Professional Documents
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· They must provide you with a personal income appropriate to your skills,
knowledge and experience.
· They must provide a surplus, or profit, which will enable you to invest in your
business and allow it to grow in size, services and quality; and to recompense
you, the owner, for the risk that you are taking with your resources.
Make a cool assessment of what your skills, knowledge and experience would
bring you in the marketplace as an employee. Avoid any tendency to be modest.
You are presumably good at what you do or you would not be offering yourself to
clients. What is more, you have to build the client's confidence in using you and
that means that you need to appear to be the kind of person who can command
high earnings. Think for the moment only in terms of salary. Keep it simple.
Let me assume that you are worth £50,000 a year for the sake of example. You
would expect to be paid, if you were in employment, for working days, high days
and holidays. That is, you would expect to be paid for 261 days each year. (You do
not usually get paid for weekends and 365 less 104 Saturday and Sundays comes
to 261).
Divide £50,000 by 261 and you get £191.50 per day. That is your labour rate. Of
course, you are probably worth a great deal more than £50,000 a year. I am just
using simple figures for the sake of example.
Step One
Forecast the days you expect to be able to sell, on average, each month. Try not to
be overly optimistic or you will fail to cover your costs fully. On the other hand, if
you are unduly pessimistic will make your forecast a self-fulfilling prophecy by
establishing an unrealistically high daily rate.
My guesstimate of what you might reasonably aim for is 12 days each month. That is
you will be billing clients for 12 days of the 20 that are available each month on
average after fluctuations caused by holidays, variations in the business cycle and
other activities that are not directly chargeable.
Step Two
Multiply each monthly cost by 12 and add these up to get an annual cost of being in
business.
Step Four
Divide the annual overhead total cost by the number of days that you expect to
invoice to customers. On the basis of my guess, 12 days a month for 12 months
comes to 144.
At this point you have established a daily overhead rate which you can add to your
daily labour rate to give you a complete cost of being in business and of employing
yourself. Before we go the last step, let us develop an example which will both clarify
what we are doing and raise some important points about what to include.
My example will be reasonably comprehensive. That is, it will be, in the words of the
insurance industry, 'of wide scope'. Your categories and the figures which you put to
each must be as specific and accurate as forecasting allows.
'Forecasting is the art of stating what would have happened if what did happen
didn't happen.'
Having got that off my chest, now for our example. Again, don't let the simple
numbers sidetrack you - it's the principle which is important, and the principle is that
the client pays for everything, but what they pay is fair and above board.
OVERHEADS
b) A proper, locally accurate office rent should be included even if you work from
home. You may wish to compare your performance with others so you need to
compare like with like, and you may need to rent an office one day. When you
do, you do not want to have to put up your fees. Clients notice such things.
c) You are entitled to whatever personnel benefits you would expect to enjoy if
employed (health insurance and personal pension plans etc).
d) In case you have been wondering, this is where you cover the difference
between billing clients for 144 days and paying your wages for 261 days. The
shortfall is 117 days – In round figures 10 days a month. The other five are
charged under 'practice management'.
We are almost there. All that remains is to add our profit margin, but how much?
I can offer a rough guide based on experience. Most consultancies look to earn a
profit of 15 to 25 per cent, and coincidentally or not, it seems to be closer to 15 per
cent when interest rates are low, and nearer to 25 per cent when rates are high. (If
you are borrowing in order to trade, you will not forget to add the monthly interest
paid into your overheads, will you?)
But £730.625 is an awkward figure to use. So we are likely to round up a little and
end up with:
You may be asked on very rare occasions (it has yet to happen to me) to break your
fee down into its components. If you are, the above will satisfy most clients, with
this proviso. Government employees tend to have a low regard for what they see as
'high salaries'.