James Cook From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Page semi-protected This article

is about the British explorer. For other uses, see James Cook (disa mbiguation). "Captain Cook" redirects here. For other uses, see Captain Cook (disambiguation) . Captain James Cook Captainjamescookportrait.jpg James Cook, portrait by Nathaniel Dance-Holland, c.?1775, National Maritime Muse um, Greenwich Born 7 November [O.S. 27 October] 1728 Marton, (in present-day Middlesbrough) Yorkshire, England Died 14 February 1779 (aged 50) Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii Nationality British Education Postgate School, Great Ayton Occupation Explorer, navigator, cartographer Title Captain Spouse(s) Elizabeth Batts Children James Cook, Nathaniel Cook, Elizabeth Cook, Joseph Cook, George Cook, Hugh Cook Parents James Cook, Grace Pace Signature James Cook Signature.svg 14 February 1779) was a Briti Captain James Cook, FRS, RN (7 November 1728[NB 1] sh explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy. Cook made d etailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern c oastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnav igation of New Zealand. Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755. He saw action in the Seven Years' War, and subsequently surveyed and mapp ed much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec. This helped bring Cook to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society. This notice came at a crucial moment in both Cook's career and the direction of Brit ish overseas exploration, and led to his commission in 1766 as commander of HM B ark Endeavour for the first of three Pacific voyages. In three voyages Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas o f the globe. He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail and on a scale not previously achieved. As he progressed on his v oyages of discovery he surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coa stlines on European maps for the first time. He displayed a combination of seama nship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage and an abili ty to lead men in adverse conditions. Cook was killed in Hawaii in a fight with Hawaiians during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific in 1779. He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge which was to influence his successors well into the 20th century and n umerous memoria worldwide have been dedicated to him. Contents 1 Early life and family 2 Start of Royal Navy career 2.1 Conquest of Canada (1758 63) 3 Voyages of exploration 3.1 First voyage (1768 71)

5 6

7 8

3.2 Interlude 3.3 Second voyage (1772 75) 3.4 Third voyage (1776 79) 3.5 Death Legacy 4.1 Ethnographic Collections 4.2 Navigation and science 4.3 Memorials See also References 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Notes 6.3 Bibliography Further reading External links 8.1 Biographical dictionaries 8.2 Journals 8.3 Collections and museums

Early life and family James Cook was born in the village of Marton in Yorkshire, now a suburb of Middl esbrough.[1] He was baptised in the local church of St. Cuthbert, where his name can be seen in the church register. Cook was the second of eight children of Ja mes Cook, a Scottish farm labourer from Ednam near Kelso, and his locally born w ife, Grace Pace, from Thornaby-on-Tees.[1][2][3] In 1736, his family moved to Ai rey Holme farm at Great Ayton, where his father's employer, Thomas Skottowe, pai d for him to attend the local school. In 1741, after five years schooling, he be gan work for his father, who had by now been promoted to farm manager. For leisu re, he would climb a nearby hill, Roseberry Topping, enjoying the opportunity fo r solitude.[4] Cooks' Cottage, his parents' last home, which he is likely to hav e visited, is now in Melbourne, having been moved from England and reassembled, brick by brick, in 1934.[5] Portrait of Mrs. Elizabeth Cook by William Henderson, dated 1830. In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved 20 miles (32 km) to the fishing village of S taithes, to be apprenticed as a shop boy to grocer and haberdasher William Sande rson.[1] Historians have speculated that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window.[3] After 18 months, not proving suitable for shop work, Cook travelled to the nearb y port town of Whitby to be introduced to friends of Sanderson's, John and Henry Walker.[5] The Walkers were prominent local ship-owners and Quakers, and were i n the coal trade. Their house is now the Captain Cook Memorial Museum. Cook was taken on as a merchant navy apprentice in their small fleet of vessels, plying c oal along the English coast. His first assignment was aboard the collier Freelov e, and he spent several years on this and various other coasters, sailing betwee n the Tyne and London. As part of his apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to th e study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and astronomy all skills he would need one day to command his own ship.[3] His three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea. After passing his examinations in 1752, he soon progressed throu gh the merchant navy ranks, starting with his promotion in that year to mate abo ard the collier brig Friendship.[6] In 1755, within a month of being offered com mand of this vessel, he volunteered for service in the Royal Navy, when Britain was re-arming for what was to become the Seven Years' War. Despite the need to s tart back at the bottom of the naval hierarchy, Cook realised his career would a dvance more quickly in military service and entered the Navy at Wapping on 17 Ju ne 1755.[7]

Cook married Elizabeth Batts (1742 1835), the daughter of Samuel Batts, keeper of the Bell Inn, Wapping[8] and one of his mentors, on 21 December 1762 at St. Marg aret's Church in Barking, Essex. The couple had six children: James (1763 94), Nat haniel (1764 80, lost aboard HMS Thunderer which foundered with all hands in a hur ricane in the West Indies), Elizabeth (1767 71), Joseph (1768 68), George (1772 72) an d Hugh (1776 93, died of scarlet fever while a student at Christ's College, Cambri dge). When not at sea, Cook lived in the East End of London. He attended St Paul 's Church, Shadwell, where his son James was baptised. Cook has no direct descen dants all his children either pre-deceased him or died without having children of their own.[9] Start of Royal Navy career Further information: Great Britain in the Seven Years' War James Cook's 1775 chart of Newfoundland Cook's first posting was with HMS Eagle, sailing with the rank of master's mate. In October and November 1755 he took part in Eagle's capture of one French wars hip and the sinking of another, following which he was promoted to boatswain in addition to his other duties.[7] His first temporary command was in March 1756 w hen he was briefly the master of the Cruizer, a small cutter attached to the Eag le while on patrol.[7][10] In June 1757 Cook passed his master's examinations at Trinity House, Deptford, w hich qualified him to navigate and handle a ship of the King's fleet.[11] He the n joined the frigate HMS Solebay as master under Captain Robert Craig.[12] Conquest of Canada (1758 63) During the Seven Years' War, he served in North America as master of Pembroke.[1 3] In 1758, he took part in the major amphibious assault that captured the Fortr ess of Louisbourg from the French, after which he participated in the siege of Q uebec City and then the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759. He showed a tal ent for surveying and cartography, and was responsible for mapping much of the e ntrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege, thus allowing General Wolf e to make his famous stealth attack on the Plains of Abraham.[6] Cook's aptitude for surveying was put to good use mapping the jagged coast of Ne wfoundland in the 1760s, aboard HMS Grenville. He surveyed the north-west stretc h in 1763 and 1764, the south coast between the Burin Peninsula and Cape Ray in 1765 and 1766, and the west coast in 1767. At this time Cook employed local pilo ts to point out the "rocks and hidden dangers" along the south and west coasts. During the 1765 season, four pilots were engaged at 4 shillings a day each: John Beck for the coast west of "Great St. Lawrence", Morgan Snook for Fortune Bay, John Dawson for Connaigre and Hermitage Bay, and John Peck for the "Bay of Despa ir."[14] His five seasons in Newfoundland produced the first large-scale and accurate map s of the island's coasts and were the first scientific, large scale, hydrographi c surveys to use precise triangulation to establish land outlines.[15] They also gave Cook his mastery of practical surveying, achieved under often adverse cond itions, and brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society at a crucial moment both in his career and in the direction of British overseas disc overy. Cook's map would be used into the 20th century copies of it being reference d by those sailing Newfoundland's waters for 200 years.[16] Following on from his exertions in Newfoundland, it was at this time that Cook w rote that he intended to go not only "farther than any man has been before me, b ut as far as I think it is possible for a man to go."[11] Voyages of exploration First voyage (1768 71) Main article: First voyage of James Cook

A three-masted sailing ship crossing a bay Endeavour replica in Cooktown, Queensland harbour deavour was beached for seven weeks in 1770.

anchored where the original En

In 1766, the Royal Society engaged Cook to travel to the Pacific Ocean to observ e and record the transit of Venus across the Sun. Cook, at the age of 39, was pr omoted to lieutenant and named as commander of the expedition.[17][18] The exped ition sailed from England on 26 August 1768,[19] rounded Cape Horn and continued westward across the Pacific to arrive at Tahiti on 13 April 1769, where the obs ervations of the Venus Transit were made. However, the result of the observation s was not as conclusive or accurate as had been hoped. Once the observations wer e completed, Cook opened the sealed orders which were additional instructions fr om the Admiralty for the second part of his voyage: to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated rich southern continent of Terra Australis.[20] Cook then sailed to New Zealand and mapped the complete coastline, making only some minor errors. He then voyaged west, reaching the south-eastern coast of Australi a on 19 April 1770, and in doing so his expedition became the first recorded Eur opeans to have encountered its eastern coastline.[NB 2] On 23 April he made his first recorded direct observation of indigenous Australi ans at Brush Island near Bawley Point, noting in his journal: " and were so near t he Shore as to distinguish several people upon the Sea beach they appear'd to be of a very dark or black Colour but whether this was the real colour of their sk ins or the C[l]othes they might have on I know not."[21] On 29 April Cook and cr ew made their first landfall on the mainland of the continent at a place now kno wn as the Kurnell Peninsula. Cook originally christened the area as "Stingray Ba y", but he later crossed it out and named it Botany Bay[22] after the unique spe cimens retrieved by the botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander. It is here t hat James Cook made first contact with an aboriginal tribe known as the Gweagal. [23] After his departure from Botany Bay he continued northwards, and a mishap occurr ed, on 11 June, when the Endeavour ran aground on a shoal of the Great Barrier R eef, and then "nursed into a river mouth on 18 June 1770".[24] The ship was badl y damaged and his voyage was delayed almost seven weeks while repairs were carri ed out on the beach (near the docks of modern Cooktown, Queensland, at the mouth of the Endeavour River).[3] Once repairs were complete the voyage continued, sa iling through Torres Strait and on 22 August he landed on Possession Island, whe re he claimed the entire coastline he had just explored as British territory. He returned to England via Batavia (modern Jakarta, Indonesia, where many in his c rew succumbed to malaria), the Cape of Good Hope and the island of Saint Helena, arriving on 12 July 1771. Interlude Cook's journals were published upon his return, and he became something of a her o among the scientific community. Among the general public, however, the aristoc ratic botanist Joseph Banks was a bigger hero.[3] Banks even attempted to take c ommand of Cook's second voyage, but removed himself from the voyage before it be gan, and Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster were taken on as scie ntists for the voyage. Cook's son George was born five days before he left for h is second voyage.[25] The routes of Captain James Cook's voyages. The first voyage is shown in red, se cond voyage in green, and third voyage in blue. The route of Cook's crew followi ng his death is shown as a dashed blue line. Second voyage (1772 75) Main article: Second voyage of James Cook James Cook's 1777 South-Up map of South Georgia Shortly after his return from the first voyage, Cook was promoted in August 1771 , to the rank of commander.[26][27] Then, in 1772, he was commissioned by the Ro

yal Society to search for the hypothetical Terra Australis. On his first voyage, Cook had demonstrated by circumnavigating New Zealand that it was not attached to a larger landmass to the south. Although he charted almost the entire eastern coastline of Australia, showing it to be continental in size, the Terra Austral is was believed to lie further south. Despite this evidence to the contrary, Ale xander Dalrymple and others of the Royal Society still believed that this massiv e southern continent should exist.[28] Cook commanded HMS Resolution on this voyage, while Tobias Furneaux commanded it s companion ship, HMS Adventure. Cook's expedition circumnavigated the globe at a very high southern latitude, becoming one of the first to cross the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773. In the Antarctic fog, Resolution and Adventure became separated. Furneaux made his way to New Zealand, where he lost some of his men during an encounter with Maori, and eventually sailed back to Britain, while Coo k continued to explore the Antarctic, reaching 7110'S on 31 January 1774.[11] James Cook witnessing human sacrifice in Tahiti c. 1773 Cook almost encountered the mainland of Antarctica, but turned back north toward s Tahiti to resupply his ship. He then resumed his southward course in a second fruitless attempt to find the supposed continent. On this leg of the voyage he b rought with him a young Tahitian named Omai, who proved to be somewhat less know ledgeable about the Pacific than Tupaia had been on the first voyage. On his ret urn voyage to New Zealand in 1774, he landed at the Friendly Islands, Easter Isl and, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu. Before returning to England, he took a final sweep across the South Atlantic fro m Cape Horn and surveyed, mapped and took possession for Britain of South Georgi a, explored by Anthony de la Roch in 1675, discovered and named Clerke Rocks and the South Sandwich Islands ("Sandwich Land"). He then turned north to South Afri ca, and from there continued back to England. His reports upon his return home p ut to rest the popular myth of Terra Australis.[29] Another accomplishment of the second voyage was the successful employment of the Larcum Kendall's K1 copy of John Harrison's H4 marine chronometer, which enable d Cook to calculate his longitudinal position with much greater accuracy. Cook's log was full of praise for this time-piece which he used to make charts of the southern Pacific Ocean that were so remarkably accurate that copies of them were still in use in the mid-20th century.[30] Upon his return, Cook was promoted to the rank of post-captain and given an hono rary retirement from the Royal Navy, as an officer in the Greenwich Hospital. Hi s acceptance was reluctant, insisting that he be allowed to quit the post if the opportunity for active duty presented itself.[31] His fame now extended beyond the Admiralty he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society, and awarded the Copley Go ld Medal for completing his second voyage without losing a man to scurvy.[32] Co ok's portrait was painted by Nathaniel Dance-Holland, he dined with James Boswel l and was described in the House of Lords as "the first navigator in Europe".[11 ] But he could not be kept away from the sea. A third voyage was planned and Coo k volunteered to find the Northwest Passage. Cook travelled to the Pacific and h oped to travel east to the Atlantic, while a simultaneous voyage travelled the o pposite way.[33] Third voyage (1776 79) Main article: Third voyage of James Cook A statue of James Cook stands in Waimea, Kauai commemorating his first contact w ith the Hawaiian Islands at the town's harbour in January 1778 On his last voyage, Cook once again commanded HMS Resolution, while Captain Char les Clerke commanded HMS Discovery. Ostensibly, the voyage was planned to return the Pacific Islander, Omai to Tahiti; this is what the general public believed, as he had become a favourite curiosity in London. Principally the purpose of th

e voyage was an attempt to discover ning Omai, Cook travelled north and he Hawaiian Islands. In passing and imea harbour, Kauai, Cook named the fourth Earl of Sandwich the acting

the famed Northwest Passage.[34] After retur in 1778 became the first European to visit t after initial landfall in January 1778 at Wa archipelago the "Sandwich Islands" after the First Lord of the Admiralty.[35]

From the South Pacific, he went north-east to explore the west coast of North Am erica north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California. He made landfall at a pproximately 4430' north latitude, near Cape Foulweather on the Oregon coast, whi ch he named. Bad weather forced his ships south to about 43 north before they cou ld begin their exploration of the coast northward.[36] He unknowingly sailed pas t the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and soon after entered Nootka Sound on Vancouver I sland. He anchored near the First Nations village of Yuquot. Cook's two ships sp ent about a month in Nootka Sound, from 29 March to 26 April 1778, in what Cook called Ship Cove, now Resolution Cove,[37] at the south end of Bligh Island, abo ut 5 miles (8 km) east across Nootka Sound from Yuquot, a Nuu-chah-nulth village (whose chief Cook did not identify but may have been Maquinna). Relations betwe en Cook's crew and the people of Yuquot were cordial if sometimes strained. In t rading, the people of Yuquot demanded much more valuable items than the usual tr inkets that had worked for Cook's crew in Hawaii. Metal objects were much desire d, but the lead, pewter, and tin traded at first soon fell into disrepute. The m ost valuable items the British received in trade were sea otter pelts. Over the month-long stay the Yuquot "hosts" essentially controlled the trade with the Bri tish vessels, instead of vice versa. Generally the natives visited the British v essels at Resolution Cove instead of the British visiting the village of Yuquot at Friendly Cove.[38] After leaving Nootka Sound, Cook explored and mapped the coast all the way to th e Bering Strait, on the way identifying what came to be known as Cook Inlet in A laska. It has been said that, in a single visit, Cook charted the majority of th e North American north-west coastline on world maps for the first time, determin ed the extent of Alaska and closed the gaps in Russian (from the West) and Spani sh (from the South) exploratory probes of the Northern limits of the Pacific.[11 ] The Bering Strait proved to be impassable, although he made several attempts to sail through it. He became increasingly frustrated on this voyage, and perhaps b egan to suffer from a stomach ailment; it has been speculated that this led to i rrational behaviour towards his crew, such as forcing them to eat walrus meat, w hich they found inedible.[39] Cook returned to Hawaii in 1779. After sailing around the archipelago for some e ight weeks, he made landfall at Kealakekua Bay, on 'Hawaii Island', largest isla nd in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Cook's arrival coincided with the Makahiki, a Ha waiian harvest festival of worship for the Polynesian god Lono. Coincidentally t he form of Cook's ship, HMS Resolution, or more particularly the mast formation, sails and rigging, resembled certain significant artefacts that formed part of the season of worship.[3][39] Similarly, Cook's clockwise route around the islan d of Hawaii before making landfall resembled the processions that took place in a clockwise direction around the island during the Lono festivals. It has been a rgued (most extensively by Marshall Sahlins) that such coincidences were the rea sons for Cook's (and to a limited extent, his crew's) initial deification by som e Hawaiians who treated Cook as an incarnation of Lono.[40] Though this view was first suggested by members of Cook's expedition, the idea that any Hawaiians un derstood Cook to be Lono, and the evidence presented in support of it was challe nged in 1992.[39][41] Death After a month's stay, Cook got under sail again to resume his exploration of the Northern Pacific. Shortly after leaving Hawaii Island, the foremast of the Reso

lution broke and the ships returned to Kealakekua Bay for repairs. It has been h ypothesised that the return to the islands by Cook's expedition was not just une xpected by the Hawaiians, but unwelcome, because the season of Lono had recently ended (presuming that they associated Cook with Lono and Makahiki). Tensions ro se, and a number of quarrels broke out between the Europeans and Hawaiians. On 1 4 February 1779, at Kealakekua Bay, some Hawaiians took one of Cook's small boat s. As thefts were quite common in Tahiti and the other islands, Cook would have taken hostages until the stolen articles were returned.[3] He attempted to take hostage the King of Hawai?i, Kalani?opu?u. The Hawaiians prevented this, and Coo k's men had to retreat to the beach. As Cook turned his back to help launch the boats, he was struck on the head by the villagers and then stabbed to death as h e fell on his face in the surf.[42] Hawaiian tradition says that he was killed b y a chief named Kalaimanokaho?owaha or Kana?ina.[43] The Hawaiians dragged his b ody away. Four of the Marines with Cook were also killed and two wounded in the confrontation. The Death of Captain James Cook, 14 February 1779, an unfinished painting by Joh ann Zoffany, circa 1795.[44] The esteem in which he was nevertheless held by the Hawaiians resulted in his bo dy being retained by their chiefs and elders. Following the practice of the time , Cook's body underwent funerary rituals similar to those reserved for the chief s and highest elders of the society. The body was disembowelled, baked to facili tate removal of the flesh, and the bones were carefully cleaned for preservation as religious icons in a fashion somewhat reminiscent of the treatment of Europe an saints in the Middle Ages. Some of Cook's remains, disclosing some corroborat ing evidence to this effect, were eventually returned to the British for a forma l burial at sea following an appeal by the crew.[45] Clerke took over the expedition and made a final attempt to pass through the Ber ing Strait.[46] Following the death of Clerke, Resolution and Discovery returned home in October 1780 commanded by John Gore, a veteran of Cook's first voyage, and Captain James King.[47] Cook's account of his third and final voyage was com pleted upon their return by King. David Samwell, who sailed with Cook on the Resolution, wrote of him: "He was a m odest man, and rather bashful; of an agreeable lively conversation, sensible and intelligent. In temper he was somewhat hasty, but of a disposition the most fri endly, benevolent and humane. His person was above six feet high: and, though a good looking man, he was plain both in dress and appearance. His face was full o f expression: his nose extremely well shaped: his eyes which were small and of a brown cast, were quick and piercing; his eyebrows prominent, which gave his cou ntenance altogether an air of austerity."[48] Legacy Hawaiian Feather Cloak held by the Australian Museum. A statue of James Cook in Greenwich, London John Webber's Captain Cook, oil on canvas, 1776 The standard author abbreviation Cook is used to indicate this individual as the author when citing a botanical name.[49] Ethnographic Collections Main article: James Cook Collection: Australian Museum The Australian Museum's Cook Collection was acquired in 1894 when it was transfe rred from the Government of New South Wales. At that time it consisted of 115 ar tefacts collected on Captain James Cook's three voyages of discovery throughout the Pacific Ocean, during the period 1768 1780, along with documents and memorabil ia related to these voyages. Many of the ethnographic artifacts were collected a t a time of first contact between Pacific Peoples and Europeans. In 1935 most of the documents and memorabilia were transferred to the Mitchell Library in the S tate Library of New South Wales. The provenance of the collection shows that the objects remained in the hands of Captain James Cook's widow, Mrs Elizabeth Cook

and her descendants until 1886. In this year Mr John Mackrell, the great nephew of Isaac Smith, Elizabeth Cook's cousin, organised the display of this collecti on at the request of the NSW Government at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London. In 1887 the London-based Agent-General for the New South Wales Governme nt, Saul Samuel, bought John Mackrell's items and also acquired those items belo nging to the other relatives Reverend Canon Frederick Bennett, Mrs Thomas Langto n, H. M. C. Alexander and Mr William Adams. The collection remained with the Col onial Secretary of NSW until 1894, when it was transferred to the Australian Mus eum.[50] Navigation and science Cook's 12 years sailing around the Pacific Ocean contributed much to European kn owledge of the area. Several islands such as Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) were enco untered for the first time by Europeans, and his more accurate navigational char ting of large areas of the Pacific was a major achievement.[51] To create accurate maps, latitude and longitude need to be known. Navigators had been able to work out latitude accurately for centuries by measuring the angle of the sun or a star above the horizon with an instrument such as a backstaff or quadrant. Longitude was more difficult to measure accurately because it require s precise knowledge of the time difference between points on the surface of the earth. The Earth turns a full 360 degrees relative to the sun each day. Thus lon gitude corresponds to time: 15 degrees every hour, or 1 degree every 4 minutes.[ 52] Cook gathered accurate longitude measurements during his first voyage due to his navigational skills, the help of astronomer Charles Green and by using the newl y published Nautical Almanac tables, via the lunar distance method measuring the a ngular distance from the moon to either the sun during daytime or one of eight b right stars during night-time to determine the time at the Royal Observatory, Gr eenwich, and comparing that to his local time determined via the altitude of the sun, moon, or stars. On his second voyage Cook used the K1 chronometer made by Larcum Kendall, which was the shape of a large pocket watch, 5 inches (13 cm) in diameter. It was a copy of the H4 clock made by John Harrison, which proved to be the first to keep accurate time at sea when used on the ship Deptford's journ ey to Jamaica, 1761 62.[53] Cook succeeded in circumnavigating the world on his first voyage without losing a single man to scurvy, an unusual accomplishment at the time. He tested several preventive measures but the most important was frequent replenishment of fresh food.[54] It was for presenting a paper on this aspect of the voyage to the Roya l Society that he was presented with the Copley Medal in 1776.[55][56] Ever the observer, Cook was the first European to have extensive contact with various peo ple of the Pacific. He correctly concluded there was a relationship among all th e people in the Pacific, despite their being separated by thousands of miles of ocean (see Malayo-Polynesian languages). Cook came up with the theory that Polyn esians originated from Asia, which was later proved to be correct by scientist B ryan Sykes.[57] In New Zealand the coming of Cook is often used to signify the o nset of colonisation.[3][5] Cook was accompanied on his voyages by many scientists, whose observations and d iscoveries added to the importance of the voyages. Joseph Banks, a botanist, wen t on the first voyage along with fellow botanist Daniel Solander from Sweden. Be tween them they collected over 3,000 plant species.[58] Banks became one of the strongest promoters of the settlement of Australia by the British, based on his own personal observations.[59][60] There were also several artists on the first voyage. Sydney Parkinson was involv ed in many of the drawings, completing 264 drawings before his death near the en d of the voyage. They were of immense scientific value to British botanists.[3][

61] Cook's second expedition included the artist William Hodges, who produced no table landscape paintings of Tahiti, Easter Island, and other locations. A number of the junior officers who served under Cook went on to distinctive acc omplishments of their own. William Bligh, Cook's sailing master, was given comma nd of HMS Bounty in 1787 to sail to Tahiti and return with breadfruit. Bligh is most known for the mutiny of his crew which resulted in his being set adrift in 1789. He later became governor of New South Wales, where he was subject of anoth er mutiny the only successful armed takeover of an Australian colonial government. [62] George Vancouver, one of Cook's midshipmen, later led a voyage of explorati on to the Pacific Coast of North America from 1791 to 1794.[63] In honour of his former commander, Vancouver's new ship was also christened Discovery. George Di xon sailed under Cook on his third expedition, and later commanded an expedition of his own.[64] One of Cook's lieutenants, Henry Roberts, spent many years afte r that voyage preparing the detailed charts that went into Cook's posthumous Atl as, published around 1784. His contributions to knowledge were internationally recognised during his lifeti me. In 1779, while the American colonies were at war with Britain in their war f or independence, Benjamin Franklin wrote to captains of American warships at sea , recommending that if they came into contact with Cook's vessel, they were to " not consider her an enemy, nor suffer any plunder to be made of the effects cont ained in her, nor obstruct her immediate return to England by detaining her or s ending her into any other part of Europe or to America; but that you treat the s aid Captain Cook and his people with all civility and kindness, [...] as common friends to mankind."[65] Unknown to Franklin, Cook had met his death a month before this "passport" was w ritten. Memorials The coat of arms of James Cook granted by King George III to Cook's widow in 178 5, to be borne by his descendants and 'placed on any monument or otherwise to hi s memory'[66] Captain Cook memorial statue at the Catani Gardens St Kilda, Victoria, Australia A US coin, the 1928 Hawaiian Sesquicentennial half dollar bears an image of Cook . Minted during the celebration marking the 150th anniversary of his discovery o f the islands, its low mintage (10,008) has made this example of Early United St ates commemorative coins both scarce and expensive.[67] The site where he was ki lled in Hawaii is marked by a white obelisk, built in 1874, and about 25 square feet (2.3 m2) of land around it is chained off. This land, though in Hawaii, has been given to the United Kingdom.[68] A nearby town is named Captain Cook, Hawa ii as well as several businesses. The Apollo 15 Command/Service Module Endeavour was named after Cook's ship, HMS Endeavour,[69] as was the space shuttle Endeav our.[70] Another shuttle, Discovery, was named after Cook's HMS Discovery.[71] The first tertiary education institution in North Queensland, Australia was name d after him, with James Cook University opening in Townsville in 1970.[72] In Au stralian rhyming slang the expression "Captain Cook" means "look".[73] Numerous institutions, landmarks and place names reflect the importance of Cook's contrib ution to knowledge of geography. These include the Cook Islands, the Cook Strait , Cook Inlet, and the Cook crater on the Moon.[74] Aoraki/Mount Cook, the highes t summit in New Zealand, is named for him.[75] Another Mount Cook is on the bord er between the US state of Alaska and the Canadian Yukon Territory, and is desig nated Boundary Peak 182 as one of the official Boundary Peaks of the Hay Herbert T reaty.[76] Blue plaque for Captain James Cook located on the wall at 326 The Highway in Sha dwell, East London, England. One of the earliest monuments to Cook in the United Kingdom is located at The Va

che, where it was erected in 1780 by Admiral Hugh Palliser, a contemporary of Co ok and one time owner of the estate.[77] A huge obelisk was built in 1827 as a m onument to Cook on Easby Moor overlooking his boyhood village of Great Ayton.[78 ] In 1978, on the 250th anniversary of Cook's birth, at the site of his birthpla ce in Marton, the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum, which is located within Stewar t Park, was opened. A granite vase just to the south of the museum marks the app roximate spot where he was born.[79] Tributes also abound in post-industrial Mid dlesbrough, and include a primary school,[80] shopping square[81] and the Bottle 'O Notes a public artwork by Claes Oldenburg erected in the town's Central Gard ens in 1993. Also named after Cook is the James Cook University Hospital, a majo r teaching hospital opened in 2003.[82] The Royal Research Ship RRS James Cook w as built in 2006 to replace the RRS Charles Darwin in the UK's Royal Research Fl eet[83] and Stepney Historical Trust has placed a plaque on Free Trade Wharf in the Highway, Shadwell to commemorate his life in the East End of London. In 2002 , Cook was placed at number 12 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.[84 ] See also Australian places named by James Cook European and American voyages of scientific exploration Exploration of the Pacific List of sea captains Death of Cook References Footnotes Jump up ^ Old style date: 27 October Jump up ^ At this time, the International Date Line had yet to be agreed, an d so, the dates in Cook's journal are a day earlier than those accepted today. Notes ^ Jump up to: a b c Rigby & van der Merwe 2002, p. 25 Jump up ^ Stamp 1978, p. 1 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Collingridge 2003 Jump up ^ Collingridge 2003, p. 15 ^ Jump up to: a b c Horwitz 2003 ^ Jump up to: a b Hough 1994, p. 11 ^ Jump up to: a b c Rigby & van der Merwe 2002, p. 27 Jump up ^ "Famous 18th century people in Barking and Dagenham: James Cook an d Dick Turpin". London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. Retrieved 5 March 2013. Jump up ^ Stamp 1978, p. 138 Jump up ^ McLynn 2011, p. 21 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Williams, Glyn (17 February 2011). "Captain Cook: Ex plorer, Navigator and Pioneer". BBC. Retrieved 5 September 2011. Jump up ^ Capper, Paul (1985 96). "The Captain Cook Society: Cook's Log". Life in the Royal Navy (1755 1767). Retrieved 22 September 2011. Jump up ^ Kemp 2005 Jump up ^ Whiteley, William (1975). "James Cook in Newfoundland 1762 1767". Ne wfoundland Historical Society Pamphlet Number 3. Retrieved 27 August 2012. Jump up ^ Government of Canada (2012). "Captain James Cook R.N.". Historic S ites and Monuments Board of Canada. Retrieved 2 November 2012. Jump up ^ Hough 1994, p. 32 Jump up ^ Rigby & van der Merwe 2002, p. 30 Jump up ^ "1911 Encyclopdia Britannica/Cook, James Wikisource". Retrieved 21 September 2011. Jump up ^ "The Sydney Morning Herald.". The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW: 1842 1 954) (NSW: National Library of Australia). 2 May 1931. p. 12. Retrieved 4 Septem ber 2012.

Jump up ^ "Secret Instructions to Captain Cook, 30 June 1768". National Arch ives of Australia. Retrieved 3 September 2011. Jump up ^ "Cook's Journal: Daily Entries, 22 April 1770". Retrieved 21 Septe mber 2011. Jump up ^ "PAGES FROM THE PAST.". The Argus (Melbourne, Vic.: 1848 1956) (Melb ourne, Vic.: National Library of Australia). 31 May 1919. p. 20. Retrieved 4 Sep tember 2012. Jump up ^ "Once were warriors smh.com.au". The Sydney Morning Herald. 11 Nov ember 2002. Retrieved 21 September 2011. Jump up ^ Robson 2004, p. 81 Jump up ^ "Captain Cook: Obsession & Discovery. (Part 2 of 4) Britain on Doc uWatch free streaming British history documentaries". 2011. Retrieved 5 March 20 13. Jump up ^ Hough 1994, p. 180 Jump up ^ McLynn 2011, p. 167 Jump up ^ Hough 1994, p. 182 Jump up ^ Hough 1994, p. 263 Jump up ^ "Captain James Cook: His voyages of exploration and the men that a ccompanied him". National Maritime Museum. Retrieved 10 October 2007. Jump up ^ Beaglehole 1974, p. 444 Jump up ^ Rigby & van der Merwe 2002, p. 79 Jump up ^ Hough 1994, p. 268 Jump up ^ Collingridge 2003, p. 327 Jump up ^ Collingridge 2003, p. 380 Jump up ^ Hayes 1999, pp. 42 43 Jump up ^ "Resolution Cove". BC Geographical Names. Retrieved 6 March 2013. Jump up ^ Fisher 1979 ^ Jump up to: a b c Obeyesekere 1992 Jump up ^ Sahlins 1985 Jump up ^ Obeyesekere 1997 Jump up ^ Collingridge 2003, p. 410 Jump up ^ Dibble, Sheldon (1843). History of the Sandwich Islands. Lahainalu na: Press of the Mission Seminary. p. 61. Jump up ^ "The Death of Captain James Cook, 14 February 1779 National Mariti me Museum". National Maritime Museum. Retrieved 11 July 2012. Jump up ^ Collingridge 2003, p. 413 Jump up ^ Collingridge 2003, p. 412 Jump up ^ Collingridge 2003, p. 423 Jump up ^ Samwell, David (1791). The death of Captain James Cook Google Book s. p. 20. Retrieved 14 August 2011. Jump up ^ "Author Query for 'Cook'". International Plant Names Index. Jump up ^ Thomsett, Sue. "Cook Collection, History of Acquisition". Electron ic Museum Narrative. Australian Museum. Jump up ^ Cook, James (1784). A voyage to the Pacific Ocean ... Google Books . Retrieved 26 August 2011. Jump up ^ "Celestial Sphere: The Apparent Motions of the Sun, Moon, Planets, and Stars Earth, North, Axis, Approximately, Latitude, and Equator". 2011. Retr ieved 26 August 2011. Jump up ^ "Captain Cook Cook's Chronometer English and Media Literacy, Docum entaries". dl.nfsa.gov.au. 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011. Jump up ^ Fernandez-Armesto 2006, p. 297 Jump up ^ Stamp 1978, p. 105 Jump up ^ Cook, Captain James (2011). "The Method Taken for Preserving the H ealth of the Crew of His Majesty's Ship the Resolution during Her Late Voyage Ro und the World". Philosophical Transactions. Royal Society Publications. Retrieve d 10 August 2011. Jump up ^ Sykes 2001 Jump up ^ "The Endeavour Botanical Illustrations at the Natural History Muse um". nhm.ac.uk. 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011. Jump up ^ "Sir Joseph Banks". BBC. 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.

Jump up ^ Gilbert, L. A. Solander, Daniel (1733 1782). Australian Dictionary o f Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retri eved 22 September 2011. Jump up ^ "The Endeavour Botanical Illustrations at the Natural History Muse um". nhm.ac.uk. 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011. Jump up ^ "Biography: William Bligh | Online Information Bank | Research Col lections | Royal Naval Museum at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard". royalnavalmuseum .org. 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011. Jump up ^ Phillips, Nan. Vancouver, George (1757 1798). Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retr ieved 22 September 2011. Jump up ^ "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online". biographi.ca. Retrieved 7 August 2011. Jump up ^ Franklin, Benjamin (1837). The works of Benjamin Franklin. Tappan, Whittemore, and Mason. pp. 123 24. Retrieved 22 September 2011. Jump up ^ Wagner 1972 Jump up ^ "Hawaii Sesquicentennial Half Dollar". coinsite.com. 2011. Retriev ed 8 August 2011. Jump up ^ "Captain Cook's Monument, Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii". Waymarking.com. Retrieved 22 September 2011. Jump up ^ "Call Signs". NASA. Retrieved 21 May 2011. Jump up ^ "Space Shuttle Endeavour". John F. Kennedy Space Center website. N ASA. Retrieved 21 May 2011. Jump up ^ "Space Shuttle Discovery". John F. Kennedy Space Center website. N ASA. Retrieved 21 May 2011. Jump up ^ "Captain James Cook". James Cook University. 2011. Retrieved 8 Aug ust 2011.[dead link] Jump up ^ Sidney 1981, p. 160 Jump up ^ "Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Cook on Moon". Gazetteer of Pla netary Nomenclature. USGS/NASA. Retrieved 21 September 2011. Jump up ^ "Aoraki Mount Cook National Park & Mt Cook Village, New Zealand". Retrieved 21 September 2011. Jump up ^ "Map of Mount Cook, Yukon, Mountain Canada Geographical Names Maps ". Retrieved 21 September 2011. Jump up ^ "CCS Cook Monument at The Vache, Chalfont St. Giles Access Restore d". Retrieved 22 September 2011. Jump up ^ "Great Ayton Captain Cook's Monument". Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ "The Captain Cook Birthplace Museum, Marton, Middlesbrough, UK". c aptcook-ne.co.uk. 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011. Jump up ^ "Captain Cook Primary School". BBC. 2 December 2004. Retrieved 21 September 2011. Jump up ^ "Captain Cook Shopping Square". Captaincookshopping.com. Retrieved 8 March 2010. Jump up ^ "Captain Cook and the Captain Cook Trail". Retrieved 22 September 2011. Jump up ^ "RRS James Cook". Nautical Environment Research Council. 2011. Ret rieved 5 March 2013. Jump up ^ "100 great Britons - A complete list". Daily Mail. 21 August 2002. Retrieved 5 August 2012. Bibliography Beaglehole, John Cawte (1974). The Life of Captain James Cook. A & C Black. ISBN 0-7136-1382-3. Collingridge, Vanessa (February 2003). Captain Cook: The Life, Death and Leg acy of History's Greatest Explorer. Ebury Press. ISBN 0-09-188898-0. Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006). Pathfinders: A Global History of Explorati on. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-06259-7. Fisher, Robin (1979). Captain James Cook and his times. Taylor & Francis. IS

BN 978-0-7099-0050-4. Hayes, Derek (1999). Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of expl oration and Discovery. Sasquatch Books. ISBN 1-57061-215-3. Horwitz, Tony (October 2003). Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Coo k Has Gone Before. Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-7475-6455-8. Hough, Richard (1994). Captain James Cook. Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 0-34082556-1. Kemp, Peter; I. C. B. Dear (2005). The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea . OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-860616-1. Kippis, Andrew (1788). Narrative of the voyages round the world, performed b y Captain James Cook; with an account of his life during the previous and interv ening periods. McLynn, Frank (2011). Captain Cook: Master of the Seas. Yale University Pres s. ISBN 978-0-300-11421-8. Moorhead, Alan (1966). Fatal Impact: An Account of the Invasion of the South Pacific, 1767 1840. H Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-90757-8. Obeyesekere, Gananath (1992). The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythm aking in the Pacific. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05752-4. Obeyesekere, Gananath (1997). The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythm aking in the Pacific. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05752-1. "With new preface and afterword replying to criticism from Sahlins." Rigby, Nigel; van der Merwe, Pieter (2002). Captain Cook in the Pacific. Nat ional Maritime Museum, London UK. ISBN 0-948065-43-5. Robson, John (2004). The Captain Cook Encyclopdia. Random House Australia. IS BN 0-7593-1011-4. Robson, John (2009). Captain Cook's War & Peace: The Royal Navy Years 1755 176 8, Barnsley (South Yorkshire), Seaforth Books and Sydney, University of New Sout h Wales Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84832-033-8 and ISBN 978 1 742231099. Sahlins, Marshall David (1985). Islands of history. University of Chicago Pr ess. ISBN 978-0-226-73358-6. Sahlins, Marshall David (1995). How "Natives" Think: About Captain Cook, for example. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-73368-5. Sidney, John Baker (1981). The Australian Language: An Examination of the En glish Language and English Speech as Used in Australia, from Convict Days to the Present. Melbourne: Sun Books. ISBN 978-0-7251-0382-8. Stamp, Tom and Cordelia (1978). James Cook Maritime Scientist. Whitby: Caedm on of Whitby Press. ISBN 0-905355-04-0. Sykes, Bryan (2001). The Seven Daughters of Eve. Norton Publishing: New York City, NY and London, England. ISBN 0-393-02018-5. Wagner, A. R. (1972). Historic Heraldry of Britain. London: Phillimore & Co Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85033-022-9. Wharton, W. J. L. (1893). Captain Cook's Journal during his first voyage rou nd the world made in H.M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768 71. Further reading Aughton, Peter (2002). Endeavour: The Story of Captain Cook's First Great Ep ic Voyage. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 978-0-304-36236-3. Edwards, Philip, ed. (2003). James Cook: The Journals. London: Penguin Books . ISBN 0-14-043647-2. "Prepared from the original manuscripts by J. C. Beaglehol e 1955 67" Forster, Georg, ed. (1986). A Voyage Round the World. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-305-000180-7. "Published first 1777 as: A Voyage round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years, 17 72, 3, 4, and 5" Kippis, Andrew (1904). The Life and Voyages of Captain James Cook. George Ne wnes, London & Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Richardson, Brian. (2005) Longitude and Empire: How Captain Cook's Voyages C hanged the World University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0-7748-1190-0. Sydney Daily Telegraph (1970) Captain Cook: His Artists His Voyages The Sydn

ey Daily Telegraph Portfolio of Original Works by Artists who sailed with Captai n Cook. Australian Consolidated Press, Sydney. Thomas, Nicholas (2003) The Extraordinary Voyages of Captain James Cook. Wal ker & Co., New York. ISBN 0-8027-1412-9 Villiers, Alan (Summer 1956 57). "James Cook, Seaman". Quadrant 1 (1): 7 16. Villiers, Alan John, (1903) Captain James Cook Newport Beach, CA: Books on T ape, 1983. Williams, Glyndwr, ed. (1997). Captain Cook's Voyages: 1768 1779. London: The Folio Society. External links Library resources About James Cook Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to: James Cook Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Category:James Cook Wikisource has original text related to this article: Author:James Cook Captain Cook Society Biographical dictionaries 'Cook, James (1728 1779)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, Melbo urne University Press, 1966, pp. 243 244 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online James Cook biography from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Journals The Endeavour journal (1) and The Endeavour journal (2), as kept by James Co digitised and held by the National Library of Australia The South Seas Project: maps and online editions of the Journals of James Co ok's First Pacific Voyage, 1768 1771. Includes full text of journals kept by Cook, Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson, as well as the complete text of John Hawkesw orth's 1773 Account of Cook's first voyage. Digitised copies of log books from James Cook's voyages at the British Atmos pheric Data Centre Works by James Cook at Project Gutenberg Speaker Icon.svg James Cook public domain audiobooks from LibriVox Log book of Cook's second voyage: high-resolution digitised version in Cambr idge Digital Library ok Collections and museums Cook's Pacific Encounters: Cook-Forster Collection online Images and descrip tions of more than 300 artefacts collected during the three Pacific voyages of J ames Cook. Images and descriptions of items associated with James Cook at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Archival material relating to James Cook listed at the UK National Archives James Cook Birthplace Museum Cook's manuscript maps of the south-east coast of Australia, held at the Ame rican Geographical Society Library at UW Milwaukee. [show]

v t e Captain James Cook [show] v t e Copley Medallists of 1751 1800 [show] v t e Polar exploration Authority control WorldCat VIAF: 31994819 LCCN: n78091496 ISNI: 0000 0001 2277 9981 GND: 118522027 Categories: Botanists with author abbreviations 1728 births 1779 deaths James Cook Royal Navy officers British military personnel of the French and Indian War Circumnavigators of the globe English explorers English sailors English cartographers English people of Scottish descent Explorers of Australia Explorers of British Columbia Explorers of the Pacific Fellows of the Royal Society People from North Yorkshire People from Middlesbrough Recipients of the Copley Medal 18th-century English people 18th-century explorers Explorers of Oregon People murdered in Hawaii Deaths by stabbing British people murdered abroad Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) Explorers of New Zealand Explorers of Washington (state) Navigation menu Create account

Log in Article Talk Read View source View history Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Toolbox Print/export Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch nglisc ??????? Aragons Asturianu Az?rbaycanca ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? (???????????)? ????????? Bosanski Brezhoneg Catal Cesky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti ???????? Espaol Esperanto Euskara ????? Fiji Hindi Froyskt Franais Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gidhlig

Galego ?? ?????? ??? ??????? Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua slenska Italiano ????? Basa Jawa Kapampangan ??????? ??????? Kiswahili Ladino ????? Latina Latvie u Ltzebuergesch Lietuviu Ligure Lumbaart Magyar ?????????? Malagasy ?????? Maori ????? ???? Bahasa Melayu ?????? ?????????? Nederlands ????? ???? ??? ??????? Norsk bokml Norsk nynorsk Occitan ????? O?zbekcha ?????? Piemontis Polski Portugus Reo Ma`ohi Romna Runa Simi ?????????? ??????? Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovencina Sloven cina

????? ?????? / srpski Srpskohrvatski / ?????????????? Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog ????? ???????/tatara ?????? ??? ?????? Trke ?????????? ???? Vahcuengh Vneto Ti?ng Vi?t Volapk ?? Winaray ?? ?????? Yorb ?? emaite ka ?? Edit links This page was last modified on 23 September 2013 at 05:08. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use a nd Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a nonprofit organization.