WL373e-V0 3

Experiment Instructions
WL 373 Heat Conduction in Gases and Liquids
02/2012
WL 373
HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS
All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gertebau, Barsbttel, Germany 02/2012
123.4
Temperatur 1/ Temperature 1
Ein / On Aus / Off Heizer / Heater
123.4
WL 373
Wrmeleitung von Gasen und Flssigkeiten Thermal Conductivity of Gases and Fluids
123
Leistung / Power
Leistung / Power
Watt
Experiment Instructions
This manual must be kept by the unit. Before operating the unit: - Read this manual. - All participants must be instructed on handling of the unit and, where appropriate, on the necessary safety precautions.
Version 0.3
Subject to technical alterations
02/2012
WL 373
Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Intended Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2.1 Structure of the Safety Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2.2 Safety Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Unit Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.1 Unit Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2 Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.3 Operating the Measurement and Control Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.4 Connecting the Heat Exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4 5
Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.1 Calibrating the Heat Exchanger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 Preparing for the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Performing the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Evaluating the Experiment: Calibration Curve . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Preparing for the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Performing the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Evaluating the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2 Determination of Coefficients of Thermal Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 6.1 Working Sheet: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 6.2 Symbols and Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6.3 Table with Coefficients of Thermal Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
ii
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6.4 Technical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 6.5 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
iii
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Introduction Using the WL 373 Heat Conduction of Gases and Liquids unit, basic aspects of steady state thermal conduction in liquid and gaseous materials can be investigated. The unit is particularly suited to the determination of the coefficients of thermal conduction of liquid and gaseous materials.
The unit comprises a double walled cylinder with an integrated heater acting as the heat source, and the surrounding cylinder acting as the heat sink. The medium to be investigated is placed in between in a measurement slot. The temperatures of the heat source and sink are measured using thermocouples and transmitted to a measurement and control unit where the electrical power consumption of the heater is also displayed. The unit is very easy to set up and operate, it is thus also suitable for student use. Working sheets included in the appendix to these instructions ease the evaluation of experiments. The following topics are covered by the unit: Steady-state thermal conduction in gases and liquids Determination of coefficients of thermal conduction
1.1
Intended Use The unit is to be used only for teaching purposes.
1 Introduction
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2 2.1
Safety Structure of the Safety Instructions The signal words DANGER, WARNING or CAUTION indicate the probability and potential severity of injury. An additional symbol indicates the nature of the hazard or a required action.
Signal word
Explanation Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury. Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in death or serious injury. Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in minor or moderately serious injury. Indicates a situation which may result in damage to equipment, or provides instructions on operation of the equipment.
DANGER WARNING CAUTION NOTICE
Symbol
Explanation Electrical Voltage
Hot Surfaces
Notice
2 Safety
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2.2
Safety Instructions
WARNING Reaching into the open measurement and control unit can result in electric shocks. Disconnect from the mains supply before opening. Work should only be performed by qualified electricians. Protect the measurement and control unit against moisture.
WARNING Risk of burns. The knurled bolt and the heat exchanger are very hot. Leave the unit cool down.
2 Safety
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3 3.1
Unit Description Unit Construction
123.4
123.4
WL 373
W rmeleitung von Gasen und Flssigkeiten Thermal Conductivity of Gases and Fluids
123
Leistung / Power
Leistung / Power
Watt
1 2 3 4
Heat exchanger (1) with internal heater and cooling facility Base Shut-off valves for the cooling flow and the medium to be investigated Measurement and control unit with temperature and heater power displays Mains cable (not shown)
Fig. 3.1
Unit Construction
3 Unit Description
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3.2
Function The heat exchanger contains an electrical heater that acts as the heat source (1), and an annular cooling slot through which cooling water flows, this acts as the heat sink (2). This construction results in the flow of heat from the inside to the outside.
Cooling water connection
2
Cooling water connection
Fig. 3.2
Section through the heat exchanger
Between the heat source and the heat sink is an annular measurement slot (3) of constant width, the medium to be investigated is contained here. The medium is inserted in the slot via a connector (see arrow). The temperature of the heat source is measured using a thermocouple (4), the temperature of the cooling water is measured (viewed in the direction of the flow of heat) immediately behind the measurement slot, also using a thermocouple, and fed to the measurement and control unit.
3 Unit Description
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To make it easier to clean the slot, the inner cylinder can be removed together with the heater. To do this undo the knurled bolt (5), remove the lid (6) and the sealing ring, and take out the cylinder (7). Refit in the reverse order of removal. NOTICE Ensure that the sealing ring is correctly seated!
Fig. 3.3
Dismantling the Heat exchanger
3.3
1
Operating the Measurement and Control Unit

2
123.4
123.4
123
WL 373
Wrmeleitung von Gasen und Flssigkeiten Thermal Conductivity of Gases and Fluids
The displays for the temperature of the heat source (1) and the heat sink (2), and the heater power (power consumption) display (3) are fitted to the front of the measurement and control unit. The heater power can be regulated up to max. 140...150W using the potentiator (4). The heater can be switched on and off using the power switch (5). NOTICE In order to avoid the heater burning out, it switches off automatically above a temperature of 95C.
Leistung / Power
Leistung / Power
Watt
5 Fig. 3.4
3 Front of the measurement and control unit
The two thermocouples fitted to the heat exchanger and the cable for the heater are connected to the rear of the measurement and control unit. The main switch is also to be found here.
3 Unit Description
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3.4
Connecting the Heat Exchanger Connect the heat exchanger to the shut off valves in accordance with Fig. 3.5 The hoses are fitted with rapid action hose couplings, to release simply pull back the sleeve. Make the electrical connections in accordance with Fig. 3.5
E F A B C D G
NOTICE Do not reverse the cables for the thermocouples!
A/B
Unions for the medium to be investigated Hose size: 6mm Cooling water inlet union Hose size: 13mm Cooling water outlet union Hose size: 6mm To the thermocouple/ heater connector To the test unit input To the thermocouple/ cooler connector
C D E F G
Fig. 3.5
Connection of the heat exchanger on the base and measurement and control unit
3 Unit Description
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Principles The medium to be investigated fills the cylindrical slot completely. The slot is narrow enough to pervent the occurrence of convection, the transfer of heat in the slot is therefore more or less completely due to thermal conduction. Due to the constant width of the slot, thermal conduction occurs as in a plane wall. Here the Fourier law is applicable for the amount of heat transferred Q: A Q = ----------
T2 Q (4.1)
T = T1 T2
T1
This yields the relationship for the heat flow Q : A T Q = ----------------------(4.2)
with
Fig. 4.1 Thermal conduction in a plane wall
Q A
Head flow through the wall under investigation Wall surface area
T Temperature gradient in the wall

Wall thickness Coefficient of the thermal conduction
is temperature dependant; in general the mean

temperature in the wall is used.
(in W/Km) can be thought of as the energy that

is conducted every second through a 1m thick wall over an area of 1m2 when there is a temperature difference of 1K between the opposite sides of the wall.
4 Principles
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Experiments The selection of experiments makes no claims of completeness but is intended to be used as a stimulus for your own experiments. The results shown are intended as a guide only. Depending on the construction of the individual components, experimental skills and environmental conditions, deviations may occur in the experiments. Nevertheless, the laws can be clearly demonstrated.
5.1
Calibrating the Heat Exchanger In order to determine the heat losses in the unit, calibration is necessary. Air is used as the medium to be investigated during the calibration process; air is used because its coefficients of thermal conduction are well documented (values are given in the Appendix).
5 Experiments
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5.1.1
Preparing for the Experiment Clean the measurement slot to remove any water or remnants of other media from the slot (refer to Fig. 3.3, Page 6). Connect the heat exchanger to the measurement and control unit in accordance with Fig. 3.1, Page 4 and Fig. 3.5, Page 7 and switch on the unit.
1 2 3
Open the shut off valves (1) and (2) for the measurement slot Make the cooling water connections and set the flow rate for example to 1ltr/min at shut off valve (3) The flow rate V for cooling water to be determined by the help of a stop watch and a measuring tank in accordance to the following equation (5.1) V = V --t V t Capacity water [ltr] Time [s]
(5.1)
Fig. 5.1
Shut off valves
5.1.2
Performing the Experiment Set the heat power P = 100W Wait until the temperature values are constant Read and record the temperatures for heater T1 und cooling water T2, as well as the actual heater power P Repeat the experiment with heater powers of P = 80W, 60W, 40W, 20W, 10W
5 Experiments
10
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5.1.3
Evaluating the Experiment: Calibration Curve If the slot is viewed as a wall, then the Fourier formula can be applied. With an average slot diameter of dm = 39,6 mm and an effective slot length of l = 126 mm, the heat exchanger surface area A is A = 0,0396m 0,126m = 0,0157m
2
(5.2)
The slot width is = 0,4mm. With the aid of equation Formula (4.1), Page 8 the heat loss can be determined and the calibration curve drawn (refer to Fig. 5.2, Page 13): The coefficient of thermal conduction of air is temperature dependant and is found to be
Calibration values are marked with
.
(5.3)
= 0,0242 1 + 0,003 T
where T - Mean air temperature in C T1 + T2 T = -----------------2 T1 T2 Temperature heater Temperature cooling water
(5.4)
5 Experiments
11
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For the actual heat flow transferred the equation is: A T QA = -----------------------
(5.5)
where Temperature difference
T = T1 T2
(5.6)
The heat flow loss can be calculated: QB = PQA

(5.7)
P in W
T1 in C
T2 in C
T
in C
Air
Q B
in W
in W/Km
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Tab. 5.1
90,9 84,4 76,1 69,7 55,7 47,5 40,4 33,8 28,2 22,6 19,5
24,4 23,9 23,2 22,8 21,8 21,1 20,4 19,8 19,7 19,3 19,1
66,5 60,5 52,9 46,9 33,9 26,4 20,0 14,0 8,5 3,3 0,4
0,0284 0,0281 0,0278 0,0276 0,0270 0,0267 0,0264 0,0261 0,0259 0,0257 0,0256
74,09 66,8 57,73 50,73 35,94 27,66 20,73 14,37 8,65 3,33 0,40
Calibrating the heat exchanger
5 Experiments
12
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Q B in W
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
T in C Fig. 5.2 Calibration curve
The values measured in this experiment are to be used only for this special unit.
Every unit has its own calibration values.
5 Experiments
13
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5.2
Determination of Coefficients of Thermal Conduction The experimental sequence is the same as for the experiment to record the calibration curve, however water or oil is now used as the medium to be investigated.
5.2.1
Preparing for the Experiment It is very important that the measurement slot is perfectly clean since even small quantities of impurities can seriously affect the results. The measurement slot must therefore be well cleansed (refer to Fig. 3.3, Page 6) Connect the heat exchanger to the measurement and control unit in accordance with Fig. 3.1, Page 4 and Fig. 3.5, Page 7 and switch on the unit Make the cooling water connections and set the flow rate for example to 1ltr/min at shut off valve (3) (refer to Formula (5.1), Page 10) Open the shut off valves (1) and (2) for the measurement slot Inject the medium to be investigated for example with a syringe into socket A until the medium runs out of socket B and until no air bubbles to be seen inside transparent connection hoses Close the shut off valves (1) and (2) Lift up the heat exchanger and rotate it to remove possible air bubbles out of heat exchanger into transparent connection hoses, if necessary bleed the system again by opening the shut off valves (1, 2) and refill the system with the medium to be investigated
V
A B
1 2 3
Fig. 5.3
Shut off valves und sockets
5 Experiments
14
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5.2.2
Performing the Experiment Set the heat power P for example 90W and 50W for water, 100W and 70W for oil Wait until the temperature values are constant Read and record the temperatures T1 und T2, as well as the actual heater power P Repeat the experiment with different heater powers
5.2.3
Evaluating the Experiment The Fourier formula is rearranged for the coefficient of thermal conduction: QA = --------------A T
(5.8)
The actual heat flow transferred Q A is given by Q B from the calibration curve (refer to Formula Fig. 5.2, Page 13): QA = P QB
(5.9)
Two example experiments were performed using water and oil:

P in W 90 50 Tab. 5.2 T1 in C 28,5 24,3 T2 in C 23,5 21,5
T
in C 5,0 2,8
QB in W 4,51 2,06
QA in W 85,49 47,94
Water
in W/Km 0,436 0,433
Literature
in W/Km 0,598 0,598
Var. in % 27 27
Example measurement results when using water as the measured medium
5 Experiments
15
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P in W 100 70 Tab. 5.3
T1 in C 45,8 38,4
T2 in C 24,5 24,0
T
in C 21,3 14,4
QB in W 22,78 15,04
QA in W 77,22 54,96
Air
in W/Km 0,092 0,097
Literature
in W/Km 0,13 0,13
Var. in % 29 25
Example measurement results when using oil as the measured medium
The cause of the variations is predominantly small remnants of air and other measured media in the measurement slot.
5 Experiments
16
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6 6.1
Appendix Working Sheet: Calibration Curve/ Coefficient of Thermal Conduction
Experiment
Medium:
Flow rate cooling water in ltr/min: Remarks:
No.: Date:
P in W
T1 in C
T2 in C
T
in C
QB in W
QA in W
Medium
in W/Km
Literature
in W/Km
Experiment
Medium:
Flow rate cooling water in ltr/min: Remarks:
No.: Date: P in W T1 in C T2 in C
T
in C
QB in W
QA in W
Medium
in W/Km
Literature
in W/Km
6 Appendix
17
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Q B in W
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
T in C Fig. 6.1 Calibration curve
6 Appendix
18
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6.2
Symbols and Units A dm P Q Q QB QA Heat transfer surface area Mean effective diameter of the heat exchanger Heater power consumption Heat transferred Heat transfer flow rate Heat flow loss Actual heat flow transferred Mean air temperature Temperature cooling water Temperature Heater m2 mm W W W/s W/s W/s C C C
T
T2 T1
T
V
Temperature difference between heat source and heat sink C Flow rate Slot width Coefficient of thermal conduction ltr/min mm W/Km
6 Appendix
19
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6.3
Table with Coefficients of Thermal Conduction

Substance Water Water Water Water Oil Oil Tab. 6.1 Temperature in C 0 20 60 100 40 80
W in --------0,555 0,598 0,651 0,681 0,123 0,120
Km
Coefficients of Thermal Conduction for Some Liquids
Substance Air Carbon dioxide CO2 Oxygen O2 Steam Steam Steam Tab. 6.2
Temperature in C T 0 20 100 200 400
W in ---------
Km
0,0242(1+0,003T) 0,0178 0,026 0,0242 0,0328 0,0551
Coefficients of Thermal Conduction for Some Gases
6 Appendix
20
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6.4
Technical Data Dimensions: Base plate: (L x W x H)
250 x 400 x 150 mm
Measurement amplifier: (W x H x D) 350 x 130 x 250 mm Power Supply: 230VAC 50 Hz Alternatives optional, see type plate Weight: Heat exchanger: Effec. transfer area Mean Effec. Diameter Slot width Heater Max. Power Consumption Thermocouples approx. 8 kg
0,0157 m2 39,6 mm 0,4 mm
160 W 2 x Type K
Measurement and control unit Shut down of the heater supply T=95 C
6 Appendix
21
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6.5 C
Index
Calibration curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Coefficient of thermal conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 8, 9, 20 Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Cooling water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 F Fourier law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
H Heat sink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Heat source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Heater power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 I Impurities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 M Measurement and control unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 P Plane wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Power consumption, heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 R Rapid action hose coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 S Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 T Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Thermal conduction in a plane wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Thermocouple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
22

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Experiment Instructions

WL 373 Heat Conduction in Gases and Liquids

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gertebau, Barsbttel, Germany 02/2012

Subject to technical alterations

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

5.2 Determination of Coefficients of Thermal Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

6.4 Technical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 6.5 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gertebau, Barsbttel, Germany 02/2012

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gertebau, Barsbttel, Germany 02/2012

Intended Use The unit is to be used only for teaching purposes.

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gertebau, Barsbttel, Germany 02/2012

DANGER WARNING CAUTION NOTICE

Explanation Electrical Voltage

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gertebau, Barsbttel, Germany 02/2012

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

Unit Description Unit Construction

All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gertebau, Barsbttel, Germany 02/2012

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

Cooling water connection

Section through the heat exchanger

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

Dismantling the Heat exchanger

Operating the Measurement and Control Unit

3 Front of the measurement and control unit

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gertebau, Barsbttel, Germany 02/2012

NOTICE Do not reverse the cables for the thermocouples!

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gertebau, Barsbttel, Germany 02/2012

This yields the relationship for the heat flow Q : A T Q = ----------------------(4.2)

Fig. 4.1 Thermal conduction in a plane wall

T Temperature gradient in the wall

is temperature dependant; in general the mean

(in W/Km) can be thought of as the energy that

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gertebau, Barsbttel, Germany 02/2012

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gertebau, Barsbttel, Germany 02/2012

Shut off valves

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gertebau, Barsbttel, Germany 02/2012

Calibration values are marked with

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

where Temperature difference

The heat flow loss can be calculated: QB = PQA

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Tab. 5.1

Calibrating the heat exchanger

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gertebau, Barsbttel, Germany 02/2012

T in C Fig. 5.2 Calibration curve

Every unit has its own calibration values.

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gertebau, Barsbttel, Germany 02/2012

Shut off valves und sockets

HEAT CONDUCTION IN GASES AND LIQUIDS

All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gertebau, Barsbttel, Germany 02/2012

Two example experiments were performed using water and oil:

Example measurement results when using water as the measured medium