CC CNG THUC TNH TON

PHAN I . CAU TRC ADN

I . Tnh s nucltit cua ADN ho}c cua gen
1. Di vi mi mch cua gen :
- Trong ADN , 2 mach b sung nhau , nn s nu v chiu di cua 2 mach bng nhau .
A
1
+ T
1
+ G
1
+ X
1
= T
2
+ A
2
+ X
2
+ G
2
=
2
N

- Trong cng mt mach , A v T cung nhu G v X , khng lin kt b sung nn khng nht thit
phai bng nhau . Su b sung chi c giua 2 mach : A cua mach ny b sung voi T cua mach kia ,
G cua mach ny b sung voi X cua mach kia . V vy , s nu mi loai o mach 1 bng s nu loai b
sung mach 2 .
A
1
= T
2 ;
T
1
= A
2
; G
1
= X
2
; X
1
= G
2
2. Di vi ca 2 mch :
- S nu mi loai cua ADN l s nu loai d o ca 2 mach :
A =T = A
1
+ A
2
= T
1
+ T
2
= A
1
+ T
1
= A
2
+ T
2
G =X = G
1
+ G
2
= X
1
+ X
2
= G
1
+ X
1
= G
2
+ X
2
Ch :khi tnh ti l %
%A = % T = =
+
2
2 % 1 % A A
2
2 % 1 % T T +
= ..
%G = % X = =
+
2
2 % 1 % G G
2
2 % 1 % X X +
=.
Ghi nh : Tng 2 loai nu khc nhm b sung lun lun bng nua s nu cua ADN hoc bng
50% s nu cua ADN : Nguoc lai nu bit :
+ Tng 2 loai nu = N / 2 hoc bng 50% th 2 loai nu d phai khc nhm b sung
+ Tng 2 loai nu khc N/ 2 hoc khc 50% th 2 loai nu d phai cng nhm b sung
3. Tng s nu cua ADN (N)
Tng s nu cua ADN l tng s cua 4 loai nu A + T + G+ X . Nhung theo nguyn tc b sung
(NTBS) A= T , G=X . V vy , tng s nu cua ADN duoc tnh l :
N = 2A + 2G = 2T + 2X hay N = 2( A+ G)
Do d A + G =
2
N
hoc %A + %G = 50%

4. Tnh s chu k xon ( C )
Mt chu k xon gm 10 cp nu = 20 nu . khi bit tng s nu ( N) cua ADN :
N = C x 20 => C =
20
N
; C=
34
l

5. Tnh khi lung phn tu ADN (M ) :
Mt nu c khi luong trung bnh l 300 dvc . khi bit tng s nu suy ra
M = N x 300 dvc
6. Tnh chiu di cua phn tu ADN ( L ) :Phn tu ADN l 1 chui gm 2 mach don chay song
song v xon du dn quanh 1 truc . v vy chiu di cua ADN l chiu di cua 1 mach v bng
chiu di truc cua n . Mi mach c
2
N
nucltit, d di cua 1 nu l 3,4 A
0


l =
2
N
. 3,4A
0
=> N=
4 , 3
2 lx



Don vi thuong dng :
1 micrmet = 10
4
angstron ( A
0
)
1 micrmet = 10
3
nanmet ( nm)
1 mm = 10
3
micrmet = 10
6
nm = 10
7
A
0

II. Tnh s lin kt Hidr v lin kt Ha Tr| D P
1. S lin kt Hidr ( H )
+ A cua mach ny ni voi T o mach kia bng 2 lin kt hidr
+ G cua mach ny ni voi X o mach kia bng 3 lin kt hidr
Vy s lin kt hidr cua gen l :
H = 2A + 3 G hoc H = 2T + 3X

2. S lin kt ho tr| ( HT )
a) S lin kt ho tri ni cc nu trn 1 mach gen :
2
N
- 1
Trong mi mach don cua gen , 2 nu ni voi nhau bng 1 lk ho tri , 3 nu ni nhau bng 2 lk
ho tri
2
N
nu ni nhau bng
2
N
- 1
b) S lin kt ho tri ni cc nu trn 2 mach gen : 2(
2
N
- 1 )
Do s lin kt ho tri ni giua cc nu trn 2 mach cua ADN : 2(
2
N
- 1 )
c) S lin kt ho tri duong photpht trong gen ( HT
D-P
)
Ngoi cc lin kt ho tri ni giua cc nu trong gen th trong mi nu c 1 lk ho tri gn thnh
phn cua H
3
PO
4
vo thnh phn duong . Do d s lin kt ho tri D P trong ca ADN l :
HT
D-P
= 2(
2
N
- 1 ) + N = 2 (N 1)




PHAN II. CO CHE TJ NHN DI CUADN

I . TNH S NUCLTIT TJ DO CAN DNG
1.Qua 1 ln t nhn di ( t sao , ti sinh , ti ban )
+ Khi ADN tu nhn di hon ton 2 mach du lin kt cc nu tu do theo NTBS : A
ADN
ni
voi T
Tu do
v nguoc lai ; G
ADN
ni voi X
Tu do
v nguoc lai . V vy s nu tu do mi loai cn
dng bng s nu m loai n b sung
A
td
=T
td
= A = T ; G
td
= X
td
= G = X
+ S nu tu do cn dng bng s nu cua ADN
N
td
= N
2. Qua nhiu dt t nhn di ( x dt )
+ Tnh s ADN con
- 1 ADN me qua 1 dot tu nhn di tao 2 = 2
1
ADN con
- 1 ADN me qua 2 dot tu nhn di tao 4 = 2
2
ADN con
- 1 ADN me qua3 dot tu nhn di tao 8 = 2
3
ADN con
- 1 ADN me qua x dot tu nhn di tao 2
x
ADN con
Vy : Tng s ADN con = 2
x


- D o dot tu nhn di no , trong s ADN con tao ra tu 1 ADN ban du , vn c 2
ADN con m mi ADN con ny c chua 1 mach cu cua ADN me . V vy s ADN con cn lai
l c ca 2 mach cu thnh hon ton tu nu moi cua mi truong ni bo .
S ADN con c 2 mach du moi = 2
x
2
+ Tnh s nu t do cn dng :
- S nu tu do cn dng th ADN trai qua x dot tu nhn di bng tng s nu sau cng
coup trong cc ADN con tru s nu ban du cua ADN me
Tng s nu sau cng trong trong cc ADN con : N.2
x

S nu ban du cua ADN me :N
V vy tng s nu tu do cn dng cho 1 ADN qua x dot tu nhn di :

N
td
= N .2
x
N = N( 2
X
-1)
- S nu tu do mi loai cn dng l:

A
td
=

T
td
= A( 2
X
-1)

G
td
=

X
td
= G( 2
X
-1)
+ Nu tnh s nu tu do cua ADN con m c 2 mach hon tan moi :

N
td hon ton mi
= N( 2
X
- 2)

A
td

hon ton

mi
=

T
td
= A( 2
X
-2)

G
td hon ton mi
=

X
td
= G( 2
X
2)
II .TNH SO LIN KET HIDR ; HO TRI D- P DUOC HNH THNH HOAC BI PH
V
1. Qua 1 dt t nhn di
a. Tnh s lin kt hidrb| ph v v s lin kt hidr duc hnh thnh
Khi ADN tu nhn di hon ton :
- 2 mach ADN tch ra , cc lin kt hidr giua 2 mach du bi ph v nn s lin kt
hidr bi ph v bng s lin kt hidr cua ADN
H bj dt = H
ADN

- Mi mach ADN du ni cc nu tu do theo NTBS bng cc lin kt hidr nn s lin kt
hidr duoc hnh thnh l tng s lin kt hidr cua 2 ADN con
H hnh thnh = 2 . H
ADN
b. S lin kt ho tr| duc hnh thnh :
Trong qu trnh tu nhn di cua ADN , lin kt ho tri D P ni cc nu trong mi mach cua
ADN khng bi ph v . Nhung cc nu tu do dn b sung th duoc ni voi nhau bng lin kt
ho tri d hnh thnh 2 mach moi
V vy s lin kt ho tri duoc hnh thnh bng s lin kt ho tri ni cc nu voi nhau
trong 2 mach cua ADN
HT duc hnh thnh = 2 (
2
N
- 1 ) = N- 2
2 .Qua nhiu dt t nhn di ( x dt )
a. Tnh tng s lin kt hidr b| ph v v tng s lin kt hidr hnh
thnh :
-Tng s lin kt hidr bi ph v :

H b| ph v = H (2
x
1)
- Tng s lin kt hidr duoc hnh thnh :

H hnh thnh = H 2
x
b. Tng s lin kt ho tr| duc hnh thnh :
Lin kt ho tri duoc hnh thnh l nhung lin kt ho tri ni cc nu tu do lai thnh chui
mach polinucltit moi
- S lin kt ho tri ni cc nu trong mi mach don :
2
N
- 1
- Trong tng s mach don cua cc ADN con cn c 2 mach cu cua ADN me duoc giu lai
- Do d s mach moi trong cc ADN con l 2.2
x
- 2 , v vy tng s lin kt ho tri duoc
hnh thnh l :
-

HT hnh thnh = (
2
N
- 1) (2.2
x
2) = (N-2) (2
x
1)
III. TNH THI GIAN SAO M
C th quan nim su lin kt cc nu tu do vo 2 mach cua ADN l dng thoi , khi mach
ny tip nhn v dng gp duoc bao nhiu nu th mach kia cung lin kt duoc bay nhiu
nu
Tc d t sao : S nu duoc tip nhn v lin kt trong 1 giy
1. Tnh thi gian t nhn di (t sao )
Thoi gian d 2 mach cua ADN tip nhn v kin kt nu tu do
- Khi bit thoi gian d tip nhn v l in kt trong 1 nu l dt , thoi gian tu sao duoc tnh
l :
TG t sao = dt .
2
N

- Khi bit tc d tu sao (mi giy lin kt duoc bao nhiu nu )th thoi gian tu nhn di
cua ADN l :
TG t sao = N : tc d t sao

PHAN III . CU TRC ARN

I.TNH S RIBNUCLTIT CUA ARN :
- ARN thuong gm 4 loai ribnu : A ,U , G , X v duoc tng hop tu 1 mach ADN theo
NTBS . V vy s ribnu cua ARN bng s nu 1 mach cua ADN
rN = rA + rU + rG + rX =
2
N

- Trong ARN A v U cung nhu G v X khng lin kt b sung nn khng nht thit phai bng
nhau . Su b sung chi c giua A, U , G, X cua ARN ln luot voi T, A , X , G cua mach gc
ADN . V vy s ribnu mi loai cua ARN bng s nu b sung o mach gc ADN .
rA = T gc ; rU = A gc
rG = X gc ; rX = Ggc
* Ch : Nguoc lai , s luong v ti l % tung loai nu cua ADN duoc tnh nhu sau :
+ S luong :
A = T = rA + rU
G = X = rR + rX
+ Ti l % :
% A = %T =
2
% % rU rA+

%G = % X =
2
% % rX rG +

II. TNH KHI LUNG PHN TU ARN (M
ARN
)
Mt ribnu c khi luong trung bnh l 300 dvc , nn:
M
ARN
= rN . 300dvc =
2
N
. 300 dvc
III. TNH CHIEU DI V S LIN KET HO TRJ D P CUA ARN
1 Tnh chiu di :
- ARN gm c mach rN ribnu voi d di 1 nu l 3,4 A
0
. V vy chiu di ARN bng
chiu di ADN tng hop nn ARN d
- V vy L
ADN
=

L
ARN
= rN . 3,4A
0
=
2
N
. 3,4 A
0
2 . Tnh s lin kt ho tr| D P:
+ Trong chui mach ARN : 2 ribnu ni nhau bng 1 lin kt ho tri , 3 ribnu ni nhau bng
2 lin kt ho tri Do d s lin kt ho tri ni cc ribnu trong mach ARN l rN 1
+ Trong mi ribnu c 1 lin kt ho tri gn thnh phn axit H
3
PO
4
vo thnh phn duong .
Do d s lin kt ha tri loai ny c trong rN ribnu l rN
Vy s lin kt ho tr P ca ARN :
HT
ARN
= rN 1 + rN = 2 .rN -1

PHAN IV . CO CHE TONG HP ARN

I . TNH S RIBNUCLOTIT TJ DO CAN DNG
1 . Qua 1 ln sao m :
Khi tng hop ARN , chi mach gc cua ADN lm khun mu lin cc ribnu tu do theo NTBS
:
A
ADN
ni U
ARN
; T
ADN
ni A
ARN

G
ADN
ni X
ARN
; X
ADN
ni G
ARN

V vy :
+ S ribnu tu do mi loai cn dng bng s nu loai m n b sung trn mach gc cua ADN
rA
td
= T
gc
; rU
td
= A
gc
rG
td
= X
gc ;
rX
td
= G
gc

+ S ribnu tu do cc loai cn dng bng s nu cua 1 mach ADN
rN
td
=
2
N

2. Qua nhiu ln sao m ( k ln )
Mi ln sao m tao nn 1 phn tu ARN nn s phn tu ARN sinh ra tu 1 gen bng s
ln sao m cua gen d .
S phn tu ARN = S ln sao m = K
+ S ribnu tu do cn dng l s ribnu cu thnh cc phn tu ARN . V vy qua K ln
sao m tao thnh cc phn tu ARN th tng s ribnu tu do cn dng l:

rN
td
= K . rN
+ Suy lun tuong tu , s ribnu tu do mi loai cn dng l :

rA
td
= K. rA = K . T
gc
;

rU
td
= K. rU = K . A
gc

rG
td
= K. rG = K . X
gc
;

rX
td
= K. rX = K . G
gc
* Ch : Khi bit s ribnu tu do cn dng cua 1 loai :
+ Mun xc dinh mach khun mu v s ln sao m th chia s ribnu d cho s nu
loai b sung o mach 1 v mach 2 cua ADN => S ln sao m phai l uoc s giua s ribbnu
d v s nu loai b sung o mach khun mu .
+ Trong truong hop cn cu vo 1 loai ribnu tu do cn dng m chua du xc dinh mach
gc , cn c s ribnu tu do loai khc th s ln sao m phai l uoc s chung giua s ribnu tu
do mi loai cn dng voi s nu loai b sung cua mach gc
II. TNH S LIN KET HIDR V LIN KET HO TRJ D P :
1 . Qua 1 ln sao m :
a. S lin kt hidro :
H dut = H
ADN

H hnh thnh = H
ADN
=> H dt = H hnh thnh = H
ADN

b. S lin kt ho tri :
HT hnh thnh = rN 1
2. Qua nhiu ln sao m ( K ln ) :
a. Tng s lin kt hidr bi ph v

H ph v = K . H
b. Tng s lin kt ho tri hnh thnh :

HT hnh thnh = K ( rN 1)
III. TNH THI GIAN SAO M :
* Tc d sao m : S ribnu duoc tip nhn v lin kt nhau trong 1 giy .
*Thi gian sao m :
- Di vi mi ln sao m : l thoi gian d mach gc cua gen tip nhn v lin kt cc
ribnu tu do thnh cc phn tu ARN
+ Khi bit thoi gian d tip nhn 1 ribnu l dt th thoi gian sao m l :
TG sao m = dt . rN
+ Khi bit tc d sao m ( mi giy lin kt duoc bao nhiu ribnu ) th thoi gian sao
m l :
TG sao m = r N : tc d sao m

- Di voi nhiu ln sao m ( K ln ) :
+ Nu thoi gian chuyn tip giua 2 ln sao m m khng dng k thi thoi gian sao m
nhiu ln l :
TG sao m nhiu ln = K TG sao m 1 ln
+ Nu TG chuyn tip giua 2 ln sao m lin tip dng k l t thoi gian sao m
nhiu ln l :
TG sao m nhiu ln = K TG sao m 1 ln + (K-1) t

PHAN IV . CU TRC PRTIN
I . TNH S B BA MAT M - S AXIT AMIN
+ Cu 3 nu k tip nhau trn mach gc cua gen hop thnh 1 b ba m gc , 3 ribnu
k tip cua mach ARN thng tin ( mARN) hop thnh 1 b ba m sao . V s ribnu cua
mARN bng voi s nu cua mach gc , nn s b ba m gc trong gen bng s b ba m
sao trong mARN .
S b ba mt m =
3 . 2
N
=
3
rN

+ Trong mach gc cua gen cung nhu trong s m sao cua mARN th c 1 b
ba m kt thc khng m ho a amin . Cc b ba cn lai co m ho a.amin
S b ba c m ho a amin (a.amin chui polipeptit)=
3 . 2
N
- 1 =
3
rN
- 1
+ Ngoi m kt thc khng m ha a amin , m mo du tuy c m ha a
amin , nhung a amin ny bi ct bo khng tham gia vo cu trc prtin
S a amin cua phn tu prtin (a.amin pr hon chnh )=
3 . 2
N
- 2 =
3
rN
- 2
II. TNH S LIN KET PEPTIT
- S lin kt peptit hnh thnh = s phn tu H
2
O tao ra
- Hai a amin ni nhau bng 1 lin kt pptit , 3 a amin c 2 lin kt peptit ..chui
polipeptit c m l a amin th s lin kt peptit l :
S lin kt peptit = m -1

III. TNH S CCH M HA CUA ARN V S CCH SAP DAT A AMIN TRONG
CHUOI POLIPEPTIT
Cc loi a amin v cc b ba m ho: C 20 loai a amin thuong gp trong cc phn tu prtin
nhu sau :
1) Glixrin : Gly 2) Alanin : Ala 3) Valin : Val 4 ) Loxin : Leu
5) Izoloxin : Ile 6 ) Xerin : Ser 7 ) Treonin : Thr 8 ) Xistein : Cys
9) Metionin : Met 10) A. aspartic : Asp 11)Asparagin : Asn 12) A glutamic :
Glu
13) Glutamin :Gln 14) Arginin : Arg 15) Lizin : Lys 16) Phenilalanin :Phe
17) Tirozin: Tyr 18) Histidin : His 19) Triptofan : Trp 20) Prlin
: pro
Bang b ba mt m



U X A G
U
U U U
U U X phe
U U A
U U G Leu
U X U
U X X
U X A Ser
U X G
U A U Tyr
U A X
U A A **
U A G **
U G U
U G X Cys
U G A **
U G G
Trp
U
X
A
G
X
X U U
X U X
Le
u
X U A
X U G
X X U
X X X
Pro
X X A
X X G
X A U His
X A X
X A A
X A G Gln
X G U
X G X
X G A
Arg
X G G
U
X
A
G

A
A U A
A U X He
A U A
A U G * Met
A X U
A X X
Thr
A X A
A X G
A A U
Asn
A A X
A A A
A A G
Lys
A G U
A G X
Ser
A G A
A G G
Arg
U
X
A
G
G
G U U
G U X
Val
G U A
G U G * Val
G X U
G X X
G X A
Ala
G X G

G A U
G A X
Asp
G A A
G A G
Glu
G G U
G G X
G G A Gli
G G G
U
X
A
G

K hiu : * m mo du ; ** m kt thc




PHAN V . CO CHE TONG HP PRTIN

I .TNH S AXIT AMIN TJ DO CAN DNG :
Trong qu tnh giai m , tng hop prtein, chi b ba no cua mARN c m ho a amin th moi
duoc ARN mang a amin dn giai m .
1 ) Giai m tao thnh 1 phn tu prtein:
Khi ribxm chuyn dich tu du ny dn du no cua mARN d hnh thnh chui
polipeptit th s a amin tu do cn dng duoc ARN vn chuyn mang dn l d giai m
mo du v cc m k tip , m cui cng khng duoc giai . V vy s a amin tu do cn
dngh cho mi ln tng hop chui polipeptit l :
S a amin tu do cn dng : S aa
td
=
3 . 2
N
- 1 =
3
rN
- 1
Khi roi khoi ribxm , trong chui polipeptit khng cn a amin tuong ung voi m mo
du .Do d , s a amin tu do cn dng d cu thnh phn tu prtin ( tham gia vo cu
trc prtin d thuc hin chuc nng sinh hoc ) l :
S a amin t do cn dng d cu thnh prtin hon chinh :
S aa
p
=
3 . 2
N
- 2 =
3
rN
- 2
2 ) Giai m tao thnh nhiu phn tu prtin :
Trong qu trnh giai m , tng hop prtin , mi luot chuyn dich cua ribxm trn
mARN s tao thnh 1 chui polipeptit .
- C n riboxomchuyn dich qua mARN v khng tro lai l c n luot truot cua ribxm .
Do d s phn tu prtin ( gm 1 chui polipeptit ) = s luot truot cua ribxm .
- Mt gen sao m nhiu ln, tao nhiu phn tu mARN cng loai . Mi mARN du c n
luot ribxm truot qua th qu trnh gia m boi K phn tu mARN s tao ra s phn tu
prtin :

s P = tng s lut trut RB = K .n

Tng s axit amin tu do thu duoc hay huy dng vua d tham gia vo cu trc cc phn
tu protein vua d tham gia m mo du. V vy :
-Tng s axit amin tu do duoc dng cho qu trnh giai m l s axit amin tham gia vo cu
trc phn tu protein v s axit amin thjam gia vo vic giai m mo du (duoc dng 1 ln mo
m thi ).

aa
td
= S P . (
3
rN
- 1) = Kn (
3
rN
- 1)
- Tng s a amin tham gia cu trc prtin d thuc hin chuc nng sinh hoc ( khng k a amin
mo du ) :

aaP

= S P . (
3
rN
- 2 )
II . TNH S PHN TU NUC V S LIN KET PEPTIT
Trong qu trnh giai mkhi chui polipeptit dang hnh thnh th cu 2 axit amin k tip ni
nhau bng lin kt peptit th dng thoi giai phng 1 phn tu nuoc, 3 axit amin ni nhau
bng 2 lin kt paptit, dng thoi giai phng 2 phn tu nuoc V vy :
S phn tu nuoc duoc giai phng trong qu trnh giai mtao 1 chui polipeptit l
S phn tu H
2
O giai phng =
3
rN
- 2
Tng s phn tu nuoc duoc giai phng trong qu trnh tng hop nhiu phn tu protein
(mi phn tu protein l 1 chui polipeptit ) .

H
2
O giai phng = s phn tu prtin .
3
rN
- 2
Khi chui polipeptit roi khoi riboxom tham gia chuc nng sinh hoc th axit amin mo
du tch ra 1 mi lin kt peptit voi axit amin d khng cn s lin kt peptit thuc su
tao lp duoc l
3
rN
-3 = s aa
P
-1 . v vy tng s lin kt peptit thuc su hnh thnh
trong cc phn tu protein l :

peptit = Tng s phn tu protein . (

3
rN
- 3 ) = S P(s aa
P
- 1 )
III. TNH S ARN VAN CHUYEN ( tARN)
Trong qu trnh tng hop protein, tARN nang axit amin dn giai m. Mi luot giai n, tARN
cung cp 1 axit amin mt phn tu ARN giai m bao nhiu luot th cung cp bay nhiu axit
amin .
Su giai m cua tARN c th khng ging nhau : c loai giai m 3 ln, c loai 2 ln, 1 ln .
- Nu c x phn tu giai m 3 ln s aado chng cung cp l 3x.
y phn tu giai m 2 ln l 2 y .
z phn tu giai m 1 ln l z

-Vy tng s axit amin cn dng l do cc phn tu tARN vn chuyn 3 loai d cung cp
phuong trnh.

3x + 2y + z =

aa t do cn dng

IV. SJ DJCH CHUYEN CUA RIBOXOM TRN ARN THNG TIN

1.Vn tc trut cua riboxom trn mARN
- L d di mARN m riboxom chuyn dich duoc tron 1 giy.
- C th tnh vn tc truot bng cch cia chiu di mARN cho thoi gian riboxom truot
tu du no dn du kia. (truot ht Marn )

v =
t
l
(A
0
/s )
* Tc d giai m cua RB :
- L s axit amin cua chui polipeptit ko di trong 1 giy (s b ba duoc giai trong
1 giy ) = S b ba m RB truot trong 1 giy .
- C th tnh bng cch chia s b ba cua mARN cho thoi gian RB truot ht mARN.

Tc d giai m = s b cua mARN : t
2. Thi gian tng hp 1 phn tu protein (phn tu protein gm 1 chui polipeptit )
- Khi riboxom truot qua m kt thc, roi khoi mARN th su tng hop phn tu protein
cua riboxom d duoc xem l hon tt. V vy thoi gian hnh thnh 1 phn tu protein cung l
thoi gian riboxom truot ht chiu di mARN ( tu du nodn du kia ) .
t =
t
l

3. Thi gian mi riboxom trut qua ht mARN ( k t lc ribxm 1 bt du
trut )
Goi t : khoang thoi gian ribxm sau truot chm hon ribxm truoc
- Di voi RB 1 : t
- Di voi RB 2 : t + t
- Di voi RB 3 : t + 2t
- Tuong tu di voi cc RB cn lai
VI. TNH S A AMIN TJ DO CAN DNG DI VI CC RIBXM CN TIEP
XC VI mARN
Tng s a amin tu do cn dng di voi cc riboxom c tip xc voi 1 mARN l tng cua cc
dy polipepti m mi riboxom d giai m duoc :

aa
td
= a
1
+ a
2
+ + a
x
Trong d : x = s ribxm ; a
1 ,
a
2
= s a amin cua chui polipeptit cua RB1 , RB2 .
* Nu trong cc riboxom cch du nhau th s a amin trong chui polipeptit cua mi riboxom
d ln luot hon nhau l 1 hng s : s a amin cua tung riboxom hop thnh 1 dy cp s
cng :
- S hang du a
1
= s 1 a amin cua RB1
- Cng sai d = s a amin o RB sau km hon s a amin truoc d .
- S hang cua dy x = s riboxom c tip xc mARN ( dang truot trn mARN )
Tng s a amin tu do cn dng l tng cua dy cp s cng d:
Sx =
2
x
[ [[ [2a
1
+ (x 1 ) d ] ]] ]

PHAN VI: DI TRUYEN V BIEN DJ
I / LAI MT CAP TNH TRANG:
* Cc buc lm bi tp lai:
Xc d|nh tri, l}n.
Quy uc gen.
Xc d|nh kiu gen cua P
Vit so d lai.
Tnh ti l kiu gen, kiu hnh.
1. T kiu gen v kiu hnh o P kiu gen v kiu hnh o di con.
2. T kiu hnh o di con Kiu gen v kiu hnh o P
Con lai c kiu hnh khc so voi P th kiu hnh d l tnh trang ln.
3. T ti l kiu hnh o di con kiu gen v kiu hnh P
F1 dng tnh P thun chung, tuong phan ( AA x aa )
F1 ( 1 : 1) Dy l kt qua cua php lai phn tch m c th mang tnh trang tri c
kiu gen di hop. ( Aa x aa )
Ti l (1:1) C 2 t hop. Vy = 2 gt x 1 gt ( Aa x aa )
F1 ( 3:1) P du di hop ( Aa x Aa)
Ti l ( 3:1) c 4 t hop _ 2 gt x 2 gt ( Aa x Aa)
F1 dng tnh trung gian P thun chung tuong phan v c th mang tnh trang tri l
tri khng hon ton.
F1 ( 1:2:1) P du di hop v c th mang tnh trang tri l tri khng hon ton.
II/ LAI HAI CAP TNH TRANG:
1. Tu kiu gen v kiu hnh o P kiu gen v kiu hnh o P.
2. Tu s luong kiu hnh o doi con kiu gen v kiu hnh o P
Xt tung cp tnh trang:
Thng k s liu thu duoc v dua v ti l
Xc dinh tri - ln.
Quy uoc gen.
Xc dinh kiu gen cua tung cp.
Xc dinh kiu gen cua P
Vit so d lai.
3. Tu ti l kiu hnh o doi con kiu gen v kiu hnh P
F1 ( 9:3:3:1) 16 t hop 4gt x 4 gt . D cho 4 loai giao tu di hop 2 cp gen
( AaBb ) ( AaBb x AaBb )
( 9:3:3:1) ( 3:1) x ( 3:1) ( Aa x Aa) x ( Bb x Bb) ( AaBb x AaBb )
F1 ( 3:3:1:1) 8 t hop 4gt x 2gt. ( AaBb x Aabb ) hay ( AaBb x aaBb )
( 3:3:1:1) ( 3:1) x ( 1:1) ( Aa x Aa) x ( Bb x bb) ( AaBb x Aabb )
F1(1:1:1:1) Dy l kt qua cua php lai phn tch m c th mang tnh trang
tri c kiu gen di hop 2 cp tnh trang. ( AaBb x aabb )
(1:1:1:1) ( 1:1) x ( 1:1) ( Aa x aa) x ( Bb x bb) ( AaBb x aabb )
(1:1:1:1) 4 t hop 2gt x 2gt Tuy vo kiu hnh o P
(1:1:1:1) 4 t hop 4gt x 1gt ( AaBb x aabb )
III/ DI TRUYEN LIN KET:
Ti l phn ly kiu hnh o doi con mi tnh trang l 3:1 m c 2 tnh trang vn l 3:1
Chung to mi tnh trang du c kiu gen di hop, 2 cp gen xc dinh 2 cp tnh trang lin kt
hon ton trn 1 NST.
Ti l 3:1 Di hop du P (
BV
BV
x
bv
bv
)
Ti l 1:2:1 Di hop cho P (
Bv
Bv
x
bV
bV
)