Chapter 28A

Chapter 28A
-
-
Direct Current Circuits
Direct Current Circuits
A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics
Southern Polytechnic State University
A PowerPoint Presentation by
A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics
Southern Polytechnic State University
Southern Polytechnic State University
2007
Objectives:
Objectives:
After completing this
After completing this
module, you should be able to:
module, you should be able to:

Determine the
Determine the
effective resistance
effective resistance
for a number of resistors connected
for a number of resistors connected
in
in
series
series
and in
and in
parallel
parallel
.
.

For
For
simple
simple
and
and
complex
complex
circuits,
circuits,
determine the
determine the
voltage
voltage
and
and
current
current
for each resistor.
for each resistor.

Apply
Apply
Kirchoff
Kirchoff

s
s
laws
laws
to find currents
to find currents
and voltages in complex circuits.
and voltages in complex circuits.
Electrical Circuit Symbols
Electrical Circuit Symbols
Electrical circuits
Electrical circuits
often contain one or more
often contain one or more
resistors grouped together and attached to
resistors grouped together and attached to
an energy source, such as a battery.
an energy source, such as a battery.
The following symbols are often used:
The following symbols are often used:
+ - + -
- + - + -
Ground
Battery
-
+
Resistor
Resistances in Series
Resistances in Series
Resistors are said to be connected in
Resistors are said to be connected in
series
series
when there is a
when there is a
single path
single path
for the current.
for the current.
The current
The current
I
I
is the same for
is the same for
each resistor
each resistor
R
R
1 1
, R
, R
2 2
and
and
R
R
3 3
.
.
The energy gained through
The energy gained through
E
E
is lost through
is lost through
R
R
1 1
, R
, R
2 2
and
and
R
R
3 3
.
.
The same is true for voltages:
The same is true for voltages:
For series
connections:
For series
connections:
I = I
1
= I
2
= I
3
V
T
= V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
I = I
1
= I
2
= I
3
V
T
= V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
R
1
I
V
T
R
2
R
3
Only one current
Equivalent Resistance: Series
Equivalent Resistance: Series
The
The
equivalent resistance R
equivalent resistance R
e e
of a number of
of a number of
resistors connected in series is equal to the
resistors connected in series is equal to the
sum
sum
of the individual resistances.
of the individual resistances.
V
V
T T
= V
= V
1 1
+ V
+ V
2 2
+ V
+ V
3 3
; (V = IR)
; (V = IR)
I
I
T T
R
R
e e
= I
= I
1 1
R
R
1 1
+ I
+ I
2 2
R
R
2 2
+ I
+ I
3 3
R
R
3 3
But . . . I
But . . . I
T T
= I
= I
1 1
= I
= I
2 2
= I
= I
3 3
R
e
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
R
e
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
R
1
I
V
T
R
2
R
3
Equivalent Resistance
Example 1:
Example 1:
Find the equivalent resistance R
Find the equivalent resistance R
e e
.
.
What is the current I in the circuit?
What is the current I in the circuit?
2 O
12 V
1 O
3 O
R
e
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
R
e
= 3 O

+ 2 O

+ 1 O= 6 O
Equivalent R
e
= 6 O
Equivalent R
e
= 6 O
The current is found from Ohm
The current is found from Ohm

s law:
s law:
V =
V =
IR
IR
e e
12 V
6
e
V
I
R
= =
O
I = 2 A
I = 2 A
Example 1 (Cont.):
Example 1 (Cont.):
Show that the voltage drops
Show that the voltage drops
across the three resistors totals the 12
across the three resistors totals the 12
-
-
V emf.
V emf.
2 O
12 V
1 O
3 O
R
e
= 6 O
R
e
= 6 O
I = 2 A
I = 2 A
V
V
1 1
= IR
= IR
1 1
; V
; V
2 2
= IR
= IR
2; 2;
V
V
3 3
= IR
= IR
3 3
Current I = 2 A same in each R.
Current I = 2 A same in each R.
V
V
1 1
=
=
(2 A)(1
(2 A)(1 O) = 2 V
V
V
1 1
=
=
(2 A)(2
(2 A)(2 O) = 4 V
V
V
1 1
=
=
(2 A)(3
(2 A)(3 O) = 6 V
V
V
1 1
+ V
+ V
2 2
+ V
+ V
3 3
= V
= V
T T
2 V + 4 V + 6 V = 12 V
2 V + 4 V + 6 V = 12 V
Check !
Check !
Sources of EMF in Series
Sources of EMF in Series
The
The
output direction
output direction
from a
from a
source of emf is from
source of emf is from
+
+
side:
side:
E
+ -
a
b
Thus, from
Thus, from
a
a
to
to
b
b
the
the
potential increases
potential increases
by
by E
;
;
From
From
b
b
to
to
a
a
, the
, the
potential decreases
potential decreases
by
by E
.
.
Example:
Example:
Find
Find
A
A
V
V
for path
for path
AB
AB
and then for path
and then for path
BA
BA
.
.
R
3 V
+ -
+
-
9 V
A
B
AB:
AB:
A
A
V = +9 V
V = +9 V

3 V =
3 V =
+6 V
+6 V
BA:
BA:
A
A
V = +3 V
V = +3 V
-
-
9 V =
9 V =
-
-
6 V
6 V
A Single Complete Circuit
A Single Complete Circuit
Consider the simple
Consider the simple
series circuit
series circuit
drawn below:
drawn below:
2 O
3 V
+ -
+
-
15 V
A
C
B
D
4 O
Path ABCD: Energy and V
increase through the 15-V
source and decrease
through the 3-V source.
15 V - 3 V =12 V EE=
The net gain in potential is lost through the two
The net gain in potential is lost through the two
resistors: these voltage drops are
resistors: these voltage drops are
IR
IR
2 2
and
and
IR
IR
4 4
,
,
so that
so that
the sum is zero for the entire loop
the sum is zero for the entire loop
.
.
Finding I in a Simple Circuit.
Finding I in a Simple Circuit.
2 O
3 V
+ -
+
-
18 V
A
C
B
D
3 O
Example 2:
Example 2:
Find the current
Find the current
I
I
in the circuit below:
in the circuit below:
18V 3 V 15V E = E =
+ 2 5 R E O O = O =3
Applying Ohm
Applying Ohm

s law:
s law:
15 V
5
I
R
E
= =
E O
E
I = 3 A
In general for a
In general for a
single loop circuit:
single loop circuit:
I
R
E
=
E
E
Summary: Single Loop Circuits:
Summary: Single Loop Circuits:
Resistance Rule: R
e
= ER
Voltage Rule: EE = EIR
: Current I
R
E
=
E
E
R
2
E
1
E
2
R
1
Complex Circuits
Complex Circuits
A
A
complex
complex
circuit is one
circuit is one
containing more than a
containing more than a
single loop and different
single loop and different
current paths.
current paths.
R
2
E
1
R
3
E
2
R
1
I
1
I
3
I
2
m n
At junctions m and n:
At junctions m and n:
I
I
1 1
= I
= I
2 2
+ I
+ I
3 3
or
or
I
I
2 2
+ I
+ I
3 3
= I
= I
1 1
J unction Rule:
EI (enter) = EI (leaving)
J unction Rule:
EI (enter) = EI (leaving)
Parallel Connections
Parallel Connections
Resistors are said to be connected in
Resistors are said to be connected in
parallel
parallel
when there is more than one path for current.
when there is more than one path for current.
2 O
4 O 6 O
Series Connection:
For Series Resistors:
For Series Resistors:
I
I
2 2
= I
= I
4 4
= I
= I
6 6
= I
= I
T T
V
V
2 2
+ V
+ V
4 4
+ V
+ V
6 6
= V
= V
T T
Parallel Connection:
6 O 2 O 4 O
For Parallel Resistors:
For Parallel Resistors:
V
V
2 2
= V
= V
4 4
= V
= V
6 6
= V
= V
T T
I
I
2 2
+ I
+ I
4 4
+ I
+ I
6 6
= I
= I
T T
Equivalent Resistance: Parallel
Equivalent Resistance: Parallel
V
V
T T
= V
= V
1 1
= V
= V
2 2
= V
= V
3 3
I
I
T T
= I
= I
1 1
+ I
+ I
2 2
+ I
+ I
3 3
Ohm
Ohm

s law:
s law:
V
I
R
=
3 1 2
1 2 3
T
e
V V V V
R R R R
= + +
1 2 3
1 1 1 1
e
R R R R
= + +
The equivalent resistance
for Parallel resistors:
The equivalent resistance
for Parallel resistors:
1
1 1
N
i
e i
R R
=
=

Parallel Connection:
R
3
R
2
V
T
R
1
Example 3.
Example 3.
Find the equivalent resistance
Find the equivalent resistance
R
R
e e
for the three resistors below.
for the three resistors below.
R
3
R
2
V
T
R
1
2 O 4 O 6 O
1
1 1
N
i
e i
R R
=
=

1 2 3
1 1 1 1
e
R R R R
= + +
1 1 1 1
0.500 0.250 0.167
2 4 6
e
R
= + + = + +
O O O
1 1
0.917; 1.09
0.917
e
e
R
R
= = = O
R
e
= 1.09 O
R
e
= 1.09 O
For parallel resistors, R
e
is less than the least R
i
.
For parallel resistors, R
e
is less than the least R
i
.
Example 3 (Cont.):
Example 3 (Cont.):
Assume a 12
Assume a 12
-
-
V emf is
V emf is
connected to the circuit as shown. What is
connected to the circuit as shown. What is
the total current leaving the source of emf?
the total current leaving the source of emf?
R
3
R
2
12 V
R
1
2 O 4 O 6 O
V
T
V
V
T T
=
=
12 V;
12 V;
R
R
e e
= 1.09
= 1.09
O
O
V
V
1 1
= V
= V
2 2
= V
= V
3 3
= 12
= 12
V
V
I
I
T T
= I
= I
1 1
+ I
+ I
2 2
+ I
+ I
3 3
Ohm
Ohm

s Law:
s Law:
V
I
R
=
12 V
1.09
T
e
e
V
I
R
= =
O
Total current: I
T
= 11.0 A
Example 3 (Cont.):
Example 3 (Cont.):
Show that the current
Show that the current
leaving the source
leaving the source
I
I
T T
is the sum of the
is the sum of the
currents through the resistors
currents through the resistors
R
R
1 1
, R
, R
2 2
, and R
, and R
3 3
.
.
R
3
R
2
12 V
R
1
2 O 4 O 6 O
V
T I
I
T T
=
=
11 A;
11 A;
R
R
e e
= 1.09
= 1.09
O
O
V
V
1 1
= V
= V
2 2
= V
= V
3 3
=
=
12 V
12 V
I
I
T T
= I
= I
1 1
+ I
+ I
2 2
+ I
+ I
3 3
1
12 V
6A
2
I = =
O
2
12 V
3A
4
I = =
O
3
12 V
2A
6
I = =
O
6 A + 3 A + 2 A = 11 A
6 A + 3 A + 2 A = 11 A
Check !
Check !
Short Cut: Two Parallel Resistors
Short Cut: Two Parallel Resistors
The equivalent resistance
The equivalent resistance
R
R
e e
for
for
two
two
parallel
parallel
resistors is the
resistors is the
product divided by the sum
product divided by the sum
.
.
1 2
1 1 1
;
e
R R R
= +
1 2
1 2
e
R R
R
R R
=
+
(3 )(6 )
3 6
e
R
O O
=
O+ O
R
e
= 2 O
R
e
= 2 O
Example:
Example:
R
2
V
T
R
1
6 O 3 O
Series and Parallel Combinations
Series and Parallel Combinations
In complex circuits resistors are often connected
In complex circuits resistors are often connected
in
in
both
both
series
series
and
and
parallel
parallel
.
.
V
T
R
2
R
3
R
1
In such cases, its best to
use rules for series and
parallel resistances to
reduce the circuit to a
simple circuit containing
one source of emf and
one equivalent resistance.
In such cases, its best to
use rules for series and
parallel resistances to
reduce the circuit to a
simple circuit containing
one source of emf and
one equivalent resistance.
V
T
R
e
Example 4.
Example 4.
Find the equivalent resistance for
Find the equivalent resistance for
the circuit drawn below (assume V
the circuit drawn below (assume V
T T
= 12 V).
= 12 V).
3,6
(3 )(6 )
2
3 6
R
O O
= = O
O+ O
R
R
e e
= 4
= 4
O
O

+ 2
+ 2
O
O
R
e
= 6 O
R
e
= 6 O
V
T
3 O 6 O
4 O
12 V
2 O
4 O
6 O
12 V
Example 3 (Cont.)
Example 3 (Cont.)
Find the total current
Find the total current
I
I
T T
.
.
V
T
3 O 6 O
4 O
12 V
2 O
4 O
6 O
12 V
I
T
R
e
= 6 O
R
e
= 6 O
I
T
= 2.00 A
I
T
= 2.00 A
12 V
6
T
e
V
I
R
= =
O
Example 3 (Cont.)
Example 3 (Cont.)
Find the currents and the
Find the currents and the
voltages across each resistor
voltages across each resistor
.
.
I
4
= I
T
= 2 A
I
4
= I
T
= 2 A
V
V
4 4
=
=
(2 A)(4
(2 A)(4
O
O
) = 8 V
) = 8 V
The remainder of the voltage: (12 V
The remainder of the voltage: (12 V

8 V =
8 V =
4 V
4 V
)
)
drops across
drops across
EACH
EACH
of the parallel resistors.
of the parallel resistors.
V
3
= V
6
= 4 V
V
3
= V
6
= 4 V
This can also be found from
V
3,6
= I
3,6
R
3,6
= (2 A)(2 O)
This can also be found from
V
3,6
= I
3,6
R
3,6
= (2 A)(2 O)
V
T
3 O 6 O
4 O
(Continued . . .)
(Continued . . .)
Example 3 (Cont.)
Example 3 (Cont.)
Find the currents and voltages
Find the currents and voltages
across each resistor
across each resistor
.
.
V
6
= V
3
= 4 V
V
6
= V
3
= 4 V
V
4
= 8 V
V
4
= 8 V
V
T
3 O 6 O
4 O
3
3
3
4V
3
V
I
R
= =
O
I
3
= 1.33 A
I
3
= 1.33 A
6
6
6
4V
6
V
I
R
= =
O
I
6
= 0.667 A
I
6
= 0.667 A
I
4
= 2 A
I
4
= 2 A
Note that the
Note that the
junction rule
junction rule
is satisfied:
is satisfied:
I
T
= I
4
= I
3
+ I
6
I
T
= I
4
= I
3
+ I
6
EI (enter) = EI (leaving)
EI (enter) = EI (leaving)
Kirchoff
Kirchoff

s
s
Laws for DC Circuits
Laws for DC Circuits
Kirchoffs first law: The sum of the currents
entering a junction is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving that junction.
Kirchoff
Kirchoff

s
s
first law:
first law:
The sum of the currents
The sum of the currents
entering a junction is equal to the sum of the
entering a junction is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving that junction.
currents leaving that junction.
Kirchoffs second law: The sum of the emfs
around any closed loop must equal the sum
of the IR drops around that same loop.
Kirchoff
Kirchoff

s
s
second law:
second law:
The sum of the
The sum of the
emf
emf

s
s
around any closed loop must equal the sum
around any closed loop must equal the sum
of the IR drops around that same loop.
of the IR drops around that same loop.
J unction Rule: EI (enter) = EI (leaving)
J unction Rule: EI (enter) = EI (leaving)
Voltage Rule: EE = EIR
Voltage Rule: EE = EIR
Sign Conventions for
Sign Conventions for
Emf
Emf

s
s

When applying
When applying
Kirchoff
Kirchoff

s
s
laws you must
laws you must
assume a consistent, positive
assume a consistent, positive
tracing direction.
tracing direction.

When applying the
When applying the
voltage rule
voltage rule
,
,
emf
emf

s
s
are
are
positive
positive
if normal output direction of the emf is
if normal output direction of the emf is
with
with
the assumed tracing direction.
the assumed tracing direction.

If tracing from
If tracing from
A to B
A to B
, this
, this
emf is considered
emf is considered
positive
positive
.
.
E
A
B
+
+

If tracing from
If tracing from
B to A
B to A
, this
, this
emf is considered
emf is considered
negative
negative
.
.
E
A
B
+
+
Signs of IR Drops in Circuits
Signs of IR Drops in Circuits

When applying the
When applying the
voltage rule
voltage rule
,
,
IR drops
IR drops
are
are
positive
positive
if the assumed current direction is
if the assumed current direction is
with
with
the assumed tracing direction.
the assumed tracing direction.

If tracing from
If tracing from
A to B
A to B
, this
, this
IR drop is
IR drop is
positive
positive
.
.

If tracing from
If tracing from
B to A
B to A
, this
, this
IR drop is
IR drop is
negative
negative
.
.
I
A
B
+
+
I
A
B
+
+
Kirchoff
Kirchoff

s
s
Laws: Loop I
Laws: Loop I
R
3
R
1
R
2
E
2
E
1
E
3
1. Assume possible consistent
1. Assume possible consistent
flow of currents.
flow of currents.
2. Indicate positive output
2. Indicate positive output
directions for
directions for
emf
emf

s
s
.
.
3. Indicate consistent tracing
3. Indicate consistent tracing
direction. (clockwise)
direction. (clockwise)
+
Loop I
I
1
I
2
I
3
J unction Rule: I
2
= I
1
+ I
3
J unction Rule: I
2
= I
1
+ I
3
Voltage Rule: EE = EIR
E
1
+ E
2

= I
1
R
1
+ I
2
R
2
Voltage Rule: EE = EIR
E
1
+ E
2

= I
1
R
1
+ I
2
R
2
Kirchoff
Kirchoff

s
s
Laws: Loop II
Laws: Loop II
4. Voltage rule for Loop II:
4. Voltage rule for Loop II:
Assume counterclockwise
Assume counterclockwise
positive tracing direction.
positive tracing direction.
Voltage Rule: EE = EIR
E
2
+ E
3

=I
2
R
2
+ I
3
R
3
Voltage Rule: EE = EIR
E
2
+ E
3

=I
2
R
2
+ I
3
R
3
R
3
R
1
R
2
E
2
E
1
E
3
Loop I
I
1
I
2
I
3
Loop II
Bottom Loop (II)
+
Would the same equation
Would the same equation
apply if traced
apply if traced
clockwise
clockwise
?
?
- E
2

- E
3
= -I
2
R
2
- I
3
R
3
- E
2

- E
3
= -I
2
R
2
- I
3
R
3
Yes!
Yes!
Kirchoff
Kirchoff

s
s
laws: Loop III
laws: Loop III
5. Voltage rule for Loop III:
5. Voltage rule for Loop III:
Assume counterclockwise
Assume counterclockwise
positive tracing direction.
positive tracing direction.
Voltage Rule: EE = EIR
E
3
E
1
= -I
1
R
1
+ I
3
R
3
Voltage Rule: EE = EIR
E
3
E
1
= -I
1
R
1
+ I
3
R
3
Would the same equation
Would the same equation
apply if traced
apply if traced
clockwise
clockwise
?
?
E
3
- E
1
= I
1
R
1
- I
3
R
3
E
3
- E
1
= I
1
R
1
- I
3
R
3
Yes!
Yes!
R
3
R
1
R
2
E
2
E
1
E
3
Loop I
I
1
I
2
I
3
Loop II
Outer Loop (III)
+
+
Four Independent Equations
Four Independent Equations
6. Thus, we now have four
6. Thus, we now have four
independent equations
independent equations
from
from
Kirchoff
Kirchoff

s
s
laws:
laws:
R
3
R
1
R
2
E
2
E
1
E
3
Loop I
I
1
I
2
I
3
Loop II
Outer Loop (III)
+
+
I
I
2 2
= I
= I
1 1
+ I
+ I
3 3
E
E
1 1
+
+
E
E
2 2

= I
= I
1 1
R
R
1 1
+ I
+ I
2 2
R
R
2 2
E
E
2 2
+
+
E
E
3 3

= I
= I
2 2
R
R
2 2
+ I
+ I
3 3
R
R
3 3
E
E
3 3
-
-
E
E
1 1

=
=
-
-
I
I
1 1
R
R
1 1
+ I
+ I
3 3
R
R
3 3
Example 4.
Example 4.
Use
Use
Kirchoff
Kirchoff

s
s
laws to find the
laws to find the
currents in the circuit drawn to the right.
currents in the circuit drawn to the right.
10 O
12 V
6 V
20 O
5 O
J unction Rule: I
2
+ I
3
=I
1
J unction Rule: I
2
+ I
3
=I
1
12 V = (5
12 V = (5
O
O
)
)
I
I
1 1
+ (10
+ (10
O
O
)
)
I
I
2 2
Voltage Rule:
Voltage Rule:
E
E
E
E
=
=
E
E
IR
IR
Consider
Consider
Loop I
Loop I
tracing
tracing
clockwise
clockwise
to obtain:
to obtain:
Recalling that
Recalling that
V/
V/
O
O

= A
= A
, gives
, gives
5I
1
+ 10I
2
= 12 A
5I
1
+ 10I
2
= 12 A
I
1
I
2
I
3
+
Loop I
Example 5 (Cont.)
Example 5 (Cont.)
Finding the currents.
Finding the currents.
6 V = (20
6 V = (20
O
O
)
)
I
I
3 3
-
-
(10
(10
O
O
)
)
I
I
2 2
Voltage Rule:
Voltage Rule:
E
E
E
E
=
=
E
E
IR
IR
Consider
Consider
Loop II
Loop II
tracing
tracing
clockwise
clockwise
to obtain:
to obtain:
10I
3
- 5I
2
= 3 A
10I
3
- 5I
2
= 3 A
10 O
12 V
6 V
20 O
5 O
I
1
I
2
I
3
+
Loop II
Simplifying: Divide by 2
Simplifying: Divide by 2
and
and
V/
V/
O
O

= A
= A
, gives
, gives
Example 5 (Cont.)
Example 5 (Cont.)
Three independent equations
Three independent equations
can be solved for
can be solved for
I
I
1 1
,
,
I
I
2 2
, and
, and
I
I
3 3
.
.
(3) 10I
3
- 5I
2
= 3 A
(3) 10I
3
- 5I
2
= 3 A
10 O
12 V
6 V
20 O
5 O
I
1
I
2
I
3
+
Loop II
(1) I
2
+ I
3
=I
1
(1) I
2
+ I
3
=I
1
(2) 5I
1
+ 10I
2
= 12 A
(2) 5I
1
+ 10I
2
= 12 A
Substitute Eq.
Substitute Eq.
(1)
(1)
for
for
I
I
1 1
in
in
(2)
(2)
:
:
5(
5(
I
I
2 2
+ I
+ I
3 3
) + 10
) + 10
I
I
3 3
= 12 A
= 12 A
Simplifying
Simplifying
gives:
gives:
5I
2
+ 15I
3
= 12 A
5I
2
+ 15I
3
= 12 A
Example 5 (Cont.)
Example 5 (Cont.)
Three independent
Three independent
equations can be solved.
equations can be solved.
(3) 10I
3
- 5I
2
= 3 A
(3) 10I
3
- 5I
2
= 3 A
(1) I
2
+ I
3
=I
1
(1) I
2
+ I
3
=I
1
(2) 5I
1
+ 10I
2
= 12 A
(2) 5I
1
+ 10I
2
= 12 A
15I
3
+ 5I
2
= 12 A
15I
3
+ 5I
2
= 12 A
Eliminate I
Eliminate I
2 2
by adding equations above right:
by adding equations above right:
10I
3
- 5I
2
= 3 A
15I
3
+ 5I
2
= 12 A
25
25
I
I
3 3
=
=
15
15
A
A
I
3
= 0.600 A
Putting I
Putting I
3 3
= 0.6 A in (3) gives:
= 0.6 A in (3) gives:
10(0.6 A)
10(0.6 A)

5
5
I
I
2 2
= 3
= 3
A
A
I
2
= 0.600 A
I
2
= 0.600 A
Then from (1):
Then from (1):
I
1
= 1.20 A
I
1
= 1.20 A
Summary of Formulas:
Summary of Formulas:
Resistance Rule: R
e
= ER
Voltage Rule: EE = EIR
: Current I
R
E
=
E
E
Rules for a simple, single loop circuit
containing a source of emf and resistors.
Rules for a simple, single loop circuit
containing a source of emf and resistors.
2 O
3 V
+ -
+
-
18 V
A
C
B
D
3 O
Single Loop
Summary (Cont.)
Summary (Cont.)
For resistors connected in series:
R
e
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
R
e
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
For series
connections:
For series
connections:
I = I
1
= I
2
= I
3
V
T
= V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
I = I
1
= I
2
= I
3
V
T
= V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
R
e
= ER
R
e
= ER
2 O
12 V
1 O
3 O
Summary (Cont.)
Summary (Cont.)
Resistors connected in parallel:
For parallel
connections:
For parallel
connections:
V = V
1
= V
2
= V
3
I
T
= I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
V = V
1
= V
2
= V
3
I
T
= I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
1 2
1 2
e
R R
R
R R
=
+
1
1 1
N
i
e i
R R
=
=

R
3
R
2
12 V
R
1
2 O 4 O 6 O
V
T
Parallel Connection
Summary
Summary
Kirchoff
Kirchoff

s
s
Laws
Laws
Kirchoffs first law: The sum of the currents
entering a junction is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving that junction.
Kirchoff
Kirchoff

s
s
first law:
first law:
The sum of the currents
The sum of the currents
entering a junction is equal to the sum of the
entering a junction is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving that junction.
currents leaving that junction.
Kirchoffs second law: The sum of the emfs
around any closed loop must equal the sum
of the IR drops around that same loop.
Kirchoff
Kirchoff

s
s
second law:
second law:
The sum of the
The sum of the
emf
emf

s
s
around any closed loop must equal the sum
around any closed loop must equal the sum
of the IR drops around that same loop.
of the IR drops around that same loop.
J unction Rule: EI (enter) = EI (leaving)
J unction Rule: EI (enter) = EI (leaving)
Voltage Rule: EE = EIR
Voltage Rule: EE = EIR
CONCLUSION: Chapter 28A
CONCLUSION: Chapter 28A
Direct Current Circuits
Direct Current Circuits