2SO4 ac ) khi tac dung vi cac hp chat oxit, baz, hoac muoi cua kim loai co hoa tr cha cao th cho san pham nh khi tac dung vi kim loai a c no ng V du : 4HNO3 + FeO Fe(NO3)3 + 2H2O + NO2 5) Tac dung vi muoi ( xem bai muoi ) 6) Tac dung vi phi kim ran : C,P,S ( xay ra oi vi axit co tnh oxi hoa manh : H2SO4 ac , HNO3 ) H2SO4 ac SO2 Phi kim + HNO3 ac Axit cua PK + nc + NO2 HNO3 loang NO V du : P S + +
a c no ng 2H2SO4 3SO2 + 2H2O a c no ng 5HNO3 H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O

II- PHNG PHAP IEU CHE TRC TIEP 1) oi vi axit co oxi : * oxit axit + nc axit tng ng * axit + muoi muoi mi + axit mi * Mot so PK ran + Axit co tnh oxi hoa manh 2) oi vi axit khong co oxi * Phi kim + H2 hp chat kh ( Hoa tan trong nc thanh dung dch axit ) * Halogen (F2 ,Cl2,Br2) + nc : V du : 2F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2 * Muoi + Axit muoi mi + axit mi V du : Na2S + H2SO4 H2S + Na2SO4 -------------------

MUOI
I- TNH CHAT HOA HOC 1) Tac dung vi kim loai Dung dch muoi + kim loai KT
(2 )

muoi mi

Kim loai mi

San pham co the la : H2S, SO2, S ( oi vi H2SO4 ) va tao NO2, NO, N2, NH4NO3 ( oi vi HNO3 ).

Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

Nguyen nh Hanh

V du : Fe + Cu(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 + Cu ieu kien : kim loai tham gia phai KT va manh hn kim loai trong muoi 2) Tac dung vi muoi : Hai dung dch muoi tac dung vi nhau tao thanh 2 muoi mi V du: CuCl2 + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2AgCl
3) Tac dung vi baz Dung dch muoi + dung dch baz V du: Fe2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH

muoi mi + baz mi 3Na2SO4 + 2Fe(OH)3

dd vang nau KT nau o 4) Tac dung vi axit Muoi + dung dch axit muoi mi + axit mi V du : H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl ( trang ) CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 5) Muoi b nhiet phan huy: ( Xem bai phan ng nhiet phan ) II- PHAN NG TRAO OI TRONG DUNG DCH 1) Khai niem Phan ng trao oi la phan ng hoa hoc trong o hai hp chat trao oi thanh phan cau tao e tao ra cac san pham Vd : phan ng cua muoi vi : muoi, baz, axit ( ke ca phan ng cua axit vi baz hoac oxit baz ) 2) ieu kien e phan ng trao oi xay ra c San pham sinh ra co t nhat mot chat khong tan, hoac chat kh, hoac nc Lu y : -a so muoi cua axit yeu hn thng b tan trong axit manh hn ( do xay ra phan ng hoa hoc) V du : AgNO3 + H3PO4 Ag3PO4 + HNO3 ( Ag3PO4 b tan trong HNO3 nen khong ton tai ket tua ) -Rieng muoi sunfua cua cac kim loai t Pb ve sau trong day hoat ong hoa hoc cua kim loai khong tan trong cac axit thng gap. V vay p sau ay xay ra c: CuCl2 + H2S CuS ( en ) + 2HCl
II- PHNG PHAP IEU CHE TRC TIEP 1) Cac phan ng thong thng Co the ieu che cac muoi bang s o tom tat nh sau: Kim loai (1 ) Muoi (2 ) Oxit baz (3) Muoi + H2 Hoac kh khac ( 2) oxit axit (3) Axit ( 1 ) Phi kim

Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

Nguyen nh Hanh

Baz (4) Muoi

(4)

Muoi + H2O

(4) (4) Muoi

+ KL, Axit, muoi, dd baz

Giai thch : Cac chat nhanh trai tac dung cac chat cung so nhanh phai tao san pham trung tam. V du : ( 2 ) + ( 2) : oxit baz + oxit axit muoi 2) Cac phan ng chuyen oi gia muoi trung hoa va muoi axit. * Muoi axit + kiem muoi trung hoa + nc v du : NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O 2NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O * Muoi trung hoa + oxit tng ng / H2O muoi axit V du : 2CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 (1) 3) Phan ng chuyen mc hoa tr cua kim loai
2 2 Muoi Fe(III) Muoi Fe(II)

+ PK m a nh ( Cl , Br ... ) + Fe (Cu )

V du : 2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3 6Fe(NO3)2 + 3Cl2 4Fe(NO3)3 + 2FeCl3 Fe2(SO4)3 + Fe 3FeSO4 2FeCl3 + Cu 2FeCl2 + CuCl2 --------------------------------------

PHAN NG NHIET PHAN MUOI ( San pham phu thuoc vao o hoat ong hoa hoc cua kim loai tao muoi ) 1- Nhiet phan muoi Nitrat
t C San pham X + O2 -Neu KL tan th san pham X la : Muoi Nitrit ( mang goc - NO2) t 0C 2NaNO3 + O2 2NaNO2 -Neu KL t Mg Cu : San pham X la: Oxit kim loai + NO2 t 0C 2Cu(NO3)2 + 4NO2 + O2 2CuO -Neu KL sau Cu : San pham X la : Kim loai + NO2 t 0C 2AgNO3 2NO2 + 2O2 2Ag + 2-Nhiet phan muoi Cacbonat ( Ch co muoi khong tan mi b nhiet phan huy ) t 0C Muoi Cacbonat San pham Y + CO2 -Kim loai t Cu ve trc, th san pham Y la : Oxit kim loai t 0C CuCO3 CO2 CuO +
0

Qui luat phan ng chung : Muoi Nitrat

(1)

Phan ng nay giai thch v sao khi thoi hi th vao nc voi trong au tien nc voi b uc, sau o trong tr lai.

Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

Nguyen nh Hanh

-Kim loai sau Cu, th san pham Y la: t 0C Ag2CO3 O2 + 2Ag + 3- Nhiet phan muoi Hirocacbonat
Hirocacbonat
0

Kim loai
CO2
+ CO2

6
+ O2

t 0C

Cacbonat trung hoa

H2O

t C Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O 4- Nhiet phan muoi sunfat ( tr muoi Sunfat cua K, Na, Ba ben vi nhiet ) t 0C Muoi sunfat san pham Z + O2 + SO2 * T Mg Cu th san pham Z la: Oxit kim loai 0 t C 4FeSO4 + 4SO2 + O2 2Fe2O3 * Sau Cu th san pham Z la : Kim Loai t 0C Ag2SO4 SO2 + O2 2Ag + 5- Cac muoi cua nguyen to hoa tr rat cao khi nhiet phan eu cho kh O2 t 0C 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 6- Nhiet phan muoi Amoni : * Amoni cua goc axit de bay hi (- Cl, = CO3 ) : san pham la Axit tao muoi + NH3 t 0C V du : NH4Cl NH3 + HCl t 0C (NH4)2CO3 2NH3 + H2O + CO2 * Amoni cua axit co tnh oxi hoa manh : NH3 chuyen hoa thanh N2O hoac N2 tuy thuoc nhiet o 2500 C V du : NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O

2NH4NO3

400 C 2N2 + O2 + 2H2O -------------------------------------

TNH CHAT HOA HOC CUA MUOI AXIT

Ngoai tnh chat chung cua muoi, cac muoi axit con co nhng tnh chat sau ay: 1- Tac dung vi kiem : Muoi axit + Kiem Muoi trung hoa + Nc VD: NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + CaCO3 + 2H2O 2- Muoi axit cua axit manh the hien ay u tnh chat hoa hoc cua axit tng ng. 2NaHSO4 + Na2CO3 2Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 2KHSO4 + Ba(HCO3)2 BaSO4 + K2SO4 + 2CO2 + 2H2O * Trong phan ng tren, cac muoi NaHSO4 va KHSO4 tac dung vi vai tro nh H2SO4. -----------------------------------------

S THUY PHAN MUOI

Khi cho mot muoi tan trong nc th dung dch thu c co moi trng trung tnh, baz, hoac axit. S thuy phan muoi c tom tat theo bang sau ay :

Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

Nguyen nh Hanh

Muoi cua

Thuy phan

Axit manh va baz Khong Tm manh Axit manh va baz Co Axit o yeu Axit yeu va baz Co Baz Xanh manh Axit yeu va baz Co Tuy ** Tuy** yeu V du : dd Na2CO3 trong nc lam qu tm hoa xanh dd (NH4)2SO4 trong nc lam qu tm hoa o dd Na2SO4 trong nc khong lam oi mau qu tm -----------------------------------

Moi tr ng Trung tnh

oi mau qu tm

Thang pH
Thang pH cho biet mot dung dch co tnh baz hay tnh axit: - Neu pH < 7 moi trng co tnh axit ( pH cang nho th axit cang manh ) - Neu pH = 7 moi trng trung tnh ( nc cat, mot so muoi : NaCl, Na2SO4 ) - Neu pH > 7 moi trng co tnh Baz ( pH cang ln th baz cang manh ) -------------------------------------

**

Tuy vao o yeu cua baz va axit a tao nen muoi o ma moi trng tao ra co the la axit hoac baz.

Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

Nguyen nh Hanh

PHAN NG IEN PHAN MUOI 1) ien phan nong chay: Thng dung muoi clorua cua cac kim loai manh , oxit kim loai (manh), hoac cac baz (ben vi nhiet). pnc -Tong quat: 2RClx 2R + xCl2 pnc V du: 2NaCl 2Na + Cl2 -Co the pnc oxit cua nhom: pnc 2Al2O3 + 3O2 4Al 2) ien phan dung dch a) oi vi muoi cua kim loai tan : * ien phan dd muoi Halogenua ( goc : Cl , Br ) co mang ngan p V du : 2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2
co ma ng nga n

* Neu khong co mang ngan cach ien cc dng th Cl2 tac dung vi NaOH tao dd JaVen p V du : 2NaCl + H2O NaCl + NaClO + H2
kho ng co ma ng nga n

( dung dch Javen ) b) oi vi cac kim loai TB va yeu : khi ien phan dung dch th cho ra kim loai * Neu muoi cha goc halogenua ( Cl , Br ) : San pham la: KL + Phi kim pd.d V du : CuCl2 ( nc khong tham gia ien phan ) Cu + Cl2 * Neu muoi cha goc co oxi: : San pham thng la: kim loai + axit + O2 p 2Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 4HNO3 2Cu + O2 p 2CuSO4 + 2H2O 2Cu + 2H2SO4 + O2 ---------------------------------------------

KIM LOAI
I- DAY HOAT ONG HOA HOC CUA KIM LOAI K, Ba, Ca, Na,Mg,Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb 144424443 Cu , Hg, Ag, Pt, Au 1 4 44 2 4 4 43 (1) 14444 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 43 H (3)
(2)

* (1) Cac kim loai manh * (2) Cac kim loai hoat ong ( trong o : t Zn en Pb la kim loai trung bnh ) * (3) Cac kim loai yeu II- TNH CHAT HOA HOC 1) Tac dung vi nc ( nhiet o thng) * Kim loai ( K Na) + H2O dung dch baz + H2 V du : Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 2) Tac dung vi axit * Kim loai hoat ong + dd axit (HCl,H2SO4 loang) muoi + H2

Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

Nguyen nh Hanh

V du : 2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2 * Kim loai khi tac dung vi HNO3 va H2SO4 ac thng khong giai phong kh H2 a c, no ng V du : Ag + 2HNO3 AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O * Al,Fe,Cr : Khong tac dung vi HNO3 ac, H2SO4 ac nhiet o thng: 3) Tac dung vi muoi : * Kim loai (KT) + Muoi Muoi mi + Kim loai mi V du : Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag 4) Tac dung vi phi kim nhiet o cao: a) Vi O2 oxit baz t0C V du: 3Fe + 2O2 ( Ag,Au,Pt khong P ) Fe3O4 b) Vi phi kim khac ( Cl2,S ) muoi t0C V du: 2Al + 3S Al2S3 5) Tac dung vi kiem : * Kim loai lng tnh ( Al,Zn,Cr) + dd baz muoi + H2 V du: 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 III- PHNG PHAP IEU CHE TRC TIEP. 1) Nhiet luyen kim * oi vi cac kim loai trung bnh va yeu : Kh cac oxit kim loai bang H2,C,CO, Al t0C V du: CuO + H2 + H2O Cu * oi vi cac kim loai manh: ien phan nong chay muoi clorua pnc V du: 2NaCl 2Na + Cl2 2) Thuy luyen kim: ieu che cac kim loai khong tan trong nc * Kim loai manh hn ay kim loai yeu hn ra khoi dd muoi V du: Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu * ien phan dd muoi cua kim loai trung bnh va yeu: pdd V du: FeCl2 Fe + Cl2 3) ien phan oxit kim loai manh : pnc V du: 2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2 4) Nhiet phan muoi cua kim loai yeu hn Cu: t0C V du: 2AgNO3 2Ag + O2 + 2NO2 -----------------------------------------------------

PHI KIM
I- TRANG THAI CUA PHI KIM ieu kien thng cac phi ton tai c 3 trang thai : -Kh : H2,N2, O2, Cl2, F2 -Ran : C.S,P,Si -Long : Br2 II- TNH CHAT HOA HOC CUA PHI KIM 1) Tac dung vi oxi oxit: t0C V du: 4P + 5O2 2P2O5 Lu y : N2 khong chay, cac /c Cl2,Br2,I2 khong tac dung trc tiep vi oxi

Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

Nguyen nh Hanh (2)

2) Tac dung vi kim loai muoi V du : xem bai kim loai

10

3) Tac dung vi Hiro hp chat kh t0C V du: H2 + S H2S a.s H2 + Cl2 2HCl H2 + F2 2HF ( Xay ra ngay trong bong toi ) 4) Mot so tnh chat ac biet cua phi kim a) Cac phi kim F2,Cl2 : Tac dung c vi nc V du : Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO ( khong ben de huy ra : HCl + O ) 2F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2 Lu y : HF co kha nang an mon thuy tinh : SiO2 + 4HF 2H2O b) Cac phi kim Cl2,F2 ,Si : Tac dung c vi kiem V du : Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O a c, no ng 3Cl2 + 6NaOH 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O c) Cac phi kim ran C,S,P tan trong HNO3, H2SO4 ac: a c no ng V du : P + 5HNO3 H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O

SiF4

III- C S ANH GIA O MANH YEU CUA PHI KIM Phi kim nao de phan ng vi H2 hn , hoac de phan ng vi kim loai hn th phi kim o manh hn t0C V du: H2 + S H2S a.s H2 + Cl2 2HCl H2 + F2 2HF ( Xay ra ngay trong bong toi ) Suy ra : F2 > Cl2 > S ( chu y : F2 la phi kim manh nhat ) IV- IEU CHE PHI KIM * Cac phi kim c ieu che chu yeu da vao cac phan ng ien phan , nhiet phan * Dung phi kim manh ay phi kim yeu hn khoi hp chat ( thng dung muoi ) V du : Cl2 + 2NaBr 2NaCl + Br2 ------------------------------

MOT SO PHAN NG NANG CAO

I- Phan ng ot chay: Khi ot mot hp chat trong khong kh th cac nguyen to chuyen sang dang oxit ( tr N,Ag,Au,Pt ) t0C 4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 t0C 2PH3 + 4O2 + 3H2O P2O5 0 tC 2H2S + 3O2 2SO2 + 2H2O ( u oxi, chay hoan toan ) t0C 2H2S + O2 2S + 2H2O ( thieu oxi, chay khong hoan toan )
(2)

Cac phi kim manh : Cl2, Br2, O2 khi tac dung vi kim loai se nang hoa tr cua kim loai len trang thai hoa tr cao nhat.

Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

t0C

Nguyen nh Hanh

11

4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O II- Phan ng san xuat mot so phan bon t0C, x.t -San xuat Ure: 2NH3 + CO2 CO(NH2)2 + H2O -San xuat Amoni nitrat : Ca(NO3)2 + (NH4)2CO3 2NH4NO3 + CaCO3 -ieu che Supe photphat n : hon hp Ca(H2PO4)2 + CaSO4 2H2SO4 + Ca3 (PO4)2 3CaSO4 + 2H3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2SO4 ac Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2CaSO4 -ieu che Supe Photphat kep : 4 H3PO4 + Ca3 (PO4)2 3Ca(H2PO4)2 - San xuat muoi amoni : Kh amoniac + Axit Muoi amoni III- Cac phan ng quan trong khac <5700C 1) 3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2 0 >570 C 2) Fe + H2O + H2 FeO 3) 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 (*) t0C 4) 2Mg + CO2 + C 2MgO 0 tC Mg + H2O ( hi) MgO + H2 pnc 5) 2NaOH 2Na + 2H2O + O2 6) 3Na2CO3 + 2AlCl3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 6NaCl + 3CO2 7) NaAlO2 + CO2 + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaHCO3 8) Al2S3 + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2S ( phan ng thuy
phan )

9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14)

15) 16) no en) 17) Cac PK kem hoat ong : H2, N2 , C ch tac dung c vi kim loai manh nhiet o rat cao: t0C V du : 4Al + 3C Al4C3 t0C Ca + 2C CaC2 ( Canxi cacbua thanh phan chnh cua at en ) t0C 2Na + H2 2NaH ( Natri hirua ) 18) NaH ( Natri hirua) , Na2O2 ( Natri peoxit ) tac dung c vi nc: NaH + H2O NaOH + H2 ( xem NaH Na d hiro ) 2Na2O2 + 2H2O 4NaOH + O2 ( xem Na2O2 Na2O d Oxi )
(*)

Al4C3 + 12H2O 4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4 SO2 + H2S S + H2O SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O 2HBr + H2SO4 ( tng t cho kh Cl2) 8NH3 + 3Br2 6NH4Br + N2 ( tng t cho Cl2) a.s 4HNO3 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 CaOCl2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + Cl2 + H2O ( clorua voi) 2500C NaCl (r) + H2SO4 ac NaHSO4 + HCl 0 tC 2KNO3 + 3C + S K2S + N2 + 3CO2 + Q ( P cua thuoc

phan ng so 4 giai thch c v sao khong dung CO2 e cha chay trong cac am chay Mg

Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

Nguyen nh Hanh

19)
20)

2AgCl 2Ag + Cl2

a.s

12

ieu che Cl2: 2KMnO4 + 16HCl

21)

un nhe 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5 Cl2 + 8H2O un nhe MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O Mg(AlO2)2 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + 2NaAlO2

axit )

NaClO + CO2 + H2O NaHCO3 + HClO 2CaOCl2 + 2CO2 + H2O 2CaCO3 + Cl2O + 2HCl - HClO va Cl2O eu de b phan huy thanh oxi nguyen t, nen co tnh tay mau. 23) 3Na2O2 + 2H3PO4 2Na3PO4 + 3H2O + 3/2 O2 ( neu d 22) 3Na2O2 + H3PO4 Na3PO4 + 3NaOH + 3/2 O2

( neu thieu
+

axit ) 24) 2H2O 25) 26) HCl.NH3 ) 27) S)

Cu + 4NaNO3 + H2SO4 ac Cu(NO3)2 + 2Na2SO4 + 2NO2

tC Si + 2NaOH + H2O Na2SiO3 + 2H2 NH4Cl + Na2CO3 NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 ( xem NH4Cl
0

FeS2

+ 2HCl FeCl2

H2S

+ S

( xem FeS2 FeS d

Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

Nguyen nh Hanh

13

TACH CHAT RA KHOI HON HP

I- PHNG PHAP CHUNG: 1) S o tach hon hp ri khoi nhau: Hon hp :
+Y A AC A Thu gia n tie p A. +X B B ,(Thu tr c tie p B)

-Trong o X thng la chat dung hoa tan hon hp. Chat Y dung e tai tao lai chat a b bien oi trong lan hoa tan vao X. -Ch thu c mot chat tinh khiet neu cac chat trong moi trng khac the vi no. -Co the ket hp vi phng phap vat ly e tach : gan, chng cat, co can, hoa tan trong nc, chiet 2) Lam kho kh : dung cac chat co kha nang hut am nhng chat nay khong c tac dung vi chat can lam kho. Thng dung Axit ac ( H 2SO4), cac anhiric axit (P2O5); cac muoi khan hoac kiem khan .v.v. II- V DU:
Hon hp
+ d.dNaOH tC CuO +d.d HCl ( d ) CuCl2 (dd) Cu(OH )2 CuO(Thu c) SiO2 SiO2 (Thu tr c tie p B)
0

Cac PTHH xay ra: CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O CuCl2 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + 2NaCl t0C Cu(OH)2 CuO + H2O

TNH PHC TAP CUA PHAN NG GIA OXIT AXIT ( HOAC A AXIT ) VI DUNG DCH KIEM
I- KIEN THC CAN NH: Tuy vao t le so mol cap chat tham gia phan ng ma co the tao thanh muoi trung hoa hoac muoi axit 1) Cap CO2, SO2 H2G ( axit) va kiem cua kim loai hoa tr I : NaOH,KOH nkie m at T = th ket qua tao muoi nh sau : noxit axit T 2 phan ng tao muoi trung hoa ( kiem co the d ) T 1 phan ng tao muoi axit ( oxit axit co the d ) 1 < T < 2 phan ng tao hon hp 2 muoi ( phan ng khong co chat nao d) 2) Cap CO2, SO2 H2G ( axit) va kiem cua kim loai hoa tr II : Ca(OH)2,Ba(OH)2 noxit axit at T = th ket qua tao muoi nh sau : nkie m T 2 phan ng tao muoi axit (oxit axit co the d ) T 1 phan ng tao muoi trung hoa (kiem co the d) 1 < T < 2 phan ng tao hon hp 2 muoi ( phan ng khong co chat nao d)

Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

Nguyen nh Hanh

3) Cap P2O5, hoac H3PO4 vi cac dung dch baz th co the tao 3 loai muoi khac nhau ng vi 3 goc : H 2PO4, = HPO4 , PO4 ( Hay th xet trng hp P 2O5 tac dung vi NaOH va P 2O5 vi Ca(OH)2 )

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Nguyen nh Hanh

II- PHNG PHAP GIAI TOAN

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Viec giai bai toan xac nh loai muoi tao thanh trong trng hp oxit axit hoac a axit tac dung vi dung dch baz co the c tom tat theo cac bc sau ay : B1 : Tm so mol cua kiem va so mol oxit B2 : Lap t so T xac nh loai muoi tao thanh , viet PTHH tao ra muoi o. B3 : Tnh toan theo PTHH Neu tao mot muoi : Tnh theo 1 PTHH da vao so mol cua chat p het. Neu tao 2 muoi : at x, y la so mol moi muoi , Tnh theo 2 PTHH da vao x,y B4: Hoan thanh yeu cau cua e bai. Lu y : Neu e bai cho biet kiem d th luon tao muoi trung hoa, con oxit axit d th tao muoi axit. ---------------------------------

NHAN BIET HOA CHAT MAT NHAN

I) PHNG PHAP HOA HOC NHAN BIET HOA CHAT MAT NHAN: - Phan loai cac chat mat nhan e xac nh tnh chat ac trng, t o chon thuoc th ac trng. - Trnh bay : Neu thuoc th a chon ? Chat nhan ra ? Dau hieu e nhan biet (Hien tng) ? Viet PTHH xay ra e minh hoa * Lu y : Neu ch c lay them 1 thuoc th , th chat lay vao phai nhan ra c mot chat sao cho chat nay co kha nang lam thuoc th cho cac chat con lai. II) TOM TAT THUOC TH VA DAU HIEU NHAN BIET MOT SO CHAT VO C:

Chat can nhan biet dd va axit Hoa hoc 9 : can ban nang cao dd kiem Axit sunfuric va muoi sunfat Axit clohiric va muoi clorua
Muoi cua Cu (dd
Xanh lam)

Thuoc th * Qu tm * Qu tm * phenolphtalein * ddBaCl2 * ddAgNO3

Dau hieu ( Hien tng) *Qu tm Nguyen o nh Hanh *Qu tm xanh *Phenolphtalein hong *Co ket tua trang : BaSO4 *Co ket tua trang : AgCl *Ket tua xanh l : Cu(OH)2 *Ket tua trang xanh b hoa nau o trong nc :

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Muoi cua Fe(II)

(dd luc nhat )

* Dung dch kiem

4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 4Fe(OH)3 ( Trang xanh) ( nau o )

Muoi Fe(III) (dd

vang nau)

* Ket tua nau o Fe(OH)3 *Ket tua keo tan c trong kiem d : Al(OH)3 ( trang , Cr(OH)3 (xanh
xam) Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O

d.dch muoi Al, Cr (III)

* Dung dch kiem, d * dd kiem, un nhe * dd AgNO3 * Axit manh * dd CuCl2, Pb(NO3)2 * Axit (HCl, H2SO4 )
* Nc voi trong

Muoi Amoni Muoi Photphat Muoi Sunfua Muoi Cacbonat va muoi Sunfit Muoi Nitrat Kim loai hoat ong Kim loai au day : K , Ba, Ca, Na Kim loai lng tnh: Al; Zn; Be; Cr Kim loai yeu : Cu, Ag, Hg ( thng li sau cng) Cac hp chat co kim loai hoa tr

*Kh mui khai : *Ket tua vang:

NH3 Ag3PO4

*Kh mui trng thoi : H2S *Ket tua en : CuS , PbS *Co kh thoat ra : CO2 , SO2 ( mui hac) * Nc voi b uc: do CaCO3,
CaSO3

* ddH2SO4 ac / Cu * Dung dch axit * H2O * ot chay, quan sat mau ngon la

*Dung dch mau xanh , co kh mau nau NO2 *Co kh bay ra : H2 * Co kh thoat ra ( H2 ) , toa nhieu nhiet * Na ( vang ) ; K ( tm ) ; Li ( o ta ); Ca ( o cam) ; Ba (luc vang ) *Kim loai tan ra va co sui bot kh H2
( neu phai phan biet cac Kim loai nay vi nhau th chon thuoc th e phan biet cac muoi). V du : muoi tao ket tua vi NaCl la AgNO3 suy ra kim loai ban au la Ag.

*Dung dch kiem

* Kim loai tan + NO2 ( nau )

*HNO3 ac

*Co kh bay ra :

Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

Nguyen nh Hanh

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Lu y : * Dung dch muoi cua Axit yeu va Baz manh lam qu tm hoa xanh ( V du: Na2CO3) * Dung dch muoi cua Axit manh va Baz yeu lam qu tm hoa o. ( V du : NH 4Cl ) * Neu A la thuoc th cua B th B cung la thuoc th cua A. * Dau hieu nhan biet phai ac trng va dau hieu ro rang, khong giong cac chat khac . -------------------------

Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

Nguyen nh Hanh

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PHAN NG CHUYEN OI MC HOA TR CUA NGUYEN TO

Trong cac phan ng ket hp hoac phan ng trao oi th hoa tr cua cac nguyen to thng khong thay oi. V vay muon chuyen oi hoa tr cac nguyen to th phai dung mot so phan ng ac biet. 1- Nang hoa tr cua nguyen to trong oxit oxit (HT thap ) + O2 oxit (HT cao) t 0C , xu c ta c VD: 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 t0C 2CO + O2 2CO2 t0C 2Fe3O4 + O2 3Fe2O3 2- Nang hoa tr cua nguyen to trong hp chat vi Clo hoac Oxi Hp chat HT thap + Cl2; O2 Hp chat HT cao t0C VD: 2FeCl2 + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 4Fe(OH)2 +O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 PCl3 + Cl2 PCl5 3- Ha hoa tr cua muoi sat: Muoi Fe (HT cao) + Fe ( hoac KL yeu) Muoi Fe (HT thap) VD: 2FeCl3 + Fe 3FeCl2 Fe2(SO4)3 + Fe 3FeSO4 2FeCl3 + Cu + CuCl2 2FeCl2 Lu y: Phan Cu vi FeCl3 xay ra khong phai do Cu ay c Fe ( khong phai phan ng the) 4- Dung H2SO4 . hoac HNO3 e nang hoa tr cua cac nguyen to trong hp chat. VD: 3FeO + 10HNO3 loang + NO + 5H2O 3Fe(NO3)3 * Khi gap cac phan ng nh muc 4 th nen can bang theo phng phap thang bang hoa tr theo cac bc chung nh sau: - Xac nh nguyen to co hoa tr tang va nguyen to co hoa tr giam. - So hoa tr giam la he so cua cac chat trong qua trnh tang hoa tr. - So hoa tr tang la he so tam thi cua cac chat trong qua trnh giam hoa tr. - Cong them cho he so cua axit bang so lan goc axit sau phan ng. VD: Ta co : giam) giam ) Fe+ H NO3 Fe( N O3 )3 + N O2 + H 2O T Fe Fe(NO3)3 tang 3 hoa tr cua Fe . ( T HNO3 NO2 giam 1 hoa tr cua N. ( 1 e tang bang
0 V III V IV

3 e tang bang

Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

Nguyen nh Hanh

Suy ra he so tam thi la : 1Fe + 3HNO3 1Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + H2O Bu 3(NO3) cho ve trai ta c 6HNO3, suy ra he so cua nc la 3H2O Fe + 6HNO3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O Fe(NO3)3

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Hoa hoc 9 : can ban va nang cao

Nguyen nh Hanh

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TEN THNG GOI CUA MOT SO CHAT VOC Diem tieu: KNO3 Muoi an: NaCl a voi: CaCO3 Voi song: CaO Voi toi: Ca(OH)2 Thach cao song: CaSO4.2H2O Thach cao nung: 2CaSO4.H2O Thach cao khan: CaSO4 Quang : Hematic: Fe2O3 Quang Manhetic: Fe3O4 Quang pyric: FeS2 Qang cupit : Cu2S Diem sinh: S Xut : NaOH Potat: KOH Thach anh: SiO2 Oleum: H2SO4.nSO3