ME2304 Engineering Metrology and Measurements

INTERNAL EXAM 1

Part A (2 marks) 1. Differentiate between sensitivity and range with suitable example. 2. Define system error and correction., 3. Define: Measurand. 4. Define: Deterministic Metrology. 5. Differentiate accuracy and Uncertainty with example. 6. Differentiate between precision and accuracy. 7. .What are the important elements of measurments? 8. Give any four methods of measurement 9. Define True size: 10. What is Range of measurement?

(10*2=20)

Part A (16 marks) (5*16=80) 1.Draw the block diagram of generalized measurement system and explain different stages with examples. 2. List various types of measuring instruments and explain FIVE of them 3.Explain Performance of measuring instruments , Static response , Dynamic response sensitivity, Readability, Accuracy, Precision ,Correction. 4. Briefly discuss on the errors and correction 5. Briefly discuss on the Classification of measurement methods.

ME2304 Engineering Metrology and Measurements

INTERNAL EXAM 1(answer key)

1.Differentiate be tween sensitivity and range with suitable example. Example: A Instrument have a scalereading of 0.01mm to 100mm. Here, the sensitivity of the instrument is 0.0lmm i.e. the minimum value in the scale by which the instrument can read. The range is 0.01 to 100mm i.e. the minimum to maximum value by which the instrument can read 2. Define system error and correction. Error: The deviation between the results of measured value to the actual value. Correction: The numerical value which should be added to the measured value to get the correct result
3.Define: Measurand. Measurand is the physical quantity or property like length, diameter, and angle to be measured 4.Define: Deterministic Metrology. The metrology in which part measurement is replaced by process measurement. The new techniques such as 3D error compensation by CNC systems are applied.

5.Differentiate accuracy and Uncertainty with example. Accuracy - Closeness to the true value. Example: Measuring accuracy is 0.02mm for diameter 25mm. Here the measurement true values lie between 24.98 to25.02 mm 6.Differentiate between precision and accuracy. Accuracy - The maximum amount by which the result differ from true value. Precision - Degree of repetitiveness. If an instrument is not precise it will give different results for the same dimension for the repeated readings. 7.What are the important elements of measurments? The important elements of a measurement is I . Measurand 2. Reference 3. Comparator

8.Give any four methods of measurement 1. Direct method. 2. Indirect method. 3. Comparison method. 4. Coincidence method.

9.Define True size True size is Theoretical size of a dimension 10.What is Range of measurement The physical variables that are measured between two values. One is the higher calibration value H , and the other is Lower value L, The difference between H, and L, is called range Part-B 16*5=80 1.Draw the block diagram of generalized measurement system and explain different stages with examples. (8)

Generalized measuring system: The generalized measuring systems consist of the following common elements: (8) 1. Primary sensing element 2. Variable conversion element 3. Variable manipulation element 4. Data transmission element 5. Data processing element 6. Data presentation element

2. List various types of measuring instruments and explain FIVE of them Micrometer

(4)

This working instruction can be applied to the verification of micrometers for measuring outer diameter with the measuring range up to 500 mm and to micrometers for measuring plate or wall thickness with a measuring range up to 25 mm. It applies to new products with a scale division value of 0.01 mm, as well as those in service and after repair. WORK INSTRUCTION The micrometer is consists of a frame, a gauge button, a micrometer bolt, a force measuring device and a locking device, shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively. Figure 1 Micrometer with fixed gauge button Where, 1 frame, 2 gauge button, 3 micrometer bolt, 4 locking device, 5 fixed sleeve, 6 differential tube, 7 force measuring device, 8 thermal-protective installation The micrometer is a metrology tool that uses the operating principle of the screw pair to transfer the rotational movement into a linear movement. Its main usage is to measure different kinds of outside dimensions. Vernier caliper (4)

Determine the vernier constant (VC.) i.e. least count (L.C.) of the vernier callipers and record it stepwise. 2. Bring the movable jaw BD in close contact with the fixed-jaw AC and find the zeroerror. Do it three times and record them. If there is no zero error, then record 'zero error nil. 3. Open the jaws, place the sphere or cylinder between the two jaws A and B and adjust the jaw DB, such that it gently grips the body without any undue pressure on it. Tight the screw S attached to the vernier scale V. 4. Note the position of the zero mark of the vernier scale on the main scale. Record the main scale reading just before the zero mark of the vernier scale. This reading (N) is called main scale reading (M.S.R.). Dial Indicator (4)

Gauge Blocks

(4)

3.Explain Performance of measuring instruments , Static response , Dynamic response ,sensitivity, Readability, Accuracy, Precision ,Correction. Performance of measuring instruments: (2) All instrumentation systems are characterized by the system characteristics or system response. It consists of two basic characteristics such as static and dynamic. If the instrument is required to measure a condition not varying with time characteristics are called static while for a time varying process variable measurement, the dynamic characteristics are more important. Static response: (2) The static characteristics of an instrument are considered for instruments which are used to measure an unvarying process conditions. Dynamic response: (2) The behaviors of an instrument under such time varying input output conditions called dynamic response of an instrument. The instrument analysis of such dynamic response is called dynamic analysis of the measurement system. Dynamic quantities are two types 1. steady state periodic 2. Transient Sensitivity: (2) Sensitivity of the instrument is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the output signal to the magnitude of the input signal. It denotes the smallest change in the measured variable to which the instruments responds. Sensitivity has no unique unit. It has wide range of the units which dependent up on the instrument or measuring system. Readability: (2) Readability is a word which is frequently used in the analog measurement. The readability is depends on the both the instruments and observer. Readability is defined as the closeness with which the scale of an analog instrument can be read. The susceptibility of a measuring instrument to having its indications converted to a meaningful number. It implies the ease with which observations can be made accurately. For getting better readability the instrument scale should be as high as possible. Accuracy: (2) Accuracy may be defined as the ability of instruments to respond to a true value of a measured variable under the reference conditions. It refers to how closely the measured value agrees with the true value. Precision: (2) Precision is defined as the degrees of exactness for which an instrument is designed or intended to perform. It refers to repeatability or consistency of measurement when the instruments are

carried out under identical conditions at a short interval of time. It can also defined as the ability of the instruments to reproduce a group of the instruments as the same measured quantity under the same conditions. Correction: (2) Correction is defined as a value which is added algebraically to the uncorrected result of the measurement to compensate to an assumed systematic error. 4. Briefly discuss on the errors and correction A) Error of Measurement: (4) 1) Systematic error: It is the error which during several measurements, made under the same conditions, of the same value of a certain quantity, remains constant in absolute value and sign or varies in a predictable way in accordance with a specified law when the conditions change. The causes of these errors may be known or unknown. The errors may be constant or variable. Systematic errors are regularly repetitive in nature. 2) Random error: This error varies in an unpredictable manner in absolute value & in sign when a large number of measurements of the same value of a quantity are made under practically identical conditions. Random errors are non-consistent. Random errors are normally of limited time duration. 3) Parasitic error: It is the error, often gross, which results from incorrect execution of measurement.

B) Instrumental error: (4) 1) Error of a physical measure: It is the difference between the nominal value and the conventional true value reproduced by the physical measure. 2) Error of a measuring mechanism: It is the difference between the value indicated by the measuring mechanism and the conventional true value of the measured quantity. 3) Zero error: It is the indication of a measuring instrument for the zero value of the quantity measured. 4) Calibration error of a physical measure: It is the difference between the conventional true value reproduced by the physical measure and the nominal value of that measure. 5) Complementary error of a measuring instrument: It is the error of a measuring instrument arising from the fact that the values of the influence quantities are different from those corresponding to the reference conditions. 6) Error of indication of a measuring instrument: It is the difference between the measured values of a quantity, when an influence quantity takes successively two specified values, without changing the quantity measured. 7) Error due to temperature: It is the error arising from the fact that the temperature of instrument does not maintain its reference value. 8) Error due to friction: It is the error due to the friction between the moving parts of the measuring instruments. 9) Error due to inertia: It is the error due to the inertia (mechanical, thermal or otherwise) of the parts of the measuring instrument. C) Error of observation: (4) 1) Reading error: It is the error of observation resulting from incorrect reading of the indication of a measuring instrument by the observer.

2) Parallax error: It is the reading error which is produced, when, with the index at a certain distance from the surface of scale, the reading is not made in the direction of observation provided for the instrument used. D) Correction: (4) The numerical value which should be added to the measured value to get the correct result. 5. Briefly discuss on the Classification of measurement methods. In precision measurements various methods of measurement are followed depending upon the accuracy required and the amount of permissible error. Actual measurements may employ one or more combination of the following: 1) Direct method of measurement: (4) in this method the value is obtained directly by comparing the unknown with the standard. It involves no mathematical calculations to arrive at the results, for example, measurement of length by a graduated scale. 2) Indirect method of measurement: (4) in this method several parameters (to which the quantity to be measured is linked with) are measured directly and then the value is determined by mathematical relationship. For example, measurement of density by measuring mass and geometrical dimensions. 3) Comparison method of measurement: (3) this method involves comparison with either a known value of the same quantity or another quantity which is function of the quantity to be measured. 4) Substitution method of measurement: (3) in this method, the quantity to be measured is measured by direct comparison on an indicating device by replacing the measuring quantity with some other known quantity which produces same effect on the indicating device. 5) Differential or comparison method of measurement: (2) this method involves measuring the difference between the given quantity and a known master of near about the same value. For example, determination of diameter with master cylinder on a comparator.