1.

Ha i cng:
1.1. Cu to nguyn t v H thng tun hon cc nguyn t:
1.1.1. Vit cu hnh electron trng thi c bn ca cc nguyn t crom v
ng. Ti sao trong sch gio khoa ngi ta bn n "s bt thng" trong
cch sp xp electron trong hai nguyn t ?
1.1.2. Tm cu hnh electron ca nguyn t clo cc trng thi kch
thch.Trong cc trng thi nguyn t clo ng vi cc s oxiha no ? Dn
chng mt s hp cht chng minh.
1.1.3. Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t lu hunh trng thi kch thch
th nht. Trong nguyn t y c bao nhiu cp electron, chng chim
nhng obitan no? C bao nhiu electron c thn, chng chim nhng
obitan no?
1.1.4. Tm s electron s ntron v s proton c trong cc ht sau:
a) ion nitrat NO
3

; b) cation Fe
3+
; c) phn t NH
3
; d) ion pemanganat MnO
4

;
e) cation NH
4
+
; f) phn t SO
2
.
1.1.5. Kh him no v ion ca nhng nguyn t no c cng mt cu hnh
electron vi ht sinh ra khi nguyn t photpho mt tt c electron ha tr?
1.1.6. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t he li trng vi cu hnh electron ca
mt s ion no? Nu nhng ion v gii thch.
1.1.7. Vit phng trnh ca phn ng to thnh hp cht trong thnh phn
ca n ch c nhng ion c cu hnh electron bn ngoi 2s
2
2p
6
.
1.1.8. Nhng cp cht no cho sau y c s phn b electron vo cc phn
lp ging
nhau?
34
Se
2+
v
36
Kr ;
25
Mn
4+
v
24
Cr
3+
;
11
Na
+
v
17
Cl

;
28
Ni v
30
Zn
2+
;
29
Cu
+

v
30
Zn
2+
.
1.1.9. Tnh tc ht c khi lng 6,64. 10
27
kg cn phi chuyn ng
nu ht tng ng vi bc sng Bri = 1,42. 10
3
nm (1nm =
10
9
m)
1.1.10. Vit tt c nhng s lng t ca hai electron nm trn obitan 4s.
1.1.11. Vit b cc s lng t ca mi electron nm trn cc obitan 3p:
1.1.12. Electron c n= 3 v l = 1 c th nm mc nng lng no v trn
obitan no? Obitan (ni khc i, m my electron) c dng nh th
no?
1.1.13. C nhng trng hp no v s lng electron trong 1 obitan nguyn t ?
Hy dng lng t trnh by c th tng trng hp .
1.1.14. Dng lng t (c ch th t ca electron) , hy trnh by cc trng
hp c th xy ra khi phn b 2 electron vo cc obitan nguyn t phn lp
p .
1.1.15. Xc nh nguyn t m electron cui cng in vo c cc s lng t
sau:
1
a) n = 2 ; l = 1 ; m = 0 ; m
S
= +
1
2
b) n = 3 ; l = 2 ; m = 0 ; m
S
=
1
2
1.1.16. Cho bit mt s gi tr nng lng ion ho th nht (I
1
, eV) : 5,14 ;
7,64 ; 21,58 ca Ne, Na, Mg v mt s gi tr nng lng ion ho th hai (I
2
,
eV) : 41,07 ; 47,29 ca Na v Ne.
Hy gn mi gi tr I
1
, I
2
cho mi nguyn t v gii thch. Hi I
2
ca Mg nh
th no so vi cc gi tr trn? V sao?
1.1.17. Trong t nhin oxi c 3 ng v:

16
8
O = 99,76% ;
17
8
O= 0,04% ;
18
8
O= 0,2%
Gii thch v sao khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca oxi li bng 15,9994
vC.
1.1.18. Ht nhn liti c khi lng = 7,01601 vC. Hy tnh Nng lng lin kt
ring ca ht nhn liti ? Cho khi lng proton v ntron ln lt l 1,00724
vC; 1,00862vC . Bit 1vC = 931,5 MeV/c
2
.
1.1.19. Nng lng 1 electron lp th n trong trng lc mt ht nhn c tnh
theo n v eV bng cng thc E
n
= 13,6
2
2
z
n
(1)
a/ Hy tnh nng lng 1e trong trng lc mi ht nhn sau y:
F
8+
, Li
2+
, N
6+
.
b/ Hy cho bit qui lut lin h gia E
n
vi Z. Gii thch tm tt qui lut .
c/ Tr s tnh c theo (1) c lin h vi nng lng ion ha khng? Gii thch
c th.
1.1.20. a) Cho cc nguyn t sau y: Cl; Al; Na; P , cn c vo s bin thin
tnh cht ca cc nguyn t trong mt chu k v trong 1 nhm ca bng
tun hon, hy sp xp theo th t tng dn ca bn knh nguyn t v th
t tng dn v m in i vi cc nguyn t trn.
b) Cho cc ion: Ca
2+
, Br

, Se
2
, Al
3+
, Te
2
, K
+
v cc tr s bn knh ion (
0
A
): 1,84 1,52 2,07 0,68 1,82 1,14. Hy gn cc tr s cho mi ion v
gii thch.
1.1.21. Bit tng s 3 loi ht ca nguyn t X l 136, trong s ntron
nhiu hn s electron l 12 ht.
a) Tnh s proton v s khi ca X
b) Ngi ta li bit nguyn t R c 3 ng v X, Y, Z. S khi ca X bng trung
bnh cng s khi ca Y v Z. Hiu s ntron ca Y v Z gp hai ln s
proton ca hidro. Hy xc nh s khi ca Y v Z.
1.1.22. Tng s cc ht ca mt nguyn t X bng 108
a) Hy cho bit X thuc chu k no trong bng tun hon?
b) Xc nh s hiu nguyn t ca X bit X thuc nhm VA.
1.1.23. Mt nguyn t X c bn knh bng 1,44
0
A
, khi lng ring thc l 19,36
g/cm
3
. Nguyn t ny ch chim 74% th tch ca tinh th, phn cn li
l cc khe rng.
a) Xc nh khi lng ring trung bnh ca ton nguyn t ri suy ra khi lng
mol nguyn t ca X.
b) Bit nguyn t X c 118 ntron v khi lng mol nguyn t bng tng s
khi lng proton v ntron. Tnh s electron c trong X
3+
.
2
1.1.24. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng ht nhn sau y (c
nh lut bo ton no c dng khi hon thnh phng trnh trn ?)
a)
92
U
238

90
Th
230
+ ...
b)
92
U
235

82
Pb
206
+ ...
1.1.25. Chu k bn r ca ch c s khi 210 l 19,7 nm. Sau khi iu ch
c mt mu ca ng v th sau bao lu na trong mu cn li
1/10 khi lng ban u?
1.1.26.
226
88
Ra c chu k bn hu l 1590 nm. Hy tnh khi lng ca mt mu
Ra c cng phng x = 1Curi (1 Ci = 3,7. 10
10
Bq )?
1.1.27. Mt mu than ly t hang ng vng ni vi tnh Ho Bnh c
9,4 phn hu
14
C. hy cho bit ngi Vit c i to ra mu than
cch y bao nhiu nm ? Bit chu k bn hu ca
14
C l 5730 nm, trong
kh quyn c 15,3 phn hu
14
C (tnh vi 1 gam C xy ra trong 1 giy).
1.1.28. Cho dy phng x sau:
234
92
U

5
2,67 10 nam

230
90
Th

4
8 10 nam

226
88
Ra
Vit phng trnh phn ng phn r phng x v tnh hm lng qung sau
1000 nm, nu ti thi im gc c 100 gam qung c 0,1 mol U.
1.2. Cu to phn t v lin kt ha hc:
1.2.1. Hy cho bit kiu lai ho ca cc nguyn t v loi lin
kt (, ) trong cc hp cht sau: Cl CH
2
CH = O ;
CH
2
= CH C N ; CH
2
= C = O
1.2.2. Axit 3-aminobenzoic c cu to nh hnh v bn. Hy
xc nh ho tr v s oxiho ca tt c cc nguyn t
trong cng thc cho v gii thch.
1.2.3. Cho phn t: ClF
3
hy: - Vit cng thc cu to; Cho bit kiu lai ho
trong phn t; M t hnh dng phn t. Cho: ( phn cc) ca phn
t l O,55 D ; gc lin kt FClF = 87
0
1.2.4. phn ly nhit (tnh theo %) 1000 K ca cc halogen:
F
2
Cl
2
Br
2
I
2
% 4,3 0,035 0,23 2,8
Hy nu quy lut chung ca s bin thin phn ly nhit, gii thch s bt
thng v phn ly nhit t F
2
n Cl
2
1.2.5. Cho cc tr s gc lin kt: 100,3
0
; 97,8
0
; 101,5
0
; 102
0
v cc gc lin
kt

IPI
;

FPF
;

ClPCl
;

BrPBr
. Hy gn tr s cho mi gc lin kt v gii
thch.
1.2.6. Mt trong ba cht hu c sau: ortho-diclobenzen ; metadiclobenzen ;
para-iclobenzen c momen lng cc bng 1,53 D. Hy ch r l cht
no? c gii thch, bit rng mnclobenzen c momen lng cc l 1,53D).
1.2.7. C 5 cht hu c vi cc gi tr mmen lng cc tng ng nh sau:
Cht hu
c
A B C D E
(D) 0,0 1,89 1,97 1,71 2,13
Bit A, B, C, D, E thuc trong cc cht sau:
cis - CHCl = CHCl ; cis - CH
3
CH = CH Cl ; trans - CHCl = CHCl;
trans - CH
3
CH = CHCl v trans - CH
3
CH = CH COOH .
Hy ch r A,B,C,D,E l nhng cht no? gii thch.
1.2.8. nhit thng, lu hunh c tnh tr v ha hc nhng khi un nng
th hot ng ha hc tng ?
3
C
O O
N
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
1.2.9. Gii thch ti sao CCl
4
l hp cht tr, khng b thu phn trong H
2
O,
cn SiCl
4
li b thu phn rt mnh trong H
2
O. Vit phng trnh phn ng.
1.2.10. M t cu trc cc phn t N(CH
3
)
3
v N(SiH
3
)
3
. So snh gc lin kt
CNC vi SiNSi. So snh tnh baz gia 2 hp cht trn.
1.2.11. V sao nc li nh hn nc lng?
1.2.12. Momen lng cc ca lin kt C Cl bng 1,6D. Triclobenzen C
6
H
3
Cl
3
c
momen lng cc = 0. Hy ch r cu to ca ng phn ny? Nu cu to
ca ng phn C
6
H
3
Cl
3
c momen lng cc ln nht v tnh momen .
1.2.13. C 3 hidrocacbon: C
2
H
6
; C
2
H
4
; C
2
H
2
.
Ngi ta ghi c cc s liu sau:
- V gc ho tr (gc lin kt) : 120
0
; 180
0
; 109
0
.
- V di lin kt: 1,05 ; 1,07 ; 1,09 ; 1,200 ; 1,340 ; 1,540 .
- m in ca nguyn t cacbon : 2,48 ; 3,29 ; 2,75 .
Hy in cc gi tr ph hp vi tng hidrocacbon theo bng sau:
Hidrocacbo
n
Kiu
lai
ho
Gc ho
tr
m in
ca nguyn t
cacbon
di lin
kt C-C (
0
A
)
di lin
kt C-H (
0
A
)
CH
3
-CH
3
CH
2
= CH
2
CHCH
1.2.14. Axit flohydric l mt axit yu nht trong cc axit HX nhng li to c
mui axit cn cc axit khc th khng c kh nng ny ?
1.2.15. Bo v nhm l hai nguyn t k nhau phn nhm IIIA. ti sao c
phn t Al
2
Cl
6
nhng khng c phn t B
2
Cl
6
?
1.2.16. Nng lng lin kt ca BF
3
= 646 kJ/mol cn ca NF
3
ch = 280 kJ/mol.
Gii thch s khc bit v nng lng lin kt ny.
1.2.17. im si ca NF
3
= 129
0
C cn ca NH
3
= 33
0
C. Amoniac tc dng
nh mt baz Lewis cn NF
3
th khng. Momen lng cc ca NH
3
= 1,46D ln
hn nhiu so vi momen lng cc ca NF
3
= 0,24D mc d m in
ca F ln hn nhiu so vi H. Hy gii thch.
1.2.18. Ti sao c cc phn t BF
3
, BCl
3
, BBr
3
nhng khng c phn t BH
3
?
1.2.19. Nhm clorua khi ho tan vo mt s dung mi hoc khi bay hi
nhit khng qu cao th tn ti dng ime (Al
2
Cl
6
). nhit cao
(700
0
C) ime b phn li thnh monome (AlCl
3
). Vit cng thc cu to
Lewis ca phn t ime v monome; Cho bit kiu lai ho ca nguyn t
nhm, kiu lin kt trong mi phn t ; M t cu trc hnh hc ca cc
phn t .
1.2.20. Phn t HF v phn t H
2
O c momen lng cc, phn t khi gn
bng nhau (HF =1,91 D, H
2
O = 1,84 D, M
HF
= 20,
2
H O
M
= 18); nhng nhit
nng chy ca hiroflorua l 83
0
C thp hn nhiu so vi nhit
nng chy ca nc l 0
0
C, hy gii thch v sao?
1.2.21. di lng cc ca phn t phtphin l 1,125. 10
2
nm. Tnh momen
lng cc ca phn t PH
3
bng cm v bng Debye(D).
1.2.22. Khi nghin cu cu trc ca PCl
5
(r), PBr
5
(r) trng thi tinh th bng tia
X ngi ta thy:
a) PCl
5
gm cc ion [PCl
4
]
+
; [PCl
6
]

phn b trong tinh th.

b) PBr
5
gm cc ion [PBr
4
]
+
; Br

.
4
Hy cho bit cu trc khng gian ca cc phn t v gii thch ti sao c s
khc nhau trn?
1.2.23. Dng cu trc ca ion SO
3
2
gii thch kh nng phn ng:
2Na
2
SO
3
+ O
2
2Na
2
SO
4
. v Na
2
SO
3
+ S Na
2
S
2
O
3
.
1.2.24. Khuynh hng dime ha AlX
3
v MCl
3
thay i th no khi chuyn t
F n I v khi chuyn t Al n In.
1.2.25. Hy v r rng dng hnh hc ca 3 anion [NiCl
4
]
2-
,[PtCl
6
]
2-
,[PdCl
4
]
2-
v
cu trc ca phn t Pd(NH
3
)
2
Cl
2
. Ghi ng k hiu lp th v gii thch.
1.2.26. Bng thc nghim ngi ta xc nh c gi tr momen lng cc
ca phn t H
2
S l 1,09D v ca lin kt S H l 2,61.10
30
C.m. Hy xc
nh:
a) Gc lin kt

HSH
.
b) ion ca lin kt S H , bit rng di lin kt S H l 1,33 . Cho
1D = 3,33. 10
30
C.m. Gi s ca cp electron khng chia ca S l khng
ng k.
1.2.27. Xc nh momen lng cc (D)
Cl

uuur
v
2
NO

uuuur
trong cc dn xut th 2 ln
ca nhn benzen sau: 1,2 dinitrobenzen (
ur
= 6,6 D); 1,3 diclobenzen (

ur
= 1,5 D); para nitro toluen (
ur
= 4,4 D); nitrobenzen (
ur
= 4,2 D).
1.3. L thuyt phn ng ho hc:
1.3.1. Nhit phn ng:
1.3.1.1. Tnh nng lng lin kt trung bnh CH v CC t cc kt qu thc
nghim:
- Nhit t chy (kJ/mol) CH
4
= - 801,7 ; C
2
H
6
= - 1412,7 ; Hidrro = -
241,5 ;
than ch = -393,4
- Nhit ha hi than ch = 715 kJ/mol.
- Nng lng lin kt HH = 431,5 kJ/mol. Cc kt qu u o c 298K
v 1atm.
1.3.1.2. T thc nghim thu c tr s H(Kcal.mol
-1
) phn ly tng lin kt
25
0
C :
Lin kt H H O O O H C H C O C C
H 104 33 111 99 84 83
Hy gii thch cch tnh v cho bit kt qu tnh H (cng iu kin
nh trn) ca s ng phn ha: CH
3
CH
2
OH (hi)

CH
3
-O-CH
3
(hi)
Nu s lin h gia du ca H vi bn lin kt trong phn ng trn.
1.3.1.3. Tnh hiu ng nhit ca 2 phn ng sau:
2NH
3
+
3
2
O
2
N
2
+ 3 H
2
O (1)
2NH
3
+
5
2
O
2
2NO + 3H
2
O (2)
5
So snh kh nng ca 2 phn ng, gii thch v sao phn ng (2) cn c xc
tc.
Cho nng lng lin kt ca:
NH O=O NN HO NO
kJ/mol 389 493 942 460 627
1.3.1.4. Trong cng ngh ho du , cc ankan c loi hiro chuyn thnh
hirocacbon khng no c nhiu ng dng hn. Hy tnh nhit ca mi phn
ng sau: C
4
H
10
C
4
H
6
+ H
2
; H
o
1
(1)
CH
4
C
6
H
6
+ H
2
; H
o
2
(2)
Bit nng lng lin kt , E theo kJ.mol
-1
, ca cc lin kt nh sau :
Lin kt H-H C-H C-C C=C
E , theo kJ.mol
-1
435,9 416,3 409,1 587,3
(Vi cc lin kt C-H , C-C , cc tr s trn l trung bnh trong cc hp cht
hirocacbon khc nhau ) .
1.3.1.5. Xc nh nng lng lin kt trung bnh mt lin kt C H trong
metan. Bit: nhit hnh thnh chun ca metan = 74,8 kJ/mol;
nhit thng hoa ca than ch = 716,7 kJ/mol;
nng lng phn ly phn t H
2
= 436 kJ/mol
1.3.1.6. Hy xc nh nng lng nguyn t ha ca NaF (E
NaF
), bit:
- Nng lng phn ly NaF (E
i
) = 6,686 eV ; Th ion ha ca Na (I
Na
) = 5,139 eV
- i lc electron ca F (E
F
) = -3,447 eV
1.3.1.7. Cho xiclopropan

propen c H
1
= - 32,9 kJ/mol
Nhit t chy than ch = -394,1 kJ/mol (H
2
)
Nhit t chy hidrro = -286,3 kJ/mol (H
3
)
Nhit t chy xiclopropan = - 2094,4 kJ/mol. (H
4
)
Hy tnh: Nhit t chy propen, Nhit to thnh xiclopropan v nhit to
thnh propen?
1.3.1.8. Tnh nhit phn ng 25
0
C ca phn ng sau:
CO(NH
2
)
2
(r) + H
2
O(l) CO
2
(k) + 2NH
3
(k)
Bit trong cng iu kin c cc i lng nhit sau y:
CO (k) + H
2
O (h) CO
2
(k) + H
2
(k) H
1
= - 41,13 kJ/mol
CO (k) + Cl
2
(k) COCl
2
(k) H
2
= -112,5 kJ/mol
COCl
2
(k) + 2NH
3
(k) CO(NH
2
)
2
(r) +
2HCl(k)
H
3
= -201,0 kJ/mol
Nhit to thnh HCl (k) H
4
= -92,3 kJ/mol
Nhit ha hi ca H
2
O(l) H
5
= 44,01 kJ/mol
6
1.3.1.9. Xc nh nhit hnh thnh 1 mol AlCl
3
khi bit:
Al
2
O
3
+ 3COCl
2
(k) 3CO
2
+ 2 AlCl
3
H
1
= -232,24 kJ
CO + Cl
2
COCl
2
H
2
= -112,40 kJ
2Al + 1,5 O
2
Al
2
O
3
H
3
= -1668,20 kJ
Nhit hnh thnh ca CO = -110,40 kJ/mol
Nhit hnh thnh ca CO
2
= -393,13 kJ/mol.
1.3.1.10. Hn hp ca 1,8 mol brom v mt lng d butan, khi un nng to
nn hai dn xut monobrom v hp th 19,0KJ nhit. Cng lng nh vy ca
hn hp ban u, khi un nng n nhit cao hn, hp th 19,4 KJ.
Trong c hai trng hp, brom phn ng hon ton. Ngi ta bit rng khi
to thnh 1-brombutan t cc n cht, thot ra km hn 4,0 kJ/mol so vi
khi to thnh 2-brombutan. Tm nhit ca c hai phn ng v hiu sut 1-
brombutan trong phn ng th hai nu hiu sut trong phn ng th nht
l 38,9%. Nhit phn ng c coi l khng ph thuc vo nhit .
1.3.1.11. Trong mt nhit lng k cha 1,792 lt (ktc) hn hp CH
4
, CO v
O
2
. Bt tia la in t hon ton CH
4
v CO, lng nhit to ra lc
l 13,683 kJ. Nu thm tip mt lng d H
2
vo nhit lng k ri li t nh
trn th thot ra thm 9,672 kJ. Cho bit nhit to thnh chun (kJ.mol
1
)
ca CH
4
, CO, CO
2
v H
2
O tng ng l 74,8 ; 119,5 ; 393,5 v 241,8. Tnh %
th tch hn hp u.
1.3.2. Chiu v mc din bin ca phn ng:
1.3.2.1. Cho phn ng CO(k) + H
2
O (k) CO
2
(k) + H
2
(k). vi cc gi tr:
H
0
300 = 41,16 kJ. mol
1
; H
0
1200 = 32,93 kJ. mol
1
;
S
0
300 = 42,40 J.K
1
.mol
1
; S
0
1200 = 29,6 J.K
1
.mol
1
.
Hi phn ng xy ra theo chiu no 300 K v 1200 K ?
1.3.2.2. Dng tnh ton cho thy 25
0
C phn ng CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2

khng xy ra c. Cho H
0
ht (kJ.mol
1
) ca 3 cht ln lt l
1206,9; 635,1; 393,5
v S
0
298 ca 3 cht (J.K
1
.mol
1
) ln lt l 92,9; 38,1; 213,7.
1.3.2.3. Cho cc s liu sau:
C
2
H
5
OH (h) C
2
H
4
(k) H
2
O (h)
G
0
298,s
(kJ/mol)
168,6 68,12 228,59
S
0
298
(J/mol. K)
282,0 219,45 188,72
7
Vi phn ng : C
2
H
4
(k) + H
2
O (h) C
2
H
5
OH (h)
a) Hi iu kin chun v 25
0
C phn ng xy ra theo chiu no?
b) Phn ng ta nhit hay thu nhit?
1.3.2.4. Cho cc s liu sau 27
0
C:
NH
2
COONH
4
(r) CO
2
(k) NH
3
(k)
H
0
300,s
(kJ/mol)
645,2 393,5 46,20
G
0
300
(kJ/mol)
458,0 394,4 16,64
Vi phn ng : NH
2
COONH
4
(r) CO
2
(k) + 2 NH
3
(k)
a) Hi iu kin chun v 27
0
C phn ng xy ra theo chiu no?
b) Nu coi H
0
v S
0
khng i i vi T th bt u nhit no phn
ng iu kin chun xy ra theo chiu ngc vi chiu phn ng 27
0
C ?
1.3.2.5. Lu hunh hnh thoi S
T
v lu hunh n t S
D
l hai dng th hnh
ca nguyn t lu hunh. Hi:
a) Dng no bn hn 25
0
C?
b) Nhit no c hai dng nm cn bng vi nhau?
Cho : H
0
298,ht (kJ.mol
1
)ca mi dng ln lt l: 0,00 v 0,30
S
0
298 (J.mol
1
.K
1
)ca mi dng ln lt l: 31,88 v 32,55
1.3.2.6. a) 0
0
C v 100
0
C phn ng N
2
O
4
(k) 2NO
2
(k) xy ra theo chiu
no?
b) 25
0
C phn ng s xy ra theo chiu no nu:
* P
2 4
N O
= 0,5atm v P
2
NO
= 1atm
* P
2 4
N O = 10atm v P
2
NO = 10
2
atm
Cho: H
0
298,ht (kJ.mol
1
)ca mi dng ln lt l: 9,67 v 33,85
S
0
298 (J.mol
1
.K
1
)ca mi dng ln lt l: 304,30 v 240,41
1.3.2.7. a/ Phn ng sau y xy ra theo chiu no?
NO + O
3
= NO
2
+ O
2
.
Cho bit cc s liu sau 298 K:
NO
2
O
2
NO O
3
G
0
S
(kJ/mol)
51,79 0 86,52 163,02
H
0
S
(kJ/mol)
33,821 0 90,28 142,12
S
0
S
(J/K. mol)
240,35 204,82 210,25 237,4
b/ ln ca hng s cn bng l h qu ch yu ca H
0
hay S
0
ca phn
ng xy ra ? Gii thch.
8
1.3.3. ng ho hc:
1.3.3.1. i vi phn ng 2N
2
O
5
(k) 4NO
2
(k) + O
2
(k), tc phn ng c
biu th bng cng thc =
[ ]
2
d O
dt
. Hy vit biu thc tc i vi cc
cht khc trong phng trnh phn ng.
1.3.3.2. Thc nghim cho bit ti 25
o
C tc tiu th kh NO trong phn
ng iu ch nitrozoni clorua kh : 2NO (k) + Cl
2
(k) = 2NOCl (k) bng
3,5.10
-4
mol.l
-1
s
-1
. Hy tnh tc (ti 298
o
K): a) Ca phn ng
cho
b)Tiu th kh Cl
2
c)To thnh NOCl (k).
1.3.3.3. Cho phn ng 2N
2
O
5
4NO
2
+ O
2
T
o
K
vi cc kt qu thc nghim :
Th nghim
1
Th nghim
2
Th nghim
3
Nng N
2
O
5
(mol.l
-1
)
0,170 0,340 0,680
Tc phn hu (mol.l
-
1
.s
-1
)
1,39.10
-3
2,78.10
-3
5,55.10
-3
a) Hy vit biu thc tc phn ng v xc nh bc phn ng.
b) Bit nng lng hot ho ca phn ng = 24,74 Kcal.mol
-1
v 25
0
C nng
N
2
O
5
gim i 1 na sau 341,4 giy. Hy tnh nhit T.
1.3.3.4. Cho phn ng bc mt: C
2
H
6
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
507
0
C nng C
2
H
6
gim i mt na sau 3000s, khi etan phn hu
ht
p sut ton phn trong bnh phn ng l 1000mmHg. 527
0
C tc
phn ng tng gp 2 ln. Hy tnh:
a/ Hng s tc ca phn ng 507
0
C.
b/ Thi gian cn nng C
2
H
6
gim xung cn 1/4 527
0
C v Nng l-
ng hot ng ho ca phn ng.
1.3.3.5. Azometan(k) b phn hu theo phn ng bc nht:
CH
3
N N CH
3
(k) C
2
H
6
(k) + N
2
(k).
a) Nu phn ng thc hin trong bnh kn nhit khng i th p
sut tng qut trong bnh s thay i th no khi azometan cn li 75%;
50%; 25%; 0% ?
9
b) Hng s tc phn ng 287,3
0
C v 327,4
0
C l 10
4
s
1
v 20,8.
10
4
s
1
. Hy tnh thi gian lng azometan cn 50% v h s nhit
ca tc phn ng.
1.3.3.6. Nghin cu ng hc ca phn ng: 2NO + 2H
2
N
2
+ H
2
O
700
0
C, tc u ca phn ng ph thuc p sut u cc kh nh sau
:
p sut u (atm) Tc u
(atm.pht
1
)
NO H
2
0,5 0,2 0,0048
0,5 0,1 0,0024
0,25 0,2 0,0012
Xc nh bc phn ng v tnh hng s tc , n v ca hng s tc
.1.3.3.7. C phn ng xy ra trong dung dch:
C
2
H
5
I + NaOH C
2
H
5
OH + NaI
Nng ban u ca 2 cht tham gia phn ng bng nhau. mt na l-
ng ban u ca cc cht phn ng chuyn thnh sn phm 32
0
C cn
906 pht.
a) Hi 60
0
C th cn bao lu, bit h s nhit ca tc phn ng l
2,83.
b) Tnh nng lng hot ho ca phn ng.
c) Tc ca phn ng trn c tnh bng cng thc

2 5
C H I NaOH
dC
kC C
dt
= kC
2
Hy lp biu thc lin h gia hng s k, thi gian t v nng cht phn
ng.
Tnh k hai nhit nu, nu nng ban u mi cht u bng
0,05M.
1.3.3.8. Nng lng hot ho ca mt phn ng khi khng c cht xc tc l
76 kJ.mol
1
27
0
C. Khi c xc tc v cng nhit tc phn ng
tng ln 3,38. 10
4
ln.
Hy xc nh nng lng hot ho ca phn ng khi c xc tc.
1.3.3.9. Ti 25
o
C phn ng 2N
2
O
5
(k) 4NO
2
(k) + O
2
(k)
10
c hng s tc k = 1,8.10
-5
s
-1
; biu thc tnh tc phn ng = k.C
2 5
N O
. Phn ng trn xy ra trong bnh kn th tch 20,0 lit khng i. Ban
u lng N
2
O
5
cho va y bnh. thi im kho st, p sut ring ca
N
2
O
5
l 0,070 atm . Gi thit cc kh u l kh l tng.
a) Tnh tc : a) tiu th N
2
O
5
; b) hnh thnh NO
2
; O
2
.
b) Tnh s phn t N
2
O
5
b phn tch sau 30 giy.
c) Nu phn ng trn c phng trnh N
2
O
5
(k) 2NO
2
(k) +
1
2
O
2
(k) th tr s
tc phn ng, hng s tc phn ng c thay i khng? Gii
thch.
1.3.3.10. Phn ng S
2
O
8
2-
+ 2 I
-
2 SO
4
2-
+ I
2
(1)
c kho st bng thc nghim nh sau: Trn dung dch KI vi dung dch h
tinh bt, dung dch S
2
O
3
2-
; sau thm dung dch S
2
O
8
2-
vo dung dch
trn. Cc dung dch u c nng ban u thch hp.
a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra; ti sao dung dch t khng mu
chuyn sang mu xanh lam?
b) Ngi ta thu c s liu sau y:
Thi gian th nghim(theo giy) 0 20 50 80
Nng I
-
(theo mol . l
-1
) 1,000 0,752 0,400 0,010
Dng s liu , hy tnh tc trung bnh ca phn ng (1).
1.3.3.11. 14,224g iot v 0,112g hiro c cha trong bnh kn th tch
1,12 L nhit 400
0
C tc ban u ca phn ng l
0
= 9.10
5
mol.L
1
. pht
1
. Sau mt thi gian ( thi im t) nng C
(HI)
l
0,04mol/ L v khi phn ng
H
2
+ I
2
2HI t cn bng th C
(HI)
= 0,06mol/L
a) Tnh hng s tc ca phn ng thun v phn ng nghch.
b) Tc to thnh HI thi im t l bao nhiu?
c) Vit n v ca cc i lng tnh c.
1.3.3.12. Vi phn ng CH
3
COCH
3
C
2
H
4
+ CO + H
2
p sut ca h bin i theo thi gian nh sau:
t(pht) 0 6,5 13,0 19,9
P(N/m
2
)
41589,6 54386,6 65050,4 74914,6
a) Hy chng t rng phn ng l bc nht
b) Tnh hng s tc phn ng nhit th nghim (V = const)
1.3.4. Cn bng ho hc:
1.3.4.1. Cho cn bng ho hc: 2NO
2
N
2
O
4
58, 04 H kJ
Cn bng s chuyn dch nh th no, gii thch, khi:
11
a) Tng nhit .
b) Tng p sut.
c) Thm kh tr Ar trong 2 trng hp: Gi p sut khng i.
Gi th tch khng i.
d) Thm xc tc.
1.3.4.2. Phtgen c dng lm cht cloho rt tt cho phn ng tng hp hu
c, c iu ch theo phng trnh:
CO(k) + Cl
2
(k) = COCl
2
(k) ; H
o
= 111,3 kJ.mol
-1
Magi c iu ch theo phng trnh:
MgO(r) + C(r) = Mg(r) + CO(k) ; H
o
= 491,0 kJ.mol
-1
Cn tc ng nh th no vo nhit v p sut ring phn ca kh
mi phn ng trn thu c nhiu sn phm hn? Ti sao phi tc ng nh
vy ?
1.3.4.3. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra dng ion gia KMnO
4
, FeSO
4
trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
v cho bit mi yu t sau y nh hng nh th
no n cn bng ion trn:
a/ Tng pH ca dung dch.
b/ Thay H
2
SO
4
bng HCl.
c/ Thm mt lng nh KSCN vo dung dch.
5Fe
2+
+ MnO
4

+ 8H
+
5Fe
3+
+ Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O (1)
1.3.4.4. 50
0
C v di p sut 0,344 atm phn ly ca N
2
O
4
(k) thnh
NO
2
(k) bng 63%. Xc nh Kp; Kc; Kx.
1.3.4.5. 600
0
K i vi phn ng: H
2
+ CO
2
H
2
O(k) + CO c nng cn
bng ca H
2
, CO
2
, H
2
O v CO ln lt bng 0,600; 0,459; 0,500 v 0,425
mol./1.
a) Tm Kc, Kp ca phn ng.
b) Nu lng ban u ca H
2
v CO
2
bng nhau v bng 1 mol c t vo
bnh 5 lt th nng cn bng cc cht l bao nhiu?
1.3.4.6. 1000K hng s cn bng Kp ca phn ng 2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3
bng
3,5 atm
1
. Tnh p sut ring lc cn bng ca SO
2
v SO
3
nu p sut
chung ca h bng 1atm v p sut cn bng ca O
2
bng 0,1atm.
1.3.4.7. a) Tnh hng s cn bng Kp i vi phn ng: N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
.
25
0
C. Bit G
0
ht
ca NH
3
= 16,64 kJ/mol
b) Kp s thay i th no khi phn ng trn c vit di dng:

1
2
N
2
+
3
2
H
2
NH
3
.
12
1.3.4.8. Cn bng ca phn ng kh CO
2
bng C : C + CO
2
2CO xy ra
1090K vi hng s cn bng Kp = 10.
a) Tm hm lng kh CO trong hn hp cn bng, bit p sut chung ca h
l 1,5atm.
b) c hm lng CO bng 50% v th tch th p sut chung l bao nhiu?
1.3.4.9. 820
0
C c cc phn ng sau vi hng s cn bng tng ng:
CaCO
3
(r) CaO (r) + CO
2
(k)

K
1
= 0,2
C (r) + CO
2
(k) 2CO (k) K
2
= 2,0
Ly hn hp gm 1 mol CaCO
3
v 1 mol C cho vo bnh chn khng c th
tch 22,4 lt gi 820
0
C.
a) Tnh s mol cc cht c trong bnh khi phn ng t ti trng thi cn
bng.
b) S phn hu CaCO
3
s hon ton khi th tch bnh bng nhiu (p sut
ring ca cc kh khng i).
Kt qu ny c ph hp vi nguyn l Le Chatelier khng?
1.3.4.10. Thu ngn oxit phn hy c theo : 2HgO (r) 2Hg (k) + O
2
(k)
Vi cc s liu sau :
H
298
(kJ/mol)
o
298
S (J/mol.K)
C
p
(J/mol.K)
Hg (k) 61,0 175 21,0
O
2
... 205 29,0
HgO (r) 91,0 70,0 44,0
a) Hy tnh G
o
v K
p
cho phn ng 400
o
C.
b) Tnh p sut ring phn ca thu ngn v p sut tng ca cc kh trong
cn
bng 400
o
C.
c) H c t ti cn bng khng nu ta cho 2,00g thu ngn oxit vo mt
bnh kn (V = 1,00l) ri nng nhit ln 400
o
C ? Chng minh bng tnh
ton.
1.3.4.11. i vi phn ng: C(r) + CO
2
(k) 2CO (k) (1) c cc d kin sau:
Nhit (
0
C)
p sut ton phn (atm) % CO trong hn hp
800 2,57 74,55
900 2,30 93,08
Hy tnh H v S 900
0
C ca phn ng 2CO
2
2CO + O
2
.
Bit Hng s cn bng 900
0
C i vi phn ng bng 1,25. 10
16
atm v
nhit hnh thnh 900
0
C ca CO
2
= 390,7 kJ.mol
1
.
1.3.4.12. Photpho pentaclorua nm cn bng vi PCl
3
v clo.
13
Bng di y cho cc d liu nhit ng hc 25
o
C v P
o
= 1 atm.
Hp cht

1
f
H , kJ .mol
1 1
f
S , J K .mol
5(kh)
PCl
374,5 364,2
3(kh)
PCl
287,0 311,8
2(kh)
Cl
0 223,1
a) Hy tnh hng s cn bng K
p
180
o
C. Gi thit rng nhit chnh lch
so vi 25
o
C khng nh hng n H v S ca phn ng. a vo trong mt
bnh rng (khng cha khng kh) (V = 5l) 10g photpho pentaclorua. y
kn bnh v lm nng ln 180
o
C. Khi xy ra qu trnh phn hu mnh.
c) Hy tnh in li ca PCl
5
v tnh p sut tng trong bnh.
d) Hy tnh v p sut tng khi th tch bnh khng phi l 5l m l 10l.
Nhn xt kt qu.
14
hng dn gii v p n
1.1. Cu to nguyn t v H thng tun hon cc nguyn t:
1.1.9. Tc chuyn ng ca ht c tnh theo phng trnh =
h
mv

trong h l hng s Plng bng 6,626. 10
34
J.s.
(
4
2
He) =
.
h
m
=
34
12 27
6, 626 10
1, 42 10 6, 64 10

= 7,027. 10
4
m/s
1.1.18. Khi lng ca 3p + 4n = 1,00724 x3 +1,00862 x4 = 7,0562vC
ht khi lng m = 7,0562 - 7,01601 = 0,04019 vC
E = mC
2
= 0,04019 x 931,5 = 37,44 MeV
Nng lng lin kt ring trung bnh = 37,44 : 7 = 5 MeV/ nucleon
1.1.23.
a) Khi lng ring trung bnh ca nguyn t X l: d =
' 19,36
0, 74 0, 74
d

g/cm
3
.
Mt khc, m = V.d =
4
3
r
3
.d =
4
3
3,14(1,44. 10
8
)
3

19,36
0, 74
= 32,7. 10
23
.
Vy khi lng mol nguyn t X = 6,023. 10
23
32,7. 10
23
197 g/mol
b) Theo gi thit: p + 118 = 197 p = 79 s e = 76
1.1.25. t = 65,46 nm
1.1.26. Theo biu thc v =
dN
dt
= kN = 3,7.10
10
Bq
( trong N l s nguyn t Ra, cn k =
1
2
ln2
T
N =
10
3,7.10
0,693
. T
1/2
)
v T
1/2
= 1590.365.24.60.60 = 5,014.10
10
m
Ra
=
23
226N
6,022.10
=
10 10
23
226.3,7.10 .5,014.10
0,693.6,022.10
= 1 gam
1.1.27. t = 4028 nm
1.1.28. k
1
= = 2,596. 10
6
(nm
1
) v k
2
= = 8,663. 10
6
(nm
1
)
Theo N = N
0
. e
kt
ta c: [
234
92 U] = 0,1. 234. e


6 3
2,596 10 10
= 23,339 gam
[
230
90
Th] =

0 1
2 1
N k
k k
(e

1
k t
e

2
k t
)
=

6
6 6
0,1 234 2,596 10
8,663 10 2,596 10
( e


6 3
2,596 10 10
e


6 3
8,663 10 10
) = 0,0594 gam
[
226
88
Ra] = N
0
1 2 2 1
2 1 2 1
1
k t k t
k k
e e
k k k k

_
+


,
=
( )
( ) ( )
6 3 6 3
6
6 1,596 10 10 6 8,664 10 10
6
2, 596 10
8, 664 10 1 2, 596 10 1
8, 664 2, 596 10
e e

1

]

= 1,105. 10
6
mol hay = 2,5. 10
4
gam
15

1
NO
2
Cl

NO
2
NO
2

1

2

Cl
2
CH
3


Tng lng qung = 100 - m
0
U
+ m
'
U
+ m
Ra
+ m
Th
=
= 100 23,4 + 23,339 + 0,0594 + 0,00025 = 99,9989 gam
Vy, % Ra = 0,00025% ; % Th = 0,0594 % ; % U = 23,34 %
1.2. Cu to phn t v lin kt ha hc:
1.2.26. a) Phn t H
2
S c cu trc gc nn:

2
H S

uuuur
2
=
SH

uuuur
2
+
SH

uuuur
2
+ 2
SH

uuuur
.
SH

uuuur
cos = 2
SH

uuuur
2
(1 + cos )
= 4
SH

uuuur
2
.cos
2
2

2
H S

uuuur
= 2
SH

uuuur
cos
2

.
Suy ra cos
2

=
2
2
H S
SH

uuuur
uuuur
=
30
30
1, 09.3, 33.10
2, 61.10

= 1,39 = 92
0
.
b) ion ca lin kt S H =
/
/
t n
l t

uuuur
uuur
=
30
30 19
2, 61.10
1, 33.10 .1, 6.10

. 100 = 12,3%
1.2.27. Theo phng php cng vct:



ur
2
=
1

uur
2
+
2

uur
2
+ 2
1

uur
.
2

uur
cos hay
ur
=
2 2
1 2 1 2
2 . .cos + +
uur uur uur uur
* Trng hp phn t c 2 nhm th nh nhau (

1
=

2
) th ta c :

ur
2
= 2
1

uur
2
(1 + cos ) = 4
1

uur
2
cos
2

hay = 2
1

uur
cos
2

Vy:
- 1,2 dinitrobenzen c =
3

= 60
0
th 6,6 = 2
2
NO

uuuur
. cos
60
2

2
NO

uuuur
= 3,8 D
- 1,3 diclobenzen c = 2
3

= 120
0
th 1,5 = 2
Cl

uuur
. cos
120
2

Cl

uuur
= 1,5 D
* Trng hp phn t c 2 nhm th khc nhau (

2
) nh p nitroToluen
th:
= 180
0
v
2
NO

uuuur
v
3
CH

uuuur
c hng ngc nhau,

2
NO

uuuur
hng t trong ra ngoi cn
3
CH

uuuur
li hng t ngoi vo trong.
Theo php cng vect:
ur
( p nitroToluen) =
2
NO

uuuur

3
CH

uuuur
.
Hay 4,4 = 3,8
3
CH

uuuur

3
CH

uuuur
= 3,8 4,4 = 0,6 D
(du chng t hng ca
3
CH

uuuur
)
1.3. L thuyt phn ng ho hc:
1.3.1. Nhit phn ng:
1.3.1.1. Nng lng lin kt CH = 413,715 kJ/mol
* Nng lng lin kt CC = 345,7 kJ/mol
1.3.1.3. Tnh hiu ng nhit:
E
1
= - 637,5 kJ. E
2
= - 456,5 kJ.
16
1.3.1.4. Tnh nhit ca phn ng :
C
4
H
10
C
4
H
6
+ H
2
; H
o
1
= + 437,0 kJ.mol
-1
6 CH
4
C
6
H
6
+ 9 H
2
; H
o
2
= + 581,1 kJ.mol
-1
.
1.3.1.5 Nng lng lin kt trung bnh ca 1 lin kt C H = 416 kJ/mol
1.3.1.6. E
NaF
= E
i
- I
Na
- E
F
= 4,994 eV
1.3.1.7. a) Nhit t chy propen = - 2061,5 kJ/mol
b/ Nhit to thnh xiclopropan = 53,2 kJ/mol
c/ Nhit to thnh propen = 20,3 kJ/mol
1.3.1.8. 131,78 kJ/mol
1.3.1.9. Nhit hnh thnh 1 mol AlCl
3
= - 694,725 kJ/mol
1.3.1.11. Hiu sut 1-brombutan l 0,8/1,8 = 0,444 hay 44,4%.
1.3.2. Chiu v mc din bin ca phn ng:
1.3.2.1. G = H TS G
0
300
= 28440 J < 0 phn ng theo chiu thun
G
0
1200
= 2590 J > 0 phn ng theo chiu nghch
1.3.2.2. G
0
298 = 130,9 kJ > 0 nn 25
0
C phn ng trn khng xy ra c.
1.3.2.3. a) G
0
298
= 8,13 kJ < 0 nn phn ng theo chiu thun.
b) H
0
298
= 45728,66 J < 0 phn ng ta nhit.
1.3.2.4. a) phn ng xy ra theo chiu nghch.
b) T > 353,12 K tc l 80
0
C th phn ng i chiu.
1.3.2.5. a) S
T
(r) S
D
(r). G
0
298 = 100,5 J > 0 nn 25
0
C dng bn l S
T
.
b) G
0
T
= 300 0,669T tn ti cn bng G
0
T
= 0 T = 448,43 K
Vy nhit m ti hai dng nm cn bng vi nhau l 175,43
0
C
1.3.2.6. a) * 0
0
C ; G
0
T
= 9,84 kJ > 0 phn ng xy ra to N
2
O
4
* 100
0
C; G
0
T
= 7,816kJ< 0 phn ng phn hu N
2
O
4
.
b) * Vi P
2 4
N O
= 0,5atm v P
2
NO
= 1atm G = 7,141 kJ > 0 chiu nghch.
* Vi P 2 4
N O
= 10atm v P 2
NO
= 10
2
atm G = 23,1 kJ < 0 chiu thun.
1.3.2.7. a/ G = 197,75 kJ < 0 nn phn ng xy ra theo chiu to NO
2
b/ G
0
= RTlnK K = 4,6. 10
34
.
G =H T.S = RTlnK lgK = K = 10
0,13
. 10
34,8
.
Kt qu cho thy S rt nh, do cu trc hnh hc ca phn t cht phn
ng
v phn t sn phm rt gn nhau. V vy, ln ca hng s cn bng l
h qu cuH. C ngha l v mt nng lng th sn phm bn hn cht
u.
1.3.3. ng ho hc:
1.3.3.2. a) Tc phn ng l =
1
2
(3,5.10
-1
) = 1,75.10
-4
(mol. l
-1
.S
-1
)
b) Tc tiu th kh Cl
2
l
2
Cl
dC
dt
= = 1,75.10
-4
m(mol.l
-1
.S
-1
)
17
c) Tc hnh thnh NOCl l
NOCl NO
dC dC
dt dt
= + 3,5.10
-
4
(mol.l
-1
.S
-1
)
1.3.3.3. a) = k[N
2
O
5
]
b) T= 308,25 K
1.3.3.4. a) k(507
0
C) = = 2,31. 10
4
s
1
.
b) E
a
= 179762 J hay 179,762 kJ
1.3.3.5. b) Thi gian mt na lng azometan b phn hu l thi gian bn
hu h s nhit ca tc phn ng = 2,13
1.3.3.6. Bc ton phn = 1 + 2 = 3 v k = 0,096 atm
2
.pht
1
.
1.3.3.7. a) t
2
= 49 pht b) E
a
= 87976 J
c) 32
0
C k
1
= 2,2. 10
2
pht
1
mol
1
.
60
0
C k
2
= 4,08. 10
1
pht
1
mol
1
.
1.3.3.8. Nng lng hot ho ca phn ng khi c xc tc E
'
a
= 50 kJ
1.3.3.9. a) V
tiu th
(N
2
O
5
) = 2 5,16. 10
-8
= 1,032.10
-7
mol.l
-1
.s
-1
.
b) V
hnh thnh
(NO
2
)= 2,064.10
-7
mol.l
-1
.s
-2
.
V
hnh thnh
(O
2
)= 5,16.10
-8
mol.l
-1
.s
-2

c) S phn t N
2
O
5
b phn hu 3,7.10
20
phn t
d) Nu phn ng trn c phng trnh: N
2
O
5
(k) 2NO
2
(k) + 1/2 O
2
(k) th tc
phn ng, cng nh hng s tc phn ng u khng i (ti nhit
T xc nh), v: k ch ph thuc nhit . Khi k = const; C
2 5
N O
= const
th V = const.
1.3.3.10. b) Ta c =
1
2
I
C
t

Thay s vo ta c
t
1
: 20 C
1
: 0,348

1
: 6,2.10
-3
t
2
: 50 C
2
: 0,600

2
: 6,0.10
-3
t
3
: 80 C
3
: 0,990

3
: 6,188.10
-3
3
(6, 2 6, 0 6,188) 10
3

+ +
= 6,129.10
3
(n v ca tc trung bnh l
mol.l
1
.s
1
)
1.3.3.11. a) k
n
= 0,004 L. mol
1
. pht
1
.
b)
(HI)
= 2,6 10
5
mol. L
1
. pht
1
.
1.3.3.12. b) Hng s tc phn ng l
1 2 3
3
k k k
k
+ +
= 0,02563 pht
1
.
1.3.4. Cn bng ho hc:
1.3.4.4 Kp = 0,9 ; Kc = 0,034 v Kx = 2,63
18
1.3.4.5. a) Kc= 0,7716 ; Kp = 0,7716 (n = 0)
b) Ti CBHH: [H
2
O] = [CO] = 0,094 ; [H
2
] = [CO
2
] = 0,106
1.3.4.6.
3
P
SO
= 0,33 atm
1.3.4.7. Kp = 6,8. 10
5
. v Kp =
P
K = 825
1.3.4.8. a) Vy hn hp lc cn bng cha 2. 0,79 = 1,58 mol CO (88%)
v 1 0,79 = 0,21 mol CO
2
(12%)
b) Suy ra Kp =10 P = 20 atm.
1.3.4.9. a) CaCO
3
= 0,87; CaO = 0,13; C = 0,92; CO
2
= 0,05; CO = 0,16
b) V = 174 lt
1.3.4.10. a) K = 0,00719 atm
3
.
b) p
(cc kh)
= 0,365 atm
c) Cn bng c thit lp.
1.3.4.11. K
p(1)
=
2
2
CO
CO
P
P
1073 K l 5,612 atm v 1173 K l 28,80 atm
G
0
1173
= RTlnK
p
= 357200 J. mol
1
. v S
0
1173
= = 174,4 J. K
1
.
1.3.4.12. a) K = 0,0671 atm (V P
o
=atm )
b) Phn PCl
5
b phn hu l = 0,35 (bng 35%).
p sut ton phn : p = 0,480 atm
d) Phn PCl
5
b phn hu l : = 0,45 bng 45%.
p sut ton phn : p = 0,265 atm
19