B CNG THNG

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.HCM

VIN CNG NGH SINH HC THC PHM

------

TIU LUN
MN : PH GIA THC PHM
ti 38: TM HIU V PH GIA NHM CHT KH
AGON, HYDROGEN, NOTROUS OXIDE

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Lp HP:HTP6B
Thc hin:Nhm 38

TP.HCM, thng 10 nm 2012

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

BNG PHN CNG CNG VIC

TN SINH VIN

MSSV

CNG VIC

Nguyn Vn Ngoan

10056101

Tm hiu kh nitrous oxide

Nguyn Hng Phng Tho

10052101

Tm hiu kh Agon, bin tp

Trn Hong Tng

10285401

Tm hiu kh hydrogen, gi bi

Trang 2

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

MC LC
LI NI U ................................................................................................................ 5
A. HYDROGEN ............................................................................................................. 5
1.Gii thiu chung ....................................................................................................... 6
a. Lch s .................................................................................................................. 6
b. Cng thc cu to : H2 ......................................................................................... 7
c. Tnh cht ha - l................................................................................................. 7
d. iu ch ............................................................................................................... 8
2. ng dng trong thc phm...................................................................................... 9
a. Mt s sn phm tiu biu.................................................................................... 9
b. C ch ................................................................................................................ 10
c. u v nhc im .............................................................................................. 14
d. c tnh .............................................................................................................. 14
3. Xu hng pht trin ............................................................................................... 15
B. NITROUS OXIDE ................................................................................................... 16
1. Gii thiu ............................................................................................................... 16
a. Lch s s dng nitrousoxide (N2O) .................................................................. 16
b. Cng thc cu to ............................................................................................... 17
c. Tnh cht ha - l............................................................................................... 17
d. Cc ngun nitrousoxide...................................................................................... 18
2.ng dng ca nitrousoxide trong thc phm ......................................................... 19
a.ng dng ............................................................................................................. 19
b. Mt s sn phm tiu biu ................................................................................. 19
c. C ch:................................................................................................................ 20
d. c tnh .............................................................................................................. 22
e. u v nhc im .............................................................................................. 22
C. KH AGON .............................................................................................................. 23
1. Gii thiu chung .................................................................................................... 23
a.

Lch s ............................................................................................................. 23
Trang 3

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

b. Tnh cht vt l ................................................................................................. 23

c.

Cu to ha hc ............................................................................................... 23

d. iu ch ........................................................................................................... 24
2. ng dng lm ph gia trong thc phm................................................................ 24
a.

i tng ng dng ........................................................................................ 24

b. C ch hot ng ............................................................................................. 25
c.

u , nhc im .............................................................................................. 26

d. Mt s cng trnh nghin cu.......................................................................... 27

3. Xu th pht trin .................................................................................................... 27
KT LUN ................................................................................................................... 28
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................ 28

Trang 4

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

LI NI U
Ngy nay ph gia thc phm ngy cng c s dng rng ri, bt k i vi sn
xut mt sn phm thc phm no cng cn s dng ph gia nhm cc mc ch bo
qun, chng sm mu, chng oxi ha, to mu, b sung dinh dng..Trong vn
bo qun ang l mi quan tm hng u ca cc cng ty thc phm, bi vic sn
xut ra mt sn phm t cht lng l khng kh,vic ko di tui th, thi gian s
dng v bo qun mi l vn t ra cn gii quyt. l l do ph gia gia thc
phm dng bo qun ngy cng c pht trin, v cn phi k n chnh l ph gia
thc phm c bn cht l cht kh, chng c s dng bng hnh thc bm vo bao
b, ngn cn qu trnh sinh ha ca thc phm, gip tng cht lng v gi tr cm
quan cho sn phm. ng thi cng lm chm qu trnh oxy ha sn phm, gip thc
phm c tui th lu hn v mang li nhiu li ch cho nh sn xut.
Hiu c tm quan trng , nhm chng em quyt nh tm hiu v vn
ny hiu r hn v bn cht, c ch ca cc ph gia ny, c th l tm hiu v
nhm ph gia cht kh gm Agon, Hydrogen, Nitrous Oxide.
Trong qu trnh thc hin tiu lun cn nhiu sai xt mong c gp cho bi tiu
lun ca nhm c hon thin hn, tt hn.

Trang 5

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

A. HYDROGEN
Hydrogen l mt ph gia trong thc phm c ch s INS l 949, k hiu trong
bng danh mc cc loi ph gia l E949.

1.Gii thiu chung

a. Lch s
Nm 1766, Henry Cavendish l ngi u tin nhn ra kh hydrogen l mt cht
ri rc, t tn cho cc kh t mt phn ng axit kim loi "khng kh d chy".. ng
suy on rng "khng kh d chy c trong thc t ging ht bn cht gi thuyt
c gi l" nhin t "v tip tc tm kim vo nm 1781 .

Nm 1783, Antoine Lavoisier a ra cc

yu t hydrogen khi ng v Laplace sao chp
Cavendish thy rng nc c sn xut khi hydro
c t chy.

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
Trang 6

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Nm 1806, Humphry Davy y mt dng in mnh thng qua nc tinh

khit.ng pht hin ra hydrogen v oxy c hnh thnh. Th nghim chng minh
rng in c th ko cc cht ngoi vo cc yu t cu thnh ca chng. Davy nhn ra
rng nhng cht c lin kt vi nhau bi mt hin tng in, ng pht hin
ra bn cht tht ca s lin kt ha hc .
Hydrogen c ha lng ln u tin bi James Dewar vo nm 1898 .ng
sn xut hydro rn nm sau .
Deuterium c pht hin vo thng 12 nm 1931 bi Harold Urey ,
v tritium c chun b vo nm 1934 bi Ernest Rutherford , Mark Oliphant ,
v Paul Harteck .

b. Cng thc cu to : H2
H-H

c. Tnh cht ha - l
Trn Tri t hydrogen c rt t trong kh quyn (1 ppm theo th tch). Ngun
ch yu ca n l nc, bao gm hai phn hydrogen v mt phn oxy (H2O). Cc
ngun khc bao gm phn ln cc cht hu c (hin ti l mi dng ca c th sng),
than, nhin liu ha thch v kh t nhin.
Trng lng phn t: 2,016 g / mol,
C 3 ng v: tritium , deuterium , protium
Khng mu, khng mi , khng v , khng c hi v rt d chy
im nng chy: - 259,2 C
Nhit si: - 252,8 C
Trang 7

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Hydrogen l hai nguyn t v nh hn nhiu so vi khng kh.

Bn knh ion: 0,208 (-1) nm ,
Tinh th hydro c cu trc lc gic
dn nhit : 0,1805 Wm1K1
tan trong nc nh

d. iu ch
Trong phng th nghim, hydrogen c iu ch bng phn ng
ca axt vi kim loi, nh km chng hn hoc in phn nc.
Zn + 2H + Zn2 + + H 2
2Al + 6 H 2 O + 2OH - 2Al (OH)4- + 3H 2
2H2O 2H2 + O2
sn xut cng nghip c gi tr thng mi n c iu ch t kh thin
nhin. in phn nc l bin php n gin nhng khng kinh t sn xut hng
lot hydrogen. Cc nh khoa hc ang nghin cu tm ra nhng phng php iu
ch mi nh sn xut hydrogen sinh hc s dng qu trnh quang phn ly nc to
lc hay vic chuyn ha cc dn xut sinh hc nh glucose hay sorbitol nhit thp
bng cc cht xc tc mi.
Hydrogen c th iu ch theo nhiu cch khc nhau: hi nc qua than (cacbon)
nng , phn hy hydrocarbon bng nhit, phn ng ca cc baz mnh (kim) trong
dung dch vi nhm, in phn nc hay kh t axt long vi mt kim loi (c kh
nng y hydrogen t axt) no .
Vic sn xut thng mi v cng nghip ca hydrogen thng thng l t kh t
nhin c x l bng hi nc nng. nhit cao (700-1.100 C), hi nc tc
dng vi mtan sinh ra carbon monoxide v hydrogen.
CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2
in phn dung dch c mng ngn :
2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2
Phn ng than C + H2O CO + H2
Lng hydrogen b sung c th thu c t carbon monoxide thng qua phn
ng nc-kh sau:
CO + H2O CO2 + H2

Trang 8

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

2. ng dng trong thc phm

a. Mt s sn phm tiu biu
Hydrogen ch yu c s dng nh mt loi kh bao b c ch oxy trong thc
phm t c ch s tng trng ca vi khun gy h hng thc phm v lm gim
tc ca qu trnh oxy ha trong nhiu sn phm kh ng gi.
Ngoi ra hydrogen cn c dng hydro ha du thc vt qua phn ng hydro
ha. Cc sn phm tiu biu cho qu trnh ny nh l:

du thc vt (Hnh 2)
snack ( Hnh 3)
m ng vt
tht, c, gia cm
macgarin ( Hnh 1)
sn phm t sa
mayonnaise ( Hnh 4)/ mn salad dressing
nng sn phm
sn phm khoai ty (khoai ty nghin ngay lp tc)
Shortening( Hnh 5)

Hnh 1

Hnh 2

Hnh 3
Trang 9

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

Hnh 4

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Hnh 5

b. C ch
b.1. Trong sn phm kh ng gi
Hydrogen c tc dng hn ch s tip xc ca oxy vi thc phm m y l
cc vi sinh vt v cc cht bo c trong thc phm (cht bo phn ng vi oxy ngay
c khi thc phm c rt t cht bo), qua c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt,gim
cc phn ng gia axit bo vi oxy v lm chm qu trnh i ha thc phm . Tuy
nhin qu trnh bo qun c tt nht ngi ta s dng kh hydrogen kt hp vi
mt s ph gia chng oxy ha lm chm qu trnh oxy ha, ko di tui th ca mt
sn phm.
b.2.Trong phn ng hydro ha:
Phn ng hydro ha c dng trong cng nghip ch bin du m.
* Hydro ha du nhm 2 mc ch chnh:
Gip du c th ko di thi gian tn tr , gim kh nng oxy ha ca oxy
khng kh. Do du sau khi hydro ha s n nh hn, bo qun d hn v
thi gian bo qun ko di hn.
To iu kin cho qu trnh ch bin cc sn phm khc nh snack ,
* Phn ng:
Phn ng hydro ha l qu trnh thm cc nguyn t hydro vo cc ni i
trong cc axit bo khng no to thnh cc axit bo no . Khi kt hp hydro vo
ni i ca axit bo s lm du thc vt tr nn ging cht bo ng vt ngha l
du t trng thi lng s chuyn sang trng thi rn hoc trung gian gia lng v
rn.
Trang 10

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

N xy ra khi kh hydro c bm vo cc loi du c cha cc axit khng

no p sut rt cao.Kh hydro c kch ng trong du cht lng nng, thng
l di p lc, trong s hin din ca mt cht xc tc, in hnh l bt
niken. Khi nguyn t hydro c thm vo mt s cc lin kt i ca cc
axit bo cha bo ha trong du. Cc axit bo khng no (nh axit bo
triunsaturated hoc linolenic trien) thng c hydro ha u tin, mi lin kt
i c th mt n hai nguyn t hir. V d nh linolenic (18:3) c mt lin
kt i hydro ha tr thnh linoleic (18:02). Mt axit bo bo ha (nh 16:00
palmitic hoc stearic 18:00) c th nhn tt c cc hydro n c th gi.
Qu trnh hydro ha i hi phi c ba thnh phn: nhit, mt cht xc tc
kim loi v kh nn hydro.C nhiu mc khc nhau ca hydro ha, ph thuc
phn ln vo, thi gian, nhit p lc v s dng cho hydro.

Axit bo khng no( c ni i) v axit bo no (khng c ni i)

Phn ng hydro ha( xc tc, p sut cao)

V d: phn ng hydro ha( xc tc Ni, p sut cao)

Trang 11

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Ty thuc vo mc hydro ho m ngi ta thu c cc loi du c

im ng c khc nhau, thng thng c cc loi ch yu nh: 380C, 450C,
520C, 600C v loi hydro ha n cng.
* Cc yu t nh hng
Thi gian: Thi gian hydro ha c nh hng ch yu n qu trnh ha
rn ca sn phm; vic thay i thi gian l nguyn nhn to ra cc sn phm c
mc ha rn khc nhau (hnh). Ngoi ra, s khc bit v thi gian cng l nguyn
nhn gip qu trnh phn tch cc thnh phn axit bo trit hn.
Nhit : Qu trnh hydro ha ph thuc ch yu vo nhit : tc phn
ng gia tng t l vi s gia tng nhit . Nhit phn ng tng cn l nguyn
nhn lm tng kh nng ha tan ca hydrogen v gim nht ca du, gip ci
thin qu trnh truyn khi: cc phn t axit bo khng no d dng lin kt vi
hydro lm tng nhanh tc phn ng.
iu kin p sut: Chim u th hn so vi nh hng ca nhit
S gia tng p sut gp i lm tng kh nng ha tan ca c cht n 60%.
nh hng ca cht xc tc: Nng cht xc tc l mt trong nhng tham
s nh hng n tc phn ng hydro ha du. Vic xc nh nng ti u
ca cht xc tc chu tc ng ca nhiu tham s phn ng khc: nhit , p
sut v c bit l tc khuy trn.
* Kt qu
Du lng sau khi hydro ha s tr nn rn hn v c nhit tan chy cao
hn.
Du lng sau khi hydro ha s gim t l axit bo cha no cha nhiu ni
i trong thnh phn du.
* u v nhc im ca qu trnh hydro ha
u im
C th sn xut du nhiu hn vi chi ph thp hn so vi sn xut thng
qua cc phng php tip cn khc. Cc loi du hydro ha cng r hn so vi
thay th, v d, du da hoc b l t hn so vi b thc vt. Mt s ng dng
cng c, c bit l lm bnh, i hi cc loi du hydro ha v khng th d
dng c thay th bng cc loi du thc vt dng lng. Ni chung n gip nh
sn xut nng cao nng sut v tit kim thi gian, chi ph sn xut.

Trang 12

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Sn phm hydro ha c thi hn s dng, bo qun lu hn v n n nh

hng v, cht lng ca sn phm. N lm cho vn chuyn cc sn phm n
cc a im xa c tnh kh thi hn v do cc sn phm c th c sn cho tt
c mi ngi. Cc sn phm c t c kh nng c i v iu ny l quan trng i
vi ngi tiu dng. N cng lm cho n khng cn thit trong t lnh cc sn
phm trong mt thi gian di hn.
Cc loi du hydro ha c s dng trong cc ca hng v nh hng thc
n nhanh bi v h cho thc phm mt hng v v kt cu phong ph v c th
c ti s dng trong thng mi khoai ty chin. Nu n vi cc loi du
hydro ha lm cho thc phm nh khoai ty chin hoc g cm, gin. N cng
lm sng mu sc ca du v cho php chin nhit cao. V d, du u nnh
c s dng nu n v rau trn hydro ha mt phn ci thin hng v
ca n m khng thay i thnh phn ha hc ca n.
i l hng v kh chu hoc mi phn hy m hoc du v xy ra ch yu
trong cc loi du khng bo ha. Loi du ny l d b i v thnh phn ha hc
m lm cho n d b h hng khi tip xc vi oxy thng .Chng hn nh axit
linolenic c loi b do ngn nga hu ht cc b i oxy ha m nu khng
c th xy ra c bit l sau khi du c s dng chin. Hydro ha ngn
chn i bng cch loi b oxy v thm hydrogen cc ni i ca axit bo khng
no.
Hydro ha c th thay i tnh cht vt l ca du bng cch chuyn i t
mt cht lng vo cht bo nha, na rn, cht ch tng t nh b hoc m ln
trong kt cu, ph hp s dng trong vic a ra b thc vt hoc b. Qua
n lm tng tui th ca cc loi thc phm.
Nhc im
N lm gim hm lng axit linoleic thit yu trong du u nnh, to ra
nhiu loi ng phn axit bo c nh hng khng tt n sc khe ngi tiu
dng v khng c trong t nhin nh cis ,trans.
Cc nghin cu khc ch ra rng cht bo trans:
Nng cao t l cholesterol xu (LDL) trong c th v lm gim
cholesterol tt (HDL)
Tng cht bo trung tnh
Tng gp i nguy c au tim
Cn tr vic gii c gan
Tng quan vi tuyn tin lit tng v ung th v
Cn tr chc nng insulin
Cn tr sinh sn ng vt

Trang 13

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Lm tng nguy c ca bnh tiu ng

Cht bo dng trans c tm thy trong mt lot cc loi thc phm ch

bin t r rng (chin thc phm, b thc vt, bnh nng, shortening) n bt
ng (bnh m, bnh quy, bnh snack, trn salad, n nh, ng cc, ba n ng
lnh ,)
Xut hin mt s hng v v mi khng mong mun (gi l "hng v
cng "n c to ra bi mt lng nh ca andehit, c bit l 6 - trans nonenal
c hnh thnh bi qu trnh oxy ha nhng n s c loi b trong qu trnh
kh mi sau ) v c th li du vt ca cht xc tc trong du hydro ha .

c. u v nhc im
Hydrogen s dng trong thc phm c rt nhiu u im v hu nh khng cc
nhc im, tc dng ph khc nn trong hm lng hydrogen trong thc phm khng
c quy nh c th hay l c s dng ty theo sn phm, nh sn xut. u im
ca hydrogen l r tin, d iu ch v an ton cho thc phm, ngi tiu dng.

d. c tnh
Nguy hi ch yu cho sc khe l gy kh th.
Khi ht phi qu nhiu s c cc triu chng bun nn, kh th, nhp tim bt
thng, au u, mt mi, chng mt, mt phng hng, thay i tm trng, cm
gic nga ran, mt phi hp, nght th, co git. Nng c th bt tnh, hn m.
Bin php s cu: nu hiu ng bt li xy ra, di chuyn n khu vc khng b
nhim. H hp nhn to nu khng th. Nu th kh, oxy nn c qun l bi cc
nhn vin c trnh . V nhn ngay lp tc s chm sc y t.
ng thi hydrogen l mt cht kh d bt chy, n chy khi mt ch c 4%.
N c phn ng cc mnh vi clo v flo, to thnh cc axit hidrohalic c th gy tn
thng cho phi v cc b phn khc ca c th. Khi trn vi oxy, hydrogen n khi
bt la. Hydrogen cng c th n khi c dng in i qua.
V vy cn phi bit cch bo qun v phng trnh khng xy ra chy n.

Trang 14

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

3. Xu hng pht trin

Hydrogen ngy cng c s dng trong cc lnh vc bao gm: trong sn xut
amoniac, ethanol clorua hydro v bromide hydro, cc hydro ha du thc vt,
hydrocracking, hydroforming v hydrofining xng du; nguyn t-hydrogen hn; cmang kh cu; nhin liu trong tn la, v ng lnh nghin cu. Hai ng v nng,
deuterium (D) v tritium (T), c s dng tng ng phn hch v nhit hch ht
nhn. Cng c s dng trong cc t bo nhin liu cho xe t in v my mc,
thit b in khc

Trang 15

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

B. NITROUS OXIDE
1. Gii thiu
a. Lch s s dng nitrousoxide (N2O)
Nm 1794, Thomas Beddoes v James Watt lm vic vi nhau xut bn
cc cun sch cn nhc v vic s dng N2O trong lnh vc y t v sn xut ca nhn
to irs.Cun sch ny l quan trng v hai l do. u tin, James Watt pht minh
ra mt my mi sn xut " irs nhn to" (tc l nit oxit) v mt "dng c th"
mi ht kh. Th hai, cun sch cng trnh by cc l thuyt y khoa mi ca
Thomas Beddoes, bnh lao v cc bnh phi khc c th c iu tr bng cch ht
" irs nhn to".

Thomas Beddoes
Pht hin ca Davy ht phi kh thi N2O lm cho ta mt cm gic au, 44 nm
na tri qua trc khi cc bc s c gng s dng n gy m. Vic s dng nit
oxit nh l mt loi thuc gii tr "bn kh ci", ch yu l sp xp cho tng lp
thng lu nh, tr thnh mt thnh cng ngay lp tc bt u vo nm 1799.
Trong khi nhng nh hng ca kh thng lm cho ngi dng cm thy m mng
v thuc an thn, mt s ngi cng "c c ting ci khc khch" trong trng thi
hng phn, v thng xuyn, phun ra trong ting ci.
Ngy 11/12/1844 ln u tin nit oxit c s dng nh mt loi thuc gy m
trong vic iu tr ca bnh nhn l khi nha s Horace Wells, vi s h tr ca Gardner
Quincy Colton v John Mankey Riggs th hin s v cm v cm gic au

Trang 16

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) mi c thit k nh l mt ph gia thc phm Nht

Bn nh mt cht n y v cht to bt ca cc loi bnh phun kem ti v simulants
thc phm ca n. N2O c s dng ti hn 30 quc gia bao gm M v cc nc
chu u nh l mt ph gia thc phm cho nhiu loi thc phm.
S an ton ca N2O c nh gi bng JECF v y ban n ton Thc phm
Nht Bn, v kt lun rng DI khng nn c yu cu bi v mc c tnh thp
N2O c ng k trong dc in Nht Bn, c s dng nh l mt cht gy
m qua ng h hp, trong hn 40 nm.

b. Cng thc cu to
Nitruosoxide c s INS 942; DI CQ

c. Tnh cht ha - l
Cng thc phn t: N2O
Phn t lng: 44.013 (gam/mol)
Nitrous Oxide N2Ol cht kh gy m khng mu vi mi v ngt nh v nng
hn khng kh 1.5 ln.
Kh Nitrous Oxide khng chy nhng c tnh Oxy ha v khuyn khch cc cht
chy, n khng duy tr s sng v c th gy ngt do thay th khng kh.
Kh Nitrous Oxide c np trong cc bnh thp dng kh ha lng vi p sut
bay hi 54.2 Bar nhit 21oC.
Trang 17

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

ng dng: l loi kh gim au, kh Nitrous Oxide thng c s dng vi cc

kh khc thnh hn hp (V d N2O 50%/O2 50%) hoc nguyn cht dng gy m.
ng thi kh ny cn c s dng lm phu thut Cryo (lnh su), dng lm ph
gia thc phm.
c tnh:
Cc nguy c chnh: Kch thch s chy rt mnh, gy ngt nhanh chng;
Kh nng gy chy: tnh Oxy ha cao
Mi: ngt nh
Dung tch ring 200C: 0.54 M3/Kg
T trng ring (Khng kh = 1) 200C: 1.53
Ha tan
Kh nng ha tan ca nitrousoxide trong mt s cht:Trong nc, trong rau qu,
trong sucrose solutionrong sodium chloride solution, trong ethanol solution, trong
propylene glycol

d. Cc ngun nitrousoxide
d.1.Ngun nitrousoxide trong t nhin
Trong khng kh nitrousoxide (N2O) chim khong 0.00003%.
Chn nui sc vt lm tht l ngun thn kh, v l ngun kh methan v
nitrous oxide ln nht duy nht. Lnh vc chn nui to ra 9% lng thn kh, 65%
lng nitrous oxide, v 37% lng methan t nhng hot ng lin quan n con
ngi.C hai loi kh methan (20 ln) v nitrous oxide (296 ln) l kh thi gy hiu
ng nh knh nguy him hn thn kh.Sc vt cng to nn 64% kh amoniac, gp
phn cho hin tng ma a-xt.
d.2. iu ch
Nit oxit thng c chun b bng cch nung nng cn thn ca amoni nitrat,
phn hy thnh nit oxit v hi nc .
NH4NO3 (s) 2 H2O (k) + N2O (g)
Cc qu trnh oxy ha trc tip ammoniac:
2 NH3 + 2 O2 N2O + 3 H2O
Nit oxit c th c thc hin bng cch nung nng mt gii php ca Acid
Sulfamic v axit nitric.
Trang 18

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

HNO3 + NH2SO3H N2O + H2SO4 + H2O

Hydroxylammonium clorua c th phn ng vi natri nitrit sn xut N2O
cng:
NH3OH + Cl-+ NaNO2 N2O + NaCl + 2 H2O
Nu nitrite c thm vo cc gii php hydroxylamine, ch cn li sn phm
ph l nc mn.Tuy nhin, nu cc gii php hydroxylamine c thm vo cc gii
php nitrite (nitrite l vt qu), sau c hi oxit nit cao hn cng c hnh
thnh. Ngoi ra, HNO3 c th c gim N2O SnCl2 v hn hp HCl:
2 HNO3 +8 HCl + 4 SnCl2 5 H2O + 4 SnCl4 + N2O

2.ng dng ca nitrousoxide trong thc phm

a.ng dng
Nitrousoxide ha hi nhit -890
C, ha hi thp nn c dng lm
cht ti nhit bo quan thc phm. N2O dng lng lm lnh cc nhanh cc mt
hng thc phm.
N2O c s dng trong cc lnh vc y hc dng lm cht gy m, tn la, gii
tr v ua xe. Trong lnh vc thc phm: c s dng vi vai tr l cht ph gia.
Ngi ta dng n vi cc tc dng: Nhin liu y bao b, cht chng oxi ha, to bt.
Nhin liu y, bao b: nitrousoxide nh mt nhin liu y phun aerosol.

b. Mt s sn phm tiu biu

Khoai ty chin

Trang 19

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Kem

c. C ch:
c.1. Trong sn phm kh ng gi:
N2O l kh tr, n c lp y cc khong trng trong thc phm thay th
oxy, c ch s pht trin ca vi khun.
V vy, vi sinh vt hiu kh khng c oxy thc hin qu trnh h hp, vi sinh
vt ngng pht trin nn hn ch c s h hng ca thc phm gy bi vi sinh vt
S dng ph bin nht ca n trong lc ny l bnh thuc xt nu n thnh phn
ca n l N2O thnh phm. Ta dng n phun vo thc phm c ch s pht trin
ca vi khun hoc dng khi bao gi khoai ty chin v n nhanh khc.
c.2.To bt
Trong lnh vc cc sn phm sa, kh c s dng nh l mt cht to bt hoc
pha trn
Kem c cha t nht 36% lng cht bo sa. Khi nh, cht bo to thnh mt
cu trc bt cha cc ti nh ca khng kh.Cc nh khoa hc thc phm gi l nhng
"cht bo n nh bt kh.Di tc ng c hc th lm cho thc phm b xo trn khi
kh nitrousoxide s len li vo cc ti khng kh v th thc phm c kch tht
v khi lng ln hn nguyn liu ban u.
Vi tc dng ny th N2O c s dng trong sn xut kem.
N2O l cht kh v cng ha tan trong cc hp cht bo.Cc sn phm kem c
hm lng cht bo cao nn ngi ta cho kh N2O vo n tng khi lng cng nh
kch tht ca sn phm. Khi ta phun kh N2O vo sn phm kem th kh ny s ha
tan vo cht bo trong kem, n trng thi v do to ra bt. c s dng cch ny
s sn xut kem c khi lng gp 4 ln khi lng ca nguyn liu ban u. Trong
Trang 20

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

khi nh khng kh vo kem th khi lng ch tng 2 ln m cht lng sn phm

kem khng bo c lu v oxy khng kh s y nhanh i ca cc cht bo ca sa.
Nu dngN2O c ch s xung cp .Carbon dioxide khng c th c s dng cho
kem bi v n c tnh axit trong nc, trong s b ng li kem v cho n mt
seltzer ging nh cm gic 'lp lnh'.

Bn trong kem c th kem nng v hn hp kh N2O di p lc. Cc N2O thm

qua kem, ha tan vo cht bo trong sa. Khi tadng ngn tay nhn vo n th c
mtphn lc tc ng tr li vo ngn tay ca ta.
Hiu qu ca tc dng ny ph thuc vo hm lng cht bo c trong sa. Hm
lng cht bo trong sa cang cao th kh nng hp thu cng nhiu. iu g s xy ra
khi ta thay kh nitrousoxide bng mt loi kh khc hoc gim hm lng cht bo
trong sa xung.
Khi bn lm mt bnh kem bng cch s dng mt loi kh khc th sn phm
ca ta khng c trng n v xp ch to ra mt lp sa dy c. y l nhng g
bn nhn thy trn mt bnh kem lu khi N2O bin mt.Nu khng c nit to
ra si kem, n ch l mt bn dy.
Trang 21

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Tng t nh vy, nu bn s dng mt loi kem t bo (15% cht bo) hoc

sa nguyn cht (3% cht bo)) s c t nit ha tan v do kt qu l t bt
Vn duy nht l, n khng n nh v s chuyn thnh trng thi lng sau 30
n 60 pht. V vy, ngi ta dng n trong cc loi kem n lin th mi c hiu qu.
c.3.Chng oxi ha
Qu trnh oxi ha xy ra trong sn phm thc phm l phn ng ca thnh phn
thc phm vi oxi, nc, cc gc t do,...
C ch chng oxi ha ca nitrousoxide: Nitrousoxide l mt kh tr nn n s
khng tham gia vo cc phn ng ha hc. N c pha trn vi cc kh khc cho vo
bao b thc phm. Di s c mt ca n lm gim hot ca O2, H2O,... V vy, qu
trnh oxi ha ca cc thnh phn thc phm gim.
Nitrousoxide pha trn vi kh O2 v CO2 c s dng trong cc xe ti vn
chuyn v ng gi tmosphere thay i (M P) ko di thi hn s dng ca thc
phm ng gi bng cch ngn chn qu trnh oxy ha, nm mc, ph hoi ca cn
trng.
Khi cc cht nh du thc vt v cc loi ru vang c lu tr, cc thuc tnh
tr nit c th c s dng bo v chng li lm gim cht lng ca qu trnh
oxy ha bng cch trc xut bt k khng kh b cun theo trong cht lng v bo v
cht lng trong b lu tr bng cch in hi khng gian

d. c tnh
Nitrousoxide l mt ph gia an ton.S an ton ca N2O c nh gi bng
JECF v y ban n ton Thc phm Nht Bn, v kt lun rng DI khng nn
c yu cu bi v mc c tnh thp N2O c ng k trong dc in Nht
Bn. DI khng gii hn.

e. u v nhc im
N2O l ph gia c xem an ton nn khng lo ngi g v cho ngi s dng khi
n thc hin ch nng ph gia. Khng c tc dng ph.
Hiu qu cao trong vic ng dng to bt, chng oxy ha.
Ngun cung cp di do: c th iu ch trong phng th nghim hoc trong cng
nghip nn c th sn xut ra lng ln, gi thnh r.

Trang 22

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

C. KH AGON
1. Gii thiu chung
a. Lch s
Agon (ting Hy Lp argos c ngha l "khng hot ng") c Henry
Cavendish cho l tn ti trong khng kh t nm 1785 nhng ch c Lord
Rayleigh (John William Strutt, nam tc i 3 ca Rayleigh) v William Ramsay pht
hin chnh thc t nm 1894.

Lord Rayleigh

William Ramsay

b. Tnh cht vt l
Kh Agon l kh him khng mi, khng mu v khng c.N nng gp 1,5 ln
khng kh. Nhit nng chy : 189,35 C, nhit si : 185,85 C
Agon ha tan trong nc nhiu gp 2,5 ln nit v xp x ha tan ca xy.

Quang ph vch ca kh gon

c. Cu to ha hc
- Agon l mt nguyn t ha hc trong bng tun hon. N c k hiu Ar v s
nguyn t bng 18. L kh him th ba trong nhm VIII, Agon chim khong
Trang 23

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

0,934% kh quyn Tri t, iu ny lm cho n tr thnh kh him ph bin

nht trn Tri t.
- Cu to phn t c 8 e lp ngoi cng, trng thi bn vng nn tr, kh phn
ng.
- Cu hnh electron:
[Ne]3s23p6
- Khi lng phn t : 39.948

S phn b e trn v nguyn t Agon

Cu trc tinh th : lp phng tm mt

d. iu ch
Ngy nay kh argon c iu ch ch yu bng phng php ngng t khng
kh nhit thp v sao tch argon khi oxi v nito. Ngoi ra c th iu ch
argon t cc sn phm ca nh my luyn kim en, hoc kh thi trong qu trnh sn
xut NH3.
rgon sau iu ch c phn loi theo 2 cp tinh khit: Loi thng thng:
t l rgon t t 99,99% tr ln; loi c sch cao Argon chim t 99,999%.

2. ng dng lm ph gia trong thc phm

Da vo tnh cht c trng ca kh gon l tr m n c s dng rng ri trong
cc ngnh cng ngh luyn kim, hn tin..Ring trong thc phm kh Agon l
ph gia bo qun, c ch s INS l 938, k hiu trong bng danh mc cc loi ph
gia l E938.

a. i tng ng dng
Kh gon c s dng bm vo cc loi bao b nhm mc ch bo qun cc
sn phm chng li s oxi ha do tc nhn oxi, vi sinh vt hoc cc enzym oxi ha gy
ra nh:

Trang 24

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

Ru vang

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

hp

Khoai ty chin
v rt nhiu sn phm thc phm cng nghip, c thi gian bo qun v s dng trong
thi gian lu

b. C ch hot ng
C ch chung ca kh gon khi c s dng lm ph gia trong thc phm l
dng bo qun, gon l kh tr nn khng phn ng vi cc thnh phn trong sn
phm, khng l mi trng sng ca VSV nn hn ch ti thiu s tc dng ca VSV
n thc phm trong qu trnh bo qun khi dng bao b c cha kh gon, ng thi
ngn cn s tip xc ca thc phm vi oxi trnh qu trnh oxi ha lm h hng cc
sn phm thc phm.
* Sn phm ru vang
Sau khi ru c rt vo chai, kh Agon s c bm vo khong khng cn li
v sau l ng nt bo qun, do tnh cht nng hn khng kh nn kh gon d
dng chim hon ton th tch khong khng trong chai, y ht khng kh c cha oxi
Trang 25

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

ra ngoi, to ra mt ro cn gia oxy v b mt ru lm cho ru khng tip xc

c vi oxi, trnh qu trnh lm dm ru, gy chua, gim cht lng sn phm. c
bit l gon tr nn khng phn ng vi thnh phn trong ru, m bo hng thm
ca ru c bo qun bn lu.
Qu trnh dm ru l phn ng oxi ha ru, trong ru b oxi ha theo 3
mc phn ng to thnh aldehyde, acid hu c v oxi ha hon ton ( t chy ) thnh
CO2 v H2O. Trong trng hp ny, ru phn ng vi oxi to ra cc acid hu c gy
gim, lm cho ru b chua,ng thi to ra cc aldehyde lm nh hng sc khe
ngi s dng, lm gim gi tr cm quan v c cht lng ru.
Mc 1
CH3-CH2-OH + CuO -> CH3-CHO + Cu + H2O
Mc 2
CH3-CH2-OH + O2 -> CH3-COOH + H2O
Mc 3
C2H5OH + 3 O2 -> 2 CO2 + 3 H2O
* Khoai ty chin
Trong khoai ty chin, qu trnh oxi ha ch yu xy ra i vi lng du thm
trong khoai ty, cc acid bo trong du b ct nh v oxi ha thnh cc hp cht
adehyl, thnh acid, gy ra mi hi thng gi l b hi du, lm cho khoai ty chin
khng gi c gin v mu sc ti, thay vo l sn phm b mm ra, km mu
v b i.
Khi s dng bao b c cha kh Agon th vic sn phm tip xc vi oxi c
kim sot, t cht lng sn phm s c m bo, thi gian bo qun c th lu
hn.
Qu trnh oxi ha du :
R-COOH + O2 -> R*-CHO + R**
R-COOH + O2 -> R*-COOH
.
ng thi kh gon dy c hn cc loi kh khc nn gi cho thc phm trnh
c s va p trong qu trnh vn chuyn, trnh bin dng sn phm.

c. u , nhc im
-

Kh gon tr v mt ha hc, khng phn ng vi cc cht trong thc

phm nn khng nh hng n cht lng sn phm.
An ton khng gy hi n sc khe ngi tiu dung nn khng c c
tnh
Trang 26

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

-

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Cht lng bo qun cao v hiu qu hn cc loi kh thong dng.

Nhc im v l kh him nn s lng t, gi c t.

d. Mt s cng trnh nghin cu

Cc nh khoa hc lm vic cho Safeway chng minh bng cch s dng kh
gon thay v nit ph bin hn trong bao b, thc phm c gi ti lu hn v ci
thin cht lng ca n, khoai ty chin gin, tht ch bin v rau dip tng 25% tui
th, pizza ln n 50%.
Nhm nghin cu tm thy rng bng cch s dng gon thay v oxy nit oxi
c loi b hiu qu hn. Agon l dy c hn v lp y khng gian xung quanh
thc phm hon ton.
Tin s Kevin Spencer, c vn khoa hc cho Safeway, cho bit: "Ti bt k thi
im c a ra, khoai ty chin gin c ng gi theo cch ca chng ti tt hn
so vi khoai ty chin gin c ng gi bng cch s dng cc phng php tiu
chun."
Tin s Spencer, ngi trnh by pht hin ca mnh ti mt cuc hp ca
Hip hi Ha hc M Chicago, ni rng : Agon dng lm bao b kh hiu qu hn
nit gp 4 ln. N cng ci thin an ton thc phm.

3. Xu th pht trin
Xt v hiu qu khi s dng, kh gon em li hiu qu gp 4 ln so vi vic s
dng kh Nit v cc loi kh khc vn thng dng.
Xt v kinh t, v l kh him nn gi c s nh hng n s quyt nh u t
sn xut ca cc cng ty thc phm. Nhng v lu di th kh Agon s l la chn l
tng trong vic bo qun thc phm, nhm nng cao cht lng v ko di tui th
ca thc phm.

Trang 27

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

KT LUN
Vi tt c nhng ni dung trn cung cp cho chng ta mt phn no bc
tranh ton cnh v ph gia kh, nhng cht ang, s v c s dng rt
nhiu trong ch bin v bo qun thc phm ni ring v trong ngnh cng
nghip ph gia thc phm ni chung. a ra nhng thng tin cn thit, nhng
tc dng, li ch v c nhng tc hi, c th s dng mt cch hp l hn
trong ng dng thc tin to ra nhng sn phm phc v cho nhu cu ngy
cng cao ca con ngi-x hi, ng thi trnh nhng tc hi khng mong mun
trong qu trnh s dng.

Trang 28

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

TI LIU THAM KHO

1.http://www.ehow.com/info_7985128_uses-hydrogen-gas.html
2.http://www.ehow.com/list_7432622_commercial-uses-hydrogen.html
3.http://www.ehow.com/about_5386775_uses-hydrogen.html
4.http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5311451_process-hydrogenation.html
5.http://www.ehow.com/list_7168465_foods-contain-hydrogenated-oils_.html
6.http://www.ehow.com/info_8601950_advantages-hydrogenation.html
7.http://www.hydrogenappliances.com/hydrogengeneration.html
8.http://www.school-for-champions.com/chemistry/hydrogen_uses.htm
9.http://www.naturalpedia.com/hydrogen_gas.html
10.http://www.justsayn2o.com/
11.http://www.befoodsmart.com/ingredients/partially-hydrogenated-oil.php
12.http://www.befoodsmart.com/query-result.php?field=a
13.http://www.grokfood.com/ins/f34.htm
14.http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/fattyacids2.html
15.http://www.codexalimentarius.net/gsfaonline/additives/details.html?id=18
16.http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mlt50588.pdf
17.http://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http%3A%2

F%2Flipidlibrary.aocs.org%2Fprocessing%2Fhydrog-mech%2Findex.htm
18.https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/sanco_foods/main/?event=substances.search&s

ubstances.pagination=6
19.http://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&u=http://

www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/hydrogenation1.php
20.http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=vi&langpair

=en%7Cvi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&u=http://www.fao.org/food/food-safetyquality/scientific-advice/jecfa/jecfa-additives/en/&usg=ALkJrhj7NwOYmTqv7X0YODfTqWsWe_F0A
Trang 29

TL Ph Gia Thc Phm

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

21.http://www.understandingfoodadditives.org/pages/Ch6E900Frameset.htm
22.http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1338610/Packaging-with-argon-

helps-keep-food-fresh.html
23.http://www.sixwise.com/newsletters/06/02/08/what_exactly_does_it_mean_wh

en_foods_are_hydrogenated_and_what_risks_can_it_pose.htm
24.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide
25. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon
26.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen

Trang 30