WORD FORMATION (cach cau tao tu moi) Verbs Nouns - al: arrival/ proposal/ approval/ - ance: performance/ insurance/

/ appearance/ assurance/ - ation: invitation/ examination/ explanation/ exploration/ transportation/ information/ expectation/ - ion: reduction/ collection/ suggestion/ production/ discussion/ impression/protection/ promotion/ translation/ invention/ - ence: dependence/ difference/ reference/ preference/ - ment : investment/ improvement/ development/ encouragement/ government/ management/ employment/ retirement/ entertainment/ movement/ agreement/ payment - er/or: investor/ teacher/ actor/ player/ - ant: consultant/ servant/ applicant/ pollutant - y: discovery/ delivery - ure: failure/ pleasure/ Adjectives Nouns - ness: politeness/ happiness/ competitiveness/ carefulness/ helpfulness/ usefulness/ expensiveness/ - ity: productivity/ ability/ possibility/ profitability/ responsibility/ nationality/ personality/ popularity/ electricity/ majority/ similarity/ - y: difficulty/ Nouns Verbs - fy: beautify/ qualify/ Adjectives Verbs - ize: industrialize/ nationalize/ internationalize/ modernize/ urbanize/ globalize/ privatize/standardize/ - ify: simplify/ clarify/ Nouns Adjectives - ous: dangerous/ famous/ - ful: beautiful/ plentiful/ successful/ powerful/ painful/ - al: national/ international/ professional/ personal/ natural/ traditional/ governmental/ - ical: historical/ - able: comfortable/ valuable/ - ial: commercial/ industrial/ presidential/ financial/ - y: risky/ healthy/ wealthy/ - ive: successive/ impressive/ Verbs Adjectives - ful: useful/ hopeful/ harmful/ helpful/ fearful - less: useless/ hopeless/ harmless/ helpless
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- able: considerable/ portable/ understandable/ manageable/ eatable/ predictable/ enjoyable/ negotiable/ imaginable/ remarkable/ Ch ng n Tip din Hon thnh Hin ti I/you/we/they I am Danh t s nhiu + t You/we/they are (ngth) She/he/it is + V-ing She/he/it dt s it+ k m c + t (bin i) C quy tc: V+ s Bt quy tc: V + es CN + t (qkh) V + ed She/he/it has I.you.we/they - have + PII PII = V + ed (c qtc) Bt qtc: c bng km

Qu kh

I/she/he/it was You/we/they were + V-ing

Had + PII

Tng lai B ng Hin ti Qu kh Tng lai

CN + will + V(ngth)

Will + be + V-ing

Will + have + PII

n Am/are/is + PII Was/were + PII Will be + PII

Tip din Am/are/is + being + PII Was/were + being +PII Will be + being + PII

Hon thnh Have/has + been + PII Had + been + PII Will have + been + PII

Trng ng chi thi gian i vi cc thi Hin ti n: We often use frequency adverbs with the present simple. Examples include: Always, often, usually, normally, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, not often, hardly ever, never Adverb phrases like every day, once a year, most of the time, from time to time, now and then come at the beginning or end of the sentence. We also use the present simple after these future time expressions: when, after, before, unless, in case, as soon as, until, by the time, the next time Hin ti tip din: now, at the moment. at present, this morning, this week, this month, .... Hin ti hon thnh:
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ever, never, just, already, for, since, yet, to date, recently, over the past five years, today, this morning, so far, up to now, over the last three months, Qu kh n: with prepositions - at + 6 am/ the end of the year/ Christmas/ ... - on + Monday/15th May/New Year's Day/ ... - in + January/2009/the 1990s/summer/ ... - during + the Second World War / ... Tng lai n: - tomorrow, tomorrow morning/ afternoon/ - next week/ month/ year/ summer/ decade/ - in 2 weeks/ months/ ... without prepositions - yesterday/ yesterday morning/ last night/ - the day before yesterday/ ... - last week/ month/ year/ summer/ decade/ century/ ... - two weeks age/ a few months ago/ ... - When I was young

CONDITIONALS (TYPE I) In statements like this, if means the same as when or every time. First conditional When we talk about future events that are reasonably likely and their results, we can use an if sentence. The if clause states the condition, and the other clause states the result: IF + PRESENT SIMPLE WILL + BARE INFINITIVE If the government raises taxes, consumer spending will fall. (CONDITION) (RESULT) If and unless Unless means the same as if not. It always refers to the conditional part of the sentence and not the result part of the sentence: CONDITIONALS (TYPE I) If he doesnt get here soon, we will have to start the meeting without him. (CONDITION) (RESULT) Unless he gets here soon, we will have to start the meeting without him. (CONDITION) (RESULT) CONDITIONALS (TYPE II) IF + PAST SIMPLE WOULD + INFINITIVE If I knew her number, I would send her a fax CONDITIONALS (TYPE III) IF + HAD (NOT) DONE WOULD (NOT) + HAVE DONE If Clinton and Core had won the election, they would have promoted free trade agreements with other nations in the same way as Bush. We use the third conditional when we want to talk about past events that are different to what really happened.
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 There is often a suggestion of criticism or regret: If the economic situation had been better, we wouldnt have lost so many customers. COMPARISON Comparing adjectives/adverds A. Short adjectives/adverbs: To make comparisons, adjectives/adverds with one syllable add -er and -est old big large fast long hard COMPARATIVE older bigger larger faster longer harder the best the worst SUPERLATIVE oldest biggest largest fastest longest hardest

Two important exceptions: good/well better bad/badly worse

Some two-syllable adjectives and adverbs add -er and -est: - ending in -y: friendly, noisy, early, happy, busy, lazy, tidy, hangry, angry, crazy, wealthy, easy, etc. - others: clever, quiet, narrow friendly quiet friendlier quieter friendliest quietest SUPERLATIVE the most modern the most profitable the most difficult

B. Longer adjectives: COMPARATIVE modern more/less modern profitable more/less profitable difficult more/less difficult

Toyota is profitable. BT is more profitable than Toyota. The Royal Dutch Shell Group is the most profitable company in the world. TWO SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES (1). Words ending in a consonant + -y have -est, e.g. happy are: busy, dirty, funny, happy, lovely, lucky, pretty, silly , tidy (2). Some words have -er, -est OR more, most, e.g. narrow narrow, most narrow.
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happier, happiest Examples narrower, narrowest OR more

Examples are: clever, common, cruel, gentle, narrow, pleasant, polite, quite, simple, stupid, tired. (3).The following words have more, most, e.g. useful more useful, most useful. a. Words ending in -ful or -less, e.g. careful, helpful, useful, useful, hopeless. b. Words ending in -ing or -ed, e.g. boring, willing, annoyed, surprised. c. Many others, e.g. afraid, certain, correct, eager, famous, foolish, frequent, nervous, normal, recent. C. As ... as: We can also make comparisons using not as ... as; as ... as; just ... as. In this case the adj or adv do not change: BT is not as large as AT&T. In America, Toyota is as well-known as Ford. Pepsi is just as popular as Coca-Cola. D. The present perfect is often used with superlatives: We're having the best year that we have ever had. He's one of the most interesting people I have ever met. E. Ranking Siemens is the largest electronics company in Europe. Philips is the second largest electronics company in Europe. F. Comparing nouns: We can compare quantities and amounts by using more, less, fewer, not as much as, not as many as, etc. COUNTABLE The board decided that the company needed more/fewer retail outlets. Our Paris office doesn't employ as many people as our Munich office. The R&D Department has the most/fewest people working for it. UNCOUNTABLE I spent more/less time on the project than I had expected. We didn't make as much money on the deal as we had hoped. Of all our surveys, this produced the most/least information. modern,

Cc cp t ni: Not only but also - He is not only good at his work but also creative. Between and / from . to - I studied at my University between 2002 and 2006/ from 2002 to 2006. Neither . nor - She neitiher knows nor cares about that problem. Either or so + adj/adv + that = such + a(an) + adj + N + that too + adj/ adv + (for sbd) + to do sth = not + adj/adv + enough so snh hn + than the + so snh hn nht both A and B

Khng nhng ........m cn t . n khng v cng khng

by + means of transports: by car/train/ bus/ plane/ air; on foot on the first/ second/... floor in the sky; in a tree on + mass media: on TV/ radio/ newspapers/ pages/computer screen ... on wall, on door, Specific expressions: by heart: hc thuc lng in a quiet manner: theo phong cch yn lng in detail: mt cch chi tit on time: ng gi in time: ng lc no longer: khng lu na no sooner: ngay khi as soon as possible: cng sm cng tt by accident/ by chance: tnh c by mistake: v tnh, khng c for example/ for instance on the one hand on the other hand first of all one another each other at a good price at cost price at a profit/ loss on behalf of in a hurry by check/ credit card in cash on hand in my opinion

would rather do = prefer to do/ prefer doing sth: th lm g hn, thch lm g hn had better do = should: nn lm g encourage sbd to do sth = promote sbd to do: khuyn khch ai lm g manage to do = succeed in doing: thnh cng trong vic lm g promise to do sth: ha lm g prevent sbd from doing sth: ngn cn ai lm g give up sth/ doing sth: t b ci g/ vic lm g seem to do: dng nh/ hnh nh He seemed to get angry: Hnh nh anh ta ni nng force sbd to do = make sbd do: bt ai lm g spend + time + doing sth = take (sbd) + time + to do sth : dnh thgian lm g / mt bn thgian lm g
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play an important role in sth/ doing sth: ng vai tr quan trng trong vic g/ lm g try to do sth : c gng lm g go on an excursion to swh: i d ngoi ti u afford to do sth/ afford sth = have enough money to do sth: c tin lm g find sth + adj + to do sth: I find English difficult to learn: Ti thy ting Anh kh hc avoid doing sth: trnh lm g advise sbd to do = urge sbd to do: khuyn ai lm g to be kind to sbd: c x tt vi ai hope to do = expect to do : hy vng lm g cause sth/ cause sth to do: gy ra iu g/ can't help doing sth: khng th khng/ khng th dng vic g I can't help admiring him in spite of his faults: Khng th khng ca ngi anh ta cho d anh ta c nhiu li/ nhiu tt remove sth from sth: loi b ci g khi ci g tend to do: c xu hng lm g remind sbd to do : nhc ai lm g remind sbd of doing sth: nhc ai nh li vic g/ lm g remember to do : nh lm g remember doing: nh l lm g >< forget to do sth/ forget doing sth: qun fail to do sth: tht bi v khng lm c vic g He failed to buy that house because he offered a low price: Anh y khng mua c ngi nh v anh ta tr gi thp. persuade sbd to do sth: thuyt phc ai lm g let sbd do sth = allow sbd to do sth: ai/ cho php ai lm g thank sbd for sth/doing sth: cm n ai v iu g/ vic lm g keep doing: tip tc Oil prices keep rising now: Gi du vn tip tc tng benefit from sth/ doing sth: c li t ci g/ t vic lm g request/ require/ ask sbd to do sth:yu cu/ ngh ai lm g look forward to sth/ doing sth: mong i, mong ch decide to do: quyt nh lm g carry on sth/ doing sth: thc hin vic g need doing: cn c lm g The house needs redecorating before Tet holiday. used to do sth: tng lm g (trong qu kh) get used to/ be used to sth/ doing sth: quen vi iu g, vic lm g escape from sth/ doing sth: trn thot khi stop to do = finish dng (vic g) lm g stop doing: dng lm g begin to do = begin doing: bt u help sbd to do / help sbd do sth: gip ai lm g suggest that sbd should do sth/ suggest doing sth : gi (ai ) nn lm g depend on: ph thuc believe in sbd/ sth: tin tng Take care of sth/ sbd: chm sc
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take advantage of: tn dng li th ca ci g warn sbd (not) to do: cnh bo ai lm g/ ng lm g order sbd to do: ra lnh cho ai lm g admit doing sth: tha nhn lm g deny doing sth: ph nhn lm g apologize (sbd) for doing sth: xin li (ai) v lm g offer to do sth: xin c lm g refuse to do: t chi lm g to be in danger: ang b nguy hin to be well-prepared for sth/ doing sth: chun to be alive: cn sng b tt cho >< to be ill-prepared for ... to be in a hurry: ang vi to be based on: da trn ci g to be in hospital: ang nm vin to be well-qualified: c trnh cao to be at home: ang nh to be sorry for sth/ doing sth: nui tic cho to be at work: ang i lm ci g, lm g to be at school: ang i hc to be crowded with: ng c vi ... to be on duty: ang lm nhim v to be proud of sbd: t ho v ai to be curious about: t m v iu g to be ashamed of sth/ doing sth: xu h to be dependent/ independent on sth/ sbd: to be grateful to sbd: bit n ai ph thuc vo iu g, vo ai to be nervous about sth/ doing sth: lo lng to be upset by sth/ doing sth: = to be disappointed with: tht vng v to be fond of : thch to be fascinated by: say m, am m to be tired of : mt v iu g to be bored with: bun chn to be frightened of : s to be terrified of : hong s T theo ch dim Gio duc: language: ngn ng/ native tongue: ting m / speak: ni/ speech: li ni/ education: gio duc/ knowledge: kin thc/ learn: hc/ profession:ngh nghip/professional: chuyn nghip/ university: i hc/ college: cao ng/ exam/examination: bktra/ entrance test: thi i hc/ school: trng hc/ student: sinh vin/ understand: hiu/ history: lch s/ study: hc/ medical: y t/ mark: chm dim/ intelligent/intelligence: s thng minh/ grammar: ng php/ grammatical mistakes: li ng php/ spelling mistakes: li chnh t/ words: t/ favorite subjects: mn hc u thich/ course book: sach gkhoa/ school-year: nm hc/ transcript: bng im/ application: h s xin hc/ xin vic/ applicant: ng xin/ submit: np/ registration date: ngy ng k/ Vn ho:
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to be worried about: lo lng to be surprised at/about: ngc nhin to be eager for sth/ doing sth: ho hc to be interested in sth/ doing sth: thch, quan tm to be satisfied with = to be pleased with: hi lng v iu g

culture/ feature: c im/ self-discipline: t ki lut/ courtesy: tnh trt t/ comment: ca ngi/ polite: lch s/ foreigners: ng nc ngoi/ customs: phong tc/ society: xa hi/ entertainment/ leisure activities: gii tr/ theatre: nh ht/ cinema: rp phim/ politic: chnh tr/ mass media: th tin i chng/ tradition: phong tc/ festival: l hi/ Khoa hc/ Cng ngh: robot: ng my/ science: khoa hoc/scientist: nh k/hc/ technology: cng ngh/ research: nghin cu/ machenical/ machine: my mc/ nuclear power: nng lg ht nhn/ automobile: t/ develop/ development: pht trin/ advance: tin b/ element: nhn t/ experiment: th nghim/ fibre cable: cp quang/ glass: thu tinh/ copper: ng/ Vic lm: work/ worker: cng nhn/ factory: nh my/ company: cty/ export: xkhu/ import: nk/ interview: phng vn/ employ: thu ldng/ employer: ng ch/ employee: ng lam thu/ employment: vic lm/ productivity: nng sut/ produce: sxut/ lobour: lng/ organization: t chc/ statistics: sl thng k/ fishing industry: cn nh bt c/ consult: t vn/ consultant: ng t vn/ expert: chuyn gia/ challenge: th thch/ Y t: health official: nv y t/ bacteria: vi khun/ disease: bnh/ headache: au u/ danger: nguy c/ damage: hu hoi/ lung cancer: ung th phi/ breathing rate: nhp th/ heart: tim/ Mi trng: drinking water: nc sinh hot/ weather: thi tit/ climate: kh hu/ flood: l/ disaster: thm ho/ pollution: s nhim/ pollutant: cht nhim/ rainfall: lg ma/environment: mi trng/ energy: nng lg, lc/ exhaustion: s cn kit/ natural resources: tnguyn th/nhin/ conservation: bo tn/ preserve sth: btn/ Kinh t: economy/ shopper: ng mua sm/ food: lg thc/famine: nn i/ crop: ma mng/ overpopulation: qu ti dn s/ government: chnh ph/ shoplifting: nn n cp sth/potential: tim nng/ exploit: khai thc/ explore: thm him/ effective: co hiu qu/ assets: ti sn = fortune/ millionaire: triu ph/ prosperity: s thnh vng/ growth: tng trng/ exchange: trao i/ goods: hng ho/ services: dv/ crisis: khng hong/ poverty: i ngho/ exhibition: trin lm/ failure: tht bi/ speculator: k u c/ currency: tin/ reserve: d tr/ :