Configuring Shared Server (or Multi-Threaded Server) Networking Tips

Configuring Shared Server (MTS)

A true story: the first time I taught the Oracle Networking course, my class spent nearly 4
hours trying to get Multi-Threaded Server configuration working. And not a single student
(still less the Instructor, yours truly) could get the damn thing to work. Then one of the
students hit the space bar when editing his tnsnames.ora, and Lo! Multi-Threaded Server
configuration suddenly sprang into life!!

Fortunately, that was back in the bad old days of Oracle 8.1.5, and things have got steadily
easier since then, with much less sensitivity to the odd space here and there. However, I
mention this story to advise you that if Multi-Threaded Server (or Shared Server as it is
now known in 9i) refuses to work, stick with it… check your syntax extremely carefully.
Given enough fiddling (and patience) it can be made to work.

For the record, I run my test-bed 9i database at home in dedicated server mode. Just
prior to starting this paper, I switched to Shared Server configuration. It was working
within three minutes.

Configuring the init.ora

Shared Server can be made to work with just two additions to your init.ora. First,
DISPATCHERS needs to be set to the number of dispatchers you want spawned when the
Instance starts up, and the networking protocol you want them to work on. Second,
SHARED_SERVERS needs to be set to the number of Server Processes you want spawned
and ready in the pool of shared Server Processes when the Instance starts up.

And that’s all there is to it!

With some slight provisos, naturally!! First, those parameter names are the 9i versions. In
8i or before, they are called MTS_DISPATCHERS and MTS_SERVERS respectively. To
confuse the issue even more, if in 9i you do a show parameter dispatcher, you’ll see
listed both the new parameters and the old ones:

dispatchers string (PROTOCOL=TCP)(DISPATCHERS=2)

mts_dispatchers string (PROTOCOL=TCP)(DISPATCHERS=2)

Likewise, both the new and the old SERVER parameters are available in 9i. For the hell of
it, I’ve tested 9i using the old syntax, and it works perfectly well –but you are strongly
advised to stick to the new parameter names, because the old ones are only there for
backwards compatibility, and there’s no telling when exactly in the future they will cease
to function.

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Configuring Shared Server (or Multi-Threaded Server) Networking Tips

To stress the point, Oracle will give you the following stern-looking warning when you start
up after adding these parameters into your init.ora:

SQL> startup force pfile=d:\oracle\admin\db9\pfile\init.ora

ORA-32006: MTS_DISPATCHERS initialization parameter has been deprecated
ORA-32006: MTS_SERVERS initialization parameter has been deprecated
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 93089624 bytes
Fixed Size 282456 bytes
Variable Size 58720256 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 532480 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.

As you can see, the database does proceed to start up perfectly normally, the key point
being that the parameters are “deprecated” not actually “obsolete”.

The other thing I should mention at this point is: what are reasonable values for the
number of Dispatchers and shared Server Processes? Good question, though outside the
scope of this paper: you might care to read my paper “How do I know the right number of
Dispatchers and Servers to start?” for a detailed answer.

Finally, I’ll mention some additional init.ora parameters that can be set at this point,
though they are optional.

MAX_DISPATCHERS sets a hard limit to the number of Dispatchers than can run
concurrently. If not set, this defaults to 5. If you subsequently discover that the number
of Users connecting to your database is causing contention for the existing number of
Dispatchers, you can start additional ones, up to this hard limit. Allowing the default of 5
to be set is therefore restricting your tuning options, so you might want to think about
explicitly setting a rather higher limit to give yourself some future flexibility. (in 8i and
before, this parameter was called MTS_MAX_DISPATCHERS).

MAX_SHARED_SERVERS does a similar sort of job for the number of shared Server
Processes that are allowed to be running concurrently. Oracle will automatically detect
contention for the existing pool of Shared Server processes, and will spawn additional ones
as it sees fit (and kill of unnecessary ones, too, if the load on the system decreases). But
it can only spawn extra processes up to this hard limit. Again, if you choose not to set this
parameter explicitly, there is a default setting –either 20, or twice whatever
SHARED_SERVERS was set to, whichever is the higher. Those seem quite reasonable
defaults to me, so there is perhaps less need to set this one yourself… though, of course,
it’s there for future tuning use as necessary. In 8i and before, this parameter was called
MTS_MAX_SERVERS.

There are other init.ora parameters that can be set, but these are the ones most closely
related to getting Shared Server working in the first place. I’ll discuss the others at the
end of this paper.

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Configuring Shared Server (or Multi-Threaded Server) Networking Tips

Configuring the tnsnames.ora

You shouldn’t actually need to do anything to your tnsnames.ora. By default, if there are
Dispatchers running when a User requests a connection to an Instance, they are connected
to a Dispatcher by the Listener –and hence are immediately making use of a Shared Server
connection.

On the other hand, it’s usually good advice to make your connection choices explicit,
rather than rely on slightly mysterious Oracle defaults. And if there seems to be some
difficulty getting Shared Server configuration to work, a bit of light editing of the
tnsnames.ora can’t do any harm!

Probably, your tnsnames.ora looks a bit like this:

DB9 =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = mozart)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = db9.aldeburgh.local)
)
)

What you can do is to edit it so that it looks like this:

DB9 =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = mozart)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = db9.aldeburgh.local)
(SERVER=SHARED)
)
)

The one addition is the line I’ve highlighted in bold. It explicitly demands that a Shared
Server connection be made.

There is a drawback to explicitly setting this parameter: if, for some reason, the Instance
is started without any Dispatchers, then a User request to connect will simply fail: his
tnsnames.ora is demanding a connection to a Dispatcher, and there aren’t any. Had that
line been left out, as in the original version of the file, a User request to connect would
have caused the Listener to spawn a dedicated Server Process for him in the absence of
any Dispatchers.

Should you explicitly demand shared connections, then? It’s up to you: I always do, on the
grounds that I’d rather I couldn’t connect at all than make the wrong sort of connection,
but your mileage might well vary.

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Configuring Shared Server (or Multi-Threaded Server) Networking Tips

On the other hand, there is another edit to the tnsnames.ora that I always make, and it
results in a tnsnames that looks like this:

DB9 =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = mozart)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = db9.aldeburgh.local)
(SERVER=SHARED)
)
)

DB9DBA =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = mozart)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = db9.aldeburgh.local)
(SERVER=DEDICATED)
)
)

In short, I copy the entire original contents, and paste them underneath. I then modify the
service alias (the “DB9 = ” bit), and make it clear that the new alias is for DBA use. Hence
the new alias is, in this case, “DB9DBA”. Finally, I make an explicit request that the new
alias connects using a dedicated Server Process.

This is actually quite an important thing to do. The benefits of Shared Server configuration
only start to really make themselves felt when Users are performing short, sharp
transactions …and a dedicated Server Process would then have to sit around idle waiting
for them to submit their next one. In Shared Server configuration, that User idle time is
used by the Server Process to service other User’s requests. If, however, your Users are in
the habit of firing off an enormous transaction, what that means in Shared Server
configuration is that they’ve effectively tied up a Server Process in exclusive mode –and
thus other Users have less processes around to service their requests. Performance
degrades all round as a result.

Now, your typical DBA is likely to connect to the database to perform administrative tasks
which, by their nature, are lengthy (the rebuild of an index, for example, or the collection
of statistics on a table). You need a dedicated Server Process to perform such tasks if you
are not to effectively shrink the pool of processes available to everyone else.

So this additional service alias is a useful way of not clogging up a Shared Server
configuration. You should consider allowing any User that needs to perform a long-running
transactions (greater than around 10 seconds or so) to connect to a primarily Shared Server
database in dedicated mode. And this is the way to do it.

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Configuring Shared Server (or Multi-Threaded Server) Networking Tips

How do you know it’s working?

Apart from the edits to the init.ora and the tnsnames.ora I’ve just mentioned, there’s
really nothing else to configure. Obviously, any edit to the init.ora requires that you
restart your Instance to pick up the new settings. (Incidentally, a word of warning in 9i:
it’s no good editing your init.ora and then issuing a bare “startup” command if you happen
to have previously created an spfile. The spfile takes precedence over an init.ora, so the
net effect would be… nothing. You may need, therefore, to explicitly specify that the
startup sequence should use the init.ora, and then create a new spfile from the init.ora
once the database comes back up, so that future startups use Shared Server configuration).

But, given the Instance bounce, how do you then know whether Shared Server is working
properly?

There a couple of things to check. First, you need to make sure that the Dispatchers have
been spawned and have registered themselves with the Listener. From the command line,
you can run the lsnrctl tool to check this:

C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>lsnrctl services

LSNRCTL for 32-bit Windows: Version 9.0.1.1.1 - Production on 17-MAR-2002 12:57:44

Copyright (c) 1991, 2001, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=mozart)(PORT=1521)))
Services Summary...
Service "db9.aldeburgh.local" has 3 instance(s).
Instance "db9", status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Handler(s):
"DEDICATED" established:0 refused:0
LOCAL SERVER
Instance "db9", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Handler(s):
"DEDICATED" established:6 refused:0 state:ready
LOCAL SERVER
Instance "db9", status READY, has 3 handler(s) for this service...
Handler(s):
"DEDICATED" established:1 refused:0 state:ready
LOCAL SERVER
"D001" established:2 refused:0 current:1 max:1002 state:ready
DISPATCHER <machine: MOZART, pid: 1564>
(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=mozart.aldeburgh.local)(PORT=4199))
"D000" established:2 refused:0 current:0 max:1002 state:ready
DISPATCHER <machine: MOZART, pid: 1920>
(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=mozart.aldeburgh.local)(PORT=4197))
The command completed successfully

I’ve again highlighted the important lines in bold. All Dispatchers have a process name of
“Dxxx”, where “xxx” is just a monotonically incrementing sequence number starting at
zero. So those two highlighted lines show me that two Dispatchers have been started –and
since this is the Listener Control utility we’re running, it’s obvious that they must have
registered themselves with the Listener.

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Configuring Shared Server (or Multi-Threaded Server) Networking Tips

However, just having Dispatchers at the ready isn’t enough: remember that it’s perfectly
possible for a Shared Server Instance to allow dedicated connections.

So… what I then do is go to a client machine, and issue the standard connection commands.
Once the User has connected, if you then query V$CIRCUIT and get a row returned, that’s
a guarantee that a Shared Server connection has been made. Dedicated Server
connections don’t cause rows to be added to V$CIRCUIT. Using the tnsnames.ora I
showed you earlier, it’s easy enough to prove this point:

SQL> connect system/manager@db9

Connected.
SQL> select count(*) from v$circuit;

COUNT(*)
----------
1

SQL> connect system/manager@db9dba

Connected.
SQL> select count(*) from v$circuit;

COUNT(*)
----------
0

You’ll recall that the alias “db9” demanded a shared connection, but the alias “db9dba”
demanded a dedicated connection. When the shared connection is made, V$CIRCUIT
shows some positive row count. Dedicated connections just leave V$CIRCUIT at zero,
however.

There’s another test I sometimes do, just to remind myself what Shared Server
configuration is really all about: count the number of processes as, on client machines, I
make more and more connections. Shared Server configuration should show no increase in
the number of processes as additional Users connect (which is the whole point, of course).
Dedicated connections, however, cause a new dedicated Server Process to be spawned, so
the process count should increase by one as each new connection is made.

SQL> connect system/manager@db9

Connected.
SQL> select count(*) from v$process union select count(*) from v$session;

COUNT(*)
----------
7
13

SQL> connect system/manager@db9dba

Connected.
SQL> select count(*) from v$process union select count(*) from v$session;

COUNT(*)
----------
7
14

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Configuring Shared Server (or Multi-Threaded Server) Networking Tips

Here we connect first in what we hope is Shared Server mode. We have a count of 7
sessions, requiring 13 processes. Then we connect in what is supposed to be dedicated
mode. The same 7 sessions now require 14 processes –the additional process being, of
course, the Server Process that the dedicated connection request caused to be spawned.

Other Init.ora Parameters

I mentioned earlier that there are other parameters that may need to be altered in the
init.ora. None of them are actually required to get Shared Server configuration working,
but they may be needed to get Shared Server configuration working well.

LARGE_POOL_SIZE: This one is actually very important. If you don’t set it, then the
memory that, in Dedicated configuration, would have been part
of the PGA is now stolen from the SGA, and in particular the
Library Cache of the Shared Pool. That will probably cause
fragmentation of the Shared Pool, and excessive ageing out of
parsed SQL statements (requiring excessive amounts of re-
parsing). If a Large Pool is configured, however, the relevant
bits of the PGA take their memory requirements from that pool,
leaving the Shared Pool largely untouched. I say “largely”
untouched, because even with a Large Pool, each User
connection requires about 10K from the Shared Pool. You
probably also want to boost your existing SHARED_POOL_SIZE by
(10K*the expected number of concurrent Users) as a result.

CIRCUITS: As we’ve seen, each Shared Server connection increments the

row count of V$CIRCUIT by one. This parameter sets a hard limit
on the number of concurrent circuits (that is, concurrent Shared
Server connections) that are permitted on the Instance. If you
don’t set this, then the value of the SESSIONS parameter is
assumed to be the maximum number of circuits that are
permitted. (Called MTS_CIRCUITS in 8i and earlier).

SESSIONS: The maximum number of concurrent sessions, whether

dedicated or shared that are permitted on the Instance. The
default appears to be 170.

SHARED_SERVER_SESSIONS: The maximum number of concurrent Shared Server connections

that are permitted on the Instance. Dedicated connections
don’t count towards this total. If this parameter is not set, it
defaults to SESSIONS-5, which means that Oracle is assuming
that 5 dedicated sessions will be needed on a primarily Shared
Server Instance, and thus reserves those expected sessions.
(Called MTS_SESSIONS in 8i and earlier).

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Configuring Shared Server (or Multi-Threaded Server) Networking Tips

Advanced init.ora parameters

I’m not going to go into detail here, but there are things you can do to some of the init.ora
parameters I’ve already mentioned which get us into the realm of advanced Shared Server
configurations.

The main culprit is the DISPATCHERS init.ora parameter. That can take a number of
additional parameters, above and beyond the two we mentioned earlier. So far, we’ve got
this:

DISPATCHERS=”(PROTOCOL=TCP)(DISPATCHERS=2)”

…which means ‘create me 2 dispatchers, both working on the TCP/IP protocol. There’s
nothing to stop you doing this:

DISPATCHERS=”(PROTOCOL=TCP)(DISPATCHERS=2)”
DISPATCHERS=”(PROTOCOL=IPC)(DISPATCHERS=1)”
DISPATCHERS=”(PROTOCOL=TCPS)(DISPATCHERS=3)”

… which means you’ll have 6 Dispatchers, 2 working on TCP/IP, 3 working on secure TCP/IP
and 1 on the IPC protocol. To have multi-protocol Dispatchers, however, requires that you
configure your Listener to listen on the same protocols.

You can force the Dispatchers to work with non-default Listeners, too. That would look
like this:

DISPATCHERS=”(PROTOCOL=TCP)(DISPATCHERS=2)(LISTENER=XYZ)”

That “XYZ” is actually a service name alias, meaning that there needs to be a server-side
tnsnames.ora file to resolve that into a location (host and port number) where a non-
default Listener can be found. The 2 Dispatchers thus configured will register themselves
with this Listener, rather than the default one found on the Server. You’ll need to
configure like this if you’ve chosen not to have your Listener listening on the standard 1521
port, for example.

Two other variations to the DISPATCHERS parameter spring to mind: Multiplexing and
Connection Pooling. To configure those, you’d end up with this:

DISPATCHERS=”(PROTOCOL=TCP)(DISPATCHERS=2)(MULTIPLEX=ON)(POOL=ON)”

Session Multiplexing is a feature of Connection Manager, whereby many Users make

separate connections to a Connection Manager server, and it then establishes a single
connection to the back-end database. That spares your back-end server from having to
support thousands of individual direct connections, and compromising performance as a
result.

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Configuring Shared Server (or Multi-Threaded Server) Networking Tips

Connection Pooling is a way of sort-of disconnecting an idle User, thus making his
connection circuit available for someone else, and then automatically re-connecting him
when he starts performing real work again (this is very commonly used when you’re dealing
with web connections to the database). In this way, a fixed number of available circuits
can actually be made to service the requests from many more real Users than you might
have expected.

All of these features are fiendishly clever, but this is not the place to start discussing the
intricacies of their configuration. At this stage, I simply wanted to point out that, if you
need to, there’s far more to Shared Server configurations than just getting it working. Still:
if you managed to get it working at all, congratulate yourself!

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