Bn tin Ton hc (B mn Ton trng PTNK) s 02

- 1
Li ngo
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BAN TIN TOAN
HOC
So
0
2
Bn tin Ton hc (B mn Ton trng PTNK) s 02
- 2
theo a ch hop th trc
phong bo mon Toan (tang
tret) hoac gi trc tiep cho
cac thanh vien trong ban bien
tap bang tin.
BAN BIEN TAP
Trong so nay:
- Abel v nh l ln ca ng.
- p n thi mn ton Nng khiu K thi tuyn sinh lp 10
PTNK 2003.
- Li gii v nhn xt cc ton s 1.
- Cng gii ton.
- Ting Anh qua cc bi ton.
Abel v nh l ln ca ng
V.Tikhomirov
Nh ton hc v i ngi Na Uy Nils Henric Abel, ngi cng vi
Grieg v Ibsen lm rng r T quc ca mnh, sng mt cuc
i ngn ngi, y kh khn v au kh. ng mt v bnh ...
tui 28. Tt c nhng kt qu ton hc chnh c ng thc hin
trong vng ch 3 nm. Carl Gustav Jacobi, ngi cng sng to v
nghin cu ng thi nhng vn ca Abel vit: Abel ri
xa chng ta, nhng du n m ng li kh c th phai m. V
nhng li ni ny tr thnh li sm: hu nh tt c nhng g m Abel
cng hin cho khoa hc u truyn n th h chng ta nh nhng
kho bu. Bin i Abel, du hiu hi t Abel, nhm Abel, phng
trnh tch phn Abel, tch phn Abel vn l ngi bn ng hnh
thng xuyn ca cc nh ton hc, v mi nh ton hc u bit
n nh l ln ca Abel v tnh khng gii c bng cn thc ca
phng trnh bc ln hn 4.
Abel sinh ngy 5 thng 8 nm 1802 min Nam Nau Uy. Cha
ng l cha c. Nm 1915 cha ng a ng n hc trng Dng
th Christiania (nay l Oslo). Ti trng ny Abel may mn gp -
c ngi thy gio pht hin v nh gi cao nng khiu ton hc
ca ng. Bernt Mikel Holmboe - tn ngi thy gio - c ngi i
trn trng v trong mt thi gian di h tr ht lng cho ngi hc
tr v i nhng bt hnh ca mnh. Holmboe vit: Trong Abel c c
kh nng ton hc thin bm ln nim am m khng bao gi cn
i vi khoa hc. Ngay t u, ng vit, cu ta s tr thnh nh
Bn tin Ton hc (B mn Ton trng PTNK) s 02
- 3
ton hc xut sc nht th gii, v c th ngh rng Abel s bin li
d on thnh hin thc nu nh bnh tt khng cp i sinh
mng ca ng qu sm nh vy.
Abel vo i hc tng hp nm 1821. Cha ca ng mt v ng
khng c iu kin sng ti thiu. ng lm n xin hc bng, nh-
ng trng khng c kinh ph cho ng. Khi , mt s gio s ca tr-
ng, vi suy ngh gi gn cho khoa hc mt ti nng him c,
cho ng hc bng t tin lng ca chnh h. Nhng khon tin ny
khng nui sng gia nh, v Abel phi i dy thm. Nh-
ng ng cng khng th thot khi cnh i ngho.
Bi bo Chng minh tnh khng gii c bng cn thc ca ph-
ng trnh tng qut bc ln hn 4 c cng b vo nm 1826, v
s kin ny lp tc t Abel ln v tr ca nhng nh ton hc
hng u th gii. Nhng cng trnh sau ca ng, c Vin hn
lm Khoa hc Paris gii thiu v chuyn cho Cauchy phn bin
in b b qun trong ng giy t ca nh bc hc Php. Cauchy
ch tm thy li n sau ci cht ca Abel. Cng trnh ny ca Abel,
cng vi cng trnh ca Jacobi ot gii thng ln ca Vin hn
lm. Nu nh gii thng ny c trao tng khi Abel cn sng ... Nhng
iu khng xy ra, v nhng nm cui i Abel sng trong
thiu thn. ng mt ngy 6 thng 4 nm 1829.
Jacobi ni v ng:Abel mt sm, c nh rng ng ch mun lm
nhng g m ngi khc khng sc lm, cho chng ta lm nt
nhng th cn li .
Chng ta s ni v mt s thnh tu ca Abel trong ton hc.
Nghin cu ca Abel trong gii tch ton hc
Abel l ngi u tin p dng tng t ha ca tch phn tng
phn vo cc tng ri rc. Cch biu din tng cc tch ca hay dy
s di dng

1
N
a
k
b
k
= a
N
b
N
-
1
N-1
B
k
(a
k+1
-a
k
), (1)
trong a
k
, b
k
l cc s cho, B
k
= b
1
+ ...+ b
k
, 1 k N, c mang
tn bin i Abel. N tr thnh v hin vn l mt cng c quan
trng ca gii tch c in.
Nu nh p dng bin i Abel cho chui
1

a
k
b
k
vi gi s rng
chui
1

b
k
hi t v dy {a
k
}
1

b chn v n iu th ta c
chui
1

a
k
b
k
hi t (t (1) d dng suy ra nh gi |
n
m
a
k
b
k
| 4max
n
k m
|B
k
| max {|a
n
|, |a
m
|}, v s hi t ca chui suy ra t tiu chun
Cauchy). y chnh l tiu chun Abel v s hi t ca mt chui.
Cng vn phng php ny c th chng minh tiu chun Dirichlet:
nu nh dy {b
k
}
1

n iu v hi t v 0, cn dy cc tng ring s
n
=
1
n
a
k
b chn th chui
1

a
k
b
k
hi t.
Bn tin Ton hc (B mn Ton trng PTNK) s 02
- 4
Cc tiu chun hi t ny ngy nay c trong bt c mt cun
sch gio khoa no v gii tch ton hc.
Cauchy quan nim sai lm rng chui cc hm s lin tc
trn mt on, hi t ti mi im th n s c gii hn l mt hm
lin tc. Abel a ra phn v d: chui
1

(-1)
k-1
sinkx/k hi
t ti mi im ca on [-, ] (iu ny c th kim chng d
dng nu p dng tiu chun Dirichlet), nhng gii hn ca chui l mt
hm gin on (n bng x/2 trong khong (-, ), bng 0 ti cc
im -, v l hm tun hon cho k -2, ngha l c cc im
gin on l + 2k, k=0, t1, ... ). V d ca Abel ng mt vai tr
quan trng trong vic hnh thnh mt trong nhng khi nim nn
tng ca gii tch khi nim lin tc u.
Nhn Abel (hay cn gi l nhn Abel Poisson) - hm s (1/).
[a/(a
2
+x
2
)], a > 0, ng mt vai tr quan trng trong gii tch v l
thuyt xc sut.
Abel l ngi u tin tm ra li gii ca phng trnh tch
phn, tc l phng trnh tuyn tnh vi v s n s. Phng trnh
ny, c mang tn ng, c mt trong hng lot cc bi ton l thuyt
v ng dng. Ni ring, Rieman v Liouville s dng n a ra
khi nim o hm bc phn s.
Abel t nn mng cho l thuyt tch phn cc hm s
dng R(x, y)dx, trong R
H(x, y) = 0
l hm phn thc (tc l t s ca hai a thc), cn H l a thc
hai bin. Cu hi v tnh biu din c ca cc tch phn nh vy
qua cc hm s cp l mt cu hi rt su. Cu tr li cha trong
nh l c bn c chng minh bi Abel, v c biu th thng qua
cc c tnh t-p ca a tp hai chiu (c th l - ging ca mt
Rieman H(z, w) = 0 trong khng gian phc). V.I. Arnold trong cun
sch Ton hc l g? gii thch bn cht ca nh l ny v kt
lun:Trong nh l ny, c mt iu ng ngc nhin l mi lin
h gia cc vn m thot nhn rt xa nhau ca ton hc: l
thuyt cc hm s cp, tch phn v t-p.
V tnh gii c bng cn thc ca phng trnh i s
V by gi chng ta s ni v thnh tu ni ting nht ca
Abel v nh l ca ng lin quan n tnh gii c bng cn thc
ca phng trnh i s. Cng trnh ny c nh hng ln n s
pht trin ca i s, cn thc cht khi nim nhm Abel c a ra
trong cng trnh ny l c s ca l thuyt nhm. nh l Abel c
lin h vi nhng lnh vc khc nhau ca ton hc v c hng lot cc
chng minh khc nhau. Chng ta s trnh by mt trong nhng
Bn tin Ton hc (B mn Ton trng PTNK) s 02
- 5
chng minh i s trc tip. Chng minh ny kh s cp, mc d c
s dng s phc.
Mi chng ta u bit cng thc tm nghim ca phng trnh
bc hai x
2
+ px + q = 0:
x
1,2
= (-p t p
2
- 4q)/2.
V cc s
n
a c gi l cn thc nn ngi ta ni rng phng trnh
x
2
+ px + q = 0 gii c bng cn thc.
Mt thi gian di cc nh ton hc tm cng thc cho nghim
ca phng trnh bc ba. Vo gia th k 16, mt cng thc nh vy
c tm thy. Phng trnh x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 c th d dng
a v dng x
3
+ px + q = 0, v nghim ca n c th tm c
bng cng thc
x =
3
-q/2 +q
2
/4 + p
3
/27 +
3
-q/2 -q
2
/4 + p
3
/27 .
Nu tnh ng cc gi tr ca cc cn thc th c th tm c c
ba nghim ca phng trnh bc ba. Nh th, vi phng trnh bc ba
tn ti cng thc tnh nghim thng qua cn thc.
Khng lu sau khi cng thc Cardano c cng b ngi ta
chng minh c rng vic gii phng trnh bc bn bt k c th
a v phng trnh bc hai v bc ba bng mt quy trnh chun,
ngha l vi phng trnh bc bn cng c cng thc tnh nghim
bng cn thc.
V sau , trong khong thi gian gn 3 th k ngi ta c
gng tm cng thc cho cc phng trnh bc cao hn nhng u
tht bi. V nh l chng minh bi Abel t du chm cho
nhng c gng ny.
nh l Abel
nh l Abel. i vi mi s t nhin n ln hn bn khng th
tm c cng thc biu din nghim ca mi phng trnh bc n
thng qua cc h s ca n s dng cn thc v cc php ton s
hc.
Chng ta s chng minh y mt iu mnh hn, v chnh
l tn ti mt phng trnh (c th) bc nm vi h s nguyn khng
gii c bng cn thc.
Vic chng minh kt qu ny s c trnh by trong s bo sau.
C th, chng ta s chng minh phng trnh p(x) = x
5
- 4x - 2 = 0
khng gii c bng cn thc.
(Cn tip Trn Nam Dng dch t Tp ch Kvant, s 1/2003)
Bn tin Ton hc (B mn Ton trng PTNK) s 02
- 6
p n thi tuyn sinh vo lp 10 nng
khiu nm hc 2003-2004 (Ton Nng
khiu)
Cu 1. 1) Chng minh rng phng trnh (a
2
-b
2
)x2 + 2(a
3
-b
3
)x + a
4
-
b
4
= 0 c nghim vi mi a, b.
2) Gii h phng trnh
3 3
5
( 1) ( 1) 35
xy x y
x y
+ +
'
+ + +

Li gii:
1) + Nu a = b th phng trnh tr thnh 0 = 0. Mi x l
nghim ca phng trnh. + Nu a = -b th phng trnh tr
thnh 2a
3
x = 0 c nghim x = 0.
+ Nu a t b th a
2
- b
2
0, phng trnh cho l phng
trnh bc hai c = (a
3
- b
3
)
2
- (a
2
- b
2
)(a
4
- b
4
) = a
2
b
2
(a-b)
2
0 do
c nghim.
Vy trong mi trng hp phng trnh cho c nghim.
2) t X = x+1, Y = y+1, ta c h phng trnh
3 3
6
35
XY
X Y

'
+

Suy ra X
3
, Y
3
l nghim ca phng trnh T
2
35T + 216 = 0. T
(X, Y) = (2, 3) hoc (3, 2) suy ra (x, y) = (1, 2) hoc (2, 1). Th li
thy tho.
Cu 2. 1) Cho a
n
= 2
2n+1
2
n+1
+ 1, b
n
= 2
2n+1
+ 2
n+1
+ 1. Chng
minh rng vi mi n nguyn dng, trong hai s a
n
, b
n
lun c ng
mt s chia ht cho 5 v mt s khng chia ht cho 5.
2) Tm tt c cc b ba s nguyn dng phn bit m tch
ca chng bng tng ca chng.
Li gii:
1) Ta c a
n
.b
n
= (2
2n+1
+1)
2
- 2
2n+2
= 2
4n+2
+ 1 = 16
n
.4 + 1 =
(5k+1)
n
.4 + 1 = (5K+1).4 + 1 chia ht cho 5.
Mt khc b
n
- a
n
= 2.2
n+1
khng chia ht cho 5. Kt hp vi iu
va chng minh trn ta suy ra trong hai s a
n
, b
n
c ng mt s
chia ht cho 5, suy ra a
n
+ b
n
khng chia ht cho 5.
2) Gi s 3 s l (x, y, z). Khng mt tnh tng qut, c th
gi s x < y < z. Theo iu kin bi
x + y + z = x.y.z
=> 1/xy + 1/yz + 1/zx = 1.
Bn tin Ton hc (B mn Ton trng PTNK) s 02
- 7
Nu x 2 th ta c y 3, z 4 do 1/xy + 1/yz + 1/zx 1/6 +
1/12 + 1/8 < 1. Mu thun. Vy ta phi c x = 1. Thay vo ta c
phng trnh 1/y + 1/z + 1/yz = 1._Tip theo c hai cch gii:
Cch 1: Nu y 3 th z 4, do 1/y + 1/z + 1/yz 1/3 + 1/4
+ 1/12 < 1. Mu thun. Vy ta phi c y = 2, suy ra z = 3. Vy ta c
b (1, 2, 3) tho mn yu cu bi ton.
Cch 2: 1/y + 1/z + 1/yz = 1 <=> yz = y + z + 1 <=> (y-1)(z-
1) = 2 = 1.2 => y = 2, z = 3.
Cu 3. Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A. H ng cao AA
1
. t BA
1
= x,
CA
1
= y.
1) Gi r, r ln lt l bn knh ng trn ni tip cc tam gic
AHK v ABC tng ng. Hy tnh t s r/r theo x, y v tm gi tr ln
nht ca t s ny.
2) Chng minh t gic BHKC ni tip mt ng trn. Tnh bn
knh ng trn ny theo x, y.
Li gii:
p dng tnh cht ca tam gic vung (hoc dng tam gic
ng dng) ta suy ra
AA
1
= xy . Ta c HK = AA
1
= xy . Hai tam gic AHK v ABC ng
dng vi t s HK/BC = xy /(x+y) do r/r = xy /(x+y). p dng bt
ng thc C-si ta c xy (x+y)/2. Du bng xy ra khi x = y. Suy
ra gi tr ln nht ca r/r l 1/2.
2) Ta c HKA
1
= HAA
1
= ACB. T suy ra HKC + HBC
= HKA
1
+ A
1
KC + HBC = ACB + 90
0
+ HBC = 180
0
. Suy ra t
gic BHKC ni tip trong mt ng trn.
Tip tc p dng tnh cht tam gic ng dng ta tnh c
AH =
x
y
x y +
, BH =
x
x
x y +
, AK =
y
x
x y +
, CK =
y
y
x y +
Gi I l tm ng trn ngoi tip t gic BHKC v M, N l hnh
chiu ca I ln AB, AC tng ng th
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 3 3 2 2
1 1
. .
2 2
1 1 3
. .
4 4 4
y y x
R IB IM BM x y x
x y x y x y
x y y x y y x xy y
x y x y x y x y
_ _
+ + +


+ + +
, ,
+ +
+ + +
+ + + +
Suy ra
2 2
3 / 2 R x xy y + + .
Cu 4. 1) Cho ng trn (C) tm O v mt im A nm trong -
ng trn. Mt ng thng qua A ct (C) ti M v N. Chng minh
Bn tin Ton hc (B mn Ton trng PTNK) s 02
- 8
rng ng trn (C) qua O, M, N lun i qua mt im c nh
khc O.
2) Cho ng trn (C) tm O l ng thng (D) khng ct (C).
I l mt im di ng trn (D). ng trn ng knh IO ct (C) ti M
v N. Chng minh rng ng thng MN lun i qua mt im c
nh.
Li gii:
1) Gi (C) l ng trn qua O, M, N. K OA ni di ct (C) ti B.
Ta c OBN = (1/2) cung (ON) = (1/2) cung (OM) =MNO = ANO.
T suy ra hai tam gic ONB v OAN ng dng. Do ON/OB =
OA/ON => OB = ON
2
/OA => im B l im c nh.
2) H OP vung gc vi (D) th P c nh v nm trn ng
trn ng knh IO. Gi s MN ct OP ti A. Tng t nh trn, hai tam
gic OAN v ONP ng dng, t OA/ON = ON/OP => OA = ON
2
/OP
=> A l im c nh.
Cu 5. 1) Trn bng vung 4x4 c ghi 9 s 1 v 7 s 0. Vi mi php
bin i bng cho php thay tt c cc s 0 trn cng mt hng
hoc cng mt ct thnh cc s 1 v cc s 1 thay bng cc s 0. Hi
sau mt s hu hn cc php bin i bng, c th a bng
cho v bng gm ton s 0 c khng?
2) vng quc Sc mu k o c 13 hip s tc , 15 hip
s tc vng v 17 hip s tc xanh. Khi hai hip s khc mu gp
nhau, tc ca h bin sang mu th ba (v d nu hip s tc
gp hip s tc xanh th c hai s bin thnh hip s tc vng).
Hi sau mt s hu hn ln gp nh vy, c th xy ta trng hp v-
ng quc Sc mu k o tt c cc hip s u c cng mu c
khng?
Li gii:
1) Gi S(n) l tng s s 1 sau ln bin i bng th n. Ta c
S(0) = 9. Mi ln bin i bng, gi s trn dng ta chn c k s 1
v 4-k s 0. Sau khi bin i, ta c k s 0 v 4-k s 1. Nh vy
S(n+1) = S(n) + 4 - k - k = S(n) + 2(2-k). Nh th, S(n+1) v S(n) c
cng tnh chn l. Do S(0) = 9 l nn S(n) l vi mi n, tc l ta khng
th bin i v bng c ton s 0.
2) Ta gi D(n), V(n), X(n) ln lt l s hip s tc , vng, xanh
tng ng sau ln gp th n v t S(n) = V(n) + 2X(n). Ta c S(0)
= 15 + 2.17 = 49.
Bn tin Ton hc (B mn Ton trng PTNK) s 02
- 9
+ Khi hai hip s v vng gp nhau, tc h i sang mu
, do S(n+1) = V(n) - 1 + 2(X(n)+2) = S(n) + 3.
+ Khi hai hip s v xanh gp nhau, tc h i sang mu
vng, do S(n+1) = V(n) + 2 + 2(X(n)-1) = S(n).
+ Khi hai hip s vng v xanh gp nhau, tc h i sang
mu , do S(n+1) = V(n) - 1 + 2(X(n)-1) = S(n) - 3.
Nh vy S(n+1) lun c cng s d vi S(n) trong php chia cho 3. V
S(0) chia 3 d 1 nn S(n) chia 3 d 1 vi mi n. Do khng th xy ra
trng hp sau mt s hu hn ln gp nhau, tt c cc hip s u
c cng mu tc (v khi S s chia ht cho 3!).
Li giai va nhan xet cac e toan
so 1 (9/2003)
Bai 1: Tm 12 so nguyen dng co tong bang tch.
Li giai:
Goi 12 so nguyen dng can tm la a
1
, a
2
, , a
12
. Theo gi thit
ta co:
a
1
+ a
2
+ + a
12
= a
1
.a
2
a
12
(*)
Khong mat tnh tong quat ta co the gia s: a
1
a
2
a
12
.
Khi o ta co:
VT 12a
1
, suy ra a
1
.a
2
a
12
12.a
1
.
T o a
2
.a
3
a
12
12. (**). Vi moi 5 i 2 ta co:
a
i
4
a
i
i-1
= a
2
.a
3
a
i
a
2
.a
3
a
12
12 => a
i
= 1.
Vay a
i
= 1 vi moi i = 5, , 12. The vao (*) ta co:
a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ 8 = a
1
.a
2
.a
3
.a
4
.
The vao (**): a
2
.a
3
.a
4
12, suy ra: a
4
3
12 nen a
4
2.
+ Neu a
4
=2: Ta co a
i
2 vi moi i = 1, 2, 3.
VT 4.a
1
+8 4.a
1
+ 4.a
1
= 8a
1
a
1
.a
2
.a
3
.a
4
=VP
Dau bang xay ra khi va ch khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= 2.
Nh vay trong trng hp nay ta co 1 nghiem: a
i
=1 vi i=5,
, 12 va a
i
= 2 vi i = 1, , 4.
+ Neu a
4
=1 ta co: a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ 9 = a
1
.a
2
.a
3
. The vao (**), suy
ra: a
2
.a
3
12. T o: a
3
2
12 nen a
3
3.
+ Neu a
3
= 3 : Ta co a
1
, a
2
3.
VT 3.a
1
+ 9 3.a
1
+ 3.a
1
= 6.a
1
< 9a
1
a
1
.a
2
.a
3
=VP
(loai)
+ Neu a
3
=2: Ta co: a
1
+ a
2
+ 11 = 2.a
1
.a
2
.

(2.a
1
-1).
(2.a
2
-1) = 23,
nen 2a
1
- 1 = 23 va 2a
2
- 1 = 1 => a
1
= 12, a
2
= 1
(loai v a
2
2)
+ Neu a
3
=1 ta co: a
1
+ a
2
+10 = a
1
.a
2

(a
1
-1).(a
2
-
1)=11

a
1
- 1 =
Bn tin Ton hc (B mn Ton trng PTNK) s 02
- 10
11 va a
2
1 = 1 a
1
= 12 va a
2
= 2.
Nh vay ta co 1 nghiem a
i
=1 vi i = 3, 4, , 12, a
2
= 2 va a
1
=12.
Vay bai toan co 2 nghiem:
1) a(i) =1 vi i = 5, , 12 va a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
=2.
2) a
i
=1 vi i = 3, 4, , 12, a
2
= 2 va a
1
=12.
Nhan xet:
1) ay la mot bai toan kha n gian oi vi cac ban a
lam quen vi phng trnh nghiem nguyen. Nhn chung cac
ban tham gia gi bai eu giai tot bai nay va eu co 1
hng giai giong nhau. Tuy nhien, phan trnh bay nhieu khi
con rm ra va cha ro y.
2) Da vao cach giai tren ay, co the a ra mot so anh
gia cho bai toan tong quat: Tm n so nguyen dng co
tong bang tch (Bai toan A(n)). V du:
(i) Bai toan A(n) luon co t nhat 1 nghiem (hay nghien
cu ky cac nghiem va tra li tai sao?)
(ii) Neu a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
la nghiem cua A(n) th a
1
+ a
2
+ + a
n
2n.
(iii) Neu n 2
k
- k th co nhieu nhat k trong so a
i
2 (nh
vay co t nhat n-k so bang 1).
(iv) Tong quat, neu n a
k
- (a-1)k th co nhieu nhat k trong
so a
i
a.
3) Cac ban sau ay a co li giai tot: Nguyen Anh Cng,
Nguyen Hanh Trnh, Vo Nguyen Thuy Tien, Le Minh Huy (10
Toan), Nguyen Thanh Bnh (12 Toan). Ban Pham Van Hong
Thang (10 Toan) tm c nghiem tong quat cho trng hp
n bat ky, tuy nhien khang nh cua ban cho rang ay la
tat ca cac nghiem cua bai toan la thieu chnh xac.
Tran Vnh Hng
Bai 2 : Cho a , b , c 0 . Chng minh rang :

2.
a b b c c a a b c
c a b b c c a a c
_
+ + +
+ + + +


+ + +
,

Li giai :
Cach 1 : (Cua ban Vo Nguyen Thuy Tien va mot so ban
khac)
Vi x , y > 0 ta co cac bat ang thc sau :
i.
1 1 4
x y x y
+
+

Bn tin Ton hc (B mn Ton trng PTNK) s 02
- 11
ii. ( )
1
2
x y x y + +

That vay :

1 1 4
x y x y
+
+

2 2
( ) 4. . ( ) 0 x y x y x y + .
( )
1
2
x y x y + +
( ) ( )
2 2
2.( ) 0 x y x y x y + +
Do o ta co bat ang thc i va ii :
Ap dung i ta co :
a b
c
+
=
1
.
2
a b a b
c c c c
_
+ +


,
Tng t :
1
.
2
b c b c
a a a a
_
+ +


,

1
.
2
c a c a
b b b b
_
+ +


,
Suy ra :
a b b c c a
c a b
+ + +
+ +
1
.
2
a a b b c c
b c c a a b
1
_ _ _
+ + + + +
1

1
, , ,
]
(*)
Ap dung ii va i ta co :
1 1 4
b c b c
+
+
2. 2
b c

+

Suy ra :
a a
c b
+ 2. 2.
a
b c

+
Tng t : 2. 2.
b b b
c a c a
+
+
2. 2.
b b b
c a c a
+
+
Suy ra :
a a b b c c
b c c a a b
_ _ _
+ + + + +


, , ,
2. 2
a b c
b c c a a c
_
+ +


+ + +
,
(**)
T (*) va (**) ta co bat ang thc cua e bai

2.
a b b c c a a b c
c a b b c c a a c
_
+ + +
+ + + +


+ + +
,
Dau = xay ra khi va ch khi : a = b= c .
Cach 2: (Cua ban Nguyen Hanh Trnh)
Khong mat tnh tong quat co the gia s a b c. Bat
ang thc a cho tng ng vi:
Bn tin Ton hc (B mn Ton trng PTNK) s 02
- 12
2 2 2 0
2 2 2
0
( ) ( ) ( )
a b c b c a c a b
c a b a b c b c a
a b c b c a c a b
c a b a b c b c a
_ _ _
+ + +
+ +


+ + +
, , ,
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
T a b c suy ra a + b - 2c 0 va c(a+b) = ac + bc b(a+c), t
o

2 2
( ) ( )
a b c a b c
c a b b a c
+ +

+ +

Tng t, do b+c -2a 0 va a(b+c) b(c+a) nen

2 2
( ) ( )
b c a b c a
a b c b a c
+ +

+ +
T o suy ra
2 2 2 2 2 2
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a b c b c a c a b a b c b c a c a b
c a b a b c b c a b c a b c a b c a
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
chnh la ieu can chng minh. Dau bang xay ra khi va ch
khi a = b = c.
Nhan xet:
1) ay la mot e toan kha thu v ve bat ang thc.
Viec kha nhieu ban giai c bai nay cho thay ky nang
giai toan bat ang thc cua hoc sinh Viet Nam noi chung
va hoc sinh trng ta noi rieng kha tot.
2) Cac ban sau ay con co li giai tot: Le Minh Huy, Phan
Van Hong Thang (10 Toan).
3) Ban Nguyen Anh Cng (10 Toan) a a ra va chng minh
bai toan tong quat Vi cac so nguyen dng m 2, n 3
va n so dng a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
ta luon co bat ang thc
2 1 3 1 1 1
1 1 2 1 1
... ... ...
... ( 1) ... (2)
... ...
n n n n
m m m m m
n n n
a a a a a a a a a
n
a a a a a a a

_
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + +


+ + + +
,
T
uy nhien, trong li giai, ban a pham sai lam c ban khi
bien oi. Bat ang thc (2) thc s khong ung. Lay v du
cho tat ca cac a
i
bang nhau th (2) tng ng vi
1
1 ( 1) 1 1
1
m m
m
n n n n n n
n

Bat ang thc cuoi cung ch ung khi m = 2 hoac n = 2.

Li giai cua ban Cng ch ung trong trng hp m = 2
(trng hp n = 2 la hien nhien v ta co ang thc).
4) Ban Nguyen Thanh Bnh (12 Toan) a a ra va chng minh
ung bai toan tong quat. Bat ang thc cua ban Bnh
chnh la bat ang thc (2) nhng thay n-1 ve phai bang
(n-1)
2/m
. Cach giai la dung bat ang thc Bunhiacopsky m
rong. Cac ban hay th sc xem sao.
Bn tin Ton hc (B mn Ton trng PTNK) s 02
- 13
Nguyen Tien Khai
Cng gii ton
Mi cc bn tham gia gii ton cng vi Bn tin Ton hc. S c nhng
phn qu hp dn dnh cho cc bn gii ng v sm nht cho bn
tin. Khi xut cc bi ton, chng ti c gng ghi r xut x ca
bi ton. Trong trng hp khng r xut x, chng ti dng thut ng
Dn gian. Phn thng thng 9 s c trao cho cc bn: V Nguyn
Thu Tin, Nguyn Hnh Trnh, L Minh Huy v Nguyn Thanh
Bnh. Cc bn lin h vi thy Nam Dng vo cc sng th nm
nhn qu.
Bi 1: Cho a, b, c, d , m la cac so t nhien va a + d , (b-1).c ,
a.b a + c chia het cho m. Chng minh rang a.b
n
+ c.n + d chia
het cho m vi moi so t nhien n.
Nguyn Tin Khi
Bi 2: Cho {H
n
} l dy s Fibonacci tng qut, tc l H
1
, H
2
l cc s
nguyn bt k v vi n > 2 th H
n
= H
n-1
+ H
n-2
.
a) Hy tm T, ph thuc vo H
1
v H
2
sao cho cc s H
2n
H
2n+2
+T,
H
2n
H
2n+4
+ T, H
2n-1
H
2n+1
- T, H
2n-1
H
2n+3
- T u l cc s chnh phng.
b) Chng minh T l duy nht.
Trch t tp ch AMM
Bi 3: Cho n 2 v n s thc khng m x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
tho mn iu
kin x
1
+ + x
n
= 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
4 5
1
( )
n
i i
i
S x x

.
Chn i tuyn Trung Quc 1999
Bi 4: Cho a l s nguyn. Chng minh rng mi c nguyn t ca
2.6 6
1
n n
a a +
u c dng 6
n+1
.k+1 (n l s nguyn dng).
Nguyn Thnh Nhn
Bi 5: Lc gic li ABCDEF c ABF l tam gic vung cn ti A. BCEF
l hnh bnh hnh. AD = 3, BC = 1, CD + DE = 2 2 . Tnh din tch
lc gic.
Dn gian.
Bn tin Ton hc (B mn Ton trng PTNK) s 02
- 14
Tieng Anh qua cac bai toan: Bai
so 2.
Problems 2: Does there exist a function f: R R such that f(f(x)) =
x
2
2 for all real x?
Solution: No. In fact, we prove a more general noexistence theorem.
Suppose X a set, g: X X has exactly two fixed points {a, b}
and gog has exactly four fixed points {a, b, c, d}. Then there is no
function f: X X such that g = fof.
We first prove that g(c) = d and g(d) = c. Suppose g(c) = y.
Then c = g(g(c)) = g(y), and hence g(g(y)) = g(c) = y. Thus y is a
fixed points of gog. If y = a, then we see that a = g(a) = g(y) = c
leading to a contradiction. Similarly y = b forces b = c. If y = c, then
c = g(y) = g(c), so that c is one of a, b. Thus the only possibility is y =
d, giving g(c) = d. A similar analysis gives g(d) = c.
Suppose there exists a function f: X X such that g(x) = f(f(x))
for all x X. Then it is easy to see that f(g(x)) = g(f(x)) for all x X.
Let x
0
{a, b}. Then f(x
0
) = f(g(x
0
)) = g(f(x
0
)), so that f(x
0
) is a fixed
point of g. Hence f(x
0
) {a, b}. Similarly, it is easy to show that x
1

{a, b, c, d} implies that f(x
1
) {a, b, c, d}.
Consider f(c). This lies in {a, b, c, d}. If f(c) = a then f(a) = f(f(c))
= g(c) = d, a contradiction since f maps {a, b} into itself. Similarly,
f(c) = b gives f(b) = d, which is impossible. If f(c) = c, then c = f(c) =
f(f(c)) = g(c) = d from our earlier observation. This contradicts the
distinctness of c and d. If f(c) = d then f(d) = f(f(c)) = g(c) = d and
this gives g(d) = f(f(d)) = f(d) = d contradicting our observation that
g(d) = c. Thus g(c) cannot be an element of {a, b, c, d}.
We conclude that there is no function f: X X suc that g = fof.
We now use the above result to show that there is no function f:
R R such that f(f(x)) = x
2
2. Consider g(x) = x
2
2. It has two
fixed points 2, -1 and gog has four fixed points (-1t5)/2, 2, -1. Hence
there is no function f such that g = fof and this proves our assertion.
Bn tin nhn c bi vit ca cc bn: Nguyn Thnh Nhn,
Nguyn ng Khoa. Chng ti s nghin cu s dng trong cc s bo
sau. Rt mong nhn c s ng gp ca cc bn.
BAN TIN TOAN HOC SO 02 (An ban lu hanh noi bo do bo mon Toan Trng Pho
thong Nang khieu thc hien)
CHU NHIEM: Tran Nam Dung Trnh Thanh eo
BAN BIEN TAP: Tran Nam Dung, Trnh Thanh eo, Le Minh Tuan, Tran
Vnh Hng, Nguyen Tien Khai