Cu 1: a. V s h thng sx ging cy trng b. Phn tch cc g sx ging cy trng Tr li: a.

S h thng sx ging cy trng:

Ht ging SNC

NC

XN
i tr

Cc g sx ging: G1 : sx ht ging siu nguyn chng Ht ging SNC l ht ging c cht lng v thun khit rt cao. G ny c nhim v duy tr, phc trng v sx ht ging SNC. G 1 c thc hin cc x nghip, cc trung tm sx ging chuyn trch. G 2: SX ht ging nguyn chng t SNC. - Ht ging nguyn chng l ht ging cht lng cao c nhn ra t ht ging SNC. - G ny c tin hnh cc cng ty hoc cc trung tm ging cy trng. G 3: Sx ht ging xc nhn - Ht ging xc nhn c nhn ra t ht ging nguyn chng cung cp cho nng dn sx i tr. - Sx ht ging xc nhn c thc hin cc c s nhn ging lin kt gia cc cng ty, trung tm v c s sx. b. -

Cu 2: a) V s sn xut ging cy t th phn b) So snh s khc nhau gia s phc trng v s duy tr cy t th phn Tr li a) V s
Vt liu khi u Ht SNC, Ht tc gi

SNC
Nhn

ging
s b

Th nghim so snh

NC SNC
XN

SNC

Sn xut ht ging theo s duy tr cy t th phn

NC

XN

S sn xut ging theo s phc trng cy t th phn

b) So snh - s sn xut ging theo s duy tr ch qua nh gi dng ln 1 v chn ht ca dng lm ht SNC, ly ht SNC nhn ging NC. Sau sn xut ht ging xc nhn t ging nguyn chng s sn xut ging theo s phc trng tri qua 2 ln nh gi dng. Sau so snh ging v chn ht SNC phc trng. Nhn ht ging NC t ht SNC. Sau sn xut ht ging xc nhn t ht ging NC.

Cu 3 :v s sn xut ging cy th phn cho So snh s sn xut ging cy t th phn,th phn cho v cy nhn ging v tnh. S sn xut ging cy trng th phn cho. s phc trng cy t th phn

S sn xut ging cy nhn ging v tnh.

CHN VT LIU NUI CY Kh trng

To chi

T o r

SO SNH

Cy vo mi trng thch ng

TRNG M TRONG VN M

So snh quy trnh sn xut ging 3 nhm cy trng p n: Ging khc Cy t th phn Cy th phn cho Qua 3 giai on: SNC, NC, XN - Vt liu khi - Vt liu khi u u l ht tc gi, l ht SNC, ht tc ht nhp ni hoc gi ht thoi ha - Yu cu cch li - Khng i hi nghim ngt yu cu cch li cao Cy nhn ging v tnh - Vt liu khi u l th h v tnh t tiu chun cp SNC. - Khng yu cu cch li.

Cu 4: a/ Nu c s khoa hc ca phng php nui cy m t bo b/Ly vd minh ha v qui trnh nui cy m t bo i vi ging cy trng Bi lm a/ C s khoa hc ca phng php nui cy m t bo: T bo thc vt c tnh ton nng: Bt c t bo no hoc m no thuc c quan nh: r, thn , l u cha h gen quy nh kiu gen ca loi . Chng u c kh nng sinh sn v tnh to thnh cy hon chnh nu c nui trong mi trng thch hp. C th thc vt l mt h thng bao gm nhiu c quan c chc nng khc nhau, c hnh thnh t nhiu t bo khc nhau. Tt c cc t bo ny u c chung ngun gc l t bo hp t. giai on u t bo hp t phn chia thnh cc t bo phi sinh cha mang chc nng chuyn bit. Sau t bo phi sinh tip tc bin i thnh cc t bo chuyn ha c hiu cho cc m, cc c quan khc nhau. S chuyn ha cc t bo phi sinh thnh cc t bo chuyn ha m nhn chc nng khc nhau gi l s phn ha t bo. T bo phn ha thnh cc t bo chuyn bit c chc nng khc nhau khng mt i kh nng bin i ca mnh. iu kin thch hp chng li c th tr v dng phi sinh v phn chia mnh m. Qu trnh ny c gi l phn phn ha t bo. K thut nui cy m t bo l k thut iu khin s pht sinh hnh thi ca t bo thc vt mt cahcs nh hng da vo s phn ha, phn phn ha trn c s tnh ton nng ca t bo thc vt khi c nui cy tch ri trong iu kin nhn to, v trng.

b/Ly vd minh ha v qui trnh nui cy m t bo i vi ging cy trng V d quy trnh l thut nhn nhanh chui:

Chi chui Kh trng HgCl2 0,1% trong 10 pht

Mu sch MS + BAP 6ppm + 2,5% sacaroza + 0,6% agar + 15% nc da To chi MS + 2,5% sacaroza + 0,6% agar + 15% nc da + than hot tnh 1 g/lt T o r t xp nh

Thch ng vi iu kin t nhin

Vn m

Cu 5: a, Nu ngha ca quy trnh nhn ging bng phng php nui cy m t bo b, Trnh by quy trnh nhn ging cng ngh nui cy m t bo Tr li a, Nu ngha ca quy trnh nhn ging bng phng php nui cy m t bo - C th nhn ging cy trng quy m cng nghip k c trn cc i tng kh nhn ging bng phng php thng thng. Vd: hoa lan. - C h s nhn ging cao. - Cho ra cc sn phm ng nht v mt di truyn. - Nu nguyn liu nui cy sch bnh th sn phm nhn ging hon ton sch bnh. b, Trnh by quy trnh nhn ging cng ngh nui cy m t bo -Chn vt liu nui cy: +L t bo ca m phn sinh. +Khng b su bnh (virut) c trng trong bung cch li trnh hon ton cc ngun ly bnh. - Kh trng: + Phn ct nh sinh trng ca vt liu nui cy thnh cc phn t nh. + Ty ra bng nc sch v kh trng. To chi trong mi trng nhn to:

+Mu c nui cy trong mi trng dinh dng nhn to to chi, tc l ti to cy t cc nh sinh trng + Mi trng dinh dng nhn to thng dng l mi trng MS ( Murashige v Skoog) -To r: + Khi chi t chun kch thc (v chiu cao) th tch chi v cy chuyn sang mi trng to r + B sung cht kch thch sinh trng ( NAA, IBA)

-Cy cy vo mi trng thch ng Sau khi chi cy ra r, cy cy vo mi trng thch ng cy thch nghi dn vi iu kin t nhin. -Trng cy trong vn m: Sau khi cy pht trin bnh thng v t tiu chun cy ging, chuyn cy ra vn m. S : Quy trnh cng ngh nhn ging bng cng ngh nui cy m t bo
CHN VT LIU NUI CY

KH TRNG

TO CHI

TO R

CY CY VO MI TRNG THCH NG

TRNG CY TRONG VN M

* ng dng nui cy m: Nhn nhanh c nhiu ging cy lng thc, thc phm (la chu mn, khng o n, khoai ty,supl, mng ty...), ging cy nng nghip (ma,

c ph...), ging cy hoa (cm chng, ng tin, lili...), cy n qu (chui, da, du ty...), cy lm nghip(bch n keo lai, thng, tng, trm hng...

S dng v bo v t trng Cu 1: Th no l keo t. Trnh by cu to v ngha ca keo t trong trng trt Tr li : 1.1. Th no l keo t: Keo t l nhng phn t c kch thc khong di 1m, khng ha tan trong nc m trng thi huyn ph 1.2. Cu to ca keo t : Mi mt ht keo c mt nhn. Lp phn t nm pha ngoi ca nhn phn li thnh cc ion vo to ra lp ion quyt nh in. Nu lp ny mang in m th keo mang in m. Nu lp ny mang in dng th keo mang in dng. Pha ngoi lp ion quyt nh in l lp ion b (gm 2 lp: lp ion bt ng v lp ion khuch tn ) mang in tri du vi lp ion quyt nh in

b, hnh : s cu to ca keo t a, keo m; b, keo dng Keo t c kh nng trao i ion ca mnh lp ion khuch tn vi cc ion cu dung dch t. y chnh l c s ca s trao i dinh dng gia t v cy trng.

a,

Cu 2 : a) th no l phn ng ca dung dch t? b) Trnh by cc loi phn ng ca dung dch t ? Tr li a) Phn ng ca dung dch t ch tnh chua , kim hoc trung tnh ca t . Phn ng dung dch t do nng H+ v OH- quyt nh. Nu [H+ ] > [OH- ] t c phn ng chua , [H+ ] = [OH- ] t c phn ng trung tnh v [H+ ] < [OH-] t c phn ng kim. b) Cc loi phn ng ca dung dch t 1. Phn ng chua ca t Cn c vo trng thi ca H+ v Al3+ trong t , chua ca t c chia lm 2 loi . chua hot tnh l chua do H+ trong dung dch t gy nn. chua hot tnh c biu th bng pH ca H20 . + pH ca t thng t 3 n 9 . t lm nghip phn ln l chua v rt chua, tr s pH thng nh hn 6.5. t nng nghip, tr t ph sat rung tnh t chua, t mn kim, cc loi t cn li u chua. c bit hot ng rt chua, pH thng nh hn 4. chua tim tang l do chua do H+ v Al3+ trn b mt ko di gy nn. 2) Phn ng kim ca t mt s loi t c cha cc mui kim Na2CO3, CaCO3. Phn ng ca dung dch t rt c ngha trong sn xut nng, lm nghip. Da vo phn ng ca t nta b tr cy trng cho ph hp , bn phn, bn vi ci to ph nhiu ca t.

Cu 3: a) Phn tch nguyn nhn hnh thnh t xm bc mu? b) Trnh by tnh cht, hng ci to v s dng t xm bc mu? Tr li: a) Nguyn nhn hnh thnh t xm bc mu: - t xm bc mu c hnh thnh vng gip ranh gia ng bng v trung du min ni, a hnh dc thoi nn qu trnh ra tri cc ht st, keo v cht dinh dng din ra mnh m. - Loi t ny c dng trng la lu i vi tp qun canh tc lc hu nn t b thoi ha nghim trng. - nc ta, t xm bc mu phn b rng ri cc vng trung du Bc B, ng Nam B v Ty Nguyn. b) Tnh cht, hng ci to v s dng t xm bc mu: *) Tnh cht: - t xm bc mu c tng t mt mng. Lp t mt c thnh phn c gii nh: t l ct ln, lng st, keo t. t thng b kh hn. - t chua hoc rt chua. t ngho cht dinh dng, ngho mn. - S lng vi sinh vt trong t t. Hot ng ca vi sinh vt t yu. *) Hng ci to: Tt c cc bin php ci to nhm ci thin cc tnh cht vt l, ha hc v sinh hc ca t. C nhiu bin php ci to t xm bc mu. Di y l mt s bin php ci to chnh: - Xy dng b vng, b tha v h thng mng mng, bo m ti, tiu hp l. - Cy su dn kt hp bn tng phn hu c v bn ohaan ha hc (N,P,K) hp l. - Bn vi ci to t. - Lun canh cy trng: Lun canh cy h u, cy lng thc v cy phn xanh. *) S dng t xm bc mu: Do c hnh thnh a hnh dc thoi thot nc, thnh phn c gii nh, d cy ba, nn t xm bc mu thch hp vi nhiu loi cy trng cn.

Cu 4 a) Phn tch nguyn nhn hnh thnh t xi mn mnh tr si b) Trnh by tnh cht, hng ci to v s dng t xi mn mnh tr si Tr li a) Nguyn nhn hnh thnh t xi mn mnh tr si - Xi mn t l qu trnh ph hy lp t mt v tng t di do tc ng ca nc ma, nc ti, tuyt tan hoc gi - Nguyn nhn chnh gy xi mn t l lng ma ln v a hnh dc: Nc ma ri vo mt t ph v kt cu t. Ma cng ln lng t b bo mn, ra tri cng nhiu. a hnh nh hng n xi mn, ra tri t thng qua dc v chiu di dc. dc cng ln, dc cng di tc dng chy cng mnh, tc xi mn cng ln. Do b ra tri, bo mn mnh nn tng mn rt mng, c trng hp mt hn, trn b mt cn tr xi . b) Tnh cht, hng ci to v s dng t xi mn mnh tr si - Tnh cht Hnh thi phu din khng hon chnh, c trng hp mt hn tng mn St v limon b cun tri i, trong t ct, si chim u th t chua hoc rt chua, ngho mn v cht dinh dng S lng vi sinh vt t t, hot ng ca vi sinh vt t yu - Hng ci to v s dng +) Bin php cng trnh Lm rung bc thang: rung bc thang l nhng gii t nm ngang sn dc. Cc di t ny dng canh tc v c bo v bng cc b t hoc . Thm cy n qu: thm cy n qu l dng khng lin tc ca rung bc thang. Khong cch gia hai hng cy n qu cy trng c hoc h u bo v t . +) Bin php nng hc: Bin php nng hcbao gm: Canh tc theo ng ng mc Bn phn hu c kt hp vi phn khong (N, P, K) Bn vi ci to t Lun canh v xen canh gi v cy trng

 Trng cy thnh bng ( di ) Canh tc nng, lm kt hp Trng cy bo v t. c bit l trng v o v rng u ngun. i vi t xi mn mnh tr si , bin php quan trng hng u l trng cy ph xanh t.

Cu 5 : a. Phn tch nguyn nhn hnh thnh t mn b. Trnh by tnh cht,hng ci to v s dng t mn Tr li a. Nguyn nhn hnh thnh t mn: - t mn l loi t c ch nhiu cation natri hp ph trn b mt keo t v trong dung dch t. - t mn c hnh thnh do tc ng ca nhiu yu t. nc ta, t mn c hnh thnh do hai nguyn nhn chnh: + Do nc bin trn vo + Do nh hng ca nc ngm.v ma kh, mui ha tan theo cc mao qun dn ln lm t nhim mn. - t mn nc ta c hnh thnh vng ng bng ven bin. b. Tnh cht, hng ci to v s dng t mn: - Tnh cht: + c thnh phn c gii nng. T l st t 50% n 60%.t cht, thm nc km.Khi b t t do ,dnh.Khi b kh, t co li, nt n, rn chc, kh lm t. + Cha nhiu mui tan di dng NaCl,Na2SO4 nn p sut thm thu ca dung dch t ln, lm nh hng n qu trnh ht nc v cht dinh dng ca cy trng. + t c phn ng trung tnh hoc kim yu + Hot ng ca vi sinh vt t yu. - Bin php ci to: + Bin php thy li: p ngn nc bin, xy dng h thng mng mng ti,tiu hp l. + Bin php bn vi Sau khi bn vi mt thi gian, tin hnh tho nc ra mn Sau khi ra mn, cn bn b sung cht hu c nng cao ph nhiu cho t + Trng cy chu mn: Trng cy chu mn gim bt lng natri trong t, sau s trng cc cy trng khc - S dng t mn: + Sau khi ci to c th trng la,trng ci +s dng m rng din tch nui trng thy sn + Vng t mn ngoi cn trng rng gi t v bo v mi trng.

Cu 6. Phn tch nguyn nhn hnh thnh t phn. Trnh by tnh cht, hng ci to v s dng t phn. Bi lm a) Nguyn nhn hnh thnh t phn nh sau: t phn l loi t c hnh thnh vng ng bng ven bin c nhiu xc sinh vt cha lu hunh. Cc xc sinh vt ny b phn hy gii phng ra lu hunh (S). Trong iu kin ym kh, lu hunh s kt hp vi st (Fe) trong ph sa to thnh hp cht pyrit (FeS2). Trong iu kin thot nc, thong kh, FeS2 b oxy ha hnh thnh axit sunphuric (H2SO4) lm cho t chua trm trng. V vy tng cha FeS2 cn c gi l tng sinh phn. b) Tnh cht, hng ci to v s dng t phn Tnh cht - t phn c thnh phn c gii nng. Tng mt khi kh tr thnh cng, c nhiu vt nt n. - t rt chua. Tr s pH thng nh hn 4,0. Trong t c nhiu cht c hi cho cy trng (Al3+; Fe3+; CH4; H2S). - t c ph nhiu thp. - Hot ng ca vi sinh vt t yu. Bin php ci to t phn ci to t phn, ngi ta thng dng cc bin php sau y: Bin php thy li: Xy dng h thng knh ti, tiu nc thau chua, ra mn, x phn (ra phn) v h thp mch nc ngm. Bn vi kh chua v lm gim c hi ca nhm t do (Al3+). Khi bn vi vo t s xy ra cc phn ng sau:

Bn phn hu c, m, ln v phn vi lng nng cao ph nhiu ca t.

Cy su,phi i: Cy su, phi i cho qu trnh chua ha din ra mnh, sau nh nc ma, nc ti ra phn. Ln lip (lung): Lt p t thnh lung cao. Lm nh vy lp t phn di c lt ln pha trn, gc r, c di b p xung to thnh lp m hu c, hai bn lip c hai rnh tiu phn. Khi ti nc ngt vo lip, cht phn c ha tan v tri xung rnh tiu.

S dng t phn - Hin nay t phn c s dng trng la. trng c la, ng bng sng Cu Long nhn dn s dng phi hp cc bin php sau: Cy nng, ba sc, gi nc lin tc, thay nc thng xuyn - Trng cy chu phn.

S dng v sn xut phn bn Cu 1: a. Th no l phn ho hc? b. Nu c im v cch s dng phn ho hc? Tr li a. Phn ho hc l loi phn bn c sn xut theo quy trnh cng nghip. Trong qu trnh sn xut c s dng 1 s nguyn liu t nhin hoc tng hp. Tu thuc vo nguyn t dinh dng c cha trong phn bn, phn ho hc c th l phn m, ln , cni, lu hunh, bo Phn ho hc c th l phn n( cha 1 nguyn t dinh dng) ,phn a nguyn t( cha 2 hoc nhiu nguyn t dinh dng). b. c im v cch s dng phn ho hc: *. c im: - Phn ho hccha t nguyn t dinh dng, nhng t l cht dinh dng cao. - Phn ln phn ho hc d ho tan (tr phn ln) nn cy d hp th v cho hiu qu nhanh. - Bn nhiu phn ho hc, bn lin tc nhu nm, c bit l phn m v phn kali d lm cho t ho chua. *. Cch s dng: - Do c t l dinh dng cao, d ho tan v hiu qu nhanhnn phn m, kali dung bn thc l chnh. Phn m, kali cng c th dung bn lt nhng phi bn vi lng nh. - Phn ln kh ho tan nn dung bn lt, c thi gian cho phn bn ho tan. - Bn phn m, kali nhiu nm lin tc t s b ho chua, v vy sau nhiu nm bn phn m, kali, cn bn vi ci to t. Phn hn hp NPK c th dung bn lt hoc bn thc. u im ca loi phn bn ny l bn 1 ln cung cp c 3 nguyn t nit, photpho v kali cho cy trng. do mi loi t, mi loi cy trng c lng cha v nhu cu khc nhau v nit, photpho, kali nn phn hn hp NPK c sn xut ring cho cc loi t, cc loi cy trng.

Cu 2 a. Th no l phn hu c Tt c cc cht hu c vi vo t duy tr v nng cao ph nhiu ca t , m bo cho cy trng c nng sut cao, cht lng tt c gi l phn hu c . b. Nu c im phn hu c - Phn hu c c cha nhiu nguyn t dinh dng t a lng, trung lng v vi lng. - Phn hu c c thnh phn v t l cht dinh dng khng n nh. - Nhng cht dinh dng trong phn hu c cy khng s dng c ngay m phi qua qu trnh khong ha cy mi s dng c. v vy, phn hu c l loi phn bn c hiu qu chm. - Bn phn hu c lin tc nhiu nm khng lm hi t. c. Cch s dng phn hu c Phn hu c dng bn lt l chnh , nhng trc khi s dng cn phi cho hoi mc

Cu 3: a) Th no l phn vi sinh vt? b) Nu c im v cch s dng phn vi sinh vt? Tr li: a) Phn vi sinh vt: Loi phn bn c cha cc loi vi sinh vt c nh m, chuyn ha ln hoc vi sinh vt phn gii cht hu c b) Nu c im v cch s dng phn vi sinh vt: *) c im: - Phn vi sinh vt l loi phn bn c cha vi sinh vt sng. Kh nng sng v thi gian tn ti ca vi sinh vt ph thuc vo iu kin ngoi cnh nn thi hn s dng ngn. - Mi loi phn bn ch thch hp vi mt hoc mt nhm cy trng nht nh. - Bn phn vi sinh vt lin tc nhiu nm khng lm hi t. *) S dng: - Phn vi sinh vt c tht trn hoc tm vo ht, r cy trc khi gieo trng. - Phn vi sinh vt c th bn tr tip vo t tng s lng vi sinh vt c ch cho t.

Cu 4 a) Phn tch nguyn l sn xut phn vi sinh vt b) Nu c im v cch s dng phn vi sinh c nh m. Tr li a) Nguyn l sn xut phn vi sinh vt - Cng ngh vi sinh vt nghin cu khai thc cc hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt sn xut ra cc sn phm c gi tr phc v i sng v pht trin kinh t, x hi.ng dng cng ngh vi sinh, cc nh khoa hc to ra cc loi phn vi sinh vt khc nhau phc v sn xut nng nghip. - Nguyn l sx vi sinh vt , khi sx `1 loi phn vi sinh no , ngi ta nhn sau phi trn chng vi sinh vt c hiu vi mt cht nn. Bng cng ngh ny, ngi ta sn xut c cc loi phn vi sinh vt c nh m, chuyn ha ln v phn vi sinh vt gii cht hu c trong t. b) Phn vi sinh c mnh m - c im + C cha cc nhm vi sinh vt c nh nito t do sng cng vi cy h u hoc sng hi sinh vi c la v mt s cy trng khc. + Thnh phn chnh ca loai phn bn ny gm: than bn, vi sinh vt nt sn c h u, cc cht khong v nguyn t vi lng. - Cch s dng: + Dung tm ht ging trc khi gieo hoc bn trc tip vo t. + Tm ht ging cn c tin hnh ni rm mt, trnh nh hng trc tip ca nh nng mt tri c th lm cht vi sinh vt . Sau khi tm, ht ging cn c gieo trng v vi vo t nga.

Bo v cy trng Cu 1: iu kin su bnhj hi pht trin thnh dch trn ng rung Cc yu t nh hng n sinh trng v pht trin ca su bnh hi cy trng bnh trn ng rung - C sn trn ng rung - C t ging cy trng - Trong phn bn - Cn trng trn ng rung Yu t nh hng n s dinh trng v pht trin ca su bnh hi cy trng - iu kin kh hu t ai + Nhit Nhit mi trng nh hng ln n s sinh trng v pht trin ca su bnh hi cy trng. Nhit cng cao su bnh hi sinh trng cng nhanh v mnh trong gii hn cho php Mi loi su hi thch ng vi 1 loi su hi nht nh, ngoi ngng ny su c th b cht hoc ngng hot ng + m khng kh v ma m cng cao su bnh hi pht trin cng mnh. Lng ma nh hng n s pht sinh v pht trin ca su bnh hi cy trng. Lng ma v m khng kh cao gip cho su bnh hi pht trin tt. Ngoi ra lng ma v m cn nh hng n su bnh hi thong qua ngun thc n + iu kin t ai Ty tng loi t m cy bnh c th nhim su bnh hi khc nhau Trn t chua cy trng km pht trin d mc bnh tim la + iu kin ging cy trng S dng ging b nhim su bnh hi t ht v cy non. Do ch chm sc, ti tiu, phn bn, thuc tr su Bn phn ko ng cch , ko hp l, ko ng thi im Do iu kin kh hu thi tit gy nn

Cu 2: 1. Nu nh hng ca thuc ha hc bo v thc vt n qun th sinh vt ? Thuc ha hc bo v thc vt thng c ph c rt rng vi nhiu loi su bnh . V vy chng c s dng rt linh ng ( mt loi thuc c th dng cho nhiu loi cy trng,nhiu loi su bnh, bnh hi , ). Mt khc tng hiu qu tr su, bnh hai, thuc ha hc bo v thc vt thng c s dng vi nng cao hoc tng lng cao . Cch s dng nh vy nhiu khi lm cho thuc bo v thc vt tc ng n m t, bo ca cy trng gy ra hiu ng chy, tp l, thn, lm nh hng ti sinh trng, pht trin ca cy dn ti gim nng sut v cht lng nng sn. Khi s dng khng hp l, thuc ha hc bo v thc vt c tc ng xu ti qun th sinh vt c ch trn ng rung, trong nc, trong t, lm ph v cn bng n nh ca qun th sinh vt. Lm xut hin cc qun th dch hi khng thuc. Vic s dng mt s loi thuc lin tc hoc nhiu loi thuc c tnh nng gn ging nhau l iu kin hnh thnh cc dng dich hi t bin c kh nng chu ng cao vi thuc ha hc bo v thc vt 2. Trnh by nhng bin php hn ch nh hng xu ca thuc ha hc bo v thc vt n qun th sinh vt v mi trng xung quanh ? hn ch nh hng xu ca thuc ha hc bo v thc vt n qun th sinh vt v mi trng xung quanh, khi s dng cn tun th cc nguyn tc su: Ch dng thuc ha hc bo v thc vt khi dch hi ti ngng gy hi. S dng cc loi thuc c tnh chn lc cao, phn hy nhanh trong mi trng. S dng ng thuc, ng thi gian, ng nng v liu lng. Trong qu trnh bo qun, s dng thuc ha hc bo v thc vt cn tun th an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng.

Cu 3 a. Nu nh hng ca thuc bo v thc vt n mi trng xung quanh. b. Trnh by nhng bin php hn ch nh hng xu ca thuc ha hc bo v thc vt n qun th sinh vt v mi trng xung quanh. Tr li: a) nh hng ca thuc bo v thc vt n mi trng xung quanh la: do s dng khng hp l: nng , liu lng qu cao, thi gian cch ly ngn ( thi gian t ln phun thuc cui n khi thu hoch sn phm), thuc bo v thc vt gy nhim mi trng t, nc, khng kh v nng sn. - Mt lng ln thuc ha hc bo v thc vt c tch ly trong lng thc, thc phm. iu ny gy tc ng xu n sc khe ca con ngi v nhiu loi vt nui. - T trong nc, trong t, thuc ha hc bo v thc vt i vo c th ng vt thy sinh ( tm, cua, c), vo nng sn, thc phm ( thc go, ng khoai, rau, qu), cui cng vo c th con ngi v gy ra mt s bnh him ngho. C nhiu trng hp n phi thc phm c d lng thuc ha hc bo v thc vt gy ng c. b. Trnh by nhng bin php hn ch nh hng xu ca thuc ha hc bo v thc vt n qun th sinh vt v mi trng xung quanh. - Ch dung thuc ha hc bo v thc vt khi dch hi n ngng gy hi. - S dng cc loi thuc c tnh chn lc cao; phn hy nhanh trong mi trng. - S dng ng thuc, ng thi gian, ng nng v liu lng. - Trong qu trnh bo qun v s dng thuc ha hc bo v thc vt cn tun theo cc quy nh an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng.

Cu 4 a) Phn tch c ch gy bnh ca virut ln su hi b) Th no l ch phm virut tr su? Nu quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ch phm virut tr su TR LI a) C ch gy bnh ca virut ln su hi Virut gy bnh ln su hi din ra qua 3 giai on: - Giai on tim n: ko di t 6 12 gi, y l giai oncc th vi PIB ( polyhedrosis inclusion body) xm nhp vo trong t bo, cc virion c phng ra, chng t nh vo cc v tr thch hp trn mng nhn t bo thnh rut ca su. - Giai on tng trng: ko di t 12 48 gi, y l giai on tng nhanh ca cc virion mi trong dch rut ca su, nhng su tui nh ch 32 gi trong c th su cha y cc virion trn. - Giai on cui: l giai on to thnh cc th dng vi, ngha l cc virion c bao bc bi cc protein. Thi k bnh ca cn trng c th ko di t 3 7 ngy v qu trnh bnh cn ph thuc vo tui su, iu kin nhit , m v lng thc n khi ly nhim. b) Ch phm virut tr su l: s dng mt s loi virut phng tr mt s loi su hi Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ch phm virut tr su

Cu 5:a) Phn tch c ch gy bnh ca nm phn trng ln su hi b) Th no l ch phm nm tr su? Nu quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ch phm nm phn trng tr su. Tr li a) C ch gy bnh ca nm phn trng ln su hi Nhng bo t nm phn trng thng bay trong khng kh, khi dnh vo cn trng (su bnh hi) gp iu kin thch hp s ny mm v mc thnh si nm m xuyn qua v kitin. Chng pht trin ngay trong c th cn trng cho n khi xut hin cc t bo nm u tin. Cn trng phi huy ng ht tt c cc t bo bch huyt chng , nhng nm phn trng s dng c t boverixin, proteaza v mt s cht khc lm cho t bo bch huyt ca su khng chng ni nn ln lt b hy dit. Khi c t nm tiu dit ht cc t bo bch huyt cng l lc cn trng b cht. b) Ch phm nm tr su: l dng cc loi nm gy bnh cho su b, nm cng pht trin th cc h c quan ca su b cng b p vo thnh c th lm cho su bnh yu dn ri cht. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ch phm nm tr su Ging thun(beauveria bassiana) mi trng nhn sinh khi( cm, ng, ng) Ri mng hnh thnh bo t trong iu kin thong kh Thu sinh khi nm Sy, ng gi, bo qun.