46th Engineers Day, September 15 The Institution of Engineers (India), A P State Centre

Development of Self Compacting Concrete Using Rice Husk Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

M V Seshagiri Rao, FIE, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, JNTUH, Hyderabad.

Srinivasa Reddy V, MIE, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, GRIET, Hyderabad. Swaroopa Rani M, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, JNTUK, Kakinada .

ABSTRACT Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) as the name implies that the concrete requiring a very little or no vibration to fill the form homogeneously. SCC is defined by two primary properties: Ability to flow or deform under its own weight (with or without obstructions) and the ability to remain homogeneous while doing so. The study explores the use of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) to increase the amount of fines and hence achieve self-compactibility in an economical way, suitable for Indian construction industry. The main objectives of the present experimental investigations are to study the behavior of M20, M40 and M60 SCC containing varying amounts of GGBS and RHA and to evaluate the Strength Efficiency of GGBS and RHA combination in SCC. Test results substantiate the feasibility to develop low cost SCC using GGBS and RHA.The SCC mixes produced with 30% GGBS replacement of cement has shown improvement in 28 days Compressive Strength of about 31.04% in M20 grade and 20.83% in M40 grade. However, in case of M60 grade the required target strength was not reached when replaced with GGBS alone, so 5% RHA was added. Keywords: Self Compacting Concrete, Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), compressive strength, Strength efficiency factor. INTRODUCTION From several years, due to poor quality control and quality assurance at site, the problem of durability of concrete structures has been a major issue to engineers. Sufficient compaction is required to make durable concrete structures. Compaction of conventional concrete is done by vibrating whereas over vibration can easily cause segregation and bleeding. Further, in conventional concrete, it is very difficult to ensure uniform material quality and good density in heavily reinforced locations of the structures.
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FIE - 015739/9 Email:rao_vs_meduri@yahoo.com

MIE-1463351 Email:vempada@gmail.com

46th Engineers Day, September 15 The Institution of Engineers (India), A P State Centre

To overcome these problems, SCC was developed in Japan as a means to create uniformity in the quality of concrete. Self-compacting concrete achieves this by its unique properties in fresh state such as workability, water retention, workable time, green stability and early shrinkage. In the plastic state, it flows under its own weight and maintain homogeneity while completely filling any formwork and passing around congested reinforcement. Furthermore, in hardened state, it possesses all important properties such as compressive strength, flexural and tensile strength, elastic modulus, drying shrinkage, freeze-thaw resistance and carbonation resistance as compared to conventional concrete. The concept of SCC was firstly proposed and applied to prototype structure by Okamura in Japan in 1988. Later studies to develop SCC, including a fundamental study on the workability of concrete, have been carried out by Ozawa and Maekawa. SCC has now been used in construction with enthusiasm across Europe, America and other parts of the world in both cast-in-situ and precast concrete work. Earlier, SCC relied on very high content of cementitious paste and the mixes required specialized and well-controlled placing methods to avoid segregation. But the high contents of cement paste made them prone to shrinkage and generation of very high heat of hydration. The overall costs were also very high and therefore, applications remained very limited. After a continuous research and development which created a series of advancement in the field of SCC and it is now no longer a material consisting of only cement, aggregates, water and admixtures. The SCC is an engineered material consisting of cement, aggregates, water and admixtures with several new constituents like colloidal silica, pozzolanic materials, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), micro silica, rice husk ash (RHA), chemical admixtures etc. to take care of specific requirements such as high-flowability, high compressive strength, good workability, enhanced resistance to chemical and mechanical stresses, lower permeability, enhanced durability, resistance against segregation and ability to pass under dense reinforcement conditions. The fluidity, deformability and high resistance to segregation enables the placement of concrete without vibrations and with reduced labour, noise and less wear and tear of the equipment. It also helps to shorten the construction period. Owing to all its properties, use of SCC is constantly increasing all over the world. But the adoption has not been as fast as it should have been due to its higher cost of production. In India, SCC is used in limited owing to lack of awareness and the higher costs associated with its production.

46th Engineers Day, September 15 The Institution of Engineers (India), A P State Centre

SCC is defined by two primary properties: Deformability and Segregation resistance. Deformability or flowability is the ability of SCC to flow or deform under its own weight (with or without obstructions). Segregation resistance or stability is the ability to remain homogeneous while doing so. High range water reducing admixtures are utilized to develop sufficient deformability. At the same time, segregation resistance is ensured, which is accomplished either by introducing a chemical VMA or by increasing the amount of fines in the concrete. These viscosity modifying admixtures are very expensive and the main cause of increase in the cost of SCC. Self-compacting Concrete is considered to be the most promising building material for the expected revolutionary changes at the job sites as well as on the desk of designers and civil engineers. However, the basic principles of this material are substantially based on those of flowing, cohesive, and superplasticized concretes developed in the mid of 1970's. The necessary ingredients for manufacturing SCC are superplasticizers and powder materials (including cement, fly ash, ground fillers or other mineral additions even in the form of fine recycled aggregate) at an adequate content (> 400 kg/m3 of cement and filler), with some limits in the maximum size of the coarse aggregate (< 25 mm). The self-compacting concrete differs from conventional concrete in the following three characteristic features, namely, (i) appropriate flowability, (ii) non-segregation, and (iii) no blocking tendency. An increase in the flowability of concrete is known to increase the risk of segregation. Therefore, it is essential to have a proper mix design. SCC should have:1. Low coarse aggregate content 2. Increased paste content 3. Low water powder ratio 4. Increased super plasticizers dosage 5. Sometimes VMA can be used Role of Superplasticizers When we increase the slump of concrete over 175mm by increasing amount of water the bleeding increases too much but with superplasticizers flowing concrete with slump level up to 250mm can be manufactured with no or negligible bleeding. The most important basic principle for flowing and cohesive concrete (SCC) is the use of superplasticizers combined with a relatively high content of powder materials in terms of Portland cement mineral additions ground fillers and very fine sand.

46th Engineers Day, September 15 The Institution of Engineers (India), A P State Centre

Viscosity Modifying Agents (VMA) With these admixtures (0.1 to 0.2% by mass of cementitious materials) SCC can be made with a reduced volume of fine materials. Viscosity Modifying Agent (VMA) may also be used to reduce the segregation and sensitivity of the mix due to variation in other constituents especially to moisture content. Rice Husk Ash (RHA) India is a major rice producing country, and the husk generated during milling is mostly used as a fuel in the boilers for processing paddy, producing energy through direct combustion and / or by gasification. About 20 million tones of RHA is produced annually. This RHA is a great environment threat causing damage to the land and the surrounding area in which it is dumped. Lots of ways are being thought of for disposing them by making commercial use of this RHA. Rice milling generates a by product know as husk. 22 % of the weight of paddy is received as husk. This husk is used as fuel in the rice mills to generate steam for the parboiling process. This husk contains about 75 % organic volatile matter and the balance 25 % of the weight of this husk is converted into ash during the firing process, is known as rice husk ash (RHA). RHA, produced after burning of rice husk and sieved with 150 micron IS sieve., has high reactivity and pozzolanic property. Indian Standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete, IS 4562000, recommends use of RHA in concrete but does not specify quantities. Chemical compositions of RHA depend upon burning process and temperature. Silica content in the ash increases when burnt at high temperatures. RHA produced by burning rice husk between 600C and 700C temperatures for 2 hours, contains 90-95% SiO 2, 1-3% K2O and < 5% un-burnt carbon ( Houston, D. F. (1972)),. Under controlled burning condition in industrial furnace (Mehta, P. K. (1992)), RHA contains silica in amorphous and highly cellular form, with 50-1000 m2/g surface area. So use of RHA with cement improves workability and stability, reduces heat evolution, thermal cracking and plastic shrinkage. This increases strength development, impermeability and durability by strengthening transition zone, modifying the pore-structure, blocking the large voids in the hydrated cement paste through pozzolanic reaction. RHA minimizes alkali-aggregate reaction, reduces expansion, refines pore structure and hinders diffusion of alkali ions to the surface of aggregate by micro porous structure. Portland cement contains 60 to 65% CaO and, upon hydration, a considerable portion of lime is released as free Ca(OH)2, which is primarily responsible for the poor performance of Portland cement concretes

46th Engineers Day, September 15 The Institution of Engineers (India), A P State Centre

in acidic environments. Silica present in the RHA combines with the calcium hydroxide and results excellent resistance of the material to acidic environments. Pozzolanic reaction of RHA consumes Ca(OH)2 present in a hydrated Portland cement paste, reducing the susceptibility to acid attack and improves resistance to chloride penetration. This reduces large pores and porosity resulting very low permeability. The pozzolanic and cementitious reaction associated with RHA reduces the free lime present in the cement paste, decreasing the permeability of the system and improving the overall resistance to CO2 attack and resistance to corrosion of steel in concrete. Highly micro porous structure RHA mixed concrete provides escape paths for the freezing water inside the concrete, relieving internal stresses, reducing micro cracking and improving freezethaw resistance. The particle size of the cement is about 35 microns. There may be formation of void in the concrete mixes, if curing is not done in properly. This reduces the strength and quality of the concrete. RHA is finer than cement having very small particle size of 25 microns, so much so that it fills the interstices in between the cement in the aggregate. That is where the strength and density comes from. And that is why it can reduce the amount of cement in the concrete mix. There is a growing demand for fine amorphous silica in the production of special cement and concrete mixes, high performance concrete, high strength, low permeability concrete, for use in bridges, marine environments , nuclear power plants etc. This market is currently filled by silica fume or micro silica , being imported. Due to limited supply of silica fumes in India and the demand being high the price of silica fume has risen in India. It has the potential to be used as a substitute silica fumes or micro silica as a much lower cost, without compromising on the quality aspect. RHA has excellent water resistance (impermeability) properties and is used in waterproofing compounds to give amazing results. It lowers the heat of hydration and prevents formation of cracks during casting. Rice Husk is burnt in controlled temperatures which are below 700 degrees centigrade. This ash generated is amorphous in nature. The transformation of this amorphous state to crystalline state takes place if the ash is exposed to high temperatures of above 850 degrees centigrade.

46th Engineers Day, September 15 The Institution of Engineers (India), A P State Centre

Table 1: Chemical Composition of RHA SiO2 Silica 85 % minimum Humidity 2 % maximum Particle size 25 microns Colour Grey Loss on ignition at 800C 4 % maximum pH value 8 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) Blast Furnace Slag is a by product obtained in the manufacturing of Pig iron in the Blast furnace and is formed by the combination of earthy constituents of iron ore with lime stone flux. Quenching process of molten slag by water is converting it into a fine, granulated slag of whitish color. This granulated slag when finely ground and combined with OPC has been found to exhibit excellent cementitious properties. Glass particles of GGBS are the active part and consist of Mono-silicate (Q0-type), like those in OPC clinker, which dissolve on activation by any medium. Glass content in GGBS is normally more than 85% of total volume. Specific gravity of GGBS is approximately 2.80, which is lower than of OPC. Bulk density of GGBS is varying from 1200-1300 kg/m3. GGBS is more closure to OPC in chemical composition in compare to other mineral admixtures. Hydration products of GGBS are poorly crystalline Calcium Silicate Hydrate broadly similar to that formed from hydration of OPC, but with lower Ca/Si ratio (Jimenez et al., 2003). Due to lower Ca/ Si ratio, these hydrates have more alkali retention capacity. Hydration products of GGBS effectively fill up the pores and increase the strength and durability of concrete. GGBS requires activation to initiate hydration and the availability of a medium for continuing the hydration process. Slag hydration can be activated by using alkalies, lime, sulphate etc (Chemically activation), or by fine grinding (mechanically activation) or by increasing temperature of concrete (thermal activation). Various alkalies activators like Sodium hydroxide, Sodium carbonate, Sodium sulphate, Sodium silicate (water glass) etc. can be used for slag. Water glass activated slag produced most cross-linked structures that results in increased mechanical strength of hydration products, while Sodium hydroxide make hydration process of slag more intensive (Garcia et. al., 2003). Due to higher activation energy of blast furnace slag relative to OPC, it has advantage of thermal activation on its hydration. Hydration products like alkailies, lime and heat of OPC are activate the hydration of GGBS particles in blended cement concrete. Initially and during early hydration of concrete containing 6

46th Engineers Day, September 15 The Institution of Engineers (India), A P State Centre

GGBS, the predominant reaction is with Alkalies hydroxide, but a subsequent reaction is with Calcium hydroxide (Roy and Idorn, 1982). Reactivity of GGBS with OPC in blended concrete is depends on chemical & mineralogical composition, glass content, fineness etc. of the GGBS. Type of Portland cement employed and curing conditions also has a significant effect on the rate of formation of hydration products in blended concrete. Reactivity of high glass content slag is normally found more and greater fineness of slag also increases its reactivity due to increase in surface area for reaction with activators. Use of rapid hardening cement in place of OPC increases the reactivity of slag in blended concrete, due to more activators available at early age. ACI (ACI 233R-95) recommends the use of Slag Activity Index (SAI) to evaluate its reactivity. SAI is the percentage ratio of the average compressive strength of slag blended cement mortar cubes (at 50% slag content), to the average compressive strength of reference cement mortar cubes at a designated age. Based on SAI the GGBS is classified into three grades namely, Grade 80, 100 and 120. Blended concrete with grade 120 normally achieved strength of OPC concrete at 3rd day and after, while concrete with grade 100 achieved at 7 th day and afterward. However, concrete made with grade 80 GGBS will have a lower strength at all ages and not recommended by ACI for use in structural concrete. Use of GGBS in concrete usually improves workability and decreases the water demand due to higher smoothness of GGBS particles and increase in paste volume of concrete. At higher replacement level (> 50%) the water demand may increased for same workability (Sivasundaram and Malhotra, 1992). The possible reason for this is the greater fineness of GGBS particle, which increases the surface area of binder in concrete at larger replacement level. Segregation and bleeding chance in GGBS blended concrete is lower. GGBS blending increases the setting time of concrete but gap between initial and final setting is reduced. Setting time of blended concrete is reduced with increase in the fineness of GGBS. Dose of air entraining agent require is higher for GGBS blended concrete in comparison to OPC concrete, to produce same air entrainment. Use of GGBS in concrete reduces the hydration temperature and also prolonged the time for peak temperature of concrete as shown in Figure 1 (Brooks and Al-Kaisi, 1990). Results related to creep and shrinkage shows the more detrimental effect of drying environment, or need of an early water curing for better performance of GGBS blended concrete. Table 2: Chemical Composition of GGBS

46th Engineers Day, September 15 The Institution of Engineers (India), A P State Centre

Oxides Quantity SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO Fe2O3 30 - 35% 8 - 22% 27 - 32% 7 - 9% 8 - 10%

Remark Higher in Indian Slag Lower in Indian Slag Higher in Indian Slag

GAPS IN THE RESEARCH ON SCC WITH GGBS AND RHA A good amount of work is reported on SCC with Fly ash. Limited studies were done on the behaviour of a) SCC with GGBS. b) SCC with RHA. c) SCC with GGBS and RHA combination and its efficiency. Considering this gap in existing literature an attempt has been made to study the strength efficiency of GGBS and RHA in SCC The main objectives of the present experimental investigation are: 1. To study the behavior of M20, M40 & M60 SCC with combinations of mineral admixtures GGBS and RHA and find out compressive strength at 28 days for 10 to 35 percentage of GGBS replacement at an increment of 5%. 2. To evaluate the Strength Efficiency of GGBS and RHA combination in SCC. MATERIALS USED 1. Ordinary Portland cement - 53 grade 2. Coarse Aggregate - 10mm size 3. Fine Aggregate 4. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) 5. Superplasticiser - Sulphonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde (SNF) 6. Viscosity Modifying Admixture (VMA) - Glenium Stream2 Mix Proportions Mix designed for M20, M40, & M60 & modified as per EFNARC specifications. Finally arrived SCC mix proportions are 8

46th Engineers Day, September 15 The Institution of Engineers (India), A P State Centre

M-20 grade M-40 grade M-60 grade

1: 2.11 : 1.95: 0.45 1: 1.60 : 1.60 : 0.38 1: 1.35 : 1.10 : 0.30

The following tests are made for each trial to study fresh properties Slump flow test V-Funnel test L-Box test Filling ability Filling ability (flow ability) Passing ability

EVALUATION OF STRENGTH EFFICIENCY FACTORS An effort is made to quantify the 28-day cementitious efficiency of GGBS and RHA in SCC at various replacement levels. The effect of the addition of GGBS and RHA on the strength of a SCC mix may be modeled by using a Cementing Efficiency Factor (k). Strength Efficiency Factor is defined as the ratio of the cementing efficiency of GGBS and RHA to the cementing efficiency of the cement to which the GGBS and RHA is added. The term "efficiency factor" for GGBS+RHA in concrete can be defined as the number of parts of cement that may be replaced by one part of GGBS+RHA for obtaining same strengths. The strength efficiency factors are mainly usefulto describe the admixtures GGBS and RHA combinations ability on the compressive strength of SCC and quantify the replacement of cement by GGBS and RHA combination on a one-to-one basis by weight. It was observed that this overall strength efficiency of GGBS-RHA SCC was found to be a combination of efficiency factor ka and kpi.e. k = ka + k p k = overall strength efficiency factor ka = efficiency factor depending on age kp = efficiency factor depending on percentage of replacement From the present research studies, an effort is made to understand the fact that the optimized GGBS+RHA combination enhances the strength and durability performance of SCC much more than GGBS alone in SCC. So it is felt that efficiency concept can be used to understand the behavior of GGBS and RHA combination as admixture in SCC when compared to GGBS alone

46th Engineers Day, September 15 The Institution of Engineers (India), A P State Centre

in SCC. This is achieved by evaluating overall efficiency factor k for GGBS with different replacement dosages at 28- day compressive strength on three grades of SCC mixes. The Bolomeys empirical expression is frequently used to predict the strength of concrete theoretically and well justifies when applied to hardened SCC. Efficiency factors found from Bolomeys strength equation are used to describe the effect of the GGBS and RHA combination replacement in SCC in the enhancement of strength and durability characteristics. The Bolomeys equation is: S = A [(C / W)] + B ------ (1) S is the compressive strength in MPa, C is the cement content in kg / m3, W is the water content in kg / m3 Equation (1) has been practically reduced to following two equations S = A [(C/W) 0.5]...... (2) S = A [(C/W) + 0.5]...... (3) The above two normalized equations represents two ranges of concrete strengths based on the change in slope when P/W (powder-water ratio) is plotted against strength. It is found that the equation (2) is useful for most of the present day concretes when an analysis was done on test results available . Also the extensive data published by Larrard also mentions this equation in his famous book, on 'Concrete Mix Proportioning A scientific approach. Therefore, equation (2) can be generally used for re-proportioning GGBS+RHA SCC. Strength efficiency factor, k, can then be computed using modified Bolomeys equation S = A [(C+ kG)/W) 0.5] ---------- (4) where W/(C+ kG) is the water/effective binder ratio and kG is the equivalent cement content of GGBS and RHA combination. It is recognized that mineral admixtures contribution to concrete strength comes mainly from its ability to react with free calcium hydroxide produced during cement hydration (Pozzolanic Reaction (PR)). The rate of this reaction, when compared to Cement Hydration Rate (CHR) determines the value of k. When k=1, both PR and CHR would be same. When k<1, PR would be slower than CHR and for equal strengths. In this case, the mineral admixture is less efficient than Portland cement in imparting strength to concrete. The GGBS has k<1 at early ages and k would reach a value of unity at later ages. When k>1, PR would be faster than CHR and for equal strengths. In this case, the mineral admixture is more efficient than Portland cement in imparting strength to concrete. GGBS and RHA combinations have k>1 even at early ages.

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46th Engineers Day, September 15 The Institution of Engineers (India), A P State Centre

TEST RESULTS Table 3: Fresh Properties of Ordinary Grade SCC (M20) Percentage of GGBS replacement
(by weight of cement)

0 400 780 844 180 0 0.80 SLUMP in mm T-50 Sec T0 Sec T5min Sec T20 Sec T40 Sec H2/H1 760 3.08 6.21 8.03 2.99 4.02 0.98

10 360 780 844 180 40 0.85 765 3.43 6.52 8.53 2.91 5.86 0.99

15 340 780 844 180 60 0.82 750 3.89 6.26 8.48 4.12 5.05 0.97

20 320 780 844 180 80 0.76 730 3.42 6.05 7.59 2.98 5.15 0.98

25 300 780 844 180 100 0.70 755 3.12 5.98 7.92 3.08 4.83 0.99

30 280 780 844 180 120 0.62 760 3.89 7.02 8.68 4.12 6.15 0.98

35 260 780 844 180 140 0.58 750 4.09 6.12 7.92 3.05 5.98 0.89

Cement (kg) CA (kg) FA (kg) Water (kg) GGBS (kg) Superplasticizer %

(by weight of powder)

SLUMP TEST V-FUNNEL

L-BOX

Table 4: Fresh Properties of Standard Grade SCC (M40) Percentage of GGBS replacement
(by weight of cement)

10

15

20

25

30

35

Cement (kg) CA (kg) FA (kg) Water (kg) GGBS (kg) Superplasticizer %

(by weight of powder)

500 450 425 400 375 350 325 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 0 1.0 SLUMP mm T-50 Sec T0 Sec T5min Sec T20 Sec T40 Sec 720 3.24 6.54 8.37 3.15 5.25 50 75 100 125 150 175

1.2 1.14 0.96 0.90 0.82 0.78 750 3.13 6.18 8.14 2.58 5.13 730 3.69 6.25 8.50 3.18 5.25 745 3.18 6.20 7.98 3.00 5.18 760 3.50 6.2 8.09 3.12 5.15 720 3.80 6.78 8.25 3.68 5.59 700 4.18 6.95 8.40 3.90 6.18

SLUMP TEST V-FUNNEL L-BOX

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46th Engineers Day, September 15 The Institution of Engineers (India), A P State Centre

H2/H1

0.96 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.98 0.84

Table 5: Fresh Properties of High Strength Grade SCC (M60) Percentage of GGBS replacement
(by weight of cement)

0 600 660 810 190 0 0

10 540 660 810 190 60 30

15 510 660 810 190 90 30

20 480 660 810 190 120 30

25 450 660 810 190 150 30

30 420 660 810 190 180 30

35 390 660 810 190 210 30

Cement (kg) CA (kg) FA (kg) Water (kg) GGBS (kg) RHA (kg) Superplasticizer %
(by weight of powder)

1.0 1.25 1.20 1.1 0.98 0.94 0.90 SLUMP mm T-50 Sec T0 Sec T5min Sec 725 695 720 770 720 760 700 4.28 3.13 3.82 4.38 3.24 3.13 4.18 7.01 6.08 6.68 6. 90 6.54 7.02 6.95 8.56 7.86 8.90 9.12 8.37 9.14 8.56 4.01 2.59 3.18 3.58 3.15 4.02 3.98 6.28 5.13 5.25 6.56 5.25 5.98 6.25 0.86 0.84 0.97 0.95 0.96 0.98 0.88

SLUMP TEST V-FUNNEL

T20 Sec L-BOX T40 Sec H2/H1

Table 6: Optimized GGBS and RHA Combined Mixes RHA Grade cement (kg) 280 350 450 CA (kg) 780 800 660 FA (kg) 844 800 810 (kg)
(by weight of Cement)

GGBS (kg)
(by weight of Cement)

Water Superplasticizer % (kg) 180 190 190

(by weight of powder)

M20 M40 M60

3.60* 4.50* 30**

116.40 145.50 150.00

1.08 1.14 1.40

* 3% of optimized 30% GGBS is replaced by RHA

**5% RHA is added to optimized GGBS

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46th Engineers Day, September 15 The Institution of Engineers (India), A P State Centre

Table7: Compressive Strengths of Ordinary Grade SCC (M20), Standard Grade SCC (M40) and High Strength Grade SCC (M60) at 28 days age % of GGBS Replacement 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 M20 28.15 30.54 31.98 32.85 33.34 36.89 35.65 Compressive Strength (MPa) M40 43.59 45.31 45.90 46.16 47.89 52.67 49.09 M60 59.97 60.03 61.96 63.08 65.52 63.99 63.12

70 60 Compressive Strength (MPa) 50 40 M20 SCC 30 20 10 0 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 Percentage of GGBS Replacement M40 SCC M60 SCC

Figure 1: Variation of Compressive Strength with % of GGBS Table 8: Fresh and Hardened Properties of SCC Grades Slump Test Slump T50 mm 750 760 720 Sec 4.2 4.0 3.24 Fresh Properties V Funnel Test Time for T5 min Discharge 7.2 5.9 6.54 sec 8.6 8.35 8.37 Hardened Properties L Box Test H2/H1 0.98 0.98 0.96 Compressive Strength at 28 days N/mm2 41.20 58.25 65.52

Grade M20 M40 M60

Table 9: Efficiency Factors for SCC Mixes 13

46th Engineers Day, September 15 The Institution of Engineers (India), A P State Centre

%GGBS Replacement (by weight of cement) 0 10 15 20 25 30 35

Efficiency Factor (k) 28 days M20 1.66 1.70 1.75 1.77 1.80 1.59 M40 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.39 1.56 1.36 M60 0.67 0.89 0.97 1.31 1.02 0.98 0.67

Table 10: Efficiency Factors for SCC Mixes with GGBS and RHA Grade M20 M40 %GGBS replacement %RHA Replacement of GGBS (by weight of cement) 30 30 (by weight of cement) 3 3 Efficiency Factor (k) 28days 2.19 1.90

Table 11: Comparison of Strength Efficiency factor k of GGBS+RHA SCC and GGBS SCC at optimum % of replacement Efficiency Factor k (For optimum % replacement) Admixture M20 Grade 28 Days GGBS GGBS and RHA 1.80 2.19 DISCUSSIONS 1. The SCC mixes produced with 30% GGBS has shown improvement in 28 days Compressive Strength of about 31.04% in M20 grade and 20.83% in M40 grade. M40 Grade 28 Days 1.56 1.90 M60 Grade 28 Days

0.66 1.31

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46th Engineers Day, September 15 The Institution of Engineers (India), A P State Centre

2. However, in case of M60 grade the required target strength was not reached when replaced with GGBS alone, so 5% RHA was added. 3. The RHA-GGBS based SCC mixes has shown an increase in compressive strength, when compared with ordinary SCC mixes by 46.35 % in M20 , 33.63% in M40 and 7.60% in M60 4. The use of GGBS and RHA combination as mineral admixture in SCC is well accepted because of the possible strength and durability performance improvement in the SCC due to improved rheological and hardened properties. 5. Efficiency of GGBS+RHA in SCC 1. For compressive strength of GGBS +RHA SCC, efficiency factor k for M 20 is nearly 2.2 at 28 days, which means that in a given concrete, 1 kg of GGBS and RHA combination, may replace 2.2 kg of cement without impairing the compressive strength. Similarly at 28 days, for M 40 grade k value is 1.90 and for M 60 grade k value is 1.31. Water content is kept constant for each SCC Mix. 2. On other hand, k for GGBS alone in SCC is 1.80 for M20 grade, 1.56 for M40 grade and 0.66 for M60 grade at 28 days, which means that in a given concrete,1kg of GGBS may replace with 1.80 kg of cement in M20 grade ,1.56 kg of cement in M40 grade and with 0.66 kg cement for M60 grade without impairing the compressive strength CONCLUSIONS 1. By using mineral admixtures GGBS, RHA with suitable dosage of S.P and V.M.A, and with proper proportioning SCC of acceptable properties in fresh and hardened state can be produced. 2. The addition of RHA to GGBS mixes has shown enhanced performance in terms of strength and durability in all grades of SCC. This is due to the presence of reactive silica in GGBS and RHA combination (microstate) which offers good compatibility. 3. K.Ganesh babu and V.Sree Rama Kumar reported that the strength efficiency factor k varies from 0.70 to 1.30 for percentage replacement levels varying from 10% to 80%. They observed that the 28 days compressive strengths of concretes containing GGBS up to 30% replacement were slightly above that of normal concrete and at all the other

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46th Engineers Day, September 15 The Institution of Engineers (India), A P State Centre

percentages the strengths were below that of normal concrete. This agrees well with the observations made by our studies, where the optimum percentage of GGBS replacement is 30% and the strength efficiency factor k ranged from 0.70 to 1.80 for 10% to 35 % replacement levels. So based on our experimental investigations it can be correlated that at 28 days Strength efficiency of GGBS in SCC is more than that of in normal concrete whereas, Strength efficiency of GGBS and RHA combination in SCC is more than that of GGBS alone in SCC. 4. The optimum dosage of GGBS was found to be 30% in SCC concrete which is similar to that of the findings of Ganesh Babu and Sree Rama Kumar. REFERENCES 1. Bronzeoak Ltd, Rice Husk Ash Market Study, ETSU U/00/00061/REP DTI/Pub URN 03/668, 2003. 2. Hwang, C. L., and Wu, D. S., Properties of Cement Paste Containing Rice Husk Ash, ACI SP-114, 1989. 3. E. B. Oyetola and M. Abdullahi, The Use of Rice Husk Ash in LowCost Sandcrete Block Production, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria, June 2006. 4. Okamura, H. and Ouchi, M., (1999). "Self-compacting concrete- development, present and future", Proceedings of the First International RILEM symposium on SelfCompacting Concrete, pp.3-14. 5. EFNARC. (2002). "Specifications and Guidelines for Self Compacting Concrete." Available online at: www.efnarc.org 6. H Okamura and M Ouchi. 'Self-compacting Concrete-Development, Present use and Future' Proceedings of the First International RILEM Symposium on 'Self-Compacting Concrete'. Sweden, Proc 7, 1999, pp 3-14. 7. Okamura, Hajime, Ozawa, and Kazumasa: 'Mix Design for Self-Compacting Concrete' Concrete Library of JSCE No. 25, June 1995. 8. Collepardi M, Collepardi S, Ogoumah ologat JJ, troli R.laboratory test and field experiences of high performance SCCs. Proc of 3rd RILEM Int Symp on SCC, Iceland, Aug. France; RILEM publications PRO 33;2003.p. 413-16.

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46th Engineers Day, September 15 The Institution of Engineers (India), A P State Centre

9. Babu, K. G., and Kumar, V. S. R., (2000), Efficiency of GGBFS in Concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 30, pp. 1031- 1036 10. A. Skarendahl, O. Petersson, Self-compacting Concrete-State oftheart report 174SCC, RILEM Technical Committee, France, Report 23. (2000)

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