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T Th hS S. .

L L U U HU HUN NH H V VN N L LO ON NG G
( (0 09 98 86 6. .6 61 16 6. .2 22 25 5) )
( (Gi Gin ng g v vi i n n T Tr r n ng g H H Th Th D D u u M M t t) )
---- ----




ClOl 1HlL|
MO1 SO Al VlL1 L1DH C|A
THAY VAN LONG DANC 1kLN
AO HOA HOC & |NC D|NC
tHOl HOA HOC VlL1 NAM)



Phng phap la Thay cua cac Thay
Tally Rand





LU HNH NI B
12/12/2012
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 23
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)



GII THIU MT S BI VIT CC CHUYN
TRC NGHIM LTH CA THY
LU HUNH VN LONG NG TRN
BO HA HC & NG DNG
(HI HA HC VIT NAM)
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 24
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
PHNG PHP TNH NHANH HIU SUT CA
PHN NG CRACKINH
Thc s LU HUNH VN LONG
Trng H Th Du Mt -Bnh Dng

I- C S L THUYT
Bi ton tnh hiu sut ca phn ng crackinh ankan l mt dng bi tp kh i vi hc sinh.
Hc sinh thng rt lng tng khi gp bi ton ny v thng gii rt di dng khng cn thit. Vy
lm tt vn ny, chng ta cn phi tm hiu r bn cht ca phn ng crackinh ankan v ra
phng php gii nhanh ph hp vi hnh thc thi trc nghim hin nay:
Di tc dng ca nhit cao v xc tc thch hp th ankan c th xy ra nhiu loi phn
ng crackinh sau:
Ankan
o
t C
Ankan + anken [1]
VD: C
n
H
2n+2

o
t C
C
m
H
2m+2
+ C
n-m
H
2(n-m)

Ankan
o
t C
Anken + H
2
[2]
VD: C
n
H
2n+2

o
t C
C
n
H
2n
+ H
2

Ankan
o
t C
Ankin + 2H
2
[3]
VD: C
n
H
2n+2

o
t C
C
n
H
2n-2
+ 2H
2

c bit: 2CH
4

o
1500 C
lln
C
2
H
2
+ 3H
2
[4]
Gi s ta c s sau:
Hn hp ankan X
o
t C
Hn hp kh Y
Ta thy trong cc phn ng crackinh trn th s mol kh sau phn ng lun tng nn: n
X
< n
Y

Mt khc theo LBTKL : m
X
= m
Y
nn suy ra M M X Y >
T : d
X/Y
=
X
X X Y Y
Y
X Y X
Y
m
n m n n M
.
m
n m n M
n
X
Y
= = = =
(do : d
X/Y
> 1)
Vit gn li: d
X/Y
=
Y
X
n M
n M
X
Y
= =
[5]
Da vo biu thc ta tnh c n
Y
, t tnh Hiu sut phn ng.
Nhn xt :
* Da vo h s phn ng ca cc phn ng [1], [2], [4] ta rt ra kt qu quan trng:
Th tch (hay s mol) kh tng sau phn ng bng th tch( hay s mol) ankan tham gia phn ng
crackinh [6]
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 25
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
** Trong tnh ton ta thng dng phng php t chn lng cht xem nh hn hp ban u l 1
mol.
*** T cc kt qu trn ta c th p dng lm mt s dng Bi tp lin quan n phn ng
crackinh.
II- BI TP P DNG
Bi 1: Nhit phn CH
4
thu c hn hp X gm C
2
H
2
, CH
4
v H
2
. T khi hi so vi H
2
bng 5.
Hiu sut qu trnh nhit phn l:
A. 50% B. 60% C. 70% D. 80%
Hng dn gii
Gi s ban u c 1 mol CH
4

2CH
4
C
2
H
2
+ 3H
2
Trc p: 1mol
P: x(mol) 0,5x 1,5x
Sau p: 1 x 0,5x 1,5x
mol

= 1 + x
Da vo [5] ta c:
X
X
n 16
n = 1,6 (mol) = 1 + x x = 0,6
2*5 1
=

Hiu sut =
0, 6
*100% 60%
1
=
. Chn B
* Ta c th gii nhanh bi ton ny da vo nhn xt [6]:
m
X
= 16 g n
X
=
16
1, 6( )
5*2
mol = H =
1, 6 1
*100% 60%
1

=
Bi 2: Nhit phn 8,8 gam C
3
H
8
, gi s xy ra hai phn ng sau:
C
3
H
8

o
t C
CH
4
+ C
2
H
4

C
3
H
8

o
t C
C
3
H
6
+ H
2

Ta thu c hn hp X, bit MX = 23,16. Hiu sut ca phn ng nhit phn trn l:
A. 60% B. 70% C. 80% D. 90%
Hng dn gii
Da vo [5]
Y
Y
n 44
n 0,38( )
23,16 0,2
mol = =

Da vo [6] H =
0,38 0,2
*100% 90%
0, 2

=
Chn D
Bi 3: Crackinh C
4
H
10
c hn hp ch gm 5 hirocacbon c M=36,25vC.
Hiu sut phn ng crackinh l :
A.60% B.20% C.40% D.80%
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol C
4
H
10

Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 26
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
Da vo [5]
Y
Y
n 58
n 1, 6( )
36, 25 1
mol = =

Da vo [6] H =
1, 6 1
*100% 60%
1

= Chn A
Bi 4: Crackinh V lit C
4
H
10
thu c 35 lit hn hp A gm H
2
, CH
4
, C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
8
v mt
phn C
4
H
10
cha b crackinh. Cho hn hp A i qua t t qua bnh ng brom d thy th tch cn li
20 lit. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng crackinh:
A. 25% B. 60% C. 75% D. 85%
Hng dn gii
t x, y, z, t ln lt l th tch C
3
H
6
, C
2
H
4
, C
4
H
8
, C
4
H
10
d:
C
4
H
10

o
t C
CH
4
+ C
3
H
6

x x x
C
4
H
10

o
t C
C
2
H
6
+ C
2
H
4

y y y
C
4
H
10
o
t C
C
4
H
8
+ H
2

z z z
Khi dn hn hp i qua dung dch brom th anken b gi li cn H
2
, CH
4
, C
2
H
6
v C
4
H
10
d thot
ra:
Ta c: x + y + z = 35 20 = 15 (1)
Mt khc: V
(C4H10 ban u)
= V
(C4H10 p)
+ V
C4H10 cn li
= x + y + z + t = 20 (2)
T (1) v (2) t = 5
H =
15
*100% 75%
20
= Chn C
Bi 5: Crackinh 560 lit C
4
H
10
thu c 1036 lit hn hp kh X khc nhau. Bit cc th tch kh u
o ktc. Hiu sut phn ng crackinh l:
A. 75% B. 80% C. 85% D. 90%
Hng dn gii
Theo [6] H =
1036 560
*100% 85%
560

=
Chn C
Bi 6: Hn hp kh A gm etan v propan c t khi so vi H
2
l 20,25 c nung trong bnh vi
cht xc tc thc hin phn ng hiro ha. Sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp kh B c t khi
so vi H
2
l 16,2 gm cc ankan, anken v hiro. Tnh hiu sut phn ng hiro ha bit rng tc
phn ng ca etan v propan l nh nhau ?
A. 30% B. 250% C. 50% D. 40%
Hng dn gii
M 20, 25.2 40, 5 ; M 16, 2.2 32, 4 A B = = = =
Xt s mol hn hp A l 1 mol:
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 27
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
Da vo [5]
B
B
n 40, 5
n 1, 25( )
32, 4 1
mol = =

Da vo [6] H =
1, 25 1
*100% 25%
1

=
Chn B
Bi 7: Thc hin phn ng crackinh 11,2 lit hi isopentan (ktc) thu c hn hp A ch gm cc
ankan v anken. Trong hn hp A c cha 7,2 gam mt cht X m khi t chy th thu c 11,2 lit
CO
2
(ktc) v 10,8 gam H
2
O. Hiu sut ca phn ng crackinh l:
A. 80% B. 85% C. 90% D. 95%
Hng dn gii
5 12
C H
n
ban u
=
11,2
0,5( )
22,4
mol =

t chy X c
2 2
H O CO
10,8 11,2
n = 0, 6( ) > n = 0, 5( )
18 22,4
mol mol = =
X l ankan
Do : n
X
= 0,6 0,5 = 0,1 (mol) M
X
=
7, 2
72
0,1
=
= 14n + 2 n = 5 (C
5
H
12
)
H =
5 12
5 12
C H p
C H ban au
n
0, 5 0,1
*100% *100% 80%
n 0, 5

= =
Chn A


PHNG PHP TM NHANH CTPT Fe
X
O
Y


Thc s LU HUNH VN LONG
Trng H Th Du Mt -Bnh Dng

I- C S L THUYT
xc nh nhanh CTPT ca oxit Fe
x
O
y
trong cc bi tp trc nghim Ha hc ta c th da
vo ni dung nh lut thnh phn khng i:
Vi mt hp cht cho trc, d c iu ch theo phng php no th t l v s mol, t l
v khi lng hay t l v th tch gia cc thnh phn nguyn t to nn hp cht l nhng hng s
ti gin
Xt hp cht Fe
x
O
y
th ta lun c:
Fe
O
m 56
m 16
x
y
= v
Fe
O
n x
y n
=
Khi :
- Nu
y
x
=1 Fe
x
O
y
l: FeO
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 28
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
- Nu
y
x
=
3
2
Fe
x
O
y
l: Fe
2
O
3

- Nu
y
x
=
4
3
Fe
x
O
y
l: Fe
3
O
4

Mt s lu :
- Nu oxit st (Fe
x
O
y
) tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
c, HNO
3
khng gii phng kh l Fe
2
O
3
.
- i vi FeO v Fe
3
O
4
c c im l 1 mol phn t th nhng ng 1 mol electron:
+2 +3
Fe(FeO) Fe + 1e
+8
+3 3
3 4
3Fe(Fe O ) 3Fe + 1e
- Khi gii bi tp dng ny, ta thng kt hp cc phng php: bo ton electron, bo ton
nguyn t, bo ton khi lng v tng gim khi lng,
- i khi ta c th gii bng cch xt 3 kh nng ca Fe
x
O
y
l: FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
ri da vo d
kin ca bi tm p n ph hp.
II- MT S BI TP
Cu 1: Kh hon ton 16g bt oxit st bng CO nhit cao, sau khi phn ng kt thc, khi
lng cht rn gim 4,8g. Cng thc oxit st dng l:
A. FeO B. Fe
3
O
4
C. Fe
2
O
3
D. Tt c u sai
Hng dn
Khi lng gim i chnh l khi lng ca oxi trong oxit Fe
x
O
y
.
Ta c: m
O(FexOy)
= 4,8 (gam) n
O(FexOy)
=
4,8
0,3( )
16
mol =
n
Fe(FexOy)
=
16 - 4,8
0, 2( )
56
mol =

2 3
0, 2 2
0,3 3
x
Fe O
y
= = . Chn C
Cu 2: Ha tan hon ton 6,4 gam mt hn hp Fe v Fe
x
O
y
vo dung dch HCl d th thu c
2,24 lit H
2
(ktc). Nu un hn hp trn kh bng H
2
d th thu c 0,2 gam H
2
O. Cng thc oxit st
l:
A. Fe
2
O
3
B. FeO C. Fe
3
O
4
D. Fe
x
O
y

Hng dn
Ch c Fe tc dng vi dung dch HCl mi gii phng kh nn:
n
Fe
= n
(H2)
= 0,1 (mol) m
FexOy
= 6,4 0,1.56 = 0,8 (g)
Khi kh hn hp bng H
2
th: n
O(FexOy)
= n
(H2O)
=
0, 2 1
( )
18 90
mol =
n
Fe(FexOy)
=
16*1
0,8 -
1
90
( )
56 90
mol = 1
x
FeO
y
= . Chn B
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 29
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
Cu 3: ha tan 4 gam Fe
x
O
y
cn 52,14 ml dd HCl 10%(D=1,05g/ml). Xc nh cng thc phn
t Fe
x
O
y
.
A. Fe
2
O
3
B. FeO C. Fe
3
O
4
D. Fe
2
O
3
v FeO
Hng dn
Ta c:
+
HCl
H
52,14*1,05*0,1
n = n = 0,15( )
36, 5
mol =
Phn ng thc cht l: O
2-
+ 2H
+
H
2
O
0,075 0,15(mol)
n
Fe(FexOy)
=
4 - 0,075*16
0, 05( )
56
mol =
2 3
0, 05 2
0, 075 3
x
Fe O
y
= = Chn A
Cu 4: Ha tan 10gam hn hp gm Fe v Fe
x
O
y
bng HCl c 1,12 lt H
2
(ktc). Cng lng
hn hp ny nu ha tan ht bng HNO
3
c nng c 5,6 lt NO
2
(ktc). Tm Fe
x
O
y
?
A. FeO B. Fe
3
O
4
C. Fe
2
O
3
D. Khng xc nh c
Hng dn
Ch c Fe tc dng vi dung dch HCl mi gii phng kh nn:
n
Fe
= n
(H2)
=
1,12
0, 05
22, 4
= (mol) m
FexOy
= 10 0,05.56 = 7,2 (g)
Khi cho hn hp tc dng vi HNO
3
:
+8
+3 3
3Fe 3Fe + 1e
0 3+
Fe Fe + 3e
+5 +4
N + 1e N
0,05
0,25
a

Bo ton electron: 0,05.3 + a = 0,25 a = 0,1
M
(FexOy)
=
7, 2
72
0,1
FeO = . Chn A
Cu 5: (TSC Khi A 2007)
Cho 4,48 lt kh CO ( ktc) t t i qua ng s nung nng ng 8 gam mt oxit st n khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton. Kh thu c sau phn ng c t khi so vi hiro bng 20. Cng thc ca
oxit st v phn trm th tch ca kh CO
2
trong hn hp kh sau phn ng l:
A. FeO;75% B. Fe
2
O
3
;75% C. Fe
2
O
3
;65% D. Fe
3
O
4
;75%
Hng dn
Kh sau phn ng l hn hp:
2
CO : x (mol)
CO : 0,2 - x (mol)


Quy tc ng cho:
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 30
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
44
28
40
12
4
CO
2
CO
x
0,2-x
2
CO
CO
n
0, 2 12
3 0, 05
n 4
x
x
x

= = = =

%V
(CO2)
=
0,15*100
75%
0,2
=
n
O(FexOy)
= n
(CO2)
= 0,2 0,05 = 0,15 (mol) nFe
(FexOy)
=
8 - 0,15*16
0,1( )
56
mol =

2 3
0,1 2
0,15 3
x
Fe O
y
= = Chn B
Cu 6: Cho 0,01 mol mt hp cht ca st tc dng ht vi H
2
SO
4
c nng (d) thot ra 0,112
lit kh SO
2
(ktc) (l sn phm kh duy nht). Cng thc ca hp cht st l:
A. FeS B.FeS
2
C. Fe
2
O
3
D. Fe
3
O
4

Hng dn
Ta c:
+6 +4
S + 2e S
0,112
0,01 0, 005( )
22,4
mol

=

S mol hp cht = s mol electron trao i 1 mol hp cht ch nhng 1mol electron.
Do ta chn Fe
3
O
4
Chn D
Cu 7: Ha tan han ton mt oxit Fe
x
O
y
bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng(va ) thu c 2,24
lt kh SO
2
(ktc) v 120 gam mui. Xc nh cng thc oxit kim loi?
A. FeO B. Fe
3
O
4
C. Fe
2
O
3
D. Khng xc nh c
Hng dn
+6 +4
S + 2e S
2,24
0,2 0,1( )
22,4
mol

=

Nhn xt: s mol oxit Fe
x
O
y
l 0,2 (mol) n
Fe(FexOy)
= 0,2.x
Ta c:
2 4 3
Fe (SO )
120
n = 0,3( ) ( ) 0,3*2 0, 6( )
400
mol n Fe mol = = =
Bo ton nguyn t Fe: 0,2.x = 0,6 x = 3 Fe
3
O
4
Chn B
Cu 8: Dng CO d kh hon tan m gam bt st oxit (Fe
x
O
y
) dn tan b lng kh sinh ra i
tht chm qua 1 lt dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,1M th va v thu c 9,85gam kt ta. Mt khc ha tan
tan b m gam bt st oxit trn bng dd HCl d ri c cn th thu c 16,25gam mui khan. m c gi
tr l bao nhiu gam? V cng thc oxit (Fe
x
O
y
).
A. 8 gam; Fe
2
O
3
B. 15,1gam, FeO
C. 8 gam; FeO D. 11,6gam; Fe
3
O
4

Hng dn
n
Ba(OH)2
= 0,1 (mol)
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 31
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
n
(BaCO3)
=
9,85
0, 05( )
197
mol =
Ta thy: n
(BaCO3)
< n
Ba(OH)2
C 2 p xy ra:
CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaCO
3

0,1 0,1(mol) 0,1
BaCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O Ba(HCO
3
)
2

0,05 0,05
S mol CO
2
p: 0,1 + 0,05 = 0,15 (mol)
Hoc ta nhm: n
CO2
= 2n
Ba(OH)2
n
BaCO3
= 2.0,1 0,05 = 0,15 (mol)
nO
(FexOy)
= n
CO2
= 0,15 (mol)
Khi oxit Fe
x
O
y
tc dng vi HCl to mui clorua:
O
2-
2Cl
-

0,15 0,3(mol)
m
Fe
= 16,25 0,3.35,5 = 5,6 (g) m = m
Fe
+ m
O
= 5,6 + 0,15.16 = 8(g)

2 3
0,1 2
0,15 3
x
Fe O
y
= = Chn A
Bi 9: kh hon ton 6,4g mt oxit kim loi cn 0,12mol kh H
2
. Mt khc ly lng kim loi
to thnh cho tan hon ton trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long th thu c 0,08 mol H
2
. Cng thc oxit
kim loi l:
A. CuO B. Al
2
O
3
C. Fe
3
O
4
D. Fe
2
O
3

Hng dn
2 2 4
H / CO HCl/H SO
2 (1) (2)
Oxit KL KL H
Nhn xt: y l dng BT quen thuc trong cc k thi nn chng ta cn ch :
+ Oxit KL b kh bi H
2
/CO phi l oxit ca KL ng sau Al
+ KL tc dng vi dung dch HCl/H
2
SO
4
H
2
phi ng trc H trong dy hot ng ha hc
+ S mol H
2
(hoc CO) (1) S mol H
2
(2) Oxit ca KL a ha tr.
Do : Ta loi A v B oxit l Fe
x
O
y


2 3
6, 4 16*0,12
2
56
0,12 3
x
Fe O
y

= = Chn D
Bi 10: Kh hon ton 4,06g mt oxit kim loi bng CO nhit cao thnh kim loi. Dn ton
b kh sinh ra vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d thy to 7g kt ta. Nu ly lng kim loi sinh ra
ho tan ht trong dung dch HCl d th thu c 1,176lit H
2
(ktc). Cng thc oxit kim loi l:
A. FeO B. Fe
3
O
4
C. Fe
2
O
3
D. ZnO
Hng dn
Ta c: n
CO2
= n
CaCO3
=
7
0, 07( )
100
mol = n
H2
=
1,176
0, 0525( )
22, 4
mol = Oxit Fe
x
O
y

n
O(FexOy)
= n
CO2
= 0,07
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 32
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
n
Fe(FexOy)
=
4, 06 16*0, 07
0, 0525( )
56
mol

=

3 4
0, 0525 3
0, 07 4
x
Fe O
y
= = Chn B
Bi 11 : Ha tan hon ton a gam Fe
x
O
y
bng dd H
2
SO
4
m c nng va , c cha 0,075
mol H
2
SO
4
thu c b gam mt mui c 168 ml kh SO
2
(ktc) duy nht thot ra .
a/ Tr s ca b l :
A. 9g B. 8g C. 6g D. 12g
b)Tr s a gam Fe
x
O
y
l :
A. 1,08g B.2,4g C.4,64g D. 3,48g
c) Cng thc ca Fe
x
O
y
l :
A. FeO B. Fe
2
O
3
C.Fe
3
O
4
D. Khng xc nh c
Hng dn
a/ Gc SO
4
2-
trong axit sau phn ng nm dng gc SO
4
2-
trong mui v dng SO
2
nn:
Bo ton nguyn t lu hunh: nS(H
2
SO
4
) = nS(mui) + nS(SO
2
)
nS(mui) = 0,075 -
168
1000.22,4
= 0,0675 (mol)
2 4 3
Fe (SO )
0,0675
n = 0, 0225( )
3
mol =
Khi lng mui = 0,0225*400 = 9 (g) Chn A
b/ Ta c: S mol H
2
SO
4
= s mol H
2
O = 0,075 (mol)
Theo LBTKL: m
(FexOy)
+ m
(H2SO4)
= m
(mui)
+ m
(SO2)
+ m
(H2O)

m(FexOy) = 9 + 0,0075.64 + 0,075.18 98.0,075 = 3,48 (g) Chn D
c/ n
Fe(FexOy)
= 0,0225.2 = 0,045 (mol)
n
O(FexOy)
=
3, 48 0, 045*56
0, 06( )
16
mol

=

3 4
0, 045 3
0, 06 4
x
Fe O
y
= = Chn C
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 33
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
PHNG PHP XC NH NHANH SN PHM TRONG CC
PHN NG CA HP CHT PHOTPHO

Thc s LU HUNH VN LONG
Trng H Th Du Mt -Bnh Dng

Bi ton v axit H
3
PO
4
hay P
2
O
5
tc dng vi dung dch baz cng nh cc phn ng ca mui
photphat i vi hc sinh THPT cn kh phc tp. a s hc sinh khng nm r bn cht phn ng
nn vn cha t tin khi lm cc bi tp dng ny. lm tt dng bi tp ny th trc tin ta phi xc
nh ng c sn phm sinh ra trong cc phn ng, ri da vo s liu tnh ton. C th phn
thnh mt s dng sau:
I- Axit H
3
PO
4
tc dng vi dung dch baz
1/ Trng hp dung dch baz l NaOH hay KOH
Ta c cc phn ng sau:
H
3
PO
4
+ NaOH NaH
2
PO
4
+ H
2
O
H
3
PO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
HPO
4
+ 2H
2
O
H
3
PO
4
+ 3NaOH Na
3
PO
4
+ 3H
2
O
xc nh mui g c to ra th a phn hc sinh da vo phng php i s l lp t l
mol
So mol baz
T =
So mol axit
hay ngc li ri lp bng ghi nh 7 trng hp, sau so snh vi t l mol
m bi cho kt lun. C th l:
3 4
NaOH
H PO
n
n
San pham
1
2
3
2 4
3 4
NaH PO
D H PO
2 4
NaH PO
2 4
Na HPO
3 4
Na PO
3 4
Na PO
D NaOH
2 4
2 4
NaH PO
Na HPO
2 4
3 4
Na HPO
Na PO

2/ Trng hp dung dch baz l Ca(OH)
2
hay Ba(OH)
2

Ta c cc phn ng sau:
2H
3
PO
4
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
+ 2H
2
O
H
3
PO
4
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaHPO
4
+ 2H
2
O
2H
3
PO
4
+ 3Ca(OH)
2
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 3H
2
O
Tng t:
Sa n pha m
0,5
1 1,5
2
3 4
Ca(OH)
H PO
n
n
2 4 2
Ca(H PO )
4
CaHPO
3 4 2
Ca (PO )
2 4 2
3 4
Ca(H PO )
D H PO
2 4 2
4
Ca(H PO )
CaHPO
4
3 4 2
CaHPO
Ca (PO )
3 4 2
2
Ca (PO )
D Ca(OH)

Hc sinh thng lm bng cch lp bng trn, do cc em c lm quen cch lm ny t
THCS. Tuy nhin hc sinh cn nh mt cch my mc cc h s t l trn (14 trng hp) m khng
hiu r bn cht ca phn ng. Do i vi bi ton hn hp baz th cc em s rt lng tng.
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 34
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
* nm r bn cht ca phn ng cng nh hn ch li mn ta vn dng kin thc v
Chng S in ly lp 11 ta gii bi ton trn nh sau:
Axit H
3
PO
4
l mt triaxit thuc loi trung bnh nn trong dung dch s phn ly ra 3 nc. Gi s
ta c a mol H
3
PO
4
th s phn ly ca H
3
PO
4
nh sau:
H
3
PO
4
H
+
+ H
2
PO
4
-
2H
+
+ HPO
4
2-
3H
+
+ PO
4
3-

a(mol) a 2a 3a (mol)
Da theo s ta thy c a mol axit s gii phng 3 ln H
+
l a, 2a, 3a mol H
+
. Khi cho dung
dch baz vo th bn cht phn ng l s trung ha:
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
Do nu bit s mol NaOH hay KOH ta bit:
-
NaOH
OH
n = n
Bit s mol Ca(OH)
2
hay Ba(OH)
2
ta bit:
-
2
Ca(OH)
OH
n = 2n
Ta so snh s mol ca OH
-
vi s mol H
+
s bit phn ng to ra mui g:
- Nu n
OH-
< a to mui H
2
PO
4
-
v H
3
PO
4
d
- Nu n
OH-
= a to mui H
2
PO
4
-

- Nu a < n
OH
-

< 2a to mui H
2
PO
4
-
v HPO
4
2-

- Nu n
OH
-
= 2a to mui HPO
4
2-

- Nu 2a < n
OH
-
< 3a to mui HPO
4
2-
v PO
4
3-

- Nu n
OH
-
= 3a to mui PO
4
3-

- Nu n
OH
-
> 3a to mui PO
4
3-
v OH
-
d
Tm tt cc trng hp trn bng bng sau:
San pham
1
2
3
-
3 4
OH
H PO
n
n
2 4
H PO

2
4
HPO

3
4
PO

2 4
3 4
H PO
D H PO

2 4
2
4
H PO
HPO

2
4
3
4
HPO
PO

3
4
-
PO
D OH


Ch : Ta c th dng s n gin sau ghi nh:
- - -
OH OH OH - 2- 3-
3 4 2 4 4 4
H PO H PO HPO PO [1]
3/ Dng P
2
O
5
tc dng vi dung dch baz
Ta xem P
2
O
5
tc dng vi H
2
O to axit H
3
PO
4
ri gii tng t nh trn. Ch h s mol:
P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O 2H
3
PO
4

x(mol) 2x (mol)
Bi tp 1: Cho bit sn phm to thnh trong cc trng hp sau:
a/ 0,06 mol H
3
PO
4
tc dng vi 0,08 mol NaOH
b/ 1 mol H
3
PO
4
tc dng vi 1 mol Ca(OH)
2

c/ 0,08 mol H
3
PO
4
tc dng vi 0,06 mol Ca(OH)
2

d/ 2mol H
3
PO
4
tc dng vi 1 mol Ca(OH)
2

e/ 0,24 mol H
3
PO
4
tc dng vi hn hp gm 0,009 mol NaOH v 0,006 mol Ca(OH)
2

Gii
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 35
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
Ta c th da vo
-
3 4
OH
H PO
n
n
d on sn phm
a/
-
3 4
OH
H PO
n
0, 08
1,33
n 0, 06
= =
to NaH
2
PO
4
v Na
2
HPO
4

b/
-
3 4
OH
H PO
n
2
2
n 1
= = to mui CaHPO
4

c/
-
3 4
OH
H PO
n
0, 06*2
1, 5
n 0, 08
= =
to Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
v CaHPO
4

d/
-
3 4
OH
H PO
n
2
1
n 2
= =
to mui Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2

e/
-
3 4
OH
H PO
n
0, 009 0, 006*2
0, 0875
n 0, 24
+
= =
to mui NaH
2
PO
4
v Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2

Bi tp 2(TSH B 2008):Cho 0,1 mol P
2
O
5
vo dung dch cha 0,35 mol KOH. Dung dch thu
c c cc cht:
A. K
3
PO
4
; K
2
HPO
4
B. K
2
HPO
4
; KH
2
PO
4

C. K
3
PO
4
; KOH D. H
3
PO
4
; KH
2
PO
4

Gii
P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O 2H
3
PO
4

0,1(mol) 0,2 (mol)
-
3 4
OH
H PO
n
0,35
1, 75
n 0, 2
= = K
2
HPO
4
; KH
2
PO
4

Chn B

Bi tp 3: Cho dung dch a mol H
3
PO
4
tc dng vi dung dch cha b mol NaOH, thu c dung
dch A
a/ Bin lun xc nh thnh phn cc cht trong dung dch A theo mi quan h gia a v b
b/ p dng vi trng hp a = 0,12 mol v b = 0,2 mol
Bi tp 4: Cho a mol P
2
O
5
tc dng vi dung dch cha b mol KOH. Bin lun mi quan h gia
a v b xc nh cc cht trong dung dch sau phn ng (xem P
2
O
5
tc dng vi H
2
O chuyn hon
ton thnh H
3
PO
4
)
Hng dn: Da vo s trn bin lun

II- Mui photphat tc dng vi cc hp cht khc
Da vo s [1] ta thy mui photphat c th tn ti 3 dng: ihirophotphat H
2
PO
4
-
;
hirophotphat HPO
4
2-
; photphat trung ha PO
4
3-
. Trong mi trng OH
-
H
2
PO
4
-
c th chuyn thnh
HPO
4
2-
v PO
4
3-
. Do photphat l mui ca axit trung bnh c nhiu nc nn chng khng bn trong mi
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 36
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
trng H
+
v chng c th chuyn v dng axit ban u H
3
PO
4
. Cc qu trnh chuyn i trn ph
thuc vo mnh yu ca axit v t l mol cc cht phn ng:
- - -
+ + +
OH OH OH
- 2- 3-
3 4 2 4 4 4
H H H
H PO H PO HPO PO


[2]
T s [2] rt ra mt s nhn xt:
+ Mui PO
4
3-
c th tc dng vi H
3
PO
4
to ra mui HPO
4
2-
v H
2
PO
4
-
ty theo t l PO
4
3-
/H
3
PO
4

( khng th to thnh H
3
PO
4
):
Nu t l l 1:1 CaHPO
4
do H
3
PO
4
nhng i 1 H
+

Nu t l l 1:2 Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
do H
3
PO
4
nhng 2 H
+
+ Mui PO
4
3-
c th tc dng vi axit mnh (HCl, H
2
SO
4
) to ra HPO
4
2-
; H
2
PO
4
-
hay H
3
PO
4
ty
theo t l PO
4
3-
/HCl:
PO
4
3-
+ H
+
HPO
4
2-

PO
4
3-
+ 2H
+
H
2
PO
4
-

PO
4
3-
+ 3H
+
H
3
PO
4

+ Hai cht khng ng cnh nhau trong 1 dy trn th khng bao gi cng tn ti trong 1 dung
dch, chng s tc dng ht vi nhau to ra sn phm l cht ng gia hai cht :
PO
4
3-
+ H
2
PO
4
-
2HPO
4
2-

H
3
PO
4
+ HPO
4
2-
2H
2
PO
4
-

H
3
PO
4
+ PO
4
3-
HPO
4
2-
v H
2
PO
4
-
( ty t l xt trn)
Bi tp 1(SGK 11CB): Hy d on sn phm to thnh (mui)trong cc trng hp sau:
a/ 1 mol H
3
PO
4
+ 1 mol K
2
HPO
4
?
b/ 1 mol Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
+ 1 mol Ca(OH)
2
?
Gii
Da s [2]:
a/ HPO
4
2-
+ H
3
PO
4
theo t l 1:1 NaH
2
PO
4

b/ H
2
PO
4
-
+ OH
-
theo t l 2:2 (hay 1:1) CaHPO
4

Bi tp 2(BT 3 trang 66 SGK 11NC):
in cht thch hp vo ch c du ? trong cc s sau:
a/ H
2
PO
4
-
+ ? HPO
4
2-
+ ?
b/ HPO
4
2-
+ ? H
2
PO
4
-
+ ?
Gii
Da s [2]:
a/ H
2
PO
4
-
+ OH
-
HPO
4
2-
+ H
2
O
b/ HPO
4
2-
+ H
3
O
+
H
2
PO
4
-
+ H
2
O
Bi tp 3: Cho P
2
O
5
tc dng vi NaOH ngi ra thu c mt dung dch gm hai cht. Hai cht
l :
A NaOH v NaH
2
PO
4
B. NaH
2
PO
4
v Na
3
PO
4

C. Na
2
HPO
4
v Na
3
PO
4
D. Na
3
PO
4
v H
3
PO
4

Gii
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 37
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
Da vo s [2]:
-A. NaOH v NaH
2
PO
4
cn NaOH tc l d NaOH th khng th tn ti NaH
2
PO
4
c m phi l
Na
3
PO
4

- B. NaH
2
PO
4
v Na
3
PO
4
hai mui ny khng tn ti ng thi v chng phn ng vi nhau
Na
2
HPO
4

- C. Na
2
HPO
4
v Na
3
PO
4
-
Tn ti
- D. Na
3
PO
4
v H
3
PO
4
cn d H
3
PO
4
th khng th sinh ra Na
3
PO
4
c.
p n l C
BI TP TNG T
Bi 1: Cho 100 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
3M tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch NaOH 2,5M. Khi lng
mui to thnh v nng mol/l ca dung dch to thnh ?
A. 12g; 28,4g v 0,33M; 0,67M B. 12g; 28,4g v 0,36M; 0,76M
C. 21g; 24,8g v 0,33M; 0,67M D. 18g; 38,4g v 0,43M; 0,7M
Hng dn gii
Ta c: n
NaOH
= 0,2.2,5 = 0,5 (mol)
3 4
H PO
n = 3.0,1 = 0,3(mol)
Lp t l:
3 4
NaOH
H PO
n
0, 2.2, 5
1 1, 67 2
n 0,1.3
< = = <
To ra hai mui NaH
2
PO
4
v Na
2
HPO
4

t s mol NaH
2
PO
4
l a
t s mol Na
2
HPO
4
l b
Cch 1: Em c th vit 2 phng trnh ri lp h gii
Cch 2: Dng phng php bo ton nguyn t cho nhanh:
Bo ton nguyn t Na c: a + 2b = 0,5
Bo ton nguyn t P c: a + b = 0,3
Gii h phng trnh trn c: a = 0,1 v b = 0,2
2 4
2 4
NaH PO
Na HPO
m = 0,1.120 = 12(g)
m = 142.0,2 = 28,4(g)

Nng mol/ ca cc mui:
[ ]
[ ]
2 4
2 4
0,1
NaH PO 0,33M
0,3
0, 2
Na HPO = 0,67M
0,3
= =
=

p n A
Bi 2: Cho 3,55 g P
2
O
5
vo 500 ml dung dch c cha 7,28g KOH. Gi s th tch ca dung dch
thay i khng ng k. Tnh nng mol/l ca cc mui trong dung dch thu c?
A. 0,04M; 0,06M B. 0,05M; 0,06M
C. 0,04M; 0,08M D. 0,06M; 0,09M
Hng dn gii
2 5
P O
3,55
n = = 0,025(mol)
142

Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 38
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
KOH
7,28
n = = 0,13(mol)
56

P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O 2H
3
PO
4
0,025 0,05(mol)
Lp t l:
3 4
KOH
H PO
n
0,13
2 2, 6 3
n 0, 05
< = = <
To ra hai mui Na
2
HPO
4
v Na
3
PO
4

t s mol Na
2
HPO
4
l a
t s mol Na
3
PO
4
l b
Cch 1: Em c th vit 2 phng trnh ri lp h gii
Cch 2: Dng phng php bo ton nguyn t cho nhanh:
Bo ton nguyn t K c: 2a + 3b = 0,13
Bo ton nguyn t P c: a + b = 0,05
Gii h phng trnh trn c: a = 0,02 v b = 0,03
Nng mol/ ca cc mui:
[ ]
[ ]
2 4
3 4
0, 02
K HPO 0,04 M
0, 5
0, 03
K PO = 0,06 M
0, 5
= =
=

p n A
Ch : Em nn chuyn P
2
O
5
thnh H
3
PO
4
ri tnh nh trn. Khng nn vit phng trnh P
2
O
5
tc
dng trc tip vi dung dch KOH
Bi 3: Cho 1,42g P
2
O
5
vo dung dch cha 1,12g KOH. Khi lng mui thu c l:
A. 2,72g B. 2,27g C. 2,3g D. 2,9g
Hng dn gii

2 5
P O
1,42
n = = 0,01(mol)
142

3 4
H PO
n = 0,02 (mol)

KOH
1,12
n = = 0,02(mol)
56

to mui KH
2
PO
4

2 4
KH PO
n = 0,02 (mol)


2 4
KH PO
m = 0,02.136 = 2,72 (g)
p n A
Bi 4: S ml dung dch NaOH 1M trn ln vi 50ml dung dch H3PO4 1M thu c mui
trung ha l:
A. 100ml B. 150ml C. 200ml D. 112ml
Hng dn gii
3 4
H PO
n = 0,05.1 = 0,05(mol)
Phng trnh to mui trung ha:
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 39
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
3NaOH + H
3
PO
4
Na
3
PO
4
+ 3H
2
O
0,15 0,05 (mol)
V
NaOH
=
0,15
= 0,15 (lit) = 150 ml
1

p n B
Bi 5: Oxi ha hon ton 6,2g P ri cho sn phm vo 25ml dung dch NaOH 25% (d = 1,28
g/ml). Mui to thnh c cng thc nh th no ?
A. NaH
2
PO
4
B. Na
2
HPO
4

C. Na
3
PO
4
D. c A v B u ng
Hng dn gii
4P + 5O
2
2P
2
O
5

2 5 3 4
P P O H PO
6,2
n = =0,2(mol) n = 0,1 (mol) n = 0,2 (mol)
31


NaOH
25.1,28.25
n = = 0,2(mol)
100.40

To mui NaH
2
PO
4

p n A
Bi 6: Cho 20g dung dch H
3
PO
4
37,11% tc dng va vi NH
3
th thu c 10g mui
photphat amoni A. Cng thc ca mui A l:
A. (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
B. NH
4
H
2
PO
4

C. (NH
4
)
3
PO
4
D. Khng xc nh
Hng dn gii
3 4
H PO
20*37,11
m = = 7,422 (g)
100

H
3
PO
4
+ xNH
3
(NH
4
)
x
H
3-x
PO
4

98g 98 + 17x
7,422 10

98 98 17
2
7,422 10
x
x
+
= =
Cng thc mui: (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
p n A










Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 40
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
VN DNG NH LUT BO TON IN TCH GII NHANH MT
S BI TON HA HC DNG TRC NGHIM
( ng Bo Ha Hc & ng Dng S 12/2008)

Thc s LU HUNH VN LONG
Trng H Th Du Mt -Bnh Dng

I- C S L THUYT
nh lut bo ton in tch c pht biu dng tng qut: in tch ca mt h thng c lp
th lun lun khng i tc l c bo ton.
T nh lut trn ta c th suy ra mt s h qu p dng gii nhanh mt s bi ton ha hc:
H qu 1: Trong dung dch cc cht in ly hoc cht in ly nng chy th tng s in tch
dng ca cc cation bng tng s n v in tch m ca cc anion.
(H qu 1 cn c gi l nh lut trung ha in)
V d 1: Dung dch A c cha cc ion sau: Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
, 0,1mol Cl
-
v 0,2 mol NO
3
-
. Thm
dn V lit dung dch K
2
CO
3
1M vo A n khi c lng kt ta ln nht. V c gi tr l:
A. 300 ml B. 200 ml C. 250 ml D. 150 ml
Gii
thu c kt ta ln nht khi cc ion Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
tc dng ht vi ion CO
3
2-
:
2+ 2-
3 3
2+ 2-
3 3
2+ 2-
3 3
Mg + CO MgCO
Ba + CO BaCO
Ca + CO CaCO




Sau khi phn ng kt thc, trong dung dch cha cc ion K
+
, Cl
-
v NO
3
-
( kt ta tch khi dung
dch ). Theo h qu 1 th:
+ - -
2 3
3
Cl NO
n = n + n 0,1 0, 2 0,3( ) 0,15( )
K CO
K
mol n mol = + = =

2 3
ddK CO
0,15
V = 0,15( ) 150
1
lit ml = = Chn D

V d 2: (TSH A 2007): Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS
2
v a mol Cu
2
S vo
axit HNO
3
(va ), thu c dung dch X (ch cha hai mui sunfat) v kh duy nht NO. Gi tr ca
a l
A. 0,04. B. 0,075. C. 0,12. D. 0,06.
Gii:
FeS
2
Fe
3+
+ 2SO
4
2

0,12 0,12 0,24
Cu
2
S 2Cu
2+
+ SO
4
2

a 2a a
p dng nh lut trung ho in (h qu 1):
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 41
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
3.0,12 + 2.2a = 0,24.2 + 2a a 0, 06 = Chn D
V d 3: (TSC A 2007): Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol Cu
2+
, 0,03 mol K
+
, x mol Cl
-
v y mol
SO
4
2-
. Tng khi lng cc mui tan c trong dung dch l 5,435 gam. Gi tr ca x v y ln lt l:
A. 0,03 v 0,02 B. 0,05 v 0,01
C. 0,01 v 0,03 D. 0,02 v 0,05
Gii:
p dng nh lut trung ho in: 2.0,02 + 0,03 = x + 2y hay x + 2y = 0,07 (1)
Khi lng mui: 0,02.64 + 0,03.39 + 35,5x + 96y = 5,435 (2)
Gii h phng trnh (1) v (2) c: x = 0,03 v y = 0,02 Chn A
H qu 2: Trong cc phn ng oxi ha kh th tng s mol electron do cc cht kh nhng bng
tng s mol electron do cc cht oxi ha nhn.
( Da vo h qu 2 ny ta c phng php bo ton electron)
V d 1: (TSH B 2007): Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X.
Ha tan ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO
3
( d), thot ra 0,56 lit ( ktc) NO( l sn phm kh duy
nht). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 2,52 B. 2,22 C. 2,62 D. 2,32
Gii
NO
Fe
0,56
n = 0, 025( )
22,4
m
n = ( )
56
mol
mol
=

Da vo nh lut bo ton khi lng, ta c:
m
O
= 3 m(g)
O
3-m
n = ( )
16
mol
3+
Fe Fe + 3e
m 3m

56 56


2-
5 2
O + 2e O
3-m 2(3-m)

16 16
N + 3e N
0,075 0,025
+ +


Da vo h qu 2 ta c:
3m
56
= 0,075 +
2(3-m)
16
m = 2,52 Chn A
V d 2: (TSH A 2008): Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
phn ng ht
vi dung dch HNO
3
long(d), thu c 1,344 lit ( ktc) NO( l sn phm kh duy nht) v dung
dch X. C cn dung dch X thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr m l:
A. 49,09 B. 34,36 C. 35,50 D. 38,72
Gii
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 42
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
NO
Fe
1,344
n = 0, 06( )
22,4
m
n = ( )
56
mol
mol
=

Da vo nh lut bo ton khi lng, ta c:
m
O
= 11,36 m(g)
O
11,36-m
n = ( )
16
mol
3+
Fe Fe + 3e
m 3m

56 56


2-
5 2
O + 2e O
11,36-m 2(11,36-m)

16 16
N + 3e N
0,18 0,06
+ +


Da vo h qu 2 ta c:
3m
56
= 0,18 +
2(11,36-m)
16
m = 8,96
m
mui
= m
Fe
+ m
NO3
-

= 8,96 + 62.3n
Fe
= 8,96 + 62.3.
8, 96
56
= 38,72gam Chn D

H qu 3: Mt hn hp gm nhiu kim loi c ha tr khng i v c khi lng cho trc s
phi nhng mt s mol electron khng i cho bt k tc nhn oxi ha no.
V d 1: Chia 1,24 gam hn hp hai kim loi c ha tr khng i thnh hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: b oxi ha hon ton thu c 0,78 gam hn hp oxit.
- Phn 2: tan hon ton trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long thu c V lit H
2

( ktc). Gi tr V l:
A. 2,24 lit B. 0,112 lit C. 5,6 lit D. 0,224 lit
Gii
Khi lng mi phn: 1,24 : 2 = 0,62 gam
S mol O kt hp vi 0,62 gam hn hp kim loi:
0, 78 0, 62
0, 01( )
16
mol

=
Qu trnh to oxit: O + 2e O
2-

0,01 0,02(mol)
Theo h qu 3 th phn 2 hn hp kim loi kh H
+
ca dung dch axit cng nhng 0,02
mol electron:
2H
+
+ 2e H
2

0,02 0,01(mol)
Vy th tch H
2
thu c l: 0,01 . 22,4 = 0,224 lit Chn D
V d 2: Chia hn hp 2 kim loi A,B c ha tr khng i thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: tan ht trong dung dch HCl to ra 1,792 lit H
2
( ktc)
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 43
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
- Phn 2: nung nng trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 2,84 gam cht rn.
Khi lng hn hp 2 kim loi trong hn hp u l:
A. 2,4g B. 3,12g C. 2,2g D. 1,8g
Gii
Xt phn 1:
2H
+
+ 2e H
2

0,16
1, 792
22, 4
= 0,08 (mol)
Theo h qu 3 th phn 2: O + 2e O
2-

0,08 0,16(mol)


m
KL
= m
oxit
m
O
= 2,84 0,08.16 = 1,56 gam
Khi lng hn hp ban u: 2.1,56 = 3,12 gam Chn B

V d 3: Ly 7,88 gam hn hp A gm hai kim loi hot ng X,Y c ha tr khng i, chia thnh hai
phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1 nung trong oxi d oxi ha hon ton thu c 4,74 gam hn hp 2 oxit
- Phn 2 ha tan hon ton trong dung dch cha hn hp hai axit HCl v H
2
SO
4
long thu
c V lt kh (ktc). Gi tr V l:
A. 2,24 lit B. 0,112 lit C. 1,12 lit D. 0,224 lit
Gii
Khi lng mi phn: 7,88 : 2 = 3,94 gam
S mol O kt hp vi 3,94 gam hn hp kim loi:
4, 74 3, 94
0, 05( )
16
mol

=
Qu trnh to oxit: O + 2e O
2-

0,05 0,1(mol)
Theo h qu 3 th phn 2:
2H
+
+ 2e H
2

0,1 0,05 (mol)
Vy th tch H
2
thu c l: 0,05 . 22,4 = 1,12 lit Chn C









Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 44
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
PHNG PHP GII NHANH BI TON HN HP KIM LOI
Al/Zn V Na/Ba TC DNG VI NC
(ng Bo Ha Hc & ng dng s 12/2009)
Thc s LU HUNH VN LONG
Trng H Th Du Mt -Bnh Dng
I- C S L THUYT
Bi ton hn hp Al/Zn v Na/Ba tc dng vi nc d sinh ra kh th chng ta cn lu :
+ Kim loi Na/Ba + H
2
O dung dch baz NaOH/Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2

+ Kim loi Al/Zn + dung dch baz sinh ra mui + H
2

Ta thy kh H
2
thot ra do 2 qu trnh to nn. C th:
a/ Hn hp Na v Al tc dng vi H
2
O
Na + H
2
O NaOH +
1
2
H
2

Al + NaOH + H
2
O NaAlO
2
+
3
2
H
2
Ta c: n
Na
= n
NaOH
= n
Al(p)

b/ Hn hp Ba v Al tc dng vi H
2
O
Ba + 2H
2
O Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2

2Al + Ba(OH)
2
+ 2H
2
O Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 3H
2
Ta c: n
Ba
= n
Ba(OH)2
=
1
2
n
Al(p)

Nhn xt: Da vo c im v d kin bi ton ta c th vit hai phng trnh phn ng ri tnh
ton. Tuy nhin vi dng bi tp ny ta thy l c 2 ptp trn u l phn ng oxi ha kh nn c th
lm nhanh bng phng php bo ton electron.Trng hp Zn lm tng t.
II- MT S V D
V d 1: Hn hp X gm Na v Al. Cho m gam hn hp X vo mt lng d nc thot ra V lit
kh (ktc). Nu cng cho m gam X vo dung dch NaOH d th thu c 1,75V lit kh (ktc). Phn
trm khi lng ca Na trong X l:
A. 39,87% B. 77,31% C. 59,87% D. 29,87%
Hng dn gii
Cch 1: Gii bnh thng (a s HS thng lm)
TN1: Na + H
2
O NaOH +
1
2
H
2

x(mol) x 0,5x
Al + NaOH + H
2
O NaAlO
2
+
3
2
H
2

x x 1,5x
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 45
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
TN2: Na + H
2
O NaOH +
1
2
H
2

x(mol) x 0,5x
Al + NaOH + H
2
O NaAlO
2
+
3
2
H
2

y(mol) 1,5y
So snh th tch 2 TN TN1 Al cn d v TN2 Al tan ht.
Ta c: 0,5x + 1,5y = 1,75(0,5x + 1,5x)
y = 2x
Xt 3 mol hn hp X th m
Na
= 23g v m
Al
= 54g
%Na =
23
*100% 29,87%
23 54
=
+
Chn D
Cch 2: Theo phng php bo ton electron
TN1: Cht kh l Na v Al nn:
Na Na
+
+ 1e
x(mol) x
Do Al d v t l Na : Al l 1:1 nn:
Al Al
3+
+ 3e
x 3x
H
2
O l cht oxi ha nn: 2H
+
+ 2e H
2


V*2
22,4

V
( )
22,4
mol
Bo ton electron: x + 3x =
V*2
22,4
(1)
TN2:
Na Na
+
+ 1e
x(mol) x
Do Al p ht nn:
Al Al
3+
+ 3e
y(mol) 3y
V: 2H
+
+ 2e H
2


1,75V*2
22,4

1,75V
( )
22,4
mol
Bo ton electron: x + 3y =
1,75V*2
22,4
(2)
T (1) v (2) y = 2x
Gii tng t Cch 1
V d 2: Cho hn hp X gm 0,1 mol Na v 0,05 mol Al tc dng vi lng nc d th thu c
th tch kh ktc l bao nhiu ?
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 46
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
A. 2,8 lit B. 1,12lit C. 1,67 lit D. 2,24lit
Hng dn gii
Nhn xt: T l Na : Al l
0,1
2
0, 05
= nn Al p ht nn:

0,1 Na Na
+
+ 1e
0,05 Al Al
3+
+ 3e
x 2H
+
+ 2e H
2

Bo ton electron: 0,1 + 0,05.3 = 2x x = 0,125 V = 0,125.22,4 = 2,8 (lit)
Chn A
V d 3(TSH A 2008): Cho hn hp gm Na v Al c t l s mol tng ng l 1:2 vo nc
d. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 8,96 lit H
2
(ktc) v m gam cht rn khng tan.
Gi tr ca m l:
A. 43,2g B. 5,4g C. 7,8g D. 10,8g
Hng dn gii
T l Na : Al l
1
2
nn Al d
Ta c:
x Na Na
+
+ 1e
x Al
(p)
Al
3+
+ 3e
0,4 2H
+
+ 2e H
2

Bo ton electron: x + 3x = 0,4.2 x = 0,2. Do : n
Al
= 2n
Na
= 0,2.2 = 0,4 (mol)
m
Al
= 0,4 . 27 = 10,8 (g) Chn D

V d 4: Cho m gam hn hp Na v Al vo nc d, thu c 4,48 lit kh. Mt khc m gam hn
hp trn tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d thu c 7,84 lit kh (cc kh u o ktc). Tr s ca m
l:
A. 5g B. 7,7g C. 6,55g D. 12,5g
Hng dn gii
Gi s mol Na l x
Gi s mol Al l y
TN1: Nhm d nn n
Na
= n
Al(p)
= x
x Na Na
+
+ 1e
x Al Al
3+
+ 3e
0,2 2H
+
+ 2e H
2

Bo ton electron: x + 3x = 2.0,2 x = 0,1 m
Na
= 0,1.23 = 2,3 (g)
TN 2: Nhm p ht nn:
0,1 Na Na
+
+ 1e
y Al Al
3+
+ 3e
Cc chuyn trc nghim LTH ng trn Bo Ha hc & ng dng (Hi Ha hc Vit Nam)
ThS. LU HUNH VN LONG (Ging vin Trng H Th Du Mt) 47
Lp bi dng kin thc 10, 11, 12 v luyn thi tt nghip THPT, Cao ng i hc mn HA HC
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 0986.616.225 (gp Thy Vn Long)
Ghi danh hng tun v hc gn Trng THPT Tn Phc Khnh vo lc 17
h
30-19
h
cc ngy trong tun (CN nguyn ngy)
0,35 2H
+
+ 2e H
2

Bo ton electron: 0,1 + 3y = 0,35.2 y = 0,2 m
Al
= 0,2.27 = 5,4 (g)
Vy m = 2,3 + 5,4 = 7,7 (g) Chn B
V d 5: Chia hn hp X gm kim loi Al v Ba thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: Cho vo nc d th thu c 448 ml kh (ktc)
Phn 2: Cho vo dung dch NaOH d th thu c 784 ml kh (ktc)
Khi lng hn hp trong mi phn l:
A. 0,685g B. 2,45g C. 1,225g D. 2,45g
Hng dn gii
Gi s mol Ba l x
Gi s mol Al l y
TN1: Nhm d nn n
Ba
=
1
2
n
Al(p)
= x
x Ba Ba
2+
+ 2e
2x Al Al
3+
+ 3e
0,02 2H
+
+ 2e H
2

Bo ton electron: 2x + 3.2x = 2.0,02 x = 0,005 m
Ba
= 0,005.137= 0,685 (g)
TN 2: Nhm p ht nn:
0,005 Ba Ba
2+
+ 2e
y Al Al
3+
+ 3e
0,035 2H
+
+ 2e H
2

Bo ton electron: 0,005.2 + 3y = 0,035.2 y = 0,02 m
Al
= 0,02.27 = 0,54 (g)
Vy m = 0,685 + 0,54 = 1,225 (g) Chn C

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