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REPORT ON HEAT EXCHANGER EXPERIMENT E3.5/A3.

Submitted By: Likith Krishnappa G1303051C School Of Mechanical and Aerospace

LIKITH KRISHNAPPA

G1303051C

MSc. AEROSPACE ENGINERRING

Objective:
The aim of the experiment is to determine and compare the effectiveness of heat transfer for parallel flow and counter flow. Surface heat transfer co- efficient for counter flow is calculated by taking into account the effects of fluid velocity.

Theory:
Heat, which is the form of energy can be transferred from one system to another as a result of temperature difference. The science that deals with the determination of the rates of such energy transfers is called as heat transfer. There are 3 kinds of heat transfer i.e. Conduction, Convection and Radiation.

Conduction:
Heat conduction is the flow of internal energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature by the interaction of adjacent particles (atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, etc.) in the intervening space. The rate at which heat is conducted through a medium depends on various factors like geometry of the medium, its thickness, material of the medium and the temperature gradient across the medium. The rate at which heat is transferred from one medium to another by conduction is given by Fouriers law of conduction

Where Q = heat transfer rate. [W] k = thermal conductivity of the wall material.[W/mK] A = area normal to the direction of heat flow. [m2] x = thickness of the wall. [m] T = temperatures difference between the hot surface and the cold surface. [K]

Convection:
Convection is heat transfer by mass motion of a fluid such as air or water when the heated fluid is caused to move away from the source of heat, carrying energy with it. The faster the fluid 1

LIKITH KRISHNAPPA

G1303051C

MSc. AEROSPACE ENGINERRING

motion, the greater the convection heat transfer. The rate of convection heat transfer is observed to be proportional to the temperature difference, and is expressed by Newtons law of cooling as

Where h = convection heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 C ] As = surface area through which convection heat transfer takes place, [m2] Ts = surface temperature [K] Tf = temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface. [K] Convection is classified as natural (or free) and forced convection, depending on how the fluid motion is initiated. In forced convection, the fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a pipe by external means such as a pump or a fan. In natural convection, fluid motion is caused by natural means such as the buoyancy effect, which manifests itself as the rise of warmer fluid and the fall of the cooler fluid.

Radiation:
Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of the changes in the electronic configuration of the atoms or molecules. Unlike conduction and convection, the transfer of energy by radiation does not require the presence of an intervening medium. The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted from a surface at an absolute temperature Ts (in K or R) is given by the StefanBoltzmann law as

Where = 5.67 X 108 W/m2K4 is the StefanBoltzmann constant. The body which emits radiation at this rate is called as a perfectly black body. The radiation emitted by all real surfaces is less than the radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature, and is expressed as

Where is the emissivity of the surface.

LIKITH KRISHNAPPA

G1303051C

MSc. AEROSPACE ENGINERRING

Heat exchangers:
Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluids that are at different temperatures while keeping them from mixing with each other. Heat transfer in a heat exchanger takes place due to convection in each fluid and conduction through the wall separating the fluids. The overall heat transfer co-efficient U is determined to take into account the contribution of all these effects on heat transfer. The rate of heat transfer between the two fluids at a location in a heat exchanger depends on the magnitude of the temperature difference at that location, which varies along the heat exchanger because of which the logarithmic mean temperature difference LMTD, which is an equivalent mean temperature difference between the two fluids for the entire heat exchanger is considered for calculations.

There are different types of heat exchangers based on the applications. Only parallel flow and counter flow heat exchanger has been discussed in this report as our objective is to compare the heat transfer rate between them. In parallel flow, both the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at the same end and move in the same direction. On the other hand, in counter flow, the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at opposite ends and flow in opposite directions.

Since, we are dealing with closed channel flows in parallel and counter flow heat exchanger it is therefore essential to determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. This helps us in understanding the flow physics and our understanding of the results better. Since it is a pipe flow, the Reynolds number is used for closed channel flows to characterize the fluid motion. Reynolds number can be calculated using the formula below, Re = (VD)/v Where V = velocity of flow [m/s] D- Inner diameter of the inner pipe[m] v - Kinematic viscosity [m2/s] 3

LIKITH KRISHNAPPA

G1303051C

MSc. AEROSPACE ENGINERRING

(Note: The inner diameter of the inner pipe is taken as D because the hot water is the fluid for which Re is being calculated and it only flows through the inside of the pipe.) For pipe flow, Re<2300 = flow is laminar 2300<Re<4000 = transition stage from laminar to turbulent flow Re>4000 = flow is fully turbulent.

If the flow is laminar in nature then, a laminar boundary layer will be formed in which there is no mixing of the fluid and hence the primary mode of heat transfer will be conduction. If the flow is turbulent then, the mass and momentum transfer is quite large and the main mode of heat transfer becomes convection along with small amounts of conduction.

In parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers hot water flows through an inner pipe and cold water flows through a pipe enclosing the hot water pipe. Since there is a finite temperature difference between the two fluids, heat transfer will take place until a dynamic thermal equilibrium is achieved. Dynamic equilibrium is that state when the net heat transfer becomes zero. Since the outer pipe is insulated, radiation effects can be neglected. Hence heat transfer from hot water to cold water takes place through convection and conduction.

According to energy conservation principle, the rate of heat loss from the hot water should be equal to the heat transfer gain to the cold water, i.e. Equation 1 and 2 will be equal. Q = hCp (Thin - Thout) Q = cCp (Tcout Tcin) Mass flow rate [kg/s] Cp specific heat capacity [J/kg K] Tin, Tout- temperatures at inlet and outlet [K] Subscripts h and c indicate hot water and cold water respectively. [1] [2]

Also, in an ideal case, if the mass flow rates of the cold and hot water are the same, then the magnitude of the temperature differences should also be the same. Simply, the rise in temperature of cold water should be equal to the fall in temperature of hot water if they have the same flow velocity.

LIKITH KRISHNAPPA

G1303051C

MSc. AEROSPACE ENGINERRING

Derivation of Log Mean Temperature Difference [LMTD]

Assuming the outer surface of the heat exchanger to be well insulated so that any heat transfer occurs between the two fluids, and disregarding any changes in kinetic and potential energy, an energy balance on each fluid in a differential section of the heat exchanger can be expressed as

That is, the rate of heat loss from the hot fluid at any section of a heat exchanger is equal to the rate of heat gain by the cold fluid in that section. The temperature change of the hot fluid is a negative quantity, and so a negative sign is added to Eq.3 to make the heat transfer rate Q a positive quantity. Solving the equations above for dTh and dTc gives

Taking the difference we get,

The rate of heat transfer in the differential section of the heat exchanger can also be expressed as

Substituting this equation into Eq. 7 and rearranging gives

Integrating from the inlet of the heat exchanger to its outlet, we obtain

Finally, solving Eqs. 1 and 2 for and hCph and cCpc substituting into Eq. 10 gives, after some rearrangement,

LIKITH KRISHNAPPA

G1303051C

MSc. AEROSPACE ENGINERRING

is the log mean temperature difference, which is the suitable form of the average temperature difference for use in the analysis of heat exchangers.

Results and Discussions:


The first objective of the experiment was to determine and compare the effectiveness of heat transfer for parallel and counter flow heat exchanger. In order to determine the heat transfer effectiveness it is necessary to calculate the heat transfer rate from hot water to cold water which can only be done once we know the type of flow i.e. laminar flow or turbulent flow. The type of flow can be found out by calculating the Reynoldss number as explained in the theory section. Reynolds number is given by Re = (VD)/v. To find the Reynolds number it is essential to calculate the velocity of flow, which can be determined by the mass flow rate given by = V. Therefore V = /. V = 0.05/ [980*(*7.9*10-3/4)2 ] = 1.0408 m/s After calculating the velocity, water properties such as and v at 65 oC (as hot water enters the setup at 65 oC ) is extracted from the properties table to find the Reynolds number. Re = VD/ Re = (980*1.0408*7.9P*10-3)/ 0.434*10-3 = 18566.5 which clearly indicates that the flow is turbulent. From the Reynolds number, Prandtls number and finally Nusselts number which gives a measure of convective heat transfer is determined. Since, the thickness of pipe is very small, convective heat transfer dominates the conductive heat transfer and therefore higher value of Nusselts number will indicate higher heat transfer rate. The Nusselts number for parallel flow and counter flow is calculated and it was found that the Nusselts number for counter flow was much higher when compared to parallel flow which indicates that heat transfer in case of counter flow is much better when compared to heat transfer through parallel flow. This is due to the fact that heat transfer depends upon the temperature difference between the two fluids and counter flow provides a greater temperature difference between the two fluids when compared to parallel flow. From the experimental results we see that the heat transferred from hot water is not equal to the heat gained by the cold water although ideally it should be same. This difference in heat 6

LIKITH KRISHNAPPA

G1303051C

MSc. AEROSPACE ENGINERRING

transfer is due to factors such as heat absorbed by the pipe, loss of energy due to momentum loss when the flow in the pipe changes direction and heat loss to the atmosphere as 100% insulation is never possible.. Hot Water enters the system at 65 oC and leaves the system at 49.3 oC in case of parallel flow and 55.7 oC in case of counter flow. It is evident from the data that heat transfer in case of counter flow is much better than in parallel flow. The second objective of the experiment was to determine the effect of fluid velocity on surface heat transfer co-efficient. Accordingly the experiment was conducted by varying the flow rate from 100% to 20% and the results obtained were tabulated. It was observed from the results that overall heat transfer co-efficient which is given by

Where hh = overall surface heat transfer co- efficient inside the tube [W/m2K] hc = overall surface heat transfer co- efficient outside the tube [W/ m2K] x/k = conductive resistance. is decreasing as we vary the flow rate from 100% to 20%. We can infer from the table that as we increase the flow rate, the heat transfer rate will also increase as there will be an increase in the momentum mixing inside the fluid and hence better heat transfer rate. By observing the graph carefully, we notice that U and hc overlap at certain places. This can be explained from the above formula. As we know hh is a very large value and its inverse will be a very small value and the conductive resistance is small as the thickness of the pipe is small so, the major contribution in calculating U comes from hc which explains the reason for their overlapping in the graph In conclusion, the heat exchanger experiment using a double pipe setup shows heat transfer in counter flow is much better than the heat transfer in parallel flow.

LIKITH KRISHNAPPA

G1303051C

MSc. AEROSPACE ENGINERRING

References:
1. Cengel A., Yunus, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill publishers (2002). (pp688-691) 2. Engineering Toolbox, Thermal Properties of Water, Retrieved from http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-thermal-properties-d_162.html 3. Universe today, modes of heat transfer Retrieved from http://www.universetoday.com/82331/what-is-conduction/

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