PHN CU TAO CHT

Trng THPT chuyn Thi Bnh

A- MT S V N CHUNG V LI THUYT
I. cc c trng v cu to phn t:
Mt phn t hnh thnh c v tn ti bn nh kt qu ca tng tc gia cc ht nhn v electron dn
n mt nng lng h cc tiu (nng lng ny ca phn t phi thp hn nng lng ca h ban u).
Trong phn t c s phn b v tr tng i gia cc ht nhn nguyn t nn c c hnh dng khng
gian ca phn t vi di lin kt v gc xc nh.
1) Nng lng lin kt
Nng lng lin kt gia hai nguyn t A v B l nng lng cn thit va ph v lin kt hay
nng lng to ra khi hai nguyn t A v B trng thi c bn kt hp vi nhau. Tuy nhin nng lng
lin kt l su ca cc tiu nng lng trn c cong th nng
Th d: phn ng H
2
2 H cn nng lng bng 436 kJ.mol
-1
. Phn t H
2
bn vng nn khi cho hai
nguyn t H kt hp vi nhau: 2 H H
2
to ra mt nng lng bng 436 kJ.mol-1. Nh vy hai gi
tr nng lng bng nhau v gi tr v ngc nhau v du. Quy c rng nng lng lin kt c du
dng bin lun rng lin kt cng bn th nng lng lin kt cng ln??? nn E
H-H
= 436 kJ.mol
-1
.
Trong phn t c nhiu lin kt th nng lng lin kt c tnh trung bnh.
2) di lin kt
di ca mt lin kt trong phn t l khong cch trung bnh gia hai ht nhn nguyn t to ra
lin kt khi phn t trng thi nng lng thp nht. di lin kt thng c k hiu l d.
Phng php ph vi sng hay phng php nhiu x electron thng c dng xc nh di
lin kt. Tr s di lin kt trong khong t 0,74 (phn t H
2
) n 4,47 (phn t CS
2
); thng
thng trong khong 1,0 2,0 i vi lin kt gia hai nguyn t ca cc nguyn t chu k 2, 3, 4.
di ca mt lin kt no thng gn ng l mt hng s trong cc phn t khc nhau. Chng
hn lin kt n C-C trong hu ht cc phn t hirocacbon khng lin hp vo khong 1,53-1,54.
Trong C
6
H
6
(benzen) di lin kt gia hai nguyn t C cnh nhau bng 1,40 . Tr s ny nm trong
khong di mt lin kt C-C l 1,54 v di mt lin kt i C=C l 1,34. di lin kt cng
nh, lin kt cng bn.
Bn knh lin kt: T cc s liu c th thy rng di lin kt d
AB
xp x bng 1/2(d
AA
+ d
BB
) vi
d
AA
, d
BB
l di lin kt A-A, B-B tng ng. Chng hn, coi A l Cl, B l Cl; bit d
Cl-Cl
= 1,99A,
vy d
C-Cl
= 1/2(d
C-C
+ d
Cl-Cl
) = 1/2(1,54 + 1,99) = 1,765. Tr s thc nghim cho bit d
C-Cl
= 1,766. Do
ngi ta coi 1/2d
AA
l bn knh lin kt hay bn knh cng ho tr r
A
ca nguyn t .
3) Gc lin kt :
Gc lin kt l gc to bi hai na ng thng xut pht t mt ht nhn nguyn t i qua hai ht
nhn ca hai nguyn t lin kt vi nguyn t .
Cc trng hp in hnh v gc lin kt theo nh ngha trn l:
- Phn t thng, gc lin kt bng 180
o
(2); chng hn C
2
H
2
, CO
2
,
- Phn t c gc, gc lin kt khc 180
o
, chng hn BF
3
hay C
2
H
4
c gc 120
o
, H
2
O c gc 104,5
o
,
- Phn t t din, gc lin kt bng 109
o
28, chng hn CH
4
,
Trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta ch n gc c to ra t 4 nguyn t hay 2 mt phng, l gc
nh din hay gc xon (hay gc vn). Di y l hnh nh mt s phn t cho thy chng c kch thc
ring.
1
4) Cc dng lin kt ho hc
Xt mt cch i cng, lin kt ho hc c bn dng:
- Lin kt cng ho tr (hay lin kt nguyn t)
- Lin kt ion (hay lin kt in ho tr)
- Lin kt kim loi
- Lin kt hiro, tng tc Van de Van; gi chung l tng tc yu.
Thc t khng c ranh gii r rt gia cc dng lin kt . Tuy nhin, thun li khi xem xt, ngi
ta vn cp ring tng dng , hai dng u thng c cp n nhiu hn.
II. Quy tc bt t (Octet):
T s phn tch kt qu thc nghim v cu to ho hc ca cc phn t, nm 1916 nh ho hc
Cxen (Kossel) v Liuyx (Lewis) a ra nhn xt m ngy nay gi l quy tc bt t (hay quy tc
octet): Khi to lin kt ho hc, cc nguyn t c xu hng t ti cu hnh lp ngoi cng bn vng
ca nguyn t kh tr vi 8e.
Cn lu l quy tc ch p dng c cho mt s gii hn cc nguyn t, ch yu l cc nguyn
t chu k 2. Quy tc bt t (octet) th hin trong tng dng lin kt c th. Thng thng trong lin
kt ion, sau khi cho nhn electron lp v ngoi cng c s electron nh cc nguyn t kh him.
Thc t quy lut y ch ng cho a s cc trng hp nguyn t nhm A. (Hc vin ly th d v
nhng trng hp khng tun theo quy tc bt t).
III. Thuyt liuytx (Lewis) (nm 1916):
1. Ni dung ca thuyt:
Trong phn t c to ra t nguyn t cc nguyn t phi kim, lin kt ho hc gia hai nguyn t
c thc hin bi cp (i) e dng chung, nh m mi nguyn t u c c cu hnh lp ngoi
cng bn vng ca nguyn t kh tr vi 8e.
Electron ca mi nguyn t c th tham gia c lin kt l e ho tr. i e to lin kt phi c spin
i song.
V d: Phn t Cl
2
c lin kt gia hai nguyn t Cl c thc hin nh cp e gp chung.
cp e ny l cp e lin kt, c k hiu hay , cc e cn li c gi l e khng lin kt.
a) Phn loi lin kt cng ho tr
Cn c vo v tr cp e dng chung so vi ht nhn nguyn t tham gia lin kt, ngi ta chia lin
kt cng ho tr thnh hai loi:
- Lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc (hay khng c cc): i e dng chung gia khong cch
hai ht nhn nguyn t. l lin kt trong cc phn t n cht nh Cl
2
, Br
2
... (trng hp hiu
m in 0,4).
- Lin kt cng ho tr c cc (hay phn cc): i e dng chung lch v pha nguyn t ca nguyn
t c tnh phi kim mnh hn (hay c m in ln hn). l lin kt ho hc trong cc phn t
hp cht nh H
2
O, NH
3
, CH
4
,... (hiu m in trong khong 0,40 1,70).
b) Tnh nh hng khng gian ca lin kt cng ho tr
Lin kt cng ho tr c tnh nh hng khng gian. Trong lin kt cng ho tr, cp e dng chung
(hay cp e lin kt) c phn b khong khng gian gia hai ht nhn tham gia lin kt.
Lin kt cng ho tr c tnh cht bo ho. Chng hn trong hp cht gia Cl vi H, ch c 1 nguyn
t H lin kt vi 1 nguyn t Cl to thnh HCl; khng th c nhiu hn mt nguyn t H lin kt vi
mt nguyn t Cl. Do vy s nguyn t lin kt vi mt nguyn t cho trc b hn ch bi ho tr
ca nguyn t .
Bi tp: Cho cc nguyn t H, F, Cl, Br, I.
1) Hy vit CTPT ca cc cht c to ra t cc nguyn t cho.
2) Trong s cc cht nu cht no c lin kt khng c cc, c cc? Hy ch r v tr ca cp
electron lin kt trong mi cht.
2. Cng thc cu to Liuytx (Lewis):
Biu din lin kt v cu to phn t kh trc quan
1. Cng thc:
Mi du chm biu th mt electron. Hai chm hay mt vch ch mt cp electron trong nguyn t
hay phn t. Cc electron ny l cc electron ho tr. Cng thc ho hc ch r th t lin kt gia cc
2
nguyn t v cc k hiu ch s phn b electron ho tr c gi l cng thc Lewis (do Lewis
xng). Thng thng cc cp electron lin kt vit bng du vch, electron khng lin kt biu din
bng chm. Cng thc Lewis khng ch dng cho cc hp cht c lin kt cng ho tr m dng c
cho cc hp cht c lin kt ion.
Bi tp:
Vit cng thc Lewis cho cc phn t : a) nit, b) nc, c) Canxi clorua.
2. Cch vit cng thc Lewis:
a) Cc khi nim cn dng:
+ Nguyn t trung tm v phi t: Trong mt cng thc ho hc, c nguyn t trung tm l nguyn
t cn nhiu e nht to c cu hnh tm electron (octet) lp ngoi cng ca n (hay nguyn t
c s oxi ho cao nht); cc nguyn t khc v c cp electron khng lin kt ca nguyn t trung tm
c gi l phi t. V d: trong phn t NH
3
, nguyn t trung tm l N, phi t gm 3H v 1 cp e
khng lin kt ca N ( v ho tr). Trong phn t HCN, nguyn t trung tm l C, phi t gm 1H v
1N ( y khng c cp e khng lin kt v ho tr).
+ Li ca nguyn t: Phn li ca mt nguyn t (khi nguyn t ny l thnh phn ca mt cng
thc ho hc c xt) gm ht nhn v cc electron cc lp bn trong. V d: Xt li nguyn t ca
cc nguyn t trong HCN ta c: li nguyn t N gm ht nhn v hai e phn lp 1s
2
; li nguyn t C
gm ht nhn v 2 electron phn lp 1s
2
; li nguyn t H ch gm ht nhn, thc t H thng c
coi l trng hp ngoi l.
+ in tch:
- in tch li nguyn t: l s n v in tch ca nguyn t khi ta b cc electron lp ho tr i
nn l mt s nguyn dng, c tr s bng s e ho tr vn c ca nguyn t .
- in tch hnh thc ca mt nguyn t = (in tch ca li nguyn t - tng s e ring ca nguyn
t tng s e to lin kt c nguyn t tham gia/2).
V d: Xc nh in tch hnh thc ca N trong NH
3
, NH
4
+
- Trong NH
3
: T cu to Lewis, ta thy:
in tch li ca N l 5
S e khng lin kt ca N l 2
Tng s e to lin kt c N tham gia l 6 (hay c 3 lin kt)
Vy in tch hnh thc ca N = 5 2 6/2 = 0
- Trong NH
4
+
: Xt tng t nh trn, ch N khng cn e khng lin kt v N tham gia 4 lin kt
vi 4 H.
Vy in tch hnh thc ca N = 5 0 8/2 = +1
y chnh l in tch ca c nhm NH
4
+
.
b) Cc bc vit cu to Lewis: HCN
Bc 1: Vit cng thc cu to s b ca cht da vo ho tr ca cc nguyn t v gi thit rng
ch c lin kt n c hnh thnh. Nu cha bit th t lin kt gia cc nguyn t, hy dng gi
thit vit th t .
y ta c: H : C : N (a) hay H : N : C (b)
Bc 2: gi n
1
l tng s e ho tr ca cc nguyn t.
- Thng thng da vo cu hnh e ca cc nguyn t
H: 1s
2
1e
C: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
4e
N: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
5e
Vy n
1
= (1 + 4 + 5) e = 10 e
Ch : Nu cng thc l:
+ Ion m: 1 n v in tch m do c cng thm 1e vo tng trn.
+ Ion dng: 1 n v in tch dng do tr i 1e t tng trn.
HCN l phn t trung ho nn khng p dng phn ny.
Bc 3: Tm cng thc Lewis (gn ng)
- gi n
2
l tng s e to lin kt trong cng thc a ra bc 1. S e cn li khng tham gia lin
kt n
3
= n
1
n
2
- S e cn ly to bt t cho nguyn t m in nht trong cng thc ban u bng n
4
.
Khi p dng ba bc trn cho HCN. n
2
= 4e, vy n
3
= n
1
n
2
= 6e.
3
Trong (a), N m in hn C nn phi to bt t cho N. Trong cng thc ban u N mi c 2e, n
cn 6e na mi thnh 8 e. Nh vy n
4
= 6e.
Bc 4: Tm cng thc Lewis ng
- Tm s e cn li, k hiu n
5
= n
3
n
4
+ Nu n
5
= 0: tnh in tch hnh thc mi nguyn t trong cng thc va vit bc 3.
+ Nu n
5
0: chnh l s e cn dng to bt t cho nguyn t trung tm.
Ch : Vic ny ch c thc hin khi nguyn t trung tm l nguyn t ca nguyn t thuc chu
k 3 tr i.
Sau tnh li in tch hnh thc cho mi nguyn t trong cng thc va vit.
p dng: Vi HCN c n
3
= n
4
= 6e nn n
5
= 0.
Do tnh in tch hnh thc cho cc nguyn t trong phn t H : C : :
..
..
N (c)
H: 1 - 1 = 0
C: 4 2 = 2
N: 5 6 1 = -2
- Sau khi thc hin nh trn, nu nguyn t trung tm l nguyn t ca nguyn t chu k 2 cha t
c bt t, ta phi chuyn mt hay mt s cp e khng lin kt ( nguyn t m in hn) thnh cp
e lin kt, sao cho c c bt t i vi nguyn t trung tm .
T (c) ta thy nguyn t trung tm C cn thiu 4e mi c c bt t. Vy ta phi chuyn 4e (2 cp
e) khng lin kt ca N thnh 4e (2 cp) lin kt:
H : C : :
..
..
N H :
..
..
C N :
(f)
Tnh li in tch hnh thc ca cc nguyn t trong (f):
H: 1 1 = 0
C: 4 4 = 0
N: 5 2 3 = 0
Kt lun: (f) l cng thc Lewis cn tm cho HCN. (Hc vin t xc nh loi b cng thc (b).
Bi tp p dng: Tm cng thc Lewis ca PCl
3
.
c) Xc nh cng thc Lewis ca CO
3
2-
.
+ Cng thc gi nh l: (a)

+ Khi tnh s e ho tr, cn ch y l mt anion c in tch 2:
n
1
= (6 x 3 + 4 x 1 + 2) e = 24 e
T (a) c n
2
= 6e n
3
= n
1
n
2
= (24 6) e = 18e
+ S e cn to bt t cho 3 O l n
4
= 6e. 3 = 18e
Vy n
5
= n
3
n
4
= 0.
+ Tnh in tch hnh thc cho tng nguyn t trong : (b)
C: 4 3 = +1
O: 6 6 1 = -1;
Nh vy nguyn t cacbon cha t bt t.
+ T (b) c 3 kh nng chuyn 2 electron t mt trong ba nguyn t O cho nguyn t C C c 8
electron v thu c 3 cng thc cu to tng ng nhau vi 1 lin kt i C = O v mt in tch
hnh thc cho mi nguyn t oxi:


(I) (II)
(III)
Tnh in tch hnh thc trn mi nguyn t.
C: 4 4 = 0
O: 6 6 1 = -1 (c 2 O)
O: 6 4 2 = 0
Vy 3 cng thc Lewis u ng cho CO
3
2-
.
4
O : C : O
..
O
: O : : C : O :
..
O
..
: :
.. ..
..
O : C : O
..
O
: :
:
:
..
..
..
..
..
: O : C : :O
..
O
..
: :
.. ..
.. ..
: O : C :O :
O
:
.. .. ..
..
:
+ Thc nghim cho bit ion CO
3
2-
c cu to phng, 3 nguyn t O 3 nh ca tam gic u, gc
OCO 120
o
, 3 lin kt C-O c di u bng nhau, l 131 pm.
gii thch kt qu ny, ngi ta gi thit rng c s cng hng gia 3 cu to (I), (II), (III)
vi nhau. Ba cng thc Lewis tng ng nhau; chng c gi l cc cng thc cng hng ca
CO
3
2-
.
Gi thuyt v s cng hng cc cu to c th p dng cho cc trng hp ion v phn t khc nh
NO
3
-
, SO
4
2-
, PO
4
3-
, C
6
H
6
,...
+ p dng gi thuyt ny ta tnh c in tch trn mi nguyn t oxi trong CO
3
2-
theo cng thc:
in tch hnh thc trn mi nguyn t xc nh = in tch ton nhm/ S cu to cng hng.
C th: in tch hnh thc trn mi nguyn t oxi = - 2/3
Kt qu ny cho thy: in tch trong ion CO
3
2-
khng c nh trn mt nguyn t oxi no, in tch
c phn b cho cc nguyn t oxi trong nhm. Ngi ta ni: c s gii to in tch.
Thc cht s gii to in tch ny l gii to electron. Bng cch tm cu to Lewis cho cng thc
ho hc vi quan nim gii to electron gp phn khng nh vai tr ng ch ca cng thc cu to
Lewis trong nghin cu v ging dy ho hc.
+ Bc ca mt lin kt c xc nh bng tng s cc cp electron to ra lin kt .
T ta c: bc bng 1 i vi mt lin kt n C - C;
bc bng 2 i vi mt lin kt i C = C;
bc bng 3 i vi mt lin kt ba C C;
+ Khi c cu to cng hng th:
Bc ca mt lin kt bng tng cc bc lin kt thuc v hai nguyn t ang xt trong cc cu to
cng hng chia cho s cu to cng hng.
p dng cho CO
3
2-
: Chn bt c mt lin kt no trong ba lin kt gia C vi O, ta u thy tng bc
ca lin kt l: 2 + 1 + 1 = 4.
Ta c 3 cu to cng hng ((I), (II), (III)).
Vy bc ca lin kt gia C vi O trong CO
3
2-
bng:
4/3 = 1
3
1
(*)
Kt qu ny cho thy lin kt gia C vi O trong CO
3
2-
c bc trung gian gia lin kt i C = O
(bng 2) vi lin kt n C - O (bng 1). Tr s v di lin kt ph hp vi kt qu :
Lin kt C = O trong H
2
C = O bng 121 pm.
Lin kt C - O trong H
3
C OH bng 143 pm. Nh trn bit, thc nghim xc nh c di
lin kt gia C vi O trong CO
3
2-
bng 131 pm.
Bi tp: Hy vit cu to Lewis cho NO
3
-
(ch trnh by r cc bc, cc cu to cng hng, xc
nh bc lin kt gia N vi C).
5
IV. Thuyt sc y gia cc cp electron:
1. M hnh s y gia cc cp electron v ho tr:
Mi lin kt cng ho tr gia hai nguyn t c to thnh nh cp electron lin kt hay cp
electron dng chung. i e lin kt phn b trong khong khng gian gia hai ht nhn nguyn t to
ra lin kt . Lin kt cng ho tr l lin kt c nh hng khng gian lm cho phn t c hnh
dng nht nh c trng cho phn t v cho cht cho.
Nhiu nguyn t sau khi gp chung e to lin kt cn c cc e khng lin kt. Chng hn trong N
NH
3
ngoi 3 cp electron lin kt vi 3 nguyn t H, cn c 1 cp e khng lin kt. Cc cp
electron d lin kt hay khng lin kt ny s y nhau do cng tch in m.
Trong phn t AX
n
, A l nguyn t trung tm, X l phi t; n l s phi t X c trong AX
n
. Nu A
cn c m cp e khng lin kt, mi cp c k hiu l E, ta c k hiu AX
n
E
m
. M hnh VSEPR xt
s phn b khng gian gia A vi X, vi E. Coi nguyn t trung tm A c dng cu. Tm ca hnh
cu l ht nhn nguyn t A v cc electron phi ho tr bn trong (li), v qu cu l cc e lp ngoi
cng (e ho tr). Mi cp e ho tr chim mt khong khng gian no ca qu cu.
Nh vy, mt mc nht nh, hnh dng ca phn t ph thuc vo khong khng gian chim
bi cc e ho tr ca nguyn t trung tm A. Hnh dng phn t ph thuc ch yu vo s phn b cc
cp e hay cc m my e ho tr ca nguyn t A.
2. Ni dung ca thuyt sc y gia cc cp e ho tr (VSEPR)
Vo nhng nm 1940, N. Sidgwick, H. Powell a ra thuyt sc y gia cc cp electron ho tr v
sau c cc nh bc hc khc, trong c R. Gillespie, b sung v hon chnh.
+ Cu hnh cc lin kt ca nguyn t (hay ion) ph thuc vo tng s cp electron ho tr lin kt
hay khng lin kt ca nguyn t.
+ Cc obitan c cc cp e ho tr c phn b u nhau v cch nhau xa nht c lc y nh
nht gia chng.
C s khng tng ng gia cp e lin kt v cp e khng lin kt. i e lin kt chu lc ht
ng thi ca hai ht nhn nguyn t A v X to ra lin kt nn chuyn ng ch yu vng
khng gian gia hai ht nhn. Trong khi , cp e khng lin kt ch chu lc ht ca ht nhn A nn
c th chuyn ng ra xa hn. Kt qu l cp e khng lin kt chim khong khng gian rng hn so
vi khong khng gian chim bi cp e lin kt.
+ Obitan c cp electron khng lin kt chim khng gian ln hn so vi obitan cha cp electron
lin kt v th sc y gia cc cp electron lin kt gim hn so vi cp khng lin kt. Th d gc
lin kt trong cc phn t CH
4
, NH
3
v H
2
O tng ng bng 109
o
28, 107
o
v 104,5
o
do cc phn t c
s cp electron khng lin kt bng 0, 1 v 2.
+ Khng gian ca cp electron lin kt s gim nu m in ca cc nguyn t lin kt ln. gc
lin kt trong NF
3
ch l 102
o
so vi 107
o
ca NH
3
. Tng t gc lin kt tgim trong dy: PI
3
(102
o
),
PBr
3
(101,5
o
), PCl
3
(100,3
o
) v PF
3
(97,8
o
).
a) M hnh s y gia cc cp electron lin kt: AX
n
vi n = 2 6
n=2: hai cp e c phn b trn ng thng. Phn t thng nh BeH
2
. Gc lin kt XAX bng
180
o
.
n=3: ba cp e c phn b trn ba nh ca tam gic u. Phn t c hnh tam gic u, phng.
Gc XAX bng 120
o
. V d: BF
3
, AlCl
3
,...
n=4: bn cp e c phn b bn nh t din u, tm l A. Phn t c hnh t din u. Gc
XAX bng 109
o
28. V d: CH
4
, NH
4
+
,...
n=5: c s phn b ng u 5 cp e trn mt cu. Khi k cc ng ni cc nguyn t X vi nhau
ta c hnh lng thp tam gic. V d minh ho: phn t PCl
5
c phn b lng chp tam gic nn
trong phn t c ba loi gc lin kt: trong mt phng c gc ClPCl bng 120
o
, trong khi cn c gc
ClPCl bng 90
o
v gc 180
o
. Theo m hnh VSEPR, nm cp e c phn b trn mt cu v ho tr
nh sau: Ba cp cng vi ht nhn A trong 1 mt phng, ba cp ny ba nh tam gic u tm A.
Cc lin kt c to ra trong mt phng ny c gi l lin kt ngang. Hai cp e cn li c phn
b trn hai u ca on thng vung gc vi mt phng tam gic u ti A. Hai cp e ny to ra hai
lin kt trc. Do s phn b nn di lin kt ngang ngn (2,02 nm) hn di lin kt trc (2,14
m). Kt qu s sp xp trn a ti mt lng thp tam gic y chung l tam gic u tm A, hai
nh l hai cp e to ra hai lin kt trc.
n = 6: AX
6
. vi s phn b 6 cp e trn mt cu v ho tr. Khi k cc ng ni cc nguyn t X
vi nhau ta c hnh bt din.V d minh ho: phn t SF
6
. Su cp e ca phn t ny c phn b
6
trn v ho tr ca nguyn t A su nh ca mt hnh bt din u. Trong trng hp ny khng c
s phn bit gia lin kt ngang vi lin kt trc v di. V d minh ho ca trng hp ny l
phn t SF
6
. Trong phn t ny, gc gia hai trc lin kt cnh nhau bng 90
o
.
b) M hnh s y gia cc cp e lin kt v khng lin kt: AX
n
E
m
n + m 6
Nguyn t trung tm A va c n cp e lin kt, va c m cp e khng lin kt (k hiu l E). Do
khng c s tng ng gia cp e lin kt vi cp e khng lin kt, hai trng hp AX
n
vi AX
n
E
m
c cng s cp e nhng hnh dng hai phn t khng hon ton ging nhau. Xt mt s trng hp
thng gp:
1) (n + m) 4
* AX
2
E:
Ba nguyn t A, X, X khng cn nm trn cng ng thng nh trong trng hp AX
2
. Lc ny
phn t c dng gp khc. V d: SnCl
2
, gc ClSnCl 120
o
. C th dng phn t SO
2
lm th d vi
s y ca hai cp electron lin kt S = O vi 1 cp electron khng lin kt ca nguyn t S.
* AX
3
E:
Nguyn t trung tm A c tng cng 4 cp e nhng phn t khng c dng t din u nh AX
4
m
c hnh tam gic. V d in hnh l NH
3
, gc HNH 107
o
.
* AX
2
E
2
:
Nguyn t trung tm A cng c 4 cp e nhng do c 2 cp e khng lin kt nn hnh dng phn t
khc vi AX
4
hay AX
3
E. Phn t ny c gc gn vi gc t din. V d: H
2
O c gc HOH 104
o
.
Bi tp: Dng m hnh VSEPR hy d on hnh dng phn t AXE
3
.
2) (n + m) = 5 (nguyn t trung tm A c 5 cp e).
Nu AX
5
th phn t c hnh lng thp tam gic. Song s c mt ca cp e khng lin kt s lm
bin dng hnh .
*AX
4
E:
S phn b E v 4 cp e lin kt c m t nh hnh trn. Kt qu phn t c hnh ci bp bnh. V
d: phn t SF
4
.
*AX
3
E
2
:
Ba cp e lin kt to 3 lin kt A-X; s y tng h gia 3 cp e ny vi nhau v vi 2 cp e khng
lin kt (E), kt qu to ra phn t hnh ch T. V d: ClF
3
, HClO
2
.
3) (n + m) = 6 (nguyn t trung tm A c 6 cp e).
* AX
5
E:
Bn trong nm cp e lin kt c phn b trong mt phng; 1 cp e lin kt cn li c phn b
trong trc gn vung gc vi mt phng trn. Do 5 cp e lin kt (hay phn AX
5
) to ra hnh thp
vung. Trong cu to ny, lin kt ngang v lin kt trc khng tng ng hnh hc. Chng hn
trong BF
5
, lin kt trc c di 169 pm cn lin kt ngang c di ti 177 pm.
* AX
4
E
2
:
Theo m hnh VSEPR, 2 cp e khng lin kt (E) c phn b trans so vi 4 cp e lin kt; m 4
cp e lin kt ny c phn b trong mt phng to ra hnh vung phng. V d: phn t XeF
4
.
Vic p dng m hnh VSEPR gii thch c hnh dng ca cc hp cht c lin kt bi (C
2
H
2
,
C
2
H
4
,...); m in ca cc nguyn t l phi t cng c nh hng n hnh dng phn t. Hnh
dng phn t cng gn lin vi tnh cht ho hc ca phn t.
Nhc im: kh khn khng th vt l cc halogenua kim loi kim th dng MX
2
ch c cu
hnh thng i vi hp cht ca Be cn i vi hp cht ca Ba u c cu to gp khc. Nguyn
nhn l do nh hng ca cc obitan khc trong nguyn t Bari.
V. Thuyt lin kt ho tr (VB):
1. Nhng lun im chnh ca thuyt lin kt ho tr
a) Lin kt ho hc c to nn bi cp electron c spin ngc chiu nhau ca hai nguyn t.
Trong c s che ph gia nhng obitan ca hai nguyn t to nn mt vng c mt in
tch cao dn n vic gim th nng ca h, ngha l lin kt c hnh thnh.
b) Lin kt c hnh thnh theo phng trong khng gian m kh nng che ph gia cc obitan
nguyn t l cc i (thng gi gn l nguyn l che ph cc i).
c) Hai obitan nguyn t che ph nhau cng nhiu, lin kt c to nn cng bn.
+ Theo quan nim ca thuyt VB, lin kt ho hc gia 2 nguyn t hnh thnh c l do s xen
ph 2 AO ho tr, mi AO c 1 e c thn. C th hnh dung r hn khi xt mt s giai on trong s
7
hnh thnh phn t H
2
t 2 nguyn t H. Mc xen ph 2 AO hay 2 m my e ca 2 nguyn t
tham gia lin kt c trng cho bn ca lin kt. Lin kt ho hc c to ra cng bn nu s xen
ph 2 AO cng mnh.
+ Lin kt ho hc gia 2 nguyn t s c phn b theo phng no m c s xen ph ln
nht (cc i) ca 2 AO tham gia lin kt (2 my electron ca 2 AO tham gia lin kt). S nh hng
ho tr ca nguyn t tham gia lin kt th hin s c tr s xc nh ca gc lin kt (gc ho tr)
trong phn t nhiu nguyn t.
xc nh c s lin kt CHT ta cn xt n phn b electron trn cc lng t trng thi c
bn v kch thch. gii quyt vn hnh dng phn t cn dng n hnh dng obitan nguyn bn
ca nguyn t hay cc obitan lai ho ca n.
a) Mt s p dng
Gc lin kt (gc ho tr) l mt trong s cc tnh cht phn t c thc nghim pht hin. Da vo
thuyt ho tr nh hng (VB), ta c th gii thch c kt qu .
- Phn t H
2
S
+ Thc nghim cho bit, trong H
2
S c gc HSH 92
o
.
+ Ta bit S c cu hnh e l [Ne] 3s
2
3p
4
. Nh vy S c 6e ho tr phn b trong 4 AO: 4p
x
, 4p
y
v
4p
z
. H c mt electron duy nht trn obitan 1s
1
. Theo thuyt VB, 2e c thn ca S to 2 lin kt S-
H vi 2e ca 2 nguyn t H. 2 AO c 2 e c thn ny (chng hn l AO-3p
x
, AO-3p
y
) c trc
vung gc vi nhau, tc l gc gia hai trc ca 2 AO l 90
o
. V AO-s c i xng cu nn vng
c s xen ph ca 1 AO-s vi 1 AO-3p s phn b trn trc ca AO-3p tng ng. iu ny c ngha
l thng thng gc ca phn t H
2
S, tc HSH bng 90
o
. Tuy nhin hai vng c mt e cao cnh
nhau s c s y nhau. S y ny lm cho gc HSH m rng ra. Kt qu l gc bng 92
o
nh kt
qu thc nghim.
+ Cng phn nhm chnh th 6 vi S cn c Se, Te u to hp cht vi H
2
c gc tng t nh
trn, c th l H
2
Se c gc HSeH 91
o
, H
2
Te c gc HTeH 90
o
.
- H
2
O
Thc nghim thu c gc HOH 104,5
o
+ O cng nhm chnh th 6 vi S. Cc e ho tr v
cc AO tng ng:
R rng y khng th cho rng O dng 2 AO-p
nguyn cht xen ph vi 2 AO-1s ca 2 H nh trong
H
2
S c. Mun c s che ph cc i gia cc obitan
1s ca H v 2p
y
, 2p
z
ca O th cc nguyn t H phi tin
li nguyn t O theo phng ca trc y v trc z. Nh vy
th gc ho tr HOH phi l 90
o
. Gc thc nghim thu c
104,5
o
ln hn gc l thuyt 90
o
rt nhiu.
+ Theo s liu trn, gc t din l 109
o
29 rt gn vi tr s 104,5
o
. Do ngi ta gi nh rng O
trong H
2
O trng thi lai ho sp
3
. Trong 4 AO-sp
3
c 2 AO m mi AO c 2e (1 cp) c gi l cp
e khng lin kt ca O, 2 AO-sp
3
cn li th mi AO ch c 1e. Theo thuyt VB, to 2 lin kt O-H
cn c s xen ph 2 AO-1s ca H vi 2 AO-sp
3
m mi AO mi c 1e. Vy th gc lin kt (gc ho
tr) HOH phi ng bng gc t din 109
o
29. Ngi ta cho cho rng 2 AO-sp
3
c 2 cp e khng lin
kt to ra 2 vng c mt e cao, s y nhau. S y ny lm hp gc to bi 2 trc ca 2 AO-sp
3
cn li, kt qu ta quan st c gc l 104,5
o
.
Nh vy mc d cn rt nh tnh, thuyt ho tr nh hng gii thch c kt qu thc nghim
v gc lin kt ca H
2
O.Theo thuyt lin kt ho tr, lin kt cng ho tr c hnh dung l s ghp
i electron ca hai nguyn t lin kt v lin kt s nm theo phng m cc obitan nguyn t che
ph nhau nhiu nht. Vy c th xc nh phng ca lin kt da vo ch tiu che ph cc i gia
cc obitan nguyn t, ngha l theo gi tr cc i ca cc obitan nguyn t. Xc nh c phng
ca lin kt l c th xc nh c hnh dng ca phn t. y l mt trong nhng thnh tu ln nht
ca c hc lng t p dng vo l thuyt v cu to phn t.
b) Lp lun tng t nh trn c th gii thch hnh dng ca cc phn t XH
3
:
NH
3
PH
3
AsH
3
SbH
3
<HXH = 107
o
3 93
o
3 91
o
8 91
o
3
8
Vy da vo s che ph cc i gia cc obitan nguyn t s v p, c th gii thch c hnh dng
ca nhiu phn t nhng cch gii thch hon ton khng th p dng cho nhng hp cht ca cc
nguyn t C, Si, B, Be, Hg...
2. Khi nim lai ho ca thuyt lin kt ho tr:
Mt trong cc cn c xy dng thuyt VB l kt qu gii bi ton H
2
ca Heitle -London. H
2
l
trng hp n gin nht v nguyn t H ch c AO ho tr 1s. c c s l gii ph hp thc
nghim cho cc phn t phc tp, bt buc phi m rng ti cc AO ho tr ns, np,... m n 2. Thuyt
lai ho nhm gii quyt vn .
Lai ho l s t hp cc AO ho tr c s lng t l khc nhau ca cng mt nguyn t to ra cc
AO mi c cng nng lng.
- iu kin cc AO ho tr tham gia lai ho c l phi c nng lng gn nhau.
- S AO tham gia t hp bng tng s cc lai ho thu c.
- Cc AO lai ho l cc AO suy bin, ngha l cc AO c nng lng v kch thc hon ton nh
nhau nhng khc vi nhau v s nh hng (phng) trong khng gian..
- c im hnh hc ca AO lai ho l c mt u (hay mt phn) n rng cn u kia b thu hp.
- S nh hng cc AO lai ho trong khng gian th hin s phn b mt electron trong khng
gian.
Lai ho l khi nim thun tu ton hc. V nguyn tc, cc AO tham gia t hp l cc nghim ca
phng trnh Schrodinger, l hm ring ca ton t Hamilton ca h H, vy theo nguyn l chng cht
trng thi, t hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm cng l nghim ca phng trnh Schrodinger. Lai ho c
th coi l mt khi nim gi nh c dng gii thch cc kt qu thc nghim.
Xt phn t CH
4
: Nguyn t C c cu hnh electron trng thi c bn 1s
2
2s
2
2p
x
1
2p
y
1
v trng
thi kch thch 1s
2
2s
1
2p
x
1
2p
y
1
2p
z
1
... Theo cch lp lun nh trn, phn t CH
4
c hnh dng nh sau:
che ph cc i gia cc obitan nguyn t 1s ca H vi cc obitan 2s v 2p ca C th ba nguyn t
H tin li nguyn t C theo phng ca cc trc x, y, z cn nguyn t H th t tin li che ph vi
obitan 2s ca C lm vi ba lin kt C- H trn nhng gc nh nhau v bng 125
o
(v chu lc y nh
nhau ca ba cp electron lin kt ). Nhng trn thc t phn t CH
4
l phn t t din u, ngha l
c 4 lin kt C-H u nh nhau v lm vi nhau nhng gc nh nhau bng 109
o
28.
Pauling cho rng trong phn t CH
4
, mt obitan 2s v 3 obitan 2p ca C trn ln vi nhau, hay ni
theo ngn ng ton hc, chng t hp vi nhau to nn nhng t hp mi tng ng nhau v c
gi l cc obitan lai ho. Bn obitan lai ho mi, mi obitan mang 1/4 tnh cht ca obitan 2s v 3/4
tnh cht ca obitan 2p ca nguyn t C hng v 4 nh ca 1 t din u. y l nh hng tt nht
cho s xen ph vi 4 obitan 1s ca 4 nguyn t H c th to thnh 4 lin kt C H bn vng v to
ra phn t CH
4
t din.
3. Kiu lai ho v hnh dng ca phn t
Thc t thng xt hp cht ca cc nguyn t chu k 2. Cc AO ho tr ca mi nguyn t ca
nguyn t chu k 2 l 2s, 2p
x
, 2p
y
, 2p
z
. Ta s xt cc dng lai ho c cc AO ho tr ny tham gia.
b) Lai ho sp
- Lai ho sp l lai ho trong AO 2s t hp tuyn tnh vi 1 AO 2p
z
(thng dng AO z) to
ra 2 AO lai ho sp.
- C th hnh dung qu trnh lai ho xy ra nh sau:
Lai ho sp: 1AO-s+1 AO-p
Z
= 2AO-sp
2AO-sp l: d
1
=
2
1
(s+p
Z
)
d
2
=
2
1
(s-p
Z
)
+ AO 2p
z
c i xng i vi trc z. AO - 2s c i xng cu. T hp tuyn tnh 2 AO to ra 2
AO mi cng nm trn trc z; mi AO mi ny c phn m rng, phn b thu hp. C 2 AO lai ho sp
u nm trn cng mt ng thng: trc z. Do ngi ta gi lai ho sp l lai ha thng, k hiu l
h
i
. Vy ta c 2 AO lai ha sp l h
i1
, h
i2
. Gc gia 2 trc 2 AO - sp l 180
o
.
9
1AOs + 1AOp
- Biu thc ca 2 AO lai ho sp l:
h
i1
= (2s + 2p
z
)/
2
h
i2
= (2s - 2p
z
)/
2
- Lai ho sp c dng gii thch lin kt ho hc trong phn t BeH
2
, C
2
H
2
(ankin) . Cc
phn t u c dng thng.
Lai ho sp
2
: 1AO-s+2 AO-p = 3AO-sp
2
3AO-sp
2
l: t
1
=
3
1
(s+
2
p
x
)
t
2
=
6
1
(
2
s-p
x
+
3
p
y
)
t
3
=
6
1
(
2
s-p
x
-
3
p
y
)
c) Lai ho sp
2
- Lai ho sp
2
l lai ho trong AO - 2s t hp tuyn tnh vi 2 AO - 2p (thng chn l AO 2p
z
,
AO 2p
y
) to ra 3 AO mi c cng nng lng. Tng t nh AO lai ho sp, AO-sp
2
cng b bin
dng so vi AO c bn, c phn m rng v phn b thu hp.
- Hnh dung qu trnh lai ho v s nh hng cc AO trong khng gian c m t nh sau:
Ba AO-sp
2
cng nm trong mt mt phng, gc to bi hai trc ca hai AO cnh nhau l 120
o
. Do
lai ho sp
2
c gi l lai ha tam gic. K hiu AO-sp
2
l t, km theo s th t: t
1
, t
2
, t
3
.
Lai ho sp
3
: 1AO-s+3 AO-p = 4AO-sp
3
4AO-sp
3
l: te
1
=
2
1
(s+p
x
+p
y
+p
Z
)
te
2
=
2
1
(s + p
x
- p
y
- p
Z
)
te
3
=
2
1
(s - p
x
+ p
y
- p
Z
)
te
4
=
2
1
(s - p
x
- p
y
+ p
Z
)
s =
4
1
; p
x
=
4
3
cos cos ;
p
y
=
4
3
cos sin ; p
Z
=
4
3
cos
- Lai ho sp
2
c p dng gii thch lin kt ho hc trong cc anken C
n
H
2n
(n2), benzen, ...
Cc phn t c gc lin kt bng 120
o
.
d) Lai ho sp
3
- Lai ho trong AO - 2s t hp tuyn tnh vi 3 AO - 2p to ra 4 AO mi c cng nng lng
c gi l lai ho sp
3
.
- C th hnh dung qu trnh lai ho sp
3
nh sau:
10

- Hnh dng ca mi AO lai ho sp
3
cng tng t nh hnh dng AO lai ho sp, sp
2
va xt. 4 AO-
sp
3
hng ra 4 nh ca t din u m tm ca t din l nguyn t (chnh xc l ht nhn nguyn t)
c cc AO lai ho. Do lai ho sp
3
c gi l lai ha t din. AO-sp
3
c k hiu l t
e
. Vy ta c 4
AO-sp
3
l te
1
, te
2
, te
3
, te
4
.
- Lai ho sp
3
c p dng gii thch lin kt ho hc trong cc ankan C
n
H
2n+2
(n1), in hnh l
trong CH
4
. Ngoi ra n cng c p dng trong cc trng hp khc nhau H
2
O, NH
4
+
,... cc phn
t c gc lin kt gn bng 109
o
28
Ngoi ra cn c cc kiu lai ho sp
3
d
2
hay sp
2
d vi s tham gia ca cc obitan d.
S dng quan nim lai ho c th gii thch v hnh dng cc phn t kh ng.
Kiu lai
ho
Gc gia cc obitan lai ho Dng phn t V d
sp
sp
2
sp
3
dsp
2
sp
3
d
2
180
o
120
o
109
o
28
90
o
90
o
ng thng
Tam gic u
T din u
Hnh vung
Bt din u
BeH
2
, BeCl
2
, ZnCl
2
, CO
2
BF
3
, NO
3
-
, CO
3
2-
CH
4
, CCl
4
, NH
4
+
, ClO
4
-
, SO
4
2-
,
PO
4
3-
PtCl
4
, CuCl
4
2-
, Ni(CN)
4
2-
SF
6
, AlF
6
3-
, SiF
6
2-
Kiu lai ho cc obitan ca nguyn t cho thy s obitan lai ho c to nn ng thi l s phi
tr ti a ca nguyn t . Bng di y h thng li kh nng lai ho cc obitan ca nguyn t cc
nguyn t v s phi tr ti a m nguyn t c:
Nguyn t chu k Kiu lai ho v s phi tr (vit trong du
ngoc)
II
III
IV
V v VI
sp(2), sp
2
(3), sp
3
(4)
sp
3
(4), dsp
3
(5), d
2
sp
3
(6), sp
3
d
2
(6)
sp
3
(4), dsp
3
(5), d
2
sp
3
(6), sp
3
d
2
(6)
d
2
sp
3
(6), d
2
sp
3
(7)
Da vo bng , c th hiu c cng thc cc dy hp cht v anion sau y ca cac nguyn t
thuc cng nhm trong bng tun hon:
Nhm IVA CH
4
SiF
6
2-
GeF
6
2-
SnF
8
4-
PbF
8
4-
CO
3
2-
SiO
4
4-
GeO
4
4-
SnO
6
8-
PbO
6
8-
Nhm VIA H
2
SO
4
H
6
TeO
6
Nhm VIIA HClO
4
H
5
IO
6
Tuy nhin, gii thch hnh dng ca phn t, ngoi s lai ho, cn vn dng thm mt s gi thit
khc na. V d nh i vi nhng phn t sau y, cc nguyn t trung tm u cng mt kiu lai
ho sp
3
ca cc obitan, s bin i ca gc ho tr c gii thch nh sau:
Gc ho tr gim xung v vai tr ca s trong s lai ho sp
3
gim xung
Gc lin
kt trong
cc phn t
H
2
O (105
o
)
NH
3
(107
o
)
CH
4
(108
o
28)
H
2
S (92
o
)
PH
3
(94
o
)
H
2
Se (91
o
)
AsH
3
(92
o
)
H
2
Te (90
o
)
SbH
3
(90
o
)
B. Cu to cc phn t n gin
1. Phn t O
2
Nguyn t O c cu hnh electron: 2s
2
2p
4
Hai nguyn t O lin kt vi nhau bng hai cp electron chung:
11
Cng thc cu to phn t vi lin kt cp gia hai nguyn t O ph hp nng lng ca lin kt l
494 kJ/mol v di ca lin kt l 1,21A v gii thch c hu ht tnh cht ca oxi tr t tnh.
Oxi trng thi kh, lng hay rn u c tnh thun t. T tnh o c cho thy s c mt ca hai
electron c thn trong phn t O
2
. Bi vy gii thch tnh cht ngi ta buc phi gi thit thm
rng lin kt cng ho tr cng c th c to nn nh 3 electron gi l lin kt ba electron, ngha l
phn t O
2
c cu to:
Trong ngoi lin kt cng ho tr bnh thng c to nn bng cp electron (vch lin) cn c
hai lin kt c to nn nh ba electron (vch ri). Lin kt ba electron cn c gi l lin kt mt
electron v thc t trong ba electron ch c mt electron c dng chung gia hai nguyn t:
Tuy nhin s lin kt gia hai nguyn t O cng ch l hai. (Thuyt obitan phn t gii thch mt
cch n gin tnh thun t ca O
2
bng s tn ti ca hai electron c thn trn hai obitan phn t
phn lin kt)
2. Phn t N
2
Nguyn t N c cu hnh electron 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
Hai nguyn t N lin kt vi nhau bng ba cp electron chung:
Hai obitan 2p
x
ca hai nguyn t N che ph nhau to thnh lin kt .
Cp obitan 2p
y
v cp obitan 2p
z
ca hai nguyn t N che ph nhau, theo tng cp mt, to thnh hai
lin kt .
Nh vy, lin kt trong phn t l lin kt ba. Lin kt ba ny c nng lng rt ln (942 kJ/mol)
nn phn t N
2
rt bn. Nit kh tham gia phn ng nhit thng.
3. Phn t NO
Trc y ngi ta cho rng phn t NO c cu to:
Ngha l trong phn t c lin kt i.
Nhng thc nghim cho thy rng phn t ny c mmen lng cc rt b ( = 0,15D) v di
ca lin kt N-O l 1,44A, ngha l trung gian gia di lin kt i trong ion NO
-
(1,18A) v ca
lin kt ba trong ion NO
+
(1,06A). Vy bc ca lin kt trong NO khng th bng 2 m bng 2,5,
ngha l phn t c cu to:
12
Trong ngoi hai lin kt cng ho tr bnh thng (c to nn nh cp electron chung) cn c
mt lin kt ba electron na (ion NO
+
c mt trong cc hp cht NOCl, NOClO
4
, ion NO
-
c mt
trong NaNO).
4. Phn t CO
Trc y ngi ta cho rng phn t CO c cu to:
ngha l trong phn t c lin kt i.
Nhng thc nghim cho thy rng phn t c mmen lng cc rt b ( = 0,1118D), mt phn t
gn nh khng c cc, v nng lng ca lin kt rt ln (1070 kJ/mol), ln hn c nng lng ca
lin kt ba trong N
2
.
Bi vy, ngy nay ngi ta cho rng nguyn nhn lm gim mnh phn cc ca CO l nguyn t
O a ra mt cp electron ca mnh dng chung vi nguyn t C, ngha l to thnh mt lin kt
cho - nhn ngoi hai lin kt cng ho tr bnh thng:
Nh vy, lin kt C-O l lin kt ba. Tht vy, lin kt ny c nng lng rt ln so vi cc lin kt
ho hc.
Qua cu to ca cc phn t xt trn y, ta thy i vi phn t ch c hai nguyn t, hnh dng
ca phn t lun lun l ng thng ni lin hai ht nhn nguyn t. Nhng i vi nhng phn t
gm ba nguyn t hay hn na, gii thch hnh dng ca chng, cn vn dng s lai ho cc obitan
ca nguyn t trung tm.
5. Than ch
Nh bit, tinh th than ch c cu to lp. Cc lp lin kt vi nhau bng lc Van de Van, lc ny
rt yu hn lc ca lin kt ho hc cho nn cc lp d tch ri nhau v than ch mm trong khi kim
cng l cht cng nht.
Trong lp than ch, mi nguyn t C trng thi lai ho sp
2
lin kt cng ho tr vi ba nguyn t C
bao quanh cng nm trong mt mt phng to thnh vng 6 cnh. Nhng vng ny lin kt vi nhau
to thnh mt lp v tn. Sau khi to thnh nhng lin kt nh vy, mi nguyn t C cn c mt
electron c thn trn obitan 2p c trc vung gc vi mt phng ca lp.
Nhng obitan khng lai ho che ph nhau to nn lin kt vi mt trong ba nguyn t C bao
quanh:
di ca lin kt C-C trong cc lp l 1,415A, hi ln hn di ca lin kt C-C trong vng
benzen (1,39A) c bi l 1,5, ngha l bi ca lin kt C-C trong lp than ch ~ 1,33. Nhng
khc vi benzen, lin kt trong lp tinh th than ch l khng nh ch trong ton lp. Bi vy
khc hn vi kim cng, than ch c mu xm, c nh kim, dn in v dn nhit.
6. Phn t O
3
Phn t O
3
c dng ng gy vi gc <OOO l 117
o
:
Nguyn t O trung tm (nguyn t O gia) trng thi lai ho sp
2
:
13
Mt obitan lai ho c mt electron c thn cn hai obitan lai ho na, mi mt c mt cp electron:
Mt obitan lai ho c mt cp electron che ph vi mt obitan 2p ca nguyn t O ( bn tri ca
hnh v) to thnh lin kt cho nhn, mt obitan lai ho khc c electron c thn che ph vi obitan
2p ca nguyn t O khc ( bn phi ca hnh v) c electron c thn to thnh lin kt cng ho tr
:
hay
Mt obitan 2p cn li khng lai ho ca nguyn t O trung tm c electron c thn che ph vi
obitan 2p khc ca nguyn t O (bn phi) cng c electron c thn to thnh lin kt :
( n gin, trong hnh khng biu din s che ph ca cc obitan to thnh lin kt ) Vy cng
thc cu to ca phn t O
3
l:
Ngy nay n gin, ngi ta hay dng mt cng thc linh hot hn, trong lin kt c chia
i cho c hai lin kt ( hai bn), ngha l mt lin kt khng nh ch c k hiu bng vch ri:
7. Phn t SO
2
Phn t SO
2
c dng ng gy ging nh O
3
vi gc <OSO l 120
o
:
14
Nu mt cch gn ng ngi ta tha nhn rng trong phn t SO
2
ch nhng obitan 3s v 3p ca S
tham gia to thnh lin kt th cch m t s to thnh cc lin kt s tng t nh i vi phn t O
3
,
ngha l phn t SO
2
c cng thc cu to:
hay cng thc linh hot hn vi mt lin kt khng nh ch:
bi ca lin kt S-O l 1,5
Nhng vic rt ngn mnh di ca lin kt S-O (1,43A) trong SO
2
so vi di ca lin kt n
(1,55A) ni ln rng lin kt l lin kt i v phn t SO
2
c cu to:
c ho tr bn, nguyn t S phi trng thi lai ho sp
2
v c cu hnh electron trng thi kch
thch, ngha l mt electron 3p chuyn sang obitan 3d:
Mt obitan lai ho c mt cp electron t do v mi mt obitan lai ho cn li c mt electron c
thn che ph vi obitan 2p ca hai nguyn t O cng c electron c thn to thnh lin kt :
Obitan 3p khng lai ho ca S c electron c thn che ph vi obitan 2p khc ca nguyn t O (gi
s bn tri ca hnh v) c electron c thn to thnh mt lin kt v mt obitan 3d khng lai ho
ca S c electron c thn che ph vi obitan 2p khc ca O (gi s bn phi hnh v) c electron
c thn to thnh mt lin kt na.
8. Phn t NO
2
Phn t NO
2
c dng gp khc gn ging nh O
3
v SO
2
S to thnh cc lin kt trong phn t c m t tng t nh i vi phn t O
3
v SO
2
, ngha l
NO
2
c cng thc cu to:
15
hay cng thc vi lin kt khng nh ch
9. Phn t SO
3
Phn t SO
3
c dng hnh tam gic u, nguyn t S nm trng tm ca tam gic v ba nguyn t
O nm nh:
Nu mt cch gn ng ngi ta tha nhn rng trong phn t SO
3
ch nhng obitan 3s v 3p ca S
tham gia to thnh lin kt th cch m t s to thnh lin kt gn tng t nh i vi phn t O
3
.
hay mt cng thc lin kt khng nh ch:
bi ca lin kt S-O l 1,33 v S c ho tr 4.
Nhng vic rt ngn di ca lin kt S-O (1,43A) trong SO
3
cng ging nh trong SO
2
l lin kt
i v phn t SO
3
c cu to:
c ho tr su, nguyn t S phi trng thi lai ho sp
2
v c cu hnh electron trng thi kch
thch, ngha l mt electron 3s v mt electron 3p chuyn sang cc obitan 3d:
16
Ba obitan lai ho ca S, mi obitan c mt electron c thn che ph vi obitan 2p electron c thn
ca ba nguyn t O to thnh ba lin kt cng ho tr. Ngoi ra mt obitan 3p v hai obitan 3d khng
lai ho ca S, mi mt c mt electron c thn che ph vi obitan 2p cn li c electron c thn ca
ba nguyn t O to thnh ba lin kt . Nh vy trong phn t SO
3
, nguyn t S c ho tr su.
10. Phn t NH
3
Phn t NH
3
c dng hnh chp tam gic, nguyn t N nh v ba nguyn t H nh ca tam gic
u:
Trong phn t NH
3
, nguyn t N trng thi lai ho sp
3
:
Mt obitan lai ho c cp electron khng lin kt, cn ba obitan lai ho khc, mi obitan c mt
electron c thn che ph vi obitan 1s c electron c thn ca ba nguyn t H to thnh ba lin kt
cng ho tr:
Vy phn t NH
3
c cng thc cu to:
11. Ion NH
4
+
Ion NH
4
+
c dng hnh t din u, nguyn t N nm trung tm v bn nguyn t H nm nh
ca t din:
Trong ion NH
4
+
, s to thnh ba lin kt cng ho tr bi ba cp electron chung gia N v H xy ra
tng t nh trong phn t NH
3
. Ch khc y l obitan lai ho c cp electron che ph vi obitan
17
1s trng electron ca H
+
to thnh lin kt cho nhn. Tuy nhin c bn lin kt N - H u ging nhau
v u l lin kt cng ho tr to nn bi cp electron:
12. Phn t H
2
S
Phn t H
2
S c dng gp khc ging cc phn t O
3
, SO
2
:
Trong phn t H
2
S, nguyn t S trng thi lai ho sp
3
. Hai obitan lai ho, mi obitan c mt cp
electron khng lin kt cn hai obitan lai ho cn li, mi mt c mt electron c thn che ph vi
obitan 1s c electron c thn ca hai nguyn t H to thnh hai lin kt cng ho tr :
13. Phn t CO
2
Phn t CO
2
c dng ng thng, nguyn t C gia hai nguyn t O:
trong phn t CO
2
, nguyn t C trng thi lai ho sp v c cu hnh electron trng thi kch
thch:
Hai obitan lai ho sp, mi mt c mt electron c thn, che ph vi obitan 2p c electron c thn
ca hai nguyn t O hai nm to thnh hai lin kt cng ho tr:
Hai obitan khng lai ha ca C, mi mt c electron c thn che ph vi obitan 2p khc c
electron c thn ca hai nguyn t O to thnh lin kt :
v phn t c cng thc cu to:
18
trong C c ho tr 4.
C- BA I TP AP DUNG
I- BAI TP CO HNG DN GIAI
Cu 1:
1. So snh, c gii thch.
a. ln gc lin kt ca cc phn t:
CH
4
; NH
3
; H
2
O.
H
2
O; H
2
S.
b. Nhit nng chy ca cc cht : NaCl; KCl; MgO
c. Nhit si ca cc cht : C
2
H
5
Cl; C
2
H
5
OH; CH
3
COOH
2. i vi cc phn t c cng thc tng qut AX
n
(n 2 ), lm th no xc nh phn t phn cc
hay khng phn cc ?
3.Hy gii thch ti sao PbI
2
( cht rn mu vng) tan d dng trong nc nng, v khi ngui li kt
ta di dng kim tuyn ng nh ?
Cu 2 :
Xt cc phn t BF
3
, NF
3
v IF
3
. Tr li cc cu hi sau :
1. Vit cng thc chm electron Lewis ca cc cht trn
2. Da vo thuyt lai ha obitan nguyn t hy cho bit tr ng th i lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm v
dng hnh hc ca mi phn t
3. Xc nh xem phn t no l phn cc v khng phn cc. Gii thch kt qu chn
Cu 3:Cho hai nguyn t A v B c tng s ht l 65 trong hiu s ht mang in v khng mang
in l 19. Tng s ht mang in ca B nhiu hn ca A l 26.
a) Xc nh A, B; vit cu hnh electron ca A, B v cho bit b 4 s lng t ng vi electron sau
cng trong nguyn t A, B.
b) Xc nh v tr ca A, B trong HTTH.
c) Vit cng thc Lewis ca phn t AB
2
, cho bit dng hnh hc ca phn t, trng thi lai ho ca
nguyn t trung tm?
d) Hy gii thch ti sao phn t AB
2
c khuynh hng polime ho?
CU 4
1. Vit cng thc cu to Lewis, nu trng thi lai ha v v dng hnh hc ca cc phn t sau:
(a) B
2
H
6
(b) XeO
3
(c) Al
2
Cl
6

Gii thch v sao c Al
2
Cl
6
m khng c phn t B
2
F
6
?
2. Trnh by cu to ca cc ion sau: O
+
2
, O
2
2
theo thuyt MO (cu hnh electron, cng thc cu
to). Nhn xt v t tnh ca mi ion trn.
3. So snh v gii thch ngn gn phn cc (momen lng cc) ca cc cht sau: NH
3
, NF
3
, BF
3
.
4. Ha tan 2,00 gam mui CrCl
3
.6H
2
0 vo nc, sau thm lng d dung dch AgNO
3
v lc
nhanh kt ta AgCl cn c 2,1525 gam. Cho bit mui crom ni trn tn ti di dng phc cht.
4.1. Hy xc nh cng thc ca phc cht .
4.2. Hy xc nh cu trc (trng thi lai ha, dng hnh hc) v nu t tnh ca phc cht
trn.
CU 5: Cho biet trang thai lai hoa cua ngt trung tam va dang hnh hoc cua cac phan t
sau :
H
2
O , H
2
S , H
2
Se , H
2
Te .
- Hay sap xep theo chieu tang dan o ln goc lien ket va giai thch s sap
xep o.
- Tai sao ieu kien thng H
2
O the long,con H
2
S , H
2
Se , H
2
Te the kh?
- Hay sap xep theo chieu tang dan tnh kh cua cac chat tren.Giai thch.
Cu 6
1. X, Y l hai phi kim. Trong nguyn t X, Y c s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng
mang in ln lt l 14 v 16.
Hp cht A c cng thc XY
n,
c c im:
- X chim 15,0486% v khi lng
19
- Tng s proton l 100
- Tng s ntron l 106
a. Xc nh s khi v tn nguyn t X, Y. Cho bit b bn s lng t ca e cui cng trn X,
Y
b. Bit X, Y to vi nhau hai hp cht l A, B. Vit cu trc hnh hc v cho bit trng thi lai
ho ca nguyn t trung tm ca A, B.
c. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng gia A vi P
2
O
5
v vi H
2
O
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng gia B vi O
2
v vi H
2
O
2. Cho bit tr s nng lng ion ho th nht I
1
(eV) ca cc nguyn t thuc chu k II nh sau:
Chu k II Li Be B C N O F Ne
I
1
(eV) 5,39 9,30 8,29 11,2
6
14,54 13,6
1
17,41 21,55
Nhn xt s bin thin nng lng ion ho th nht ca cc nguyn t trn. Gii thch.
Cu 7
Nguyn t C c electron cui cng ng vi 4 s lng t:
n = 3, l = 1, m = 0, m
s
= -1/2
Hai nguyn t A, B vi Z
A
< Z
B
< Z
C
( Z l in tch ht nhn ).
Bit rng: - tch s Z
A
. Z
B
. Z
C
= 952
-t s ( Z
A
+ Z
C
) / Z
B
= 3.
1. Vit cu hnh electron ca C, xc nh v tr ca C trong bng H thng tun hon, t suy ra
nguyn t C?
2. Tnh Z
A
, Z
B
. Suy ra nguyn t A, B?
3. Hp cht X to bi 3 nguyn t A, B, C c cng thc ABC. Vit cng thc cu to ca X. trng
thi lng, X c tnh dn in.Vy X c hnh thnh bng cc lin kt ha hc g?
Cu 8
1) Cho X, Y l 2 phi kim trong nguyn t X v Y c s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang
in ln lt l 14 v 16. bit trong hp cht XYn
. X chim 15,0486 % v khI lng
. Tng s proton l 100
. Tng s ntron l 106
a. Xc nh s khi v tn X, Y
b. Xc nh CTCT XYn v cho bit kiu lai ha ca nguyn t X dng hnh hc ca XYn.
c. Vit phng trnh phn ng gia XYn vi P
2
O
5
v vi H
2
O
2) a. Ti sao SiO
2
l mt cht rn nhit phng nng chy 1973K trong khi CO
2
li l cht kh
nhit phng nng chy 217K
b. Cht dicloetilen (C
2
H
2
Cl
2
) c ba ng phn k hiu X,Y,Z
- Cht X khng phn cc cn cht Z phn cc
- Cht X v cht Z kt hp vi Hidro cho cng sn phm
X (hc Z) + H
2
Cl - CH
2
- CH
2
Cl
. Vit cng thc cu to X, Y, Z
. Cht Y c momen lng cc khng ?
Cu 9:
1. Silic c cu trc tinh th ging kim cng vi thng s mng a = 0,534 nm.Tnh bn knh nguyn t
cng ha tr ca Silic v khi lng ring (g.cm
-3
) ca n. Cho bit M
Si
= 28,086 g.mol
-1
. Kim cng
c cu trc lp phng tm din, ngai ra cn c 4 nguyn t nm 4 hc t din ca mng c s.
2. C cc phn t XH
3
2.1. Hy cho bit cu hnh hnh hc ca cc phn t PH
3
v AsH
3
.
2.2. So snh gc lin kt HXH gia hai phn t trn v gii thch.
2.3. Nhng phn t no sau y c moment lng cc ln hn 0 ? BF
3
, NH
3
, SiF
4
, SiHCl
3
, SF
2
, O
3
.
Cho bit Zp = 15, Z
As
= 33, Z
O
= 16, Z
F
= 9, Z
Cl
= 17, Z
B
= 5, Z
N
= 7, Z
Si
= 14, Z
S
= 16.
Cu 10
20
103
o
15
Cho b bn s lng t ca electron cht cng trn nguyn t ca cc nguyn t A, X, Z nh sau:
A: n = 3, l = 1, m = - 1, s = -1/2
X: n = 2, l = 1, m = - 1, s = -1/2
Z: n = 2, l = 1, m = 0, s = +1/2
1 Xc nh A, X, Z.
2 Cho bit trng thi lai ho v cu trc hnh hc ca cc phn t v ion sau: ZA
2
, AX
2
, AX
3
2-
, AX
4
2-
.
3 Bng thuyt lai ho gii thch s to thnh phn t ZX. Gii thch v sao ZX c moment lng cc b.
Gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t phc trung ho Fe(CO)
5
bng thuyt VB.
4 Gii thch v sao AX
3
2-
li c kh nng ho tan A to thnh A
2
X
3
2-
.
CU 11
(1) Cho bit s bin i trng thi lai ho ca nguyn t Al trong phn ng sau v cu to
hnh hc ca AlCl
3
, AlCl

4
.
AlCl
3
+ Cl

AlCl

4
(2) Biu din s hnh thnh lin kt phi tr trong cc trng hp sau:
(o): Sn phm tng tc gia NH
3
v BF
3
.
(b): Sn phm tng tc gia AgCl vi dung dch NH
3
.
(3): Gii thch s khc nhau v gc lin kt trong tng cp phn t sau:
(a)
S O
Cl Cl Cl Cl
(b)
O O
F F Cl Cl
Cu 12
1. Cu hnh electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t X l 5p
5
. T s ntron v in tch ht nhn bng
1,3962. S ntron ca X bng 3,7 ln s ntron ca nguyn t thuc nguyn t Y. Khi cho
4,29 gam Y tc dng vi lng d X th thu c 18,26 gam sn phm c cng thc l XY.
Hy xc nh in tch ht nhn Z ca X v Y v vit cu hnh electron ca Y tm c.
2. Hy cho bit trng thi lai ha v dng hnh hc ca hp cht XCl
3
.
3. Bn knh nguyn t Cobalt l 1,25. Tnh th tch ca n v ca tinh th Co nu trong 1
trt t gn xem Co kt tinh dng lp phng tm mt.
Cu 13
A, B l 2 nguyn t k tip nhau trong cng mt chu k ca bng tun hon trong B c tng s lng
t ( n + l ) ln hn tng s lng t ( n + l ) ca A l 1. Tng s i s ca b 4 s lng t ca electron
cui cng ca cation A
+ a
l 3,5.
a)Xc nh b 4 s lng t ca electron cui cng trn A, B.
b)Vit cu hnh electron v xc nh tn ca A, B.
Cu 14: 1) Cho cc cht sau y:
CO
2
, SO
2
, C
2
H
5
OH, CH
3
COOH, HI
Hy cho bit cht no c nhit si cao nht? Gii thch?
2) Dng thuyt ni ha tr, hy cho bit c cu lp th (biu din bng hnh v) v trng thi
lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm ca cc phn t v ion sau:
H
2
SO
4
, [Ni(CN)
4
]
2-
, ICl
3
, XeF
4
Cu 15:
a. Hy cho bit cu trc hnh hc , kiu lai ha ca cc phn t : SF
6
, XeF
2
, OF
2
b. Da vo cu hnh electron ca uran [Rn]5f
3
6d
1
7s
2
. Hy cho bit hai hp cht X,Y ca uran vi flo ,
cho bit ti sao c c 2 hp cht ny . Hon thnh phn ng sau
ClF
3
+ A B + Cl
2
c. Ti sao ozon tan nhiu trong nc , nhng oxi t tan trong nc
Cu 16:
Nguyn t ca nguyn t phi kim A c electron cui cng c b 4 s lng t tha mn m + l = 0 v n
+ m
s
= 3/2 ( quy c cc gi tr m t thp n cao )
21
111
o
103
o
v
111
o
v
1. Xc nh s hiu nguyn t, gi tn nguyn t A. Vit cng thc electron, cng thc cu to ca phn
t A
2
. Kim chng s lin kt v tnh cht thun t ca A2 bng cu hnh electron ca phn t.
2. Ion A
3
B
2-
v A
3
C
2-
ln lt c 42 v 32 electron
2.1. Tm 2 nguyn t B v C ( s hiu nguyn t, tn, k hiu )
2.2. Dung dch mui ca A
3
B
2-
v A
3
C
2-
khi tc dng vi axit clohidric cho kh D v F tng ng.
- M t dng hnh hc ca phn t D v E.
- Nu phng php ha hc phn bit D v E.
- Kh no trong 2 kh c th kt hp vi O
2
? Ti sao?
Cu 17
1. So snh bn knh ca cc ht sau: Al, Al
3+
, Na, Na
+
, Mg, Mg
2+
, F
-
, O
2-
.
2. Trong s cc cu trc c th c sau y:
a) Ca ICl
4
(-)
:

I
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
. .
. .
I
Cl Cl
. .
Cl
Cl
(a) (b)
.
.
b) Ca TeCl
4
:

Te
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
.
.
(c)
Te Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
(d)
. .
c) Ca ClF
3
:

Cl
F
F
F
.
.
.
.
()
Cl F
F
F
.
.
(g)
. .
Cl
(e)
F
F
F
. .
. .
nhng cu trc no c kh nng tn ti u tin hn? V sao?
3. Ti sao nc nh hn nc lng? (c v hnh minh ha)
Cu 18.
1. Hy cho bit dng hnh hc v trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm i vi phn t H
2
O v
H
2
S. So snh gc lin kt trong 2 phn t v gii thch.
2. Bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t chu k 3 nh sau, hy nhn xt v gii thch:
Nguyn
t
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Bn knh (
o
A
) 1,86 1,60 1,43 1,17 1,10 1,04 0,99
3. Kh N
2
v kh CO c mt s tnh cht vt l ging nhau nh sau:
Nng lng phn ly
phn t (kJ/mol)
Khong cch gia cc
ht nhn (
o
A
)
Nhit nng chy
(
o
C)
N
2
945 1,10 210
CO 1076 1,13 205
Da vo cu hnh MO ca phn t N
2
v phn t CO gii thch s ging nhau .
4. Gii thch bn phn t v tnh kh ca cc hp cht hydrohalogenua.
22
HNG DN GII
Cu 1.
1. a. CH
4
> NH
3
> H
2
O
Gii thch:
H
|
C N H O
H | H H H H H
H
S cp e cha tham gia lin kt cng nhiu cng y nhau, gc lin kt cng nh.
b. H
2
O > H
2
S
Gii thch: V m in ca O > S, m in ca nguyn t trung tm cng ln s ko my ca i
e
-
lin kt v pha n nhiu hn lm tng ln gc lin kt.
c. So snh nhit nng chy ca cc cht:
MgO > NaCl > KCl
Gii thch: bn knh ion K
+
> Na
+

in tch ion Mg
2+
> Na
+
v O
2-
> Cl
-

(Nng lng phn li t l thun vi in tch ion v t l nghch vi bn knh ion)
3.So snh nhit si ca cc cht:
C
2
H
5
Cl < C
2
H
5
OH < CH
3
COOH
Gii thch:
-C
2
H
5
Cl khng c lin kt hiro
-Lin kt hidro gia cc phn t axit bn hn lin kt hidro gia cc phn t ru.
C
2
H
5
O H O
H C
2
H
5

O H O
CH
3
C C CH
3

O H O
2. Mun xc nh mt phn t c cc hay khng, trc ht cn phi bit s sp xp ca cc nguyn t
trong phn t(dng hnh hc ca phn t)
Momen lng cc (o phn cc) l mt i lng c ln v c chiu.
Trong phn t, nu cc lin kt phn cc c sp xp i xng nhau, momen lng cc c
cng ln v ngc chiu.Chng s trit tiu nhau v phn t khng phn cc.
Ngc li nu cc lc khng cn bng, phn t s c cc.
3. PbI
2
d tan trong nc nng v qu trnh ha tan PbI
2
thu nhit ln:
PbI
2

Pb
2+
+ 2I
-
H > 0
Cn khi ngui th xy ra qu trnh ngc li, ta nhit ( H < 0).
V qu trnh ngui t t, s mm kt tinh t, nn tinh th c to thnh d dng.
Nu lm ngui nhanh s thu c dng bt vng PbI
2
.
Cu 2 :
S
F F
F
N
F F
F
I F F
F
Lai ha sp
2
Lai ha sp
3
Lai ha sp
3
d
Tam gic phng Thp y tam gic Hnh ch T
23
Khng cc v momen
lng cc lin kt b
trit tiu
C cc v lng cc lin
kt khng trit tiu
C cc v lng cc lin
kt khng trit tiu
Cu 3
a) Gi Z
A
, Z
B
ln lt l s proton trong nguyn t A, B.
Gi N
A
, N
B
ln lt l s notron trong nguyn t A, B.
Vi s proton = s electron
Ta c h :

'

'

'

+ +
+ + +
17 Z
4 Z
13 Z Z
21 Z Z
26 2Z 2Z
19 ) N (N ) 2Z (2Z
65 ) N (2Z ) N (2Z
B
A
A B
B A
A B
B A B A
B B A A
(0,5)
Z
A
= 4 A l Be Cu hnh e : 1s
2
2s
2
B 4 s lng t: n = 2, l = 0, m = 0, m
s
=
2
1

Z
B
= 17 B l Cl Cu hnh e : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5

B 4 s lng t: n = 3, l = 1, m = 0, m
s
=
2
1

b) Ta c Z = 4 Be th 4, c 2 lp e Be chu k 2.
Nguyn t s, c 2e ngoi cng phn nhm chnh nhm II.
Tng t cho Cl: th 17, chu k 3, phn nhm chnh nhm VII.
c) :
Cl
..
..
: Be :
Cl
..
..
:
Hnh dng hnh hc ca phn t: ng thng
Trng thi lai ho : sp
d) Khi to thnh phn t BeCl
2
th nguyn t Be cn 2 obitan trng; Cl t trng thi bn vng v cn
c cc obitan cha 2 electron cha lin kt do nguyn t clo trong phn t BeCl
2
ny s a ra cp
electron cha lin kt cho nguyn t Be ca phn t BeCl
2
kia to lin kt cho-nhn. Vy BeCl
2
c
khuynh hng polime ho:
Cu 4
1.
24
Cl
Cl
Be
....
....
Cl
B
e
Cl
Cl
B
e
Cl
Cl
B
e
Cl
Cl
B
e
Cl
Cl
B
e
Cl

Xe
O
O
O
Xe lai ha sp
3
phn t
dng thp tam gic

B
B
H
H
H
H
H
H
B lai ha sp
3
, phn t B
2
H
6
gm
2 t din lch c 1 cnh chung,
lin kt BHB l lin kt 3 tm v
ch c 2 electron, 1 electron ca
H v 1 electron ca B.

Al
Cl
Cl
Al
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Al lai ha sp
3
, phn t Al
2
Cl
6
gm 2 t din lch
c 1 cnh chung, c 2 lin kt cho nhn c
to thnh do cp e khng lin kt ca Cl v
obitan trng ca Al.Trong Al
2
Cl
6
nguyn t Al
t c cu trc bt t vng bn.
2. O
+
2
: (
)
lk
s 2
(
*
s

)
2

) (
lk
z

2

) (
lk
x

2
=
) (
lk
y

2

) (
*
x

1
=
) (
*
y

O O
O
2
2
: (
)
lk
s 2
(
*
s

)
2

) (
lk
z

2

) (
lk
x

2
=
) (
lk
y

2

) (
*
x

2
=
) (
*
y

2

O O
2
O
+
2
c electron c thn nn thun t. O
2
2
khng c electron c thn nn ngch t.
3.
N
H
H
H
Cc vectmomen l ng cc
ca cc lin kt v cp
electron khng lin kt c ng
chiu nn momen l ng cc
ca phn t l n nht.

N
F
F
F
Cc vectmomen l ng cc
ca cc lin kt v cp
electron khng lin kt ng c
chiu nn momen l ng cc
ca phn tbhn NH
3
.

B
F
F
F
Phn t d ng tam gic u
Cc vectmomen l ng cc
ca cc lin kt trit tiu ln
nhau(tng bng khng) phn
t khng phn cc.

4.
n(AgCl) = (2,1525:143,5) = 0,015; n(CrCl
3
. 6H
2
O) = (2:266,5) = 7,5.10
-3
n(Cl
-
to phc) = 3(7,5.10
-3
) - 0,015 = 7,5.10
-3
Trong phn t phc cht t l mol Cl

: Cr
3+
= (7,5.10
-3
) : (7,5.10
-3
) = 1:1
Cng thc ca phc: [Cr(H
2
O)
5
Cl]
2+

24
Cr
3+
(1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
3
)
24
Cr
3+
: [Ar] 3d
3


3d
3
4s 4p
Cr lai ha sp
3
d
2
Ar
Phc thun t
A
H
2
O
Cl
90
0
90
0
H
2
O H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
Bt din u
25
C phn t Al
2
Cl
6
v nguyn t Al t cu trc bt
t vng bn.
Khng c phn t B
2
F
6
v: phn t BF
3
bn do c
lin kt pi khng nh ch c to thnh gia
obitan trng ca B vi cp electron khng lin kt
ca F v kch thc ca nguyn t B b so vi
nguyn t F nn tng tc y gia 6 nguyn t F
ln lm cho phn t B
2
F
6
tr nn km bn.
Cu 5. - Trong cc phn t H
2
O , H
2
S, H
2
Se, H
2
Te; O, S, Se, Te (R) trng thi lai to sp
3
, phn t c
cu to dng gc :
R
H H
- V m in ca O ln nht nn cc cp e lin kt b ht v pha O mnh khong cch
gia 2 cp e lin kt trong phn t H
2
O l nh nht nn lc y tnh in mnh nht gc
lin kt ln nht .
Th t tng dn gc lin kt l : H
2
Te , H
2
Se, H
2
S, H
2
O .
- iu kin thng nc th lng l do cc phn t nc c kh nng to lin kt H lin
phn t :
... O H ... O H ...

H H
- Trong cc phn t H
2
R , R u c s oxi ho -2, tuy nhin t O n Te bn knh R li tng ln
kh nng cho e tng t O n Te, tc l tnh kh tng theo th t H
2
O, H
2
S, H
2
Se, H
2
Te .
Cu 6
1. a. Gi P
X,
N
X
ln lt l s proton v ntron ca X
P
Y,
N
Y
ln lt l s proton v ntron ca Y
Ta c: P
X
+ nP
Y
= 100 (1)
N
X
+ nN
Y
= 106 (2)
T (1) v (2): (P
X
+N
X
) + n(P
Y
+N
Y
) = 206 A
X
+nA
Y
= 206 (3)
Mt khc: A
X
/ (A
X
+nA
Y
) = 15,0486/100 (4)
T (3), (4): A
X
= P
X
+N
X
= 31 (5)
Trong X c: 2P
X
- N
X
= 14 (6)
T (5), (6): P
X
= 15; N
X
= 16 A
X
= 31
X l photpho
15
P c cu hnh e l : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
nn e cui cng c b bn s lng t l:
n =3, l=1, m = +1, s = +1/2
Thay P
X
= 15; N
X
= 16 vo (1), (2) ta c nP
Y
= 85; nN
Y
= 90
nn: 18P
Y
17N
Y
= 0 (7)
Mt khc trong Y c: 2P
Y
N
Y
= 16 (8)
T (7), (8): P
Y
= 17; N
Y
= 18 A
Y
= 35 v n = 5
Vy: Y l Clo
17
Cl c cu hnh e l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
,
nn e cui cng c b bn s lng t l: n = 3; l =1; m = 0, s = -1/2
* Xc nh ng mi cht 0,5 , ng mt b bn s lng t 0,25 .
b. Cl
A: PCl
5
; B: PCl
3
Cl
Cu to ca A: (0,5) Cl P
- PCl
5
c cu trc lng thp tam gic
- Nguyn t P trng thi lai ho sp
3
d
Cl Cl
Cu to ca B: ..
- PCl
3
c cu trc thp tam gic P
- Nguyn t P trng thi lai ho sp
3

Cl Cl Cl
c. ng mi pt:
3 PCl
5
+ P
2
O
5
= POCl
3
PCl
5
+ 4H
2
O = H
3
PO
4
+ 5 HCl
2PCl
3
+ O
2
= POCl
3
PCl
3
+ 3H
2
O = H
3
PO
3
+ 3 HCl
2. Nhn xt:
a. Nhn chung nng lng ion ho tng dn
26
Gii thch: T tri sang phi trong mt chu k, in tch ht nhn ca cc nguyn t tng dn v s e
ngoi cng cng tng thm c in vo lp n ang xy dng d. Kt qu cc e b ht v ht nhn
mnh hn lm bn knh nguyn t gim, dn n lc ht ca nhn vi e ngoi cng tng lm e cng kh
b tch ra khi nguyn t lm nng lng ion ho tng
b.Be v N c nng lng ion ho cao bt thng
Gii thch: Be c cu hnh e: 1s
2
2s
2
c phn lp s bo ho. y l cu hnh bn nn cn cung cp
nng lng cao hn ph v cu hnh ny
N c cu hnh e: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
phn lp p bn bo ho, y cng l mt cu hnh bn nn cng cn cung
cp nng lng cao hn ph v cu hnh ny
Cu 7
1. Nguyn t C c cu hnh electron cui cng :3p
5

+1 0 -1
Cu hnh electron ca C:1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
V tr ca C: STT 17, chu k 3, nhm VII A. C l Clo.
2. Z
C
= 17 Z
B
. Z
A
= 56 Z
A
= 7 , A l Nit
Z
A
+ 17 = 3Z
B
Z
B
= 8 , B l Oxi
3. CTCT X Cl - N = O
NOCl trng thi lng c tnh dn in vy trong cht lng phi c cc ion NO
+
v Cl
-
. Do trong
phn t NOCl c lin kt ion v lin kt cng ha tr.
Cu 8
I.1)
a. Gi Px, PY l s proton X, Y
n
x
, n
y
l s ntron X, Y
P
x
+ nP
y
= 100 (1)
N
x
+ nN
y
= 106 (2)
Px + Nx + n(PY + Ny) = 206
Ax + nAy = 206 (3)
Ax
Ax + nAy
=> Ax = 31
Trong nguyn t X : 2Px Nx = 14
Px = 15
Nx = 16
Thay Px, Nx vo (1) , (2)
n (Ny Py) = 5 ( 5)
2Py ny = 16 (6) => Ny = 2Py - 16
n(Py 16) = 5
Py =
5 16n
n
+
n 1 2 3 4 5
Py 21 18,8 17,67 17,25 17
Py = 17, n =5 , Ay = 35 => Y l clo
b. PCl5 : nguyn t P lai ha sp
3
d dng lng thp tam gic.
Cl
Cl P Cl
Cl Cl

c. P
2
O
5
+ PCl
5
= 5POCl
3
PCl
5
+ H
2
O = H
3
PO
4
+ 5HCl
I.2)

27
=
15, 0486
100
(4)
=> X l photpho
- C v Si u c bn electron ha tr tuy nhin khc vi CO
2
(O = C = O) SiO
2
khng phi l mt
phn t n gin vi lin kt Si =O. nng lng ca 2 lin kt i Si=O km xa nng lng ca bn lin
kt n Si-O v vy tinh th SiO
2
gm nhng t din chung nh nhau.
O
O Si O
O

a. SiO
2
l tinh th nguyn t lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt cng ha tr bn
trong khi CO
2
rn l tinh th phn t, lin kt vi nhau bng lc Vanderwall yu.
b. X khng phn cc vy X tn ti dng trans Z phn cc.Vy Z tn ti dng Cis
H Cl
H C C H
Cl H

CTCT
H Cl
C C
Cl H

(X)
Cl Cl
C C
H H

(X) (Z)
CTCT Y s l
Cl H
C C
Cl H

C-H C-Cl
X= 2,5 2,1 = 0,4 X = 0,5
Vy Y phn cc
Cu 9
1. r
Si
= (a. 3 )/8 = (0,534. 3 )/8= 0,118
S nguyn t Si c trong mt mng c s: 8.(1/8) + 6.(1/2) + 4 = 8
Khi lng ring ca Si = 2,33 g.cm
-1
.
2.
2.1. P : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
; As : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
3
P v As u c 5 electron ha tr v c 3 electron c thn trong XH
3

X
H
H H
X trang thai lai hoa sp
3
.
2.2. XH
3
hnh thp tam gic, gc HPH > gc AsH, v m in ca nguyn t trung tm P ln hn
so vi As nn lc y mnh hn.
2.3.
28
hoc Z + H
2

N F
F
F
Si
Cl H
Cl
Cl
sp
3
S
F F
O
O
O
sp
3
sp
3
sp
2
B
F
F
F
Si
F
F
F
F
sp
2
sp
3
4 cht u tin c cu to bt i xng nn c moment lng cc > 0.
Cu 10
1. Nguyn t A: n = 3, l = 1, m = -1, s = -1/2

3p
4
A l S
Nguyn t X: n = 2, l = 1, m = -1, s = -1/2

2p
4
X l O
Nguyn t Z: n = 2, l = 1, m = 0, s = +1/2

2p
2
Z l C
2.
Phn t, ion Trng thi lai ho cu
nguyn t trung tm
Cu trc hnh hc
CS
2
sp ng thng
SO
2
sp
2
Gc
SO
2
3

sp
3
Chp y tam gic u
SO
2
4

sp
3
T din u
3
C: [He] 2s
2
2p
2

O: [He] 2s
2
2p
4
Cacbon dng 1 obitan 2s t hp vi 1 obitan 2p to ra 2 obitan lai ho sp hng ra hai pha khc nhau,
trong c mt obitan bo ho v 1 obitan cha bo ha.
Cacbon dng 1 obitan lai ho cha bo ho xen ph xichma vi 1 obitan p cha bo ho cu oxi v
dng 1 obitan p thun chng cha bo ho xen ph pi vi 1 obitan p cha bo ho cn li cu oxi. Oxi
dng 1 obitan p bo ho xen ph v obitan p trng ca cacbon to lin kt pi kiu p

p.
Cng thc cu to: :C

O:
+ CO c moment lng cc b v trong phn t c lin kt phi tr ngc cp electron ca nguyn t
oxi cho sang obitan trng cu nguyn t cacbon lm gim phn cc ca lin kt nn lm gim
moment lng cc.
+ S hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t Fe(CO)
5
Fe (Z = 26) [Ar] 3d
6
4s
2
4p
0


Fe* [Ar] 3d
8
4s
0
4p
0





29
trng thi kch thch, nguyn t Fe dng 1 obitan 3d trng t hp vi 1obitan 4s v 3 obitan 4p to
thnh 5 obitan lai ho dsp
3
trng hng ra 5 nh ca hnh lng chp y tam gic u tm l nguyn
t Fe.
CO dng cp electron t do cha lin kt trn nguyn t cacbon to lin kt phi tr vi cc obitan lai
ho trng ca st to ra phn t phc trung ho Fe(CO)
5
Fe* [Ar] 3d
8
4s
0
4p
0


:CO :CO :CO : CO :CO
4. S [Ne] 3s
2
3p
4

S
*
[Ne] 3s
2
3p
4
SO
3
2-
c kh nng kt hp thm 1 nguyn t S to S
2
O
3
2-
v trn nguyn t S trong SO
3
2-
cn c mt
cp electron t do cha lin kt c kh nng cho vo obiatn 3p trng ca nguyn t S to lin kt cho
nhn.
2-
S O
S
O
O
2-
S O
O
O
S
Cu 11
AlCl
3
+ Cl

AlCl

4
(1) - Trc phn ng trng thi lai ho ca Al l: sp
2
- Sau phn ng trng thi lai ho ca Al l: sp
3
- Cu to hnh hc
Cl Cl
Al Al

Cl Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Tam gic phng T din
(2)
H F
H N
+
B
-
F NH
3
Ag
+
NH
3
Cl

H F
* Nit cn 1 cp electron t do * Ag+ cn obital/ho tr trng
* B cn obital ho tr trng
(3) Trong cc phn t, nguyn t trung tm u c trng thi lai ho sp
3
v c cu to gc.



30
(a). S sai bit gc ho tr trong phn t SCl
2
v OCl
2
l do s khc bit v m in ca
oxi v lu hunh. ca nguyn t trung tm cng nh th cc cp electron lin kt b y
nhiu v pha cc nguyn t lin kt, nn chng chim vng khng gian nh xung quanh nguyn
t trung gian. ca oxi ln hn S nn gc ho tr Cl O Cl ln hn Cl S Cl.
(b). S sai bit gc ha tr trong phn t OF
2
v OCl
2
cng do s khc bit v ca cc nguyn t
lin kt. Nguyn t lin kt c cng ln th gc ha tr cng nh. Flor c ln hn Clor nn
gc ha tr F O F nh hn Cl O Cl.
Cu 12
1. Cu hnh y ca nguyn t X l: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
6
4d
10
5s
2
5p
5

Vy Z
X
= 53 = s proton X
3962 , 1
X
X
Z
N
N
X
= 74
A
X
= Z
X
+ N
X
= 53 + 74 = 127
Ta c :
7 , 3
Y
X
N
N
N
Y
= 20
Y + X XY
M
Y
M
XY
4,29 18,26
39
26 , 18
127
29 , 4 26 , 18
29 , 4

+

Y
Y Y
XY
Y
M
M M
M
M
(g/mol)
Vy : Z
Y
+ N
Y
= 39 Z
Y
= 19
Cu hnh electron ca Y : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1

2. X c 7 electron lp ngoi cng, cn obitan d trng nn trong hp cht XCl
3
X lai ha sp
3
d,
dng hnh hc l ch T
Cl X
Cl
Cl

3.
1,25
1,25
5
A
B
C D
A
B
C D
AD = 1,25 . 4 = 5 ()
AB = 54 , 3
2
5
2
( )
Vy th tch ca mng n v ca Co : V = (3,54)
3
= 44,36 ()
3
Cu 13
a)V 2 nguyn t k tip nhau trong cng mt chu k nn 2 nguyn t c cng s lp electron
( cng n ). M tng ( n + l ) ca B ln hn tng ( n + l ) ca A l 1 nn:
Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca A, B l:
A: ns
2
. B: np
1
Mt khc A c 2e lp ngoi cng cation A c dng A
2+
.
Vy tng i s ca 4 s lng t ca A
2+
l:
(n 1 ) + 1 + 1 -
2
1
= 3,5
Vy 4 s lng t ca :
31
A: n = 3 l = 0 m = 0 s = -
2
1

B: n = 3 l = 1 m = - 1 s = +
2
1

b)Cu hnh electron ca A, B:
A: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
( Mg ).
B: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
( Al ).
Cu 14.1) C
2
H
5
OH v CH
3
COOH to c lin kt hidr gia cc phn t nn c nhit si cao hn
cc cht kia.
t
0
si ca CH
3
COOH > t
0
si ca C
2
H
5
OH v c
OH H C COOH CH
M M
5 2 3
>
v cho lin kt hidr trong CH
3
COOH bn hn trong C
2
H
5
OH (trong CH
3
COOH,
nhm C = O ht in t lm tng in tch dng trn H ca nhm OH, nn lc ht tnh in gia H
ny vi O ca phn t CH
3
COOH th nh mnh hn). V vy CH
3
COOH c nhit si cao nht.
2) H
2
SO
4
: S trng thi lai ha sp
3
, c cu t in lch
[Ni(CN)
4
]
2-
Ni
2+
trng thi lai ha sp
2
d c cu hnh vung

1
1
1
]
1

2
NC NC
Ni
NC NC
ICl
3
: I trng thi lai ha sp
3
d, c cu lng thp tam gic
XeF
4
: Xe trng thi lai ha sp
3
d
2
, c cu bt din u
Cu 15 :
b.-T cu hnh e ca U [Rn]5f
3
6d
1
7s
2
nguyn t U c 4e c thn , to phn t UF
4
:
Ngoi ra, U U
6+
+ 6e
[Rn]5f
3
6d
1
7s
2
[Rn]
Nn to phn t UF
6

Phn ng : 2 ClF
3
+ 3UF
4
3UF
6
+ Cl
2

Cu 16 :
1.
2.
2.1
Trng hp 1: ms= +1/2 => n=1 => l=0 =>m=0
Vy cu hnh electron ca nguyn t A : 1s
1
=> Hydr
Trng hp 2: ms= -1/2 => n=2 => l=0 => m=0
hoc l=1 => m= -1
* Vi ms= -1/2; n=2; l=0; m=0 => Cu hnh electron l 1s
2
2s
2
: B-ri
* Vi ms= -1/2; n=2; l=1; m= -1 => Cu hnh electron l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
: -xy
V A l phi kim nn hoc A l Hydro (H) hoc A l O-xi (O)
Vi A l Hydro
- CTPT : H
2
- CT electron : H:H
- CTCT: H - H ( 1 lin kt)
- Cu hnh e ca phn t
1s
2
- S lin kt : N= 2/2 =1
- Khng c electron c thn nn l cht nghch t.
Vi A l -xi
- CTPT: O
2
- CT electron:
- CTCT: O O
Gia 2 nguyn t oxy c 1 lin kt cng ha tr bnh thng v 2 lin kt c bit 3e
(3lectron ny do 1 nguyn t a ra 1, nguyn t kia a ra 2 gp chung), trong
ch c 1 electron c dng chung. Vy s electron chung gia 2 nguyn t l 4,
v trong phn t c 2e c thn.
Cu hnh electron ca phn t :
32
2.2.

2s
2

2s
*2

z
2

x
2

y
2

x
*1

y
*1
S lin kt : N = (8-4)/2 = 2
C 2 electron c thn nn O2 l cht thun t
Ion A
3
B
2-
c 42 electron.
* Nu A l Hidr, ta c: 3.1 + Z
B
= 42 -2 ; Z
B
= 37
Loi v khng tn ti ion RbH
3
2-
* Vy A l oxi.
Lc 3.8 +Z
B
= 42 - 2 ; Z
B
= 16 ( B l lu hunh ) Chn
Ion A
3
C
2-
:
Ta c : 3.8 + Z
C
= 32 -2 => Z
C
= 6 ( C l cc-bon) Chn
Vy A
3
B
2-
l SO
3
2-
A
3
C
2-
l CO
3
2-
SO
3
2-
+ 2H
+
SO
2
+ H
2
O
CO
3
2-
+ 2H
+
CO
2
+ H
2
O
D l SO
2
; E l CO
2
- Dng hnh hc phn t :
SO
2
: nguyn t S trng thi lai ha sp
2
nn phn t c cu to gc
CO
2
: nguyn t C trng thi lai ha sp nn phn t c cu to ng thng OCO
- Phn bit SO
2
v CO
2
Dng dung dch brm nhn ra SO
2
qua hin tng mu nu ca dung dch
brm nht dn
SO
2
+ Br
2
+ 2H
2
O = H
2
SO
4
+ 2HBr
- Kh SO
2
c th kt hp vi O
2
to SO
3
do lu hunh trong SO
2
cn cp electron t
do. CO
2
khng c kh nng ny do cc-bon trong phn t khng cn electron c
thn.
Cu 17
1.
- Khi i t tri sang phai trong mt chu k bn knh nguyn t gim dn nn: Na > Mg > Al.

- V cc ion Na
+
, Mg
2+
, F
-
, O
2
u c cu hnh electron ging Ne : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
, nn bn knh ca chng
gim xung khi in tch ht nhn tng:
8
O
2
>
9
F

>
11
Na
+
>
12
Mg
2+
>
13
Al
3+
.
- V cu hnh electron ca Al l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
rt ln hn so vi O
2
.
- Do bn knh gim dn nh sau:
Na > Mg > Al > O
2-
> F

> Na
+
> Mg
2+
> Al
3+
2.a) Cu trc (a) c kh nng tn ti thc t v n m bo cho lc y gia cc cp elctron khng lin
kt l nh nht.
b) Cu trc (C) c kh nng tn ti trong thc t v tng tc y cu trc ny b nht.
c) Cu trc c s gim nhiu lc y gia cc electron khng lin kt v cp electron lin kt.
3. Do c lin kt hidro nn nc c cu trc c bit. Cc nguyn t Oxi nm tm v bn nh ca
mt t din u. Mi nguyn t hidro lin kt chnh vi mt nguyn t oxi v lin kt hidro vi mt
nguyn t oxi khc. Cu trc ny tng i xp nn c t khi nh. Khi tan thnh nc lng cu trc
ny b ph v nn th tch gim v do t khi tng. Kt qu l nc nh hn nc.
33

O
H
H
H
H
O
O
H
O
H
H
O
H
H
H
Cau truc tdien cua tinh thenc a
Cu 18
1. Phn t H
2
O v H
2
S u l phn t c gc v chng thuc dng AX
2
E
2
.
Trng thi lai ha ca oxi v lu hunh u l sp
3
.
Oxi c m in ln hn lu hunh, my electron lin kt b ht mnh v pha nguyn t
trung tm s y nhau nhiu hn, lm tng gc lin kt. V vy gc lin kt trong phn t H
2
O
ln hn gc lin kt trong phn t H
2
S.
2. Nhn xt: T u n cui chu k bn knh nguyn t gim dn.
Gii thch: Trong chu k, s lp electron nh nhau nhng do in tch ht nhn tng dn, s
electron lp ngoi cng tng dn, lm cho lc ht gia ht nhn vi lp ngoi cng mnh dn
dn n bn knh nguyn t gim.
3. Cu hnh MO ca phn t N
2
: (
2s
)
2
(
2s
*
)
2
(
x
)
2
= (
y
)
2
(
z
)
2
bc lin kt = 3
Cu hnh MO ca phn t CO: (
2s
)
2
(
2s
*
)
2
(
x
)
2
= (
y
)
2
(
z
)
2
bc lin kt = 3
Lin kt trong phn t N
2
v CO rt ging nhau dn n mt s tnh cht vt l ging nhau.
4. Cc hp cht hydrohalogenua: HF HCl HBr HI
bn phn t gim t HF n HI v m in gim v bn knh nguyn t tng t F n I.
Tnh kh tng t HF n HI v m in gim t F n I lm cho kh nng nhng electron
tng t F
1
n Cl
1
.
II- BA I TP T GIAI
Cu 1. Xc nh hnh dng ca cc phn t sau: COS , ClNO , COCl
2
, SeF
4
, BF
4
-
, BF
3
, H
3
S
+
, XeF
4
,
HCN , SbF
3
, CH
3
+
, CH
3
-
, SeF
6
, ICl
3
, SbF
5
, NO
2
F , O
2
XeF
2
.
Cu 2. .Cho bit : Sn ( Z = 50)
a/ Hy vit cu hnh v s phn b electron trong cc obitan ha tr ca Sn
b/ Hy v cu trc hnh hc ca SnCl
4
.Trn c s hy gii thch ti sao SnCl
4
l mt axit
Lewis.
c/ Vit cc phn ng ca SnCl
4
vi Br
-
( tl mol 1:1 v 1:2 ) v vi etilen iamin .Hy s dng
thuyt s y cc cp electron ha tr(VSEPR) v cu trc khng gian ca cc sn phm ca cc
phn ng .
d/ Trn c s cu trc hy cho bit trng thi lai ha ca Sn(IV) trong cc tiu phn .
Cu 3. Cho cc phn t XeF
2
, XeF
4
, XeOF
4
, XeO
2
F
2
.
a/ Vit cng thc cu to Li - uyt (Lewis) cho tng phn t.
b/ p dng quy tc y gia cc cp electron ho tr, hy d on cu trc hnh hc ca cc phn
t .
c/ Hy cho bit kiu lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm trong mi phn t trn.
Cu 4. a/ Xc nh trng thi lai ha v cu trc phn t ca NH
3
v NF
3
. So snh gc lin kt HNH
v FNF. Gii thch?
b/ Da vo cu trc phn t trn hy gii thch ti sao trong iu kin thng NH
3
l cht kh
khng mu v ha lng ti -33,35
0
C v ha rn ti -77,75
0
C cn NF
3
l cht kh khng mu ha lng
-129
0
C v ha rn ti -209
0
C.
c/ So snh tnh baz v tnh kh ca NH
3
v NF
3
.
d/ So snh tnh bn nhit ca NH
3
v NF
3
.
Cu 5. Cho bit hnh dng ca NH
3

v H
3
O
+
.
b/ Trn c s ca thuyt lai ha hy gii thch hnh dng ( cu trc) ca NH
3
v ca H
3
O
+
. So
snh gc to bi gia HNH v HOH.
Cu 6. Cho Xe (Z=54) ; P ( Z = 15) ; F ( Z = 9) v O ( Z = 8 ).
34
a/ Vit cu hnh electron ca Xe v xc dnh v tr ca Xe trong bng HTTH.
b/ Xc nh cu trc hnh hc ca cc phn t v ion sau :
XeF
2
; XeF
4
; XeO
4
, [XeF
4
]
2+
; PF
-
6
v PBr
+
4
.
Gii thch cu trc va xc nh.
Cu 7. Hy cho bit cu to Lewis, dng lai ha( nu c ) , hnh dng theo m hnh VSEPR. Momen
lng cc ( = 0 hay 0 ) ca mi phn t sau: SF
4
, HClO
2
, HClO , ICl
-
4
, IF
7
, BrF
5
, HNO
3
v
C
2
H
6
.
Cu 8. Thc nghim cho bit phn t amoniac c cu trc hnh chp trong gc lin kt HNH = 107
0
.
Cho bit s hiu nguyn t ca N = 7 v ca H = 1.
1/ Trn c s ca thuyt lai ha hy gii thch kt qu thc nghim trn.
2/ Khi NH
3
kt hp proton chuyn thnh ion NH
+
4
. Xc nh cu trc ca NH
+
4
v so snh gc
lin kt ca HNH trong phn t NH
3
vi trong ion NH
+
4
. Gii thch.
3/ Xt phn ng : N
2
(k) + 3H
2
(k) 2NH
3
(k) (1)
Ti iu kin chun i vi cc cht c:
S
0
, 298 pu K
= -197,9 J/K v H
0
, 298 pu K
= -91,8 kJ
Da vo cu trc v c im lin kt trong cc phn t N
2
, H
2
v NH
3
hy gii thch ti sao
phn ng (1) li ta nhit.
Cu 9. Cc hp cht halogen - halogen.
Tt c cc hp cht gia cc halogen cc cng thc chung l XX
n
trong X c m in
ln hn v n l cc s phi tr bng 1, 3, 5 v 7.
1/ Gii thch ti sao ch s n l l cc s l.
2/ Clo v brom u to c vi Flo hp cht l ClF
3
v BrF
3
. C hai phn t ny u cu trc
hnh ch T. Trong gc lin kt FBrF = 86
0
12,6 cn gc lin kt FClF l 87
0
29
Gii thch gc lin kt v cho bit trng thi lai ha ca clo v brom trong cc phn t .
3/ ICl
3
iu kin thng l cht rn mu vng gm nhng phn t ime ( ICl
3
)
2
do 2 phn t
ICl
3
cng c cu trc hnh ch T trng hp m thnh. Xc nh bn cht lin kt ca cc nguyn t
trong cc phn t .
4/ Gii thch ti sao Iot c th to vi flo hp cht IF
7
song li khng to c vi clo hp cht
ICl
7
. Trn c s ca l thuyt v sc y ca cc cp electron ha tr ( VSEPR). Hy xc nh cu trc
khng gian ca phn t IF
7
.
5/ Ti nhit khong 350
0
C, IF
7
phn hy thnh IF
5
v F
2
. Trn c s ca thuyt VB hy xc
nh trng thi lai ha ca Iot trong phn t IF
5
v cu trc phn t ca IF
5
.

Cu 10. Hy gii thch lin kt ha hc trong cc phn t sau theo thuyt lai ha, dng m hnh
VSEPR
a/ NH
3
; b/ H
2
O; c/ CH
4
; d/ C
2
H
2
; e/ C
2
H
4
f/ C
6
H
6
.
Cu 11. PF
3
l cht kh khng mu, phn hy chm, c to ra khi nung PF
5
nhit trn 400
0
C.
1/ S dng m hnh VSEPR, hy d on cu trc hnh hc ca PF
3
v PF
5
. Trn c s cho
bit trng thi lai ha ca P trong cc phn t .
2/ Khi cho PF
3
tc dng vi O
2
to ra cht kh X duy nht. Xc nh cng thc ca kh X v cu
trc khng gian ca phn t X. Hy cho bit trng thi lai ha ca photpho trong phn t v m t cc
lin kt to thnh trong phn t .
3/ Cho PF
3
tc dng vi Cl
2
thu c PCl
2
F
3
(Y).
a/ S dng m hnh VSEPR v thuyt VB, hy xc nh cu trc khng gian ca Y v trng thi
lai ha ca P trong phn t PCl
2
F
3
.
b/ Trn thc t. trong khong nhit t 0
0
C n 140
0
C, PCl
2
F
3
tn ti dng hp cht ion l
[PCl
+
4
][PF
-
6
] . Xc nh cu trc ca cc ion trong phn t PCl
2
F
3
v cho bit trng thi lai ha ca P
trong cc ion .
Cu 12. Hp cht photpho petahalogenua c nhng c im cu to khc vi d on thng thng.
trng thi lng, chng tn ti dng hp cht ion to nn t 1 cation in tch 1+ v 1 anion in tch
1-.
1/ Photphopentaclorua

l cht rn mu trng, km bn nhit. ti trng thi rn c thnh phn l
P
2
Cl
10
.

Hy xc nh cc ion trong phn t P
2
Cl
10
. Cho bit trng thi lai ha ca photpho trong cc hp
cht .
2/ Hp cht ion A c cng thc n gin l PBr
2
F
3
.
35
a/ Xc nh cc ng phn c th c ca phn t A.
b/ Hy cho bit cng thc ng vi ng phn no bn nht? km bn nht? Gii thch?
3/ Photphopentabromua l hp cht ion c cng thc phn t l PBr
5
. Xc nh cu trc ca
phn t ny v cho bit trng thi lai ha ca photpho trong phn t ny?
Hy cho bit ti sao photphopentabromua khng th c cng thc phn t l P
2
Br
10
.
Cu 13. Khi cho AsF
3
tc dng vi Cl
2
nhit 50
0
C - 60
0
C sau lm lnh n -40
0
C, ngi ta thu
c hp cht ion X c cng thc l As
2
Cl
4
F
6
.
a/ Xc nh cc ng phn c th c ca X.
b/ Xc nh ng phn bn nht ? ng phn km bn nht ? Gii thch ?
Cu 14. i lu hunh i florua l kh khng mu tn ti 2 dng ng phn l (-SF)
2
v S(S)F
2
.
1/ Xc nh cu trc ca 2 dng ng phn . Cho bit trng thi lai ha ca lu hunh trong
cc ng phn .
2/ So snh bn ca 2 dng ng phn . Gii thch?
3/ So snh nhit si v nhit nng chy ca 2 ng phn . Gii thch?
3/ Khi un nng nhit >180
0
C, S
2
F
2
phn hy thnh SF
4
v S.
a/ Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra .
b/ Da vo m hnh VSEPR v thuyt VB, hy xc nh cu trc khng gian ca SF
4
. Trn c s
hy cho bit trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t lu hunh trong phn t .
c/ So snh di cc lin kt ca lu hunh v flo trong phn t . Gii thch?
4/ Khi cho SF
4
tc dng vi BF
3
v vi CsF, ngi ta thu c cc hp cht ion A v B theo s
sau : SF
4
(l) + BF
3
[SF
3
][BF
4
] (1)
(A)
SF
4
(l) + CsF Cs[SF
5
] (2)
(B)
SF
4
+ Cl
2
+ CsF Cs[SClF
5
] (3)
(E)
Xc nh cu trc ca cc ion trong phn t A v ca anion tron phn t B, E. Trong cc phn
t, lu hunh trng thi lai ha g?
5/ Tin hnh in phn SF
4
trong HF lng ngi ta thu c kh H
2
v SF
6
. Vit cc phng
trnh phn ng xy ra ti cc in cc v phn ng chung trong bnh in phn.
6/ Xc nh cu trc khng gian ca SF
6
. Trng thi lai ha ca lu hunh trong cc hp cht .
36