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albuquerque journal

NEW mexico
1 00 years of statehood

Life in the past lane


Explore 100 years (and more) of art, history and culture
on the plaza in santa fe
NEW MEXICO MUSEUM OF ART NEW MEXICO HISTORY MUSEUM/ PALACE OF THE GOVERNORS
Famous team of trotters on the Plaza, Santa Fe, 1912. Photo by Jesse Nusbaum, Photo Archives/DCA #16724

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MUSEUM OF INDIAN ARTS & CULTURE MUSEUM OF INTERNATIONAL FOLK ART
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Happy 100th, New Mexico


Published by the Albuquerque Journal January 6, 2012

To Our Readers
Its been a century of news, and we have been with you every step of the way, reporting on your triumphs and tragedies. The Albuquerque Journal, owned and operated by the Lang family, traces its history to the 1880s. Our mission is good journalism and all that encompasses being a watchdog on government, a guardian of the First Amendment, a chronicle of human achievement and a forum for opinion and debate. From Santa Fe to Albuquerque to Washington, D.C., Journal staffers work every day to report the news important to the state and its people. The work of our talented journalists has been recognized many times, with a Pulitzer Prize and other awards such as Best of the West. That expertise is on display in this publication. We hope you enjoy our tribute to New Mexicos centennial.

Dear Fellow New Mexican: Dear Fellow New Mexican: Dear Fellow New Mexican:

Kent Walz Editor

staff
Editor Kent Walz Managing editor Karen Moses Assistant managing editor Joe Kirby Centennial editor Judy Giannettino Advertising director Brenda Begley Copy editor Tom Travin Designers Rachel Conger Leah Derrington Jennifer Swanson Erica Weingartner Photo Editing Greg Sorber Roberto E. Rosales

ON THE COVER
1. Sandia Crest at sunrise. 2. The Shiprock formation near Shiprock, N.M. 3. President William Howard Taft signing the New Mexico statehood bill. 4. Historic Route 66 marker on Central Avenue in Albuquerque. 5. Mass ascension at Albuquerques Balloon Fiesta Park. 6. Dancer at Taos Pueblo Pow-Wow. 7. The San Francisco 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d de Asis Church in Ranchos de Taos. 8. Santa Fe train station. 9. Alien model at the International UFO Museum and Research Center in Roswell. 10. Trinity Site explosion on July 16, 1945. 11. Death March starts after the surrender of troops on Bataan. 12. Artist Georgia OKeeffe. 13. A Very Large Array radio telescope.

January 6, 2012, 2012, marks our beautiful states Centennial anniversary. Throughout New Mexicos one January 6, 2012, marks our beautiful states Centennial anniversary. Throughout New Mexicos one January 6, marks our beautiful states Centennial anniversary. Throughout New Mexicos one hundred-year journey, we have shaped an identity distinct in every every way. We are a land land in which which Native hundred-year journey, wewe have shaped an an identity distinct in in every way. We are a land in in which Native hundred-year journey, have shaped identity distinct way. We are a Native American, European, and Hispanic traditions converge -state a state state equally recognized for its community of Dear Fellow New Mexican: American, European, and Hispanic traditions converge - aequally recognized forfor its its community of of American, European, and Hispanic traditions converge a equally recognized community artisans as it is for its pioneering discoveries in the theatre of science and technology. artisans as as it is its its pioneering discoveries in in the theatre of of science and technology. artisans it for is for pioneering discoveries the theatre science and technology. January 6, 2012, marks our beautiful states Centennial anniversary. Throughout New Mexicos one As visitors have traveled to New New Mexico, they have discovered what we have known all along. They have hundred-year journey, weto have shaped an they identity distinct in every way. We are a land in which Native AsAs visitors have traveled New Mexico, have discovered what wewe have known all along. They have visitors have traveled to Mexico, they have discovered what have known all along. They have been attracted to the physical beauty of our state and enamored by the diversity of our culture. As New American, European, and Hispanic traditions converge a state equally recognized for its community of been attracted to to the physical beauty of of our state and enamored byby the diversity of of our culture. AsAs New been attracted the physical beauty our state and enamored the diversity our culture. New Mexicans, we consider ourselves fortunate tothe live in the the land of green green chile, exquisite sunsets, and artisans as we it is for its pioneering discoveries theatre of science and technology. Mexicans, consider ourselves fortunate toin live in the land of of green chile, exquisite sunsets, and Mexicans, we consider ourselves fortunate to live in land chile, exquisite sunsets, and balloon-dotted skylines. But our greatest source of pride pride is in in our our people; New Mexicans from all walks balloon-dotted skylines. But our greatest source of of pride is in our people; New Mexicans from allall walks balloon-dotted skylines. But our greatest source is people; New Mexicans from walks of life, and from every region, are what make our state the jewel ofwe the southwest. Asof visitors have traveled to New Mexico, they have discovered what have known all along. They have of life, and from every region, are what make our state the jewel of of the southwest. life, and from every region, are what make our state the jewel the southwest. been attracted to the physical beauty of our state and enamored by the diversity of our culture. As New Our celebration ofcentury a century century offortunate statehood serves as an important milestone, marking where we have been Mexicans, we consider ourselves to live the land of green chile,marking exquisite sunsets, and Our celebration of of a of of statehood serves asin an important milestone, where wewe have been Our celebration a statehood serves as an important milestone, marking where have been and who we are. It also is also also aour time to anticipate anticipate the opportunities yet before us, and I share share the same sense balloon-dotted skylines. But greatest source of pride is in our people; New Mexicans from all walks Dear Fellow New Mexican: and who wewe are. It is a time to anticipate the opportunities yetyet before us, and I share the same sense and who are. It is a time to the opportunities before us, and I the same sense of optimism optimism that former Governor William McDonald spoke of in 1912, when we were admitted as the the of life, and from every region, are what make our state spoke the jewel ofin the southwest. of of optimism that former Governor William McDonald of of in 1912, when wewe were admitted as as the that former Governor William McDonald spoke 1912, when were admitted th 47 th th U.S. state and he said, The past is history; the present is the dawn of the future. It is to the future we January 6, 2012, marks our beautiful states anniversary. Througho 4747 U.S. U.S. state state and and he he said, said, The The past past is history; is history; the the present present is the is the dawn dawn of of the the future. future. It Centennial is It to is to the the future future wewe look and that future will be what we make it. A an century later, these words ring true. Our celebration of a will century of statehood serves important milestone, marking where we have been hundred-year journey, wewords have shaped an identity distinct in every way. We ar look look and and that that future future will be be what what wewe make make it. it. A as century A century later, later, these these words ring ring true. true. and who we are. It is also a time to anticipate the opportunities yet before us, and I shareconverge the same sense American, European, and Hispanic traditions a state equally recogn As we look ahead to our next chapter, were reminded of the legacy we will leave for future generations, a and techn of optimism that former Governor William McDonald spoke of in 1912, when we were admitted as the artisans as itof isof for itslegacy pioneering discoveries in the theatre of science Asth As wewe look look ahead ahead to to our our next next chapter, chapter, were were reminded reminded the the legacy wewe will will leave leave forfor future future generations, generations, a a legacy shaped by the decisions we make and priorities we value. With that in mind, mind, Iis commit to building building 47 U.S. state and he said, The past is history; the present isvalue. the With dawn ofthat the future. to the we legacy legacy shaped shaped byby the the decisions decisions we we make make and and priorities priorities wewe value. With that in in mind, I It commit I commit tofuture to building upon the qualities that have made New Mexico great, by advancing efforts to true. ensure that every child what we have look and that future will be what we make it. visitors A century later, these efforts words ring As have traveled to New Mexico, they have discovered upon upon the the qualities qualities that that have have made made New New Mexico Mexico great, great, by by advancing advancing efforts to to ensure ensure that that every every child child receives a quality education and improving the economic well-being and safety our families. been attracted to the physical beauty of state and enamored by the diversity receives receives a quality a quality education education and and improving improving the the economic economic well-being well-being and and safety safety our our families. families. As we look ahead to our next chapter, were reminded of consider the legacy we will fortunate leave for future a green chile, ex Mexicans, we ourselves to live generations, in the land of So, as we gather with loved ones and friends to celebrate celebrate our Centennial in communities throughout the legacy shaped bywith the decisions we make and priorities weour value. With that mind, Isource commit building balloon-dotted skylines. But our greatest ofto pride is in our people; New So, So, as as we we gather gather with loved loved ones ones and and friends friends to to celebrate our Centennial Centennial in in in communities communities throughout throughout the the state, may each one of us us pause to appreciate appreciate the distinct and wonderful characteristics that make New upon the qualities that have made Mexico great, by advancing efforts to what ensure that every child of life, and from every region, are make our state the jewel of the southw state, state, may may each each one one of of us pause pause to New to appreciate the the distinct distinct and and wonderful wonderful characteristics characteristics that that make make New New Mexico the Land of Enchantment. Enchantment. receives a quality education and improving the economic well-being and safety our families. Mexico Mexico the the Land Land of of Enchantment. Our celebration of a century of statehood serves as an important milestone, ma Congratulations, New Mexico, may our next one hundred years be as memorable as the the last. So, as we gather with loved ones and friends towho celebrate our Centennial in communities throughout the yet before us, a and we are. Ityears is also time to anticipate the opportunities Congratulations, Congratulations, New New Mexico, Mexico, may may our our next next one one hundred hundred years be be asaas memorable memorable as as the last. last. state, may each one of us pause to appreciate the distinct and wonderful characteristics that make spoke New of in 1912, when of optimism that former Governor William McDonald Sincerely, Mexico the Land of Enchantment. 47th U.S. state and he said, The past is history; the present is the dawn of the f Sincerely, Sincerely, look and that future will be what we make it. A century later, these words rin Congratulations, New Mexico, may our next one hundred years be as memorable as the last. As we look ahead to our next chapter, were reminded of the legacy we will le Governor Susana Martinez Sincerely, legacy shaped by the decisions we make and priorities we value. With that in m Governor Governor Susana Susana Martinez Martinez upon the qualities that have made New Mexico great, by advancing efforts to e receives a quality education and improving the economic well-being and safety Governor Susana Martinez

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

So, as we gather with loved ones and friends to celebrate our Centennial in com Becoming a state We the people state, may each one of us pause to appreciate the distinct and wonderful charac The road to joining the union wasnt New Mexico has long been a land of Mexico the Land of Enchantment. smooth for New Mexico Pages 6-13 diversity Pages 58-70 Congratulations, New Mexico, may our next one hundred years be as memorab

contents

Land of resources

We are a state Sincerely, rich in both minerals and wilderness Pages 28-36

The future is now

From nuclear power to health care, research led the way Pages 78-84

Ready to serve
Pages 42-52

President William Howard Taft Photo IS courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & photographs division, photograph by harris & ewing, lc-dig-hec-20482

New Mexico has playedSusana big roles in Our communities are where we Governor Martinez wars of the past century have set down roots Pages 87-92

Where we live

Those who lead us

The art we create

Our politics has been at times challenging, always colorful Pages 54-56

Artistic talent has thrived in the Land of Enchantment Pages 120-129

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Becoming the 47th state in the union wasnt easy for New Mexico, as it had to overcome decades of outside prejudices as well as internal resistance.
By Leslie Linthicum Journal Staff Writer

FROM SEA TO STATEHOOD

here was a sea here once, a sea that slowly dried while mountains pushed up and broad valleys and mesas filled with grasses and forests. Volcanoes erupted in molten fury, sharp-clawed sloths and woolly mammoths lived and died and left their bones. And finally, man began walking on this ground we now call home. Folsom Man, Clovis Man, the Basket Makers, the Anasazi. People came, lived and moved on. Apaches, Navajo and Pueblo people settled and stayed. Spaniards and Mexicans came and stayed, too, looking for riches, claiming the land and raising their flags. Ancient history? Yes. New Mexicos road to statehood, the centennial of which we celebrate this year, really began on a summers day in 1846, when an American Army general and his men crossed over Raton Pass. Before that day, New Mexicos history was not leading toward American statehood. What we were on a trajectory here was to be eventually a Mexican state, said state historian Rick Hendricks. It took a war to put us on the road to statehood. But those early years who we were, where our parents and grandparents were born, our skin color, language and religion, even our landscape and the minerals under our ground had direct and indirect bearing on our long and tortured road to being admitted to the union. New Mexicos dance with statehood was slowed by a host of factors, including partisan politics here and in Washington, D.C., reluctance among New Mexicans to take the leap and a series of bad luck and odd happenstance. But a theme arises again and again between the time the Stars and Stripes was first raised in Santa Fe in 1846 and New Mexicos

morgan petroski/journal

Cabezon Peak is a reminder of New Mexicos volcanic past, of the mountains that pushed through the earth and formed valleys between them, that defined that rugged natural beauty we take for granted. admittance as the 47th state in the Union 66 years later. Historian Robert W. Larson, a University of New Mexico alumnus who wrote the definitive history of the drive to statehood, sums up the prevailing obstacle over six decades: an unfortunate but instinctive distrust of New Mexicos essentially foreign culture was the last and most durable brick added to the strong wall of opposition that prevented the territory from joining the Union until 1912. American nativism raised its head again and again as a dubious nation looked at New Mexico and saw a race speaking an alien language (as one congressman put it) and the heart of our worst civilization with all the signs of ignorance and sloth (the New York Times) and made sure the door to statehood stayed firmly closed. summer of 1846. The troops met no resistance as they marched to Santa Fe in Mexicos most northern holding, but that did not mean the people, who had lived under the crown of Spain and the Republic of Mexico for nearly 250 years, welcomed the change. Skirmishes erupted, the new civilian government crawled forward in fits and starts in frequent conflict with military rule, and the governor was scalped alive. Col. Sterling Price, who was left to deal with New Mexico as Kearny and his troops quickly headed farther west, put it dryly: The opinion that New Mexicans are favorably inclined to the United States government is entirely erroneous. In 1848, with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican-American War, New Mexico was annexed to the United States. Two years later New Mexicans had hammered out a Constitution and brought it before the voters, who approved it 8,371 to 39. It was an overwhelming endorsement of a

new form of government. But New Mexicos fate was not in its own hands. The debate over slavery was splitting the nation, and Congress was uncomfortable admitting new states that might tip the balance. When President Zachary Taylor, a proponent of statehood for New Mexico, died in July 1850, an early and easy entry into the union was doomed. Instead, Congress settled New Mexicos eastern boundary dispute with Texas and created the Territory of New Mexico, a large swath that included most of modern-day Arizona and part of southern Colorado. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had come with the promise that New Mexico would be admitted to the union at the proper time, and the New Mexico Territory would spend the next 64 years waiting to find out when that would be.

Nothing comes easy


Who lived in the young territory? The population was a little more than 61,000 in 1850 and inhabitants were natives of Mexican, Spanish and American Indian descent with an ever-growing smattering of Anglo newcomers who had traveled the Santa Fe Trail for trapping and trade. The Roman Catholic Church was an integral part of daily life and political sway, and Spanish and native languages were spoken as often as English. Larson, in his book New Mexicos Quest for Statehood, notes that New Mexicans once elected as one of their nonvoting territorial representatives in Congress a Catholic priest who spoke only Spanish and required a translator. The population of the territory was not united on the question of whether New Mexico would be better off as a state or a territory. And that wrangling, which waxed and waned with arguments about taxes, land mass, political influence and the role of the 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

Inauspicious beginning
What is now New Mexico was a land unto itself when Gen. Stephen Kearny and the American Army took it for the United States in the

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courtesy of the palace of the governors photo archive (nmhm/dca)/ negative no. 013123

Welcome to Montezuma
As the years rolled by, neighboring Colorado, Utah, Wyoming and Idaho managed to find their stars on the American flag. As the 20th century dawned, New Mexicos population had reached nearly 200,000. The state was crisscrossed by railroads and Fred Harvey hotels, and its

fortunes began to change. In 1902, Congress took up a bill to bring Oklahoma, New Mexico and Arizona into the union, and rather than speculating about odd and foreign territories, members of a Senate committee actually toured New Mexico to see and hear from her citizens. The bill died in the Senate the next year, but two years later statehood popped up again this time with a proposal to bring New Mexico and Arizona into the union as one state, known as Montezuma. The rationale for Montezuma was that combining Arizonas

smaller population with New Mexicos larger population would constitute a more appropriate congressional representation than if they were admitted separately. New Mexicos territorial delegate, Bernard Rodey, made the case that the two territories contained distinct populations and were separated by a mountain range. That proposal died, but it came up again the next year. In 1906 the joint Arizona-New Mexico state was to be called Arizona and have its capital in Santa Fe. Congress approved the joint state but allowed New Mexicans and Arizonans a

Catholic Church, would go on for decades. As the years clicked by, Congress brought more and more states into the union and took up statehood for New Mexico a half-dozen times. It came within a whisker of approving it on more than one occasion. Each time a bill was introduced, many of the same arguments were made. On the plus side, New Mexico met and exceeded the population requirement, it had established public schools and developed a strong livestock industry. On the negative side, New Mexico was predominantly Hispano, its adults were largely illiterate and its language and culture were very different from the Americans who were deciding who would join them as a nation. Easterners prejudices were only buoyed by reports of gunslinging in the Lincoln and Colfax county wars and even by the testimony of territorial Gov. Lew Wallaces wife, who described the local housing as a collection of brick kilns and opined that under statehood the Americans would bear the taxes and the Mexicans hold all the offices. The modern perception is that outside forces continually deprived New Mexico of joining the union, but state historian Hendricks points out that New Mexico did it to itself on several occasions. In 1866, a constitutional convention adjourned without taking action when a quorum failed to show up in Santa Fe. In 1890, voters rejected a constitution by more than two to one. The reasons that keep New Mexico from being a state that are put forward theyre primarily Hispanic, theyre Roman Catholic, they dont speak English, theyre poorly educated those four things that keep coming up over and over and over probably wouldnt have been issues, Hendricks said, if the people and their leaders had been united in their desire to push for becoming a state.

courtesy of the palace of the governors photo archive (nmhm/dca)/negative no. 11329

Wagon trains on the Santa Fe Trail roll along San Francisco Street at the Plaza, circa 1868-1869.

Not only was Lew Wallace the territorial governor of New Mexico for three years, but while in office he wrote the novel Ben-Hur.

referendum on the idea. New Mexicans approved the measure, but Arizona voted it down and the joint state idea was quieted. Meanwhile, Oklahoma managed to become a state in 1907. In 1910, the U.S. Census recorded the population of the New Mexico Territory as 327,301. A dozen railroads were in full swing and the president of the United States, William Howard Taft, had paid a visit. Had the time finally come for the bricks to be removed from the wall of opposition? A new state constitution was written, Congress took up statehood for New Mexico and Arizona once again. It took eight months of negotiations with objections that Arizonas constitution made judicial recall too easy and New Mexicos made amendments too difficult but on Aug. 21, 1911, Taft signed the bill promising statehood to both New Mexico and Arizona. Less than five months later, on Jan. 6, 1912, New Mexico became the 47th star on the flag when Taft signed the New Mexico statehood bill. (Arizona joined the union a little more than a month later.) New Mexicans officially became Americans and inaugurated the first popularly elected governor, William McDonald. How did the long march to statehood influence who we are today? The results of being late to the party of America were probably more psychological than practical, according to Hendricks. I think certainly it affected how New Mexicans viewed themselves and thought other people viewed them, he says. The citizens of New Mexico didnt have all the rights and privileges of a citizen of the United States for a long time, and I think thats a big thing. Keeping the door to statehood closed for a people who looked and spoke and lived differently from the rest of ethnically European America was also a black mark on the young nation, Hendricks says. New Mexico had all the particulars we needed. We had an economy that was sufficient. We had sufficient population. We had a body politic that had been involved in electing representatives to Congress, Hendricks says. But New Mexico was unique in being as Mexican as it was, and maybe that was just too much for the eastern United States to swallow. It was just a very, very different place. I think for the country probably its a very unfortunate episode. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

The University of New Mexico was created by Territorial Act on February 28, 1889, to provide the inhabitants of the Territory of New Mexico and the future state with the means of acquiring a thorough knowledge of the various branches of literature, science and arts.
- Miracle on the Mesa

New Mexicos 21st Century Flagship University


Today, UNM continues to benefit the entire state by offering research and learning opportunities for students and faculty, providing advanced health care to citizens, and injecting millions of dollars into New Mexicos economy.

www.unm.edu

est. 1889

PROCLAMATION OF STATEHOOD
It was on Jan. 6, 1912, a Saturday, at 1:35 in the afternoon, that President William H. Taft signed the proclamation that made New Mexico the 47th state.
WHEREAS the congress of the United States did by an act approved on the twentieth day of June, one thousand nine hundred and ten, authorize the people of the territory of New Mexico to form a constitution and state government, and provide for the admission of such state into the union on an equal footing with the original states upon certain conditions in said act specified: AND WHEREAS said people did adopt a constitution and ask admission into the union: AND WHEREAS the congress of the United States did pass a joint resolution, which was approved on the twenty-first day of August, one thousand nine hundred and eleven, for the admission of the state of New Mexico into the union, which resolution required that the lectors of New Mexico should vote upon an amendment of their state constitution, which was proposed and set forth at length in said resolution of congress, as a condition precedent to the admission of said state, and that they should so vote at the same time that the first general election as provided for in the said constitution should be held: AND WHEREAS it appears from information laid before me that said first general state election was held on the seventh day of November, one thousand nine hundred and eleven, and that the returns of said election upon said amendment were made and canvassed as in Section Five of said resolution of congress provided: AND WHEREAS the governor of New Mexico has certified to me the result of said election upon said amendment and of the said general election: AND WHEREAS the conditions imposed by the said act of congress approved on the twentieth day of June, one thousand nine hundred and ten, and by the said joint resolution of congress have been fully complied with: NOW, THEREFORE, I, William Howard Taft, president of the United States of America, do, in accordance with the provisions of the act of congress and the joint resolution of congress herein named, declare and proclaim the fact that the fundamental conditions imposed by congress on the state of New Mexico to entitle that state to admission have been ratified and accepted, and that the admission of the state into the union on an equal footing with the other states is now complete. IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. DONE at the city of Washington this sixth day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and twelve and of the independence of the United States of America the one hundred and thirty-sixth.

Source: New Mexico State Record Center and Archives

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A century of events that shaped


Just some of New Mexicos highlights since statehood:

1930
Robert Goddard, who would become known as the father of modern rocket propulsion, moves to Roswell to continue rocket experiments.

1912
At 1:35p.m. on Jan. 6 in Washington, D.C., President William Howard Taft signs proclamation making New Mexico the 47th state.

1940
Great American artist Georgia OKeeffe purchases Ghost Ranch home near Abiqui; she dies in Santa Fe in 1986.

1915
Taos Society of Artists formed by Ernest Blumenschein, Joseph Henry Sharp and four others.

1916
Mexican revolutionary Gen. Francisco Pancho Villa attacks U.S. troops in Columbus, N.M., kills 18, sets town on fire. Elephant Butte Dam on Rio Grande, one of largest irrigation dams in the world, completed, creating states largest lake.

1941
Land of Enchantment first appears on New Mexico motor vehicle license plates; Sunshine State previously appeared. Construction begins on Albuquerque Army Air Base, later renamed Kirtland Air Force Base.

1942
New Mexico National Guard members of the 200th and 515th coast artilleries are among the tens of thousands of Americans and Filipinos captured by the Japanese in the Philippines during World War II; their transfer to prison camp becomes known as the Bataan Death March; more than 800 New Mexicans die in battle, while prisoners or immediately after liberation in 1945. Navajo Code Talker program established to create a secret communications code for U.S. forces.

1917
Banking heiress and arts patron Mabel Dodge Sterne (later Luhan) arrives in Taos; her later visitors include photographer Ansel Adams and authors D.H. Lawrence and Willa Cather.

1918
Worldwide influenza pandemic hits New Mexico, killing as many as 5,000.
Map of New Mexico from the General Land Office in 1912. Source: Maps & Geographic Information Center, University Libraries, University of New Mexico

1920
Tuberculosis sufferer and architect John Gaw Meem enters Santa Fe sanatorium; like many who moved to New Mexico for health reasons, he helps shape its future; becomes leading proponent of Santa Fe-style architecture.

convicted of a felony. Meta Christy graduates from college, becomes worlds first African-American osteopathic physician; she practiced in Las Vegas, N.M., for more than 30 years.

1921
U.S. Sen. Albert B. Fall of New Mexico is appointed U.S. Interior secretary; his secret leasing of naval oil reserves to private interests in exchange for bribes becomes known as the Teapot Dome Scandal; Fall becomes first Cabinet member in history to be

First Inter-Tribal Indian Ceremonial held at Gallup. Southwest Indian Fair and Industrial Arts and Crafts Exhibition opens in Santa Fe; later becomes Santa Fe Indian Market. First New Mexico radio station, KOB, begins transmitting. Soledad Chacn, the secretary of state,

1922

and Isabel Eckles, the superintendent of public instruction, become first women elected to statewide office in New Mexico; Chacn also is nations first Hispanic woman to be elected to statewide office.

1925
Zia sun symbol, from Zia Pueblo, becomes part of state flag.

1943
War Department acquires Los Alamos Ranch School for Manhattan Project laboratory to design atomic bomb.

1926
First public burning of puppet-type figure Zozobra, created by artist Will Shuster, as part of Santa Fe Fiesta. U.S. Route 66, the Mother Road, established, passes through New Mexico en route from Chicago to Los Angeles.

1924
Gila Wilderness in southwest New Mexico becomes nations first designated wilderness area with help of conservationist, forester and author Aldo Leopold. Congress passes Pueblos Lands Act to settle land disputes and recognize pueblo land rights.

1945
First atomic bomb explodes in Trinity test in southern New Mexico; United States explodes Little Boy and Fat Man atomic bombs, respectively, over Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Sgt. Bill Mauldin, a native New Mexican, wins the 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

1928
Oil discovered at Hobbs, setting off boom in southeast New Mexico.

12

who we are in 2012


Pulitzer Prize for his World War II cartoons; Mauldin won a second Pulitzer for editorial cartooning in 1959 while with the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

The way we were


New Mexico population 327,301 Albuquerque population 11,020 Santa Fe population 5,072 Las Cruces population 3,836 People per square mile 2.7 Largest employment cluster Agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry Leading manufacturing sector Car shop repairs to steam-railroad equipment People engaged in manufacturing 4,766
Source: 1910 U.S. Census

The way we are


New Mexico population 2,059,179 Albuquerque population 545,852 Santa Fe population 67,947 Las Cruces population 97,618 People per square mile 17 Largest employment cluster Office and administrative support Leading manufacturing sector Computer and electronic products People engaged in manufacturing 30,320 Farms 20,500 Land in farms 43 million acres Average farm size 2,098 acres Irrigated acres 830,048 Sheep 126,928 Annual milk production 919 million gallons Annual value all crops $553.1 million Coal mines 5 Annual coal production 24 million tons Coal industry workers 1,471

1980
Thirty-three inmates die in state penitentiary riot, one of the worst prison uprisings in U.S. history.

1947
UFO crash reported on Foster Ranch near Roswell; authorities later say it was debris from weather balloon.

1948
Native Americans win right to vote when federal court strikes down discriminatory provision in New Mexico Constitution. KOB becomes the first TV station between the Mississippi River and the West Coast.

1950
Town of Hot Springs changes name to Truth or Consequences as part of 10th anniversary of popular radio show Truth or Consequences hosted by Ralph Edwards. Bear cub later named Smokey is rescued after being badly burned in a fire in the Lincoln National Forest in southeast New Mexico.

Farms 35,676 Land in farms 11.3 million acres Average farm size 316 acres Irrigated acres 461,718 Sheep 3.4 million Annual milk production 6.8 million gallons Annual value all crops $8.9 million Coal mines 28 Annual coal production 2.8 million tons Coal industry workers 3,688

1993
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, a life-threatening disease spread from rodents to humans, is recognized for the first time after an outbreak in the Four Corners area.

1995
Gov. Gary Johnson signs compacts legalizing Indian casinos.

1999
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant near Carlsbad receives first shipment of radioactive waste.

Sources: 2010 U.S. Census; 2009 Census of Agriculture for New Mexico; State of the Workforce 2011 by New Mexico Department of Workforce Solutions; New Mexico Department of Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources 2010 Annual Report

2000
A prescribed burn at Bandelier National Monument near Los Alamos gets out of control, becomes the Cerro Grande Fire, destroying more than 400 homes and burning more than 47,000 acres.

1956
Singer-songwriter Buddy Holly makes first recording at Norman Pettys studio in Clovis; Roy Orbison and Waylon Jennings also recorded at studio.

opens at University of New Mexico in Albuquerque.

protesters at University of New Mexico. Bruce King, folksy cattle rancher and son of homesteaders, elected to first of three four-year terms as governor.

1951
Eugene D. Lujn becomes first Hispanic chief justice of New Mexico Supreme Court.

1967
Spanish land grant activist Reies Lopez Tijerina leads armed raid on county courthouse in Tierra Amarilla to free imprisoned followers known as Aliancistas; Tijerina escapes but later surrenders. The New Buffalo hippie commune founded in Taos County.

2002
Bill Richardson former congressman, U.S. energy secretary and ambassador to United Nations elected to first of two four-year terms.

1952
First Blakes Lotaburger opens in Albuquerque, becomes one of first restaurants to add green chile to cheeseburgers.

1957
Santa Fe Opera opens.

1972
New Mexico native Harrison Schmitt walks on moon; hes elected to U.S. Senate four years later. Thirteen hot-air balloons launched from shopping mall parking lot as part of 50th anniversary celebration of KOB Radio; event becomes the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta.

1962
Navajo Dam on San Juan River in northwest New Mexico completed.

2005
Gov. Richardson and Richard Branson announce that Branson company Virgin Galactic will send tourists into space from a state spaceport to be built in southern New Mexico.

1953
Army Cpl. Hiroshi Miyamura of Gallup receives Medal of Honor for action in Korean War; he was credited with killing more than 50 in an enemy attack despite severe wounds.

1964
Navajos Monroe Jymm and James Atcitty first Native Americans elected to state Legislature.

1969
Lenton Malry becomes first African-American state representative.

1970
President Richard M. Nixon signs law returning Blue Lake and 48,000 acres of land to Taos Pueblo. National Guard troops use bayonets on Vietnam War

1966
New state Capitol, the Roundhouse, dedicated in Santa Fe. University Arena, the Pit,

1975
Jerry Apodaca becomes first Hispanic governor in 50 years.

2010
Susana Martinez elected first woman governor of New Mexico and nations first Hispanic woman governor.

1955
Taos Ski Valley founded by Ernie and Rhoda Blake. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

Compiled by Thomas J. Cole, Journal Staff Writer

13

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The states official question: Red or green?

Indian culture

Cathedral Basilica of St. Francis

The Very Large Array

The Roundhouse

The Rio Grande

Roswell UFO Festival

The National Atomic Museum El Malpais National Monument

Taos Earthship community

Bandelier National Monument

Santa Fe Indian Market

Santuario de Chimay

OUR ENCHANTING

Whole Enchilada Festival

The Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta Armendaris Ranch

Acequias

Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian

New Mexicos uniqueness knows no bounds. In honor of the 100th anniversary of statehood, here are 100 memorable things about the state.

100

Matachines

Chaco Culture National Historical Park Billy the Kid is buried here (or so they say)

The High Road to Taos Skiing El Camino Real Farm & Ranch Heritage Museum

Millicent Rogers Museum

The light Rough Rider Memorial Rattlesnake Museum ABQ BioPark Georgia OKeeffe Museum, the only museum in the world dedicated solely to the works of an American woman artist

16

Mountains

100 ye a r s o f s t at eh o o d

Route 66 Old Town Truth or Consequences

International Mariachi Conference

Norman Petty Studios

The Gila Wilderness

Capulin Volcano National Monument

Los Alamos National Laboratory Penitentes Santa Fe, the City Different

Trinity site, birthplace of the atomic bomb Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge The Rio Grande Gorge Bandera Ice Caves La Llorona

Nambware

Gila Cliff Dwellings Harvey House Museum The Great American Duck Race

Santa Fe style Elephant Butte Dam Sunspot National Observatory Carlsbad Caverns National Park Smokey Bear Albuquerque International Sunport Mission churches The Cumbres & Toltec railroad New Mexican food

The burning of Zozobra

Traditional Spanish Market

Close to 300 days of sun a year Blue Hole

Luminarias/farolitos

Folsom Site

Vietnam Veterans Memorial

100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

17

Blackwater Draw

Palace of the Governors Gathering of Nations

Shiprock

National Hispanic Cultural Center

The Big I

Loretto Chapel The Turquoise Trail Taos Pueblo

Museum of International Folk Art New Mexico State Fair

Sky City Waste Isolation Pilot Plant near Carlsbad Pueblo Revival architecture Green Chile Cheeseburger Trail Tour of the Gila

The Pit

The Lightning Field

White Sands

Mesilla

Tricultural heritage The nations first elected female Hispanic governor

Hatch chile

All American Futurity

Petroglyph National Monument

Our sunsets

Bolo ties

Spaceport

Gallup Inter-Tribal Indian Ceremonial The Valles Caldera Sandia Peak Tramway

The Santa Fe Opera

Eaves Movie Ranch

International Folk Art Market

18

100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

feeding our growth


CHILE AND PINTO BEAN CROPS ARE MORE THAN JUST BUSINESS FOR NEW MEXICO; THEY HAVE DEEP ROOTS IN ITS HISTORY AND CULTURE.
By Rene Romo Journal Southern Bureau

Farming and ranching

arming and the raising of livestock have been fixtures of the New Mexico landscape as permanent as the Rio Grande running like a spine down the states center. But even the life-sustaining Rio Grande was fundamentally transformed in the early part of the past century, and advances in technology and equipment, as well as economic shifts, ushered in changes to the states agricultural landscape. Take, for instance, the cultivation of the humble pinto bean, or frijole, a staple of the Southwest diet, the official state vegetable (along with chile, which is technically a fruit) and the most popular dry bean grown in the United States. In the first half of the 20th century, pinto bean production in central New Mexico was so strong that Mountainair boasted it was the Pinto Bean Capital of the World. In recognition of the beans importance to the local culture and economy, Moriarty established an annual Pinto Bean Fiesta, and Wagon Mound holds a Bean Day celebration. Boosted by the demand from overseas forces during World War II and wet weather critical to dryland farming, production reached its peak in 1943, when 256,000 acres of land planted with pinto beans were harvested in New Mexico. But production was decimated by a 10-year drought that started in the mid-40s and a subsequent federal policy of paying farmers to halt planting to protect topsoil from being blown away. These days, pinto beans are harvested from about 13,800 acres statewide. The new king of pinto bean production is North Dakota, followed by Nebraska and Idaho states not known for large Hispanic populations or Southwest cuisine. Over the last century, beans and cotton have turned over the

richard pipes (above), eddie moore (below)/JOURNAL

Chile pickers are hard at work in the Mesilla Valley, harvesting the last of the red chiles of the season. Below, range riders herd cattle on the north side of the Valles Caldera National Preserve. agricultural spotlight to pecans, hay, and dairy products, while cattle and chile still play starring roles. New Mexico still leads the nation in the production of chile peppers, produce so bound to local identity that Red or green? was enshrined as the state question by the Legislature. But even the hallowed chile has seen its role in the states economy altered. Passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1994 smoothed the way for increased imports of fresh green chile, particularly from Mexico, as well as dried red chile varieties. U.S. imports of chile from Mexico, where hand labor critical to the harvest is much cheaper, have grown eightfold since 1993. As a result, New Mexico chile 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

20

A Century of StAtehood
& Collectively More than Four Centuries Providing Healthy, Wholesome & Safe Beef, Leather, Lamb, Wool & Much More to New Mexico Families, the Nation & the World
HATS OFF TO SOME OF NEW MEXICOS CENTENNIAL RANCHES THESE CATTLE & SHEEP RANCHES HAVE OPERATED IN NEW MEXICO IN THE SAME FAMILY FOR 100 YEARS OR MORE... AND FOR 3-6 GENERATIONS

NEW MEXICO'S RANGE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY CELEBRATES

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production, which peaked in 1992 at 34,500 acres harvested, fell to a 37-year low in 2010 with 8,700 acres harvested. While New Mexico farmers produced 66,600 tons of chile in 2010, imports from Mexico were more than four times that amount, according to federal data. The role reversal spurred chile farmers to push for passage of a state law in early 2011 that prohibits the marketing of chile or chile products as being New Mexican chile unless the produce is actually grown, not just processed, in the state.

Its all about the water


In an arid state, harnessing water from mountain snowmelt and springs has been critical to sustaining agricultural production. The Bureau of Reclamations construction of Elephant Butte Dam, rising 301 feet tall and nearly 1,700 feet wide, between 1911 and 1916, created the largest irrigation reservoir in the world at the time. By creating a vast lake, the project also produced New Mexicos most popular state park. The project was aimed at taming the unpredictable flooding of the Rio Grande, to ensure the regular supply of irrigation water and to consolidate small privately built irrigation systems in the Rincon and Mesilla valleys. The amount of irrigated acreage in southern New Mexico tripled to more than 100,000 acres, according to the Bureau of Reclamation. Faced with repaying the federal government for the project, southern New Mexico and El Paso area farmers turned to crops that generated more revenue, such as pecans, not a native crop, and cotton. Pecan production nationwide began to grow in the 1920s, and the same occurred in New Mexico. Before 1930, pecans in New Mexico were mostly gathered from small orchards, but in recent decades, pecans have become big business, with the state regularly ranking among the nations top three producers. The Stahmann family of Doa Ana County became the biggest pecan-growing family in the U.S. after switching from cotton and planting 4,000 acres of trees in the Mesilla Valley. Pecan production statewide swelled from 8million pounds in 1960 to 68 million pounds in 2009, placing New Mexico second in the nation behind only Georgia. Cotton was the leading crop in

dean hanson/JOURNAL

With the creation of Elephant Butte Reservoir, the amount of irrigated acreage along the Rio Grande in southern New Mexico tripled to more than 100,000 acres. driving herds into New Mexico to graze on federal land that was not fenced until the 1930s. John Chisum established a ranch south of Fort Sumner and by the mid-1870s had built a ranching empire along a 150-mile stretch of the Pecos River. With fellow ranchers Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving, Chisum drove herds to troops at Fort Sumner and to Santa Fe. The construction of railroad lines in the 1880s and military forts around the state boosted demand for beef. Sheep, introduced by the Spanish, had long been the dominant livestock in the state, but cattle overtook them by the 1950s. But cattle are not raised just for beef, and in recent decades the dairy industry has established a strong presence. Since the 1970s, when there were only 32,000 dairy cows in the state, New Mexico has grown into a major producer of dairy products, with more than 300,000 milk cows in the state. The market value of milk and other dairy products in New Mexico is about $1billion, with the total economic impact of the industry more than double that. More than 2,800 people are employed directly in the states dairy industry. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

RICHARD PIPES/JOURNAL

The annual Bean Day Celebration in Wagon Mound. In recognition of the bean's importance to the local culture and economy, Moriarty holds the Pinto Bean Fiesta each year and Wagon Mound celebrates Bean Day. New Mexico until 1967, but that changed. Now, cotton and pecans are dwarfed in production these days by the states crop king, hay, which topped 300,000 acres harvested in 2010, including 220,000 acres of alfalfa. The hay goes to feed the more than 1.5million cows and calves statewide, spread out in nearly 10,000 farms, ranches, feed lots and dairy lots.

Our old friend, the cow


New Mexicos bond with cattle and the cowboy culture predates statehood and has its roots in Spanish settlement. During the Territorial Period that started in the 1850s, Anglo ranchers began

22

Presbyterian has been caring for New Mexicans since 1908. We are honored to be a part of so many communities throughout the state. Together, weve proven that with determination and innovation, New Mexicans can accomplish anything. Your story is our story.

the storms

weathering

the associated press

The Dust Bowl in the 1930s affected Clayton in northeastern New Mexico in many of the same ways as it did in places like Kansas and Texas.

new mexico might be considered lucky when it comes to the number of natural disasters, but weve seen SEVERAL.
By Juan Carlos Rodriguez Journal Staff Writer

ompared with the tornadoravaged Midwest, the earthquake- and tsunamiprone West Coast and the hurricane-battered Gulf, New Mexico has been dealt a pretty fair hand when it comes to natural disasters. Not that we havent had a few. Thankfully, we havent been in the Category Five class in quite a while. Our last volcanic eruption occurred near Grants roughly 3,000 years ago, and the states biggest earthquake what was called an intensity 7 at that time was recorded in Socorro in 1906. Jeffrey Amato, an associate professor of geological sciences at New Mexico State University, summed it up this way: Its only a disaster if people live there; otherwise its a natural process. Here are some of New Mexicos notable natural disasters in the past 100 years: Spanish flu of 1918: New Mexico was one of the last states in the union to be hit by the Spanish flu epidemic, but the state didnt escape its reach.

SORBER FAMILY COLLECTION

The San Marcial flood of 1929 was so devastating that the village never repopulated or rebuilt. According to historians, the flu first hit in Carlsbad when a traveling circus came to town. In some small towns, stores and banks were closed or kept shorter hours to prevent the flu from spreading. Fall political rallies before elections were canceled. Native Americans and migrant

Mexican workers suffered greatly, and rural New Mexico was hit harder than urban centers. Classes at the University of New Mexico were canceled indefinitely. Some historical reports show as many as 5,000 people died from the disease in New Mexico. San Marcial flood of 1929: This was the last flood the village of San Marcial, south of Socorro, could take. Previous floods had devastated this stretch of river but the 1929 flood wiped out San Marcial. The old village at its peak had more than 1,000 residents, a Harvey House hotel, a railroad yard and farms. The town had been destroyed in 1866 and rebuilt. Flooding struck again in 1920 and 1921. On Aug. 10, 11 and 12 of 1929, heavy rains in Socorro County swelled the Rio Grande. By Aug. 12, the river had spilled its banks at San Acacia and flowed toward Socorro. The flood destroyed crops and homes, and San Marcial was never repaired or repopulated. Another round of heavy rains at the end of September caused the river to spill over its banks and

flood the town again. That flood destroyed railroad tracks and the road that led to and from the town. The waters couldnt drain, and stayed stagnant over the winter, according to historical reports. Winter of 1931-32: On Nov. 20, 1931, the Journal reported the first snowfall of the season in northern New Mexico. Over the next few days more snow would blanket the northern part of the state, with up to 24 inches falling in Gallup. Especially hard hit were Navajo and Zuni Indians. One headline read, 4 Indians dead, 1,300 Marooned in Storm. The cold and snow stayed until the end of February, with articles about trapped or starving people appearing on an almost weekly basis. Starvation was a real threat to those living on the Navajo Reservation, and in February 1932, military bombers dropped thousands of pounds of food to people trapped. Residents of Rio Arriba County also were severely impacted. In addition to the human cost, the various blizzards and storms that racked the state that winter devastated the livestock industry in northern New Mexico. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

24

THE ASSOCIATED pRESS

a prescribed burn set by the National Park Service to clear underbrush. It quickly got out of control and erupted into a devastating wildfire. The town of Los Alamos was evacuated during the fire, which eventually burned nearly 48,000 acres. A Los Alamos National Laboratory report on the fire said 239 residential structures were lost, 429 families were burned out, and more than 100 LANL buildings burned down. The federal government authorized a $661 million damage compensation package. The fire was considered contained on June 6, and was not declared

extinguished until July 20. Hatch flood of 2006: In August 2006 heavy rains breached an arroyo north of Hatch. More than 3 inches of rain fell in less than three hours on the already saturated Hatch Valley in southern New Mexico, forcing evacuations as far south as Rincon and closing all roads into Hatch. Water was reported to be chest high. About a week later, the arroyo overflowed again. About 400 homes were affected by the flooding, according to news reports, and many farmers were not able to harvest their late summer chile crops because their fields were too muddy. About half the years crop was lost.

Las Conchas Fire of 2011: A downed power line in the Jemez Mountains in late June sparked what became the largest fire in state history. It charred 158,000 acres and destroyed 63 residences on Cochiti Mesa and surrounding communities. No houses burned in Los Alamos, but the town and national lab were evacuated for the second time in 11 years. Floods brought on by the monsoon season further devastated canyons scorched by Las Conchas, and it will take years for the forest terrain to recover. The one-two punch also devastated much of the popular Dixons Apple Orchard. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

26

The Journal reported that 25,000 sheep and goats had died within the first week of the snows. A summer drought had already cut into the number of sheep that Navajo and other herders counted on to survive the winter months. By the end of the winter thousands more sheep and goats had perished. The Dust Bowl: This period of drought in the 1930s affected northeastern New Mexico in many of the same ways as it did in places like Kansas and Texas, devastating agriculture and causing huge dust storms known as Black Rollers. Another way the Dust Bowl affected New Mexico was that people fleeing the arid Midwestern lands passed through the state on their way to points west. Route 66 was a main thoroughfare. Capitan Gap Fire of 1950: This fire is famous because it produced an American icon: Smokey Bear. Smokey was a black bear cub firefighters spotted several times while they were battling a 17,000acre fire in the Lincoln National Forest of the Capitan Mountains. The cub survived the fire by climbing a tree and hanging on for dear life. He suffered a singed behind and paws before being rescued by the firefighters, who named him Hotfoot Teddy. The critter was later renamed Smokey Bear and went on to become the mascot of the U.S. Forest Service. After he died in November 1976, Smokeys remains were returned by the government to Capitan and buried at what is now Smokey Bear Historical Park. Drought of the 1950s: This drought lasted longer than the famed Dust Bowl some estimates have put the length of it at 35 years. The years of 1955 and 1956 were the driest years of the century to that point. The drought affected farmers who didnt irrigate for dryland crops like wheat. Wheat production in the 1950s was the lowest it had been since 1909, according to a U.S. Geological Survey report. New wells were drilled throughout the state. By the end of the 1950s, about 2,000 wells had been drilled to supplement surfacewater irrigation allotments, which had been decreased in response to the drought, the report said. Cerro Grande fire of 2000: Whether this is a natural disaster is open to debate. The fire began on May 4, 2000, as

kitty clark/journal

A swing set was the only structure still standing on a residential property during the Cerro Grande Fire of 2000.

d
Smokey Bear survived the Capitan Gap fire of 1950 by climbing a tree and hanging on for dear life. He was originally named Hotfoot Teddy by the firefighters who found him and went on to become the mascot of the U.S. Forest Service.

My Fellow Citizens, On the occasion of our states centennial celebration, I am honored to be the Mayor of New Mexicos largest city, Albuquerque. Few places in America have as rich a history as Albuquerque and New Mexico. 2012 is the year for us to celebrate the future and remember the past. Our citys history blends multiple cultures, ancient traditions, and 21st century innovations, creating one of the most interesting and vibrant cities in the world. Nestled next to the iconic Sandia Mountains, our city is a reflection of our states values and history. It is rich with art, cultural diversity, historic landmarks, and the most authentic cuisine in the nation. From the picturesque Bosque to the vast desert plains, this state has a beauty that is not easily described with words. Our city and state have become wellknown travel destinations for world-class artwork, a zoo that is second to none, first-class entertainment venues, and endless outdoor recreation options. As we honor our past, it is important that we all work together as a city and a state to create a bright future for our generation, our children, and generations to come. As your Mayor, I feel blessed and humbled by the opportunity to serve this community and will work diligently to create policies and initiatives that incorporate good stewardship and world class vision. I encourage you to take part in the Centennial events we have scheduled, to relive our past, and celebrate our future. Best Regards,

Mayor Richard J. Berry

Join us on Saturday, June 16 for the Centennial Summerfest on Civic Plaza.

By Michael Hartranft Journal Staff Writer

ork and beans, thunder and lightning, Lennon and McCartney think of one, you think of the other. The same for oil and gas in New Mexico the almost inseparable foundations of an industry that has played a mammoth role in the states economy, through boom and bust. Almost every oil well will make some gas, and most of the gas wells will make some oil, says Tom Dugan, the longtime president of Dugan Production Corp., an independent exploration and production company in Farmington. Everybody that is involved is involved with both products. From the first wells drilled in the 1920s in the San Juan Basin in the Four Corners area and the Permian Basin that spreads from Texas to southeast New Mexico, the industry has expanded to more than 26,000 oil wells and 30,000 natural gas wells, attracting companies like Gulf Oil, Exxon, Conoco Phillips, Anadarko, British Petroleum and independents such as Yates Petroleum and Dugans company. In 2009, the industry produced 61.2million barrels of oil and 1.3billion cubic feet of natural gas, according to the New Mexico Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Department. Last year, the state ranked sixth nationally for natural gas production and seventh for oil. All told, the industry directly employs 12,000 people and indirectly supports 15,000 more jobs, says Steve Henke, the president of the New Mexico Oil and Gas Association, the origins of which date to the Depression years. In addition, the industry has been a huge, steady source of revenue for the state, generating nearly $1.7billion in tax revenues for state and local governments in 2010 alone, he says. Nearly all of the funds in the $9.5billion Land Grant Permanent Fund and $3.5billion Severance Tax Fund have come from oil and gas. There also has been controversy. Environmentalists have fought the industry on several fronts and stymied exploration attempts at Otero Mesa in southern New Mexico. The Richardson administration enacted a controversial pit rule it said was needed to protect groundwater; the industry said it was overreaching and drove investment to other states.

Partners in Profit
Through boom and bust, the industry has provided a huge, steady flow of revenue for the state.

Oil & Gas

greg sorber/journal

Oil wells extract black gold from the ground in the fields east of Artesia. By the 1930s, New Mexico was one of the primary oil-producing states. Currently, the two sides are gearing up for a fight over the federal governments proposed listing of the dunes sagebrush lizard as an endangered species. Today, southeastern New Mexico is principally an oil producer, while the northwest is chiefly gas. some celebrating of their own a few years later with the drilling of the Illinois No. 3 on the east side of the Pecos River in Artesia. The third of three wells to be drilled one got gas, a second water it was the first to commercially produce oil on the New Mexico side of the Permian Basin on April 9, 1924, according to Harvey Yates, a former state lawmaker, former state Republican Party chairman and the owner of the Jalapeo Corp., an independent oil and gas exploration company. Yates is the grandson of Martin Yates of Flynn, Welch and Yates, the company that drilled the well. Granddad assembled, I believe, the first state lease ever given, Yates says. The state, of course, was excited about having oil revenues. Yates tells the story also related in Christiansens book about how Tex Thorton, a nitroglycerine specialist from Texas, was brought in to improve production by dropping metal shells containing the highly explosive material down the well. When the pressure was right, the shells would explode and create fractures in the formation

containing the oil. Thortons appearance brought out an excited crowd to picnic and watch as the shells were deposited into the well. But before they could explode, gushing oil suddenly brought them to the surface. The city folk didnt know what was going on, Yates says. They could have been blown up! Fortunately, Thorton grabbed the shells and carefully handed them to Van Welch to stack, averting catastrophe. Tex Thorton was (later) asked when he was the most scared in his life and he said, On the Illinois No. 3, Yates says, with a chuckle. Flynn, Welch and Yates subsequently joined Continental Oil Co. to build a nearby refinery, which later became the present day Navajo Refinery, with a pipeline connecting it and the well. The Yates family lost its interest during the Depression. The industry, to be sure, was off and running. The most important single oil discovery in the states history, in Christiansens estimation, occurred in 1928 in the Hobbs field, which became one of the most valuable oil fields in the world. By the 1930s, Christiansen says, New Mexico was already one of the primary oil-producing states in America.

Looking northwest
Christiansen notes that major oil companies, attracted by the volume and profitability of the Permian Basin, werent particularly interested in the more isolated San Juan Basin until after World War II, although discoveries steadily occurred there. Things changed dramatically for the Four Corners area when the market for natural gas gained strength. One of the early pipelines fed gas from the San Juan Basin to Downtown Albuquerque to heat homes, replacing coal. Companies turned to it in large part after World War II, Yates says. A milestone was reached with construction of the interstate pipeline system in the early 50s, he says. If you have gas in the San Juan Basin, you can sell it and it might go and be used in New Mexico, or it might go to California, Yates says. Dugan says the 1950 census listed the population of Farmington at about 3,500. The El Paso pipeline was completed by 51 and by 52, there were maybe 10,000 people, most of them in trailer houses, he says. Thats when the boom started. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

In the early days


According to Paige Christiansens The Story of Oil in New Mexico (New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources, 1989), the states first commercial oil well was developed in the Hogback area west of Farmington by Midwest Refining Co. It went operational in September 1922, producing 375 barrels a day. The San Juan Basin was also home to Aztec Oil Syndicate No. 1 State well, the states first commercial producer of natural gas, 10 months earlier, Christiansen says. With no market at the time, Aztec Oil built a twomile pipeline and sold the gas to the community for heating and cooking, Christiansen says. Aztecans celebrated the well on Nov. 5, 1921, with a giant barbecue. Southeast New Mexicans did

28

We honor the communities, sponsors, elected ofcials, scholars and citizens who have brought the New Mexico Centennial to life. Thank you for your support, and for your ongoing generosity as we establish the Centennial Childrens Legacy Fund -- a gift for the next hundred years. The New Mexico Centennial Foundation www.nmcentennial.org 505-984-2012
Photo courtesy Museum of New Mexico Photo Archives, negative number 118354, creator Nusbaum, Jesse, title, Parade oat, Santa Fe, New Mexico, date original 1912 - 1913

t h e l a n d . t h e s k y. t h e l i g h t .
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Mining has played a key role in New Mexicos history and economic development since its earliest days.
By Rivkela Brodsky Journal Staff Writer

The Earth

Up From

he legacy of mining runs deep in New Mexico. You might even stumble across it. Hundreds of years of mining history are evidenced by towns and other geographical markers named after the industry ever heard of Silver City or the Turquoise Trail? and mines scattered across the state, an estimated 10,000 of them hazardous and not yet reclaimed. It is an industry that has played a huge economic role in the area for the past 300 years and continues to do so with jobs and revenue. Our history also reflects the dangers that were inherent in underground mining, with, for example, disasters at mines in Dawson southwest of Raton 10 years apart that claimed almost 400 lives. The state is still a leading producer in minerals, extracting more than $1.7billion worth in 2009, generating $70.9million in revenues to the state in the form of royalties, leases and taxes a record and more than $287.2million in payroll with 207 registered active mining operations, according to the state Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Departments 2010 annual report. Thats mostly coal, potash and copper. The state is very rich in natural resources, says Mike Bowen, the executive director of the New Mexico Mining Association.

richard pipes/Journal

The Santa Rita copper mine near Silver City in Grant County, where mining operations began even before New Mexico had achieved statehood. By statehood, there was prospecting for gold in the Cerillos Mountains and turquoise being mined in the Silver City area. Indeed, the history books speak of a long history of mining in New Mexico of turquoise being mined by prehistoric Indians using primitive methods; of Spaniards looking and failing to find gold, although it was in the area; of copper being discovered in 1800 not far from Silver City; of gold being discovered in 1828 south of Santa Fe; of coal being mined here since the mid1800s; of cities like Golden that boomed with 3,000 people in 1900 but have since become crumbling ghost towns; and many more stories. One of the biggest milestones in the past century was the discovery of surface uranium in 1950 by Paddy Martinez, a Navajo resident of Grants, which brought the mineral to the attention of mining companies. That began more than 40 years of lucrative uranium production, which resulted in the employment of thousands of people working for high wages. These were really good jobs, says Steve Owen, who worked in the mining industry for 20 years five of them in Grants. The best miners did really well over the long term. The jobs paid close to $50,000 a year and that was 30 years ago. So Grants, like other mining towns, grew with the boom in mining, says Star Gonzales, the executive director of the New Mexico Mining Museum in Grants. When demand by the federal government, the main purchaser of uranium, slowed and uranium mining came to a halt in the early 1980s, it had a dramatic impact on the city, says Gonzales, who is also the director of
roberto E. Rosales/Journal

From left, Jack Farley, Art Gebeau and Steve Owen, three former uranium miners, at the New Mexico Mining Museum in Grants. The three mined uranium in Grants when there was a high demand for it. They now serve on the board of the museum. the Grants/Cibola County Chamber of Commerce. We had a thriving community. People were being paid a lot, she says. When you do lose that kind of individual, and we lost them, it has a huge effect. They may have been good-paying jobs, but for many years, miners were subjected to hazardous health and safety conditions working in the mines. When I started on the ground, there were no regulations, says Art Gebeau, who spent 30 years as a miner and is on the board of the New Mexico Mining Museum. The state had no regulations. Many of his co-workers now have lung cancer, he says. Uranium mines need enormous amounts of air to go through the mine because of the radon gas uranium produces, Gebeau says. Jack Farley, another former miner and board member of the museum, says that when he came to Grants to work in a uranium mine in 1960, there were 35 fatalities that year a big number. When he became superintendent of the Sandstone Mine, he says, he started pushing safety. The mine won the Sentinels of Safety award in 1976. The trophy is displayed as part of the exhibit at the New Mexico Mining Museum. Mines have also left an environmental impact. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

30

Federal law requires mining companies to do reclamation, but it was not until 1993 when the New Mexico Mining Act was passed that those requirements increased and gave the state final oversight, says Virginia McLemore, a senior economic geologist at the New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral resources at New Mexico Tech. The legislation also required a company to have a closure plan before a permit is issued, she says. Its not stopped mining in the state, Bowen says. It certainly has cost the companies, but they are more than willing to do that. Its the corporate thing to do. Today, coal remains the largest employer in the states mining industry, with about 1,500 employees in 2010, including contract and reclamation workers, according to the state. Bowen says mining is bigger now than it was 100 years ago when New

Mexico became a state. Certainly, all the extractive industries have been one of the driving forces behind the state; the state budget goes pretty much with it, he says. Today, mining is the employer of 6,000 people with an average salary of $60,000 to $61,000 a year. Its bigger than it was 100 years ago. It has been at the 6,000 figure for quite a number of years. The state ranks 12th in the nation for coal production, sixth for molybdenum, third for copper and first for potash production, which is concentrated in Carlsbad. The state has approved several permits for uranium mining, but there is none currently going on. Everything you use and see in this world is from mining, Farley says. People think mining companies dont care about people. That it is just a way to make money, but thats not true. The biggest problem is that people are not educated about it.

N.M. mining industry in the past century


1910 Mining of low-grade copper deposits at Santa Rita (Chino mine), Grant County, after new openpit, bulk mining process developed 1913 263 killed at Stag Canon No. 2 coal mine, Dawson 1918 John Wade discovered uranium and vanadium deposits in the Carrizo Mountains, Navajo Reservation, San Juan County 1919 First molybdenum produced at Questa 1920 Uranium and radium discovered at the Merry Widow mine, White Signal district, Grant County; radium produced 1923 120 killed at Stag Canon No. 1 coal mine, Dawson 1925 Potash discovered at Carlsbad, Eddy County 1931 Potash mining started in Carlsbad by U.S. Potash (the first potash mining in the U.S.) 1942 Uranium and vanadium deposits in the Carrizo Mountains first mined for vanadium 1947 U.S. Atomic Energy Commission established and uranium production began in the Carrizo Mountains 1948 Uranium found in Grants district, Cibola and McKinley counties, by C. Smith 1950 Paddy Martinez re-discovery of uranium at Haystack Butte 1993 New Mexico Mining Act establishes new permitting and reclamation requirements 2005 Navajo Nation passes uranium mining ban on tribal lands 2009 Mining operations cease at the McKinley coal mine, McKinley County (Chevron Mining Inc.), after producing more than 3 million tons of coal 2010 Summit silver-gold mine in Grant County begins production (first silver-gold mine since the 1990s)

Source: Virginia McLemore, senior economic geologist and minerals outreach liaison at the New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources; and adjunct professor, Departments of Earth and Environmental Science and Mineral Engineering at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology.

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From New Mexicos earliest days, how water is used and who gets to use it have been sources of contention.
By John Fleck Journal Staff Writer

ever elusive
growing up around natural ports, river cities around what were, before trains and highways, the best natural transportation routes. In arid landscapes like New Mexico, the relationship is more basic. Human development began as villages and farms that largely traced the river valleys because they were the only places there was enough water to survive. It was sustenance farming, the need for enough water to grow the food in summer for your community to eat in winter, explains Derrick Lente, a member of Sandia Pueblo north of Albuquerque. And thus it is that the Rio Grande Valley floor is traced through with old ditches that, on the earliest written records, are simply described as Pueblo, very old. They go back centuries upon centuries, Lente says.

Precious Water,

oey Trujillo stood by the old Duranes ditch on a warm early April day as the water began flowing. There she blows, he said as Louis Ray used a backhoe to scoop away the last bit of a small dirt dam that had been holding back the water. Trujillo, Ray and the other members of the Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District crew unleashing water down the ditch had backhoes and pickups. But absent the machinery, the process is little changed from what has been done on the Duranes for more than three centuries bringing river water out across the Rio Grande Valley floor in service of human needs. Slowly, they followed the water as it made its way down the ditch, through farms and neighborhoods, scooping out the tumbleweeds and other debris that had accumulated over the dry winter. Conservancy District records put a date of 1706 on the Duranes, but that likely is just the first time someone surveyed the valleys canals. There were no backhoes, Trujillo said as he drove his Conservancy District pickup down the ditch bank, following the graceful curves that match the contours of the valley floor. These were put in by hand and shovel, he says in obvious admiration of his forebears work. To trace the outlines of human geography across the landscape is to trace its water coastal cities

Full circle
Ditch by ditch, Native American, Spanish and Anglo communities irrigated the bottomland of the states river valleys, often diverting water into their canals with simple rock and brush weirs built out into the river that would frequently wash away with the high water of spring runoff. One of the most striking features, the 1890 Census of Agriculture explained of New Mexico, was the small average size of irrigated farms. But the go-go years leading up to statehood saw a push toward irrigating more land, and by the early 20th century, larger-scale

irrigation agriculture was beginning to take hold, especially in the Pecos River Valley. The 1909 Census of Agriculture identified 461,718 acres under irrigation, up from 91,745 acres just two decades before. William J. Mills, the territorial governor during the push to statehood, said, New Mexicos 4million acres of irrigable lands are now fairly on the way to development and that the next 10 years will witness the reclamation and settlement of practically this entire area. It was a bold prediction common to the irrigation optimism of the era as immigrants from the eastern United States swelled the population of the arid Southwest. Like most such predictions, it was wrong. The 2007 Census of Agriculture showed just 844,799 acres under irrigation in New Mexico nearly double the land irrigated at statehood, but less than a quarter of Mills boosterish prediction. Instead, the expansion of water use shifted to the support of municipal growth that could not have been imagined in Mills day. Cities grew up around the agricultural villages founded in the river bottoms and, with the invention of improved pumping technology, came to depend on water extracted from deep underground as they spread. Trujillos old Duranes ditch now sits near the center of a sprawling metropolitan area of nearly 900,000 people.

pat vasquez-cunningham/journal

Water from the Rio Grande still flows through the Duranes ditch to users who have been lining up thirstily for more than three centuries, during which time irrigation came to define the Rio Grande Valley. New Mexicos water must now support a statewide population of more than 2million people, more than six times as many people as lived here at the time of statehood. But we are still doing many of the same things with our water, just on a different scale, points out Em Hall, a University of New Mexico law professor and water historian. back to surface water. Santa Fe took a similar approach. The water the two cities use is largely imported, diverted through a tunnel beneath the Continental Divide from the Colorado River Basin and added to a Rio Grande tributary in the mountains of northern New Mexico. Instead of rock-andbrush weirs, the cities have built high-tech diversion structures to remove the water from the river. Instead of gravity-fed canals like the Duranes, they have built pipes and powerful pumping stations to push it up hills to urban users. It is, in a fundamental way, a return to the manner in which we once used water, Hall says taking it out of a river to water our yards, bathe and drink. Thats what weve come back to. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

Limited supply
The aquifer beneath Albuquerque was once thought to be almost unlimited, a veritable underground Lake Superior. But like Mills prediction, that turned out to be wrong. In the 1990s, scientists concluded we were overpumping it at an unsustainable rate. In response, the city built a river diversion and treatment plant, a shift

32

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Squabbles, violence have marked N.M. land use from earliest days.
By Richard Metcalf Journal Staff Writer

whose land is it, anyway?

he states patchwork of land possession, dominated by government ownership of roughly half of the state, evolved from Americas doctrine of Manifest Destiny to settle and tame the Wild West in the second half of the 1800s. The evolution has been marked by controversy and sometimes violent conflict, but has given us a landscape of vast wilderness areas and world-class heritage sites, as well as economic engines like oil fields, mines and military bases. On the eve of statehood, the federal government turned over 13.4 million acres to New Mexico to be held in trust for the benefit of schools and other public institutions. Now administered by the state Land Office, some of the land proved to be a jackpot when oil and natural gas were discovered a decade later. It was the land no one else wanted, says Land Commissioner Ray Powell. We lucked out because more than a third of the states oil and natural gas production is on state trust land. By the time New Mexico became a state, the general pattern of land use and ownership that we see today had been established, says Steve Beyerlein, a land surveyor for BLM. The environment was largely pristine when the United States acquired what is now New Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which formally ended the war with Mexico in 1848, and the Compromise of 1850. The New Mexico Territory was populated by about 61,500 people at the time. In its treaty with Mexico, the United States pledged to recognize ownership of property, including 295 land grants of various types issued by the Spanish and later Mexican governments. Otherwise, the bulk of the territory was public domain or open land. The General Land Office the precursor to todays Bureau of Land Management immediately set about surveying the newly acquired territory into a grid of

a series of acts to encourage homesteading, mining, railroad construction and other activity. A common incentive in the acts was discounted or even free land. Typically, a homesteader would claim a tract of public land up to 160 acres a common number but one that changed under different acts by living on it and farming it for five years. If there were no conflicting claims, the homesteader was then issued a patent or title to the land. Ranchers would typically homestead on land that had water and run cattle on the land that surrounded it, says Hans Stuart, a BLM employee in Santa Fe who is writing an updated history of the agency. Ranching became the common denominator in land use in New Mexico, as well as an integral part of the states cultural identity, says Caren Cowan of the New Mexico Cattle Growers Association. Ranching peaked in 1975, when a record 1.72 million cattle and calves were counted in the state, she says. Water was the determining factor in where people settled, thus the concentration along rivers that still exists today. Land that remained public domain often lacked a reliable, year-round source of drinking water.

Land grants
The end of the 1800s was a pivotal point for land ownership and use in New Mexico. The first land was set aside for national forests, marking the beginning of the conservation movement here. More controversially, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling on community land grants in New Mexico that still rankles some people today. The federal government had been processing land grants for decades leading up to the 1897 ruling, which said the common lands in community land grants, which couldnt be sold, were public domain and owned by the federal government. The ruling applied only to pending land grants, not to those already approved. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

Don laine/for the journal

The Rio Grande, here in its largely unspoiled state in the Wild Rivers Recreation Area near Questa, has suffered as logging and mining took their toll in other areas. townships and sections to pave the way for future settlement. Starting near Socorro, surveyors dragged a 66-foot chain to measure the land and used the stars and sun to determine location, says Robert Casias of the BLMs Santa Fe office. Especially in the early years, the work was fraught with such dangers as rough terrain, bad weather and animal attacks, and many surveyors died or were killed in the process. To this day, about 4 million acres of the states total of 77.8 million acres have never been surveyed, mostly on Indian reservations and in mountainous areas, Casias says. As New Mexico moved toward statehood, Congress passed

34

In the end, 105 of the 152 known community land grants were approved and 29 rejected, according to a 2001 federal study. Another 18 were withdrawn by the grant holders for a variety of reasons, including not wanting the tax liability. The early 1900s saw New Mexicos first national monuments El Morro in 1906, Gila Cliff Dwellings and Chaco Canyon in 1907 that were taken over by the National Park Service in 1916. Carlsbad Caverns became the first national park in the state in 1930. Today, New Mexico has 14 monuments and parks. Most of the land for what are today the states five national forests had been set aside by 1909 as part of President Teddy Roosevelts great push on land conservation. The Carson National Forest was the first to be finalized in 1908 by merging all or part of three smaller national forests.

How its divvied up


New Mexico has a total of 77,822,720 acres of land. A 1996 federal study showed 40,378,462 acres, or 52 percent, in government ownership and broke it down as follows: Bureau of Land Management

12,890,539 acres 9,800,156 acres


State land

7,650,579 acres
Indian Trust Land National Park Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service condemnation of ranch land. Of the four bases remaining today, White Sands Missile Range is by far the largest at 3,200 square miles, expandable to 7,100 square miles. A fifth base, Fort Bliss, has its headquarters in Texas but most of its 1,700 square miles is in New Mexico. Some of the 12 or so closed bases continue in use as municipal airports in places like Hobbs and Las Vegas.

384,025 acres 326,581 acres

9,326,582 acres
U.S. Forest Service were compensated for the loss of land by the federal government. The boards decisions have been triggering lawsuits ever since. The first national wildlife refuges were established in the 1930s, starting with Bitter Lake near Roswell in 1937 and Bosque del Apache near Socorro in 1939. New Mexico now has seven refuges managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The last huge shake-up in land use and ownership occurred in the 1940s when the U.S. Army established no fewer than 16 air bases throughout New Mexico, primarily to train pilots and crews for World War II. Most of the land for the bases was already in federal ownership, but there was some

Wildlife refuges
In 1924, the Pueblo Lands Board was established to settle the contentious issue of squatters, mostly descendants of original Spanish settlers, on pueblo land. Although there were some evictions, most squatters were allowed to stay and the pueblos

Grazing
A century of hard land use overgrazing, clear-cut logging and mining had taken its toll on the environment by the 1960s. As you drive around the state, you see clusters of old abandoned

buildings that obviously were once vibrant communities, Powell says. Whatever sustained them was lost. Invasive plant species, brought in with feed for livestock, took over range land that could no longer sustain native grasses, he said. Logging and mining created erosion problems that turned the Rio Grande, for example, from a clear river with cobblestones and trout visible into the muddy soup we see today, he says. BLM, the largest single landowner in the state, was on the vanguard of a reinvigorated conservation movement in the 1970s concerned with preserving wildlife, soil and water resources. More emphasis was placed on the recreational use of public land. In response to BLM efforts to curb overgrazing, New Mexico was one of five states to participate in the so-called Sagebrush Rebellion in 1979-80. Legislation was passed calling for state control of BLM lands. The rebellion fizzled out after the federal government provided assurances that traditional users like ranchers and miners would continue to have a presence on public land. Conflict over land use between environmental and commercial interests, however, continues to this day.

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the wild
By Phil Parker Journal NORTHERN BUREAU

Defender of

Thanks to Aldo Leopold, millions of acres of precious wilderness are now protected.
embers of Congress occasionally will decide that an area of land in the United States is too pristine to let modern-society trappings like development or even cars breach its boundaries. The 1964 Wilderness Act was enacted to secure for the American people of present and future generations the benefits of an enduring resource of wilderness. The movement that culminated in the signing of that law started decades earlier here in New Mexico. Aldo (Leopold) saw the Forest Services mandate was to cut trees, says Nathan Newcomer, the director of the New Mexico Wilderness Alliance. Thats all they were doing, was producing timber. He said, Weve got to do something about this, or therell be nothing left. In 1924, conservationist godfather Leopold proposed the Gila Wilderness Area in southern New Mexico within the Gila National Forest. It became the first protected wilderness area in the United States, and perhaps the world. Leopold had grown up in Burlington, Iowa, along the Mississippi River, where he hunted and fished with his family. As a boy he would sketch and write notes about animals and plant life around him, a practice he continued into his adult life. Leopold graduated from Yale with a masters degree in forestry, got a job with the U.S. Forest Service when

courtesy OF aldo leopold foundation

richard pipes/journal

Aldo Leopold (top of page), the godfather of conservation, was the man behind the Gila Wilderness Area (above), the first protected wilderness area in the United States.

The lead sponsor of the 1964 Wilderness Act was N.M. Sen. Clinton P. Anderson.
it was still a relatively new outfit, and was assigned first to Arizona and then to supervise the Carson National Forest in northern New Mexico. When he went to Arizona, he was one of the first professional foresters out there, says Susan Flader, a member of the Aldo Leopold Foundations board of directors and editor of the book The River of the Mother of God, a collection of Leopolds essays. Arizona and New Mexico were still territories. Leopold, who served two years as secretary of the

Albuquerque Chamber of Commerce, was in charge of 20million acres of forest land in the Southwest, which he periodically inspected on horseback. After familiarizing himself with the Gila, he lobbied his bosses in Washington, D.C., and got more than 750,000 acres set aside as designated wilderness. I think the concept of wilderness owes an awful lot to Aldo Leopold, Flader says. New Mexico currently is home to 25 protected wilderness areas, including those in or

around Carlsbad Caverns National Park, the Sandia Mountains and Bandelier National Monument. Formal wilderness in New Mexico takes up roughly 1.6million acres, about 2percent of the fifthlargest state in America. Environmentalists in the state are working to increase that total. Newcomer notes that New Mexico lags behind other western states: Arizona is 6.2percent wilderness and California 14percent. We have great champions here, Newcomer says, alluding to New Mexico congressmen like Sens. Jeff Bingaman and Tom Udall, who in 2009 co-sponsored a now-stalled bill to protect roughly 300,000 acres of northern New Mexico. Their names are also atop a bill that would set aside 241,000

acres around the Organ Mountains, which is also awaiting action. And Udall was the main force behind declaring 16,000 acres east of Las Vegas, N.M., as the Sabinoso Wilderness, the states newest wilderness area. The process of protecting wilderness has changed since the 1920s. Whereas the initial protection for the Gila was an administrative designation, preserving lands is now national law. The Wilderness Act was officially signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson. Standing behind Johnson when he signd the bill was Clinton P. Anderson a longtime New Mexico senator who made conservation a centerpiece of his public career and was the acts lead sponsor. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

36

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The Great Depression hit New Mexico, an already poor state, especially hard. But families learned how to survive, and some got relief through the Works Progress Administration.
By Juan Carlos Rodriguez Journal Staff Writer

the tough times


suffered through a devastated economy. We made underwear out of the flour sacks. Its funny now, but we didnt mind. Everybody was in the same situation. We didnt know any better. Nobody teased anybody at school, Apodaca says. Like many other New Mexicans, her family relied on food ration stamps during the Depression for certain items. Stamps were hard to come by, Apodaca says. We had to have stamps for toilet paper. We also had stamps for sugar. Of course we never had toilet paper because we had catalogues. Home remedies were common. We would get grease after slaughtering a pig, you know, the fat? That would be our cooking grease. And sometimes wed use

enduring

lour sack underwear, toes poking out of cut-up shoes and plenty of hard work. Those are some of the memories of Dora Apodaca, a child of the Great Depression in New Mexico. Apodaca was born in the South Valley of Albuquerque in 1926 and grew up while the state

some of that grease to spread on a tortilla with a little bit of salt, she says. New Mexico had always been poor, and the Depression that lasted from 1929 until the early 1940s created desperate circumstances for people here. According to statistics from the U.S. Department of Commerces Bureau of Economic Analysis, New Mexicos average

courtesy of library of congress, prints and photographs division, fsa/owi collection (Lc-USF34-036796-D)

In this photo by Russell Lee, Pie Town, N.M., during the Great Depression wasn't much different from small towns across the state: No work, with food and other necessities difficult to come by.

38

100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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Stamps were hard to come by. We had to have stamps for toilet paper. We also had stamps for sugar.
Dora Apodaca Great depression survivor

We didnt have no clothes. My mom used to make them for us. She would make them out of flour sacks.
Eloyda Trujillo great depression survivor

Morgan Petroski/Journal

annual per capita personal income decreased from $402 in 1929 to $205 in 1932. During the same period, the national average declined from $697 to $398. Farm earnings, which made up almost half of the states earnings in 1929, fell nearly 80percent from $46.9million a year to $9.6million in 1932. Jon Hunner, the head of New Mexico State Universitys history department, says that while the Depression hurt the state, the federal governments response actually helped move New Mexico forward a bit. The natural disaster of the Dust Bowl and the drought devastated agricultural sectors of the state, the homelessness, the joblessness, theres no way you could paint a pretty picture of that, he says. People were malnourished, kids couldnt go to school. At the same time, there were advances. The federal government did step in to try to provide some immediate relief through federal jobs like the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress Administration and the National Youth Administration. All those provided some sort of jobs so the people could at least buy food, could put a roof over their head, could buy clothes, he says. And then also it provided the infrastructure that we still use today in some of the public works and art that was created. Hunner cited places like Zimmerman Library in Albuquerque, the Forest Service building in Alamogordo, the courthouse in Silver City, post offices throughout the state, other courthouses and the original Sunport terminal as all being constructed during the Depression. David Hamilton, a retired University of New Mexico professor emeritus of economics, says that for every dollar the federal government spent on WPA projects, three were created in the local economy. Reflecting the federal governments local investments, income from federal employment increased from about $8.5million in 1929 to nearly $22.2million 1936. Flour sacks apparently were widely used not just for underwear but for other types of clothing. Hunner says that Gov. Arthur Seligman, who led the state from 1931 until his death in 1933, at one point reviewed the states relief needs and found that in one rural county, women and children had nothing to wear but flour sacks.

40

Courtesy of LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, prints and photographs division, fsa/owi collection (lc-dig-fsa-8b29797)

In this photo by Dorothea Lange, a family with nine children from Iowa is stuck by the side of a New Mexico highway, forced to sell its belongings for food, in 1932. The story was typical of millions of people during the Great Depression.

Bartering system
Eloyda Trujillo, who was born in 1936, says she remembers the sacks well. Trujillo was born near Socorro, but her parents moved to a ranch near Las Cruces soon afterward. Her parents labored as ranch and farm hands and lived in extreme poverty. We didnt have no clothes. My mom used to make them for us. She would make them out of flour sacks. I didnt have no shoes. We didnt have no shoes at that time. We used to wear huaraches, she says, referring to leather sandals common in Mexico. She says she didnt start school until she was about 14 years old, after the family moved to Albuquerque. My mom and my dad used to work in the fields and I used to take care of the babies. I was about 8 years old when I started to take care of them, Trujillo says. Grayson Ramsey, 95, was born and reared in Albuquerque and remembers the Great Depression well. His family owned a flower shop on Central that used to supply police and firemens funerals. There was no money at all. Everybody went to the bartering system, Ramsey says. If you had a

little acreage and grew vegetables, you could swap it for gasoline or clothing. Ramsey says his familys business went under after the bank that held the business money went belly-up and never reopened. We lost everything, Ramsey says. He says that after the business closed, his dad died in 1932 of overwork and anxiety and his grandfather died a year later. Ramsey says he started at UNM and got one semester in but had to drop out because he couldnt afford tuition. He remembers the family lived on gallon cans of various foods. We practically lived on applesauce and white hominy. You could buy a gallon of that very cheaply, Ramsey says. Ramsey says it was obvious that people in Albuquerque were depressed because of the economy. People were trying to sell pencils and apples on the street or whatever they could scrape together. You could tell by their gait they were downhearted. They were worried about their families. People that were renting couldnt pay the rent, Ramsey says. I mean, it was tough. Tough. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

Achieving Excellence
Since 1888, New Mexico State University has served the citizens of New Mexico and beyond through exceptional education, leading-edge research and significant outreach and public service. We prepare our students for a global society, drive economic development and provide practical solutions to everyday challenges that better the lives of New Mexicos families. Our many valuable collaborations are key to our success: thriving partnerships between educators and public officials, visionaries and donors, and faculty and students. As New Mexico marks its centennial, we celebrate all we have achieved together and look forward to building a bright and rewarding future.

New Mexico State University

nmsu.edu

From World War I to todays conflicts, New Mexicans have stepped up when the United States needed them.
By Charles D. Brunt Journal Staff Writer

defend

Always ready to

ust four years after gaining statehood, New Mexico had the dubious honor of becoming the first state to be raided by a foreign force since the outbreak of the War of 1812. The March 9, 1916, raid on the border town of Columbus by Mexican revolutionary Francisco Pancho Villa thrust New Mexico and a new type of military battle onto the world stage. In retaliation for the raid, the 1st Aero Squadron of the U.S. Signal Corps arrived at the southern New Mexico town with eight Curtiss JN-3 biplanes to assist in Brig. Gen. John J. Black Jack Pershings pursuit of Villa. Though that effort proved unsuccessful, military aviation had come of age, and the new technology would eventually spawn four New Mexico Air Force bases and the sprawling White Sands Missile Range as well as an enduring bedrock for the states economic growth.

The battery remained on the firing line at ChateauThierry, St. Mihiel and in the Argonne with its French-made mobile 155-mm guns until the Armistice was signed on Nov. 11, 1918. The unit was credited with destroying a key bridge at ChateauThierry, which served as the Germans main line of communication. The last New Mexico troops left Europe in September 1919. Of the 17,251 New Mexicans who served in the military during World War I, 532 died.

World War II
the associated press

The Bataan Death March is one of the darkest times in the nations and New Mexicos military history.

World War I marked the first significant test of New Mexicos post-statehood military. Military historian David V. Holtbys scholarly work World War I and the Federal Presence in New Mexico notes that 17,251 New Mexicans served in the military during The Great War, including 1,359 who were already

in the military when war broke out. The federal government inducted 9,050 New Mexico men into the National Army, and another 1,600 served in the New Mexico National Guard. Just more than 4,000 enlisted in the

Regular Army, about 1,225 joined the Navy and 25 became Marines. Soldiers from New Mexico, including those with the 41st Division, began arriving in France in June 1917. The New Mexico

42

World War I

Among the estimated 78,000 prisoners of war forced by the Japanese to march for six days up the Bataan Peninsula were 1,800 N.M. soldiers with the National Guards 200th and 515th Coast Artillery Regiments.

National Guards Battery A, 1st Artillery, was assigned to the 41sts 146th Field Artillery Regiment and was sent to the front in July 1918 to help stop a German drive that had crossed the Marne River within 50 miles of Paris.

As war spread across Europe in the late 1930s, the U.S. military took advantage of ready-made civilian airports and converted many, including those in Albuquerque and Clovis, to military airfields. New Mexico, with its vast, sparsely populated deserts, soon became an important part of the U.S. Army Air Corps massive effort to train crew members for the impending war. All of the states Air Force bases Walker AFB in Roswell, Cannon AFB in Clovis, Holloman AFB in Alamogordo and Kirtland AFB in Albuquerque got their starts with the approach of World War II. Their key mission was training air crews particularly bombardiers for B-17, B-24 and B-29 bombers. The state also played a key role in the Manhattan 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

88401_02618 88401_02618 9x5.25 9x5.25 4c 4c

Its Its a a joy joy to to celebrate celebrate New New Mexicos Mexicos 100th 100th anniversary anniversary
Since 1869, we have been an active partof the New Mexico Since 1869, we been an active partof the New Mexico communities have asfriends, families, neighbors, and business communities asfriends, families, neighbors, and business leaders. Whether as Express Agents in times past or leaders. Whether as Express Agents in times past or Community Bankers of today, were dedicated to helping our Community Bankers of today, were dedicated to helping our communities succeed financially while preserving shared communities succeed financially while preserving shared history along theway. history along theway. We are proud to be a part of New Mexicos history. We are proud to be a part of New Mexicos history. wellsfargo.com wellsfargo.com

Photo courtesy of Wells Fargo Corporate Archives, Albuquerque, 1892 Photo courtesy of Wells Fargo Corporate Archives, Albuquerque, 1892

588401_02618 9x5.25 4c.indd 1 588401_02618 9x5.25 4c.indd 1

2011 Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. (588401_02618) 2011 Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. (588401_02618)

7/27/11 8:56 AM 7/27/11 8:56 AM

Happy

10 0th Birthday

PROUDLY BUILDING NEW MEXICO FOR OVER A CENTURY

Project, the top-secret effort to build the worlds first atomic bomb. The Army set up a research laboratory in Los Alamos to develop the bomb, which, after successful testing at Trinity Site at White Sands Proving Ground on July 16, 1945, was unleashed on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, hastening the end of the war. The legacy of the Manhattan Project continues today at Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque. The state made other impressive contributions to the war effort, including Navajo Code Talkers, an elite group of Marine recruits whose native language was used to create a code that was unbreakable by the Japanese. The military didnt declassify documents acknowledging the Code Talkers role in the war until 1968. The last surviving member of the original 29 code talkers, Chester Nez, lives in Albuquerque. A darker chapter in the war for New Mexico involved the infamous Bataan Death March. Among the estimated 78,000 prisoners of war forced by the Japanese to march for six days up the Bataan Peninsula to Camp ODonnell were some 1,800 New Mexico soldiers with the National Guards 200th and 515th Coast Artillery Regiments. About half of them did not survive the war. Today, fewer than 70 of those survivors are living.

NEW MEXICO MEDAL of HONOR RECIPIENTS


AFGHANISTAN
Army Sgt. 1st Class Leroy A. Petry July 29, 1979 Birthplace: Santa Fe Official hometown: Santa Fe Incident date: May 26, 2008 Incident location: Paktya, Afghanistan During a platoon assault on a residential compound in Paktya on May 26, 2008, Sgt. 1st Class Leroy A. Petry and another soldier encountered heavy enemy fire while entering the buildings courtyard. Though Petry was shot through both legs, and his comrade was hit in the side, they made their way to a chicken coop that offered cover from the onslaught, according to military reports. As other Rangers moved in to help, an enemy grenade landed near Petry. He picked it up and as he attempted to throw it back at the attackers it detonated, blowing off his right hand. After putting a tourniquet on his right arm, Petry continued firing at the enemy. Eventually, all of the attacking insurgents were killed. other civilians, Dix returned to the city to look for other civilians. As he approached a building near the towns center, he came under intense enemy fire. Dix attacked the building, killed six Viet Cong and rescued two Filipino civilians. The next day, Dix assembled a 20-man force and cleared the Viet Cong out of a downtown hotel, theater and adjacent buildings. The band captured 20 Viet Cong, including a high-ranking official. Dix and his group then attacked enemy troops who had entered the residence of the deputy province chief and rescued him and his family. Dix was credited with killing 14 Viet Cong, capturing 20 others, and rescuing 14 civilians. Army Spec. 4 Daniel D. Fernandez* June 30, 1944-Feb. 18, 1966 Birthplace: Albuquerque Official hometown: Albuquerque Incident date: Feb. 18, 1966 Incident location: Cu Chi, Hau Hghia Province, Vietnam
Note: Fernandez grew up in Los Lunas

killed instantly. The other four soldiers survived the attack. Army Staff Sgt. Franklin D. Doug Miller Jan. 27, 1945-June 30, 2000 Birthplace: Elizabeth City, N.C. Official hometown: Albuquerque Incident date: Jan. 5, 1970 Incident location: Kon Tum Province, Vietnam During a long-range reconnaissance patrol deep behind enemy lines in Vietnams Kon Tum Province, a solider in Staff Sgt. Franklin D. Millers Special Forces team tripped an explosive booby trap that wounded four soldiers. Knowing the explosion would attract the enemy, Miller quickly administered first aid to the wounded and directed the team to move to a more secure position while he provided cover. As a platoon-size enemy force moved into the area, Miller opened fire and turned them back twice. After rejoining the team and calling in a medevac helicopter, Miller moved the team toward the landing zone. As the helicopter hovered overhead, the team was attacked again, forcing the chopper to leave the area. Although every man on Millers team was wounded, they fought off their attackers until reinforcements arrived. Army Sgt. 1st Class Louis R. Rocco Nov. 19, 1938-Oct. 31, 2002 Birthplace: Albuquerque Official hometown: Los Angeles Incident date: May 24, 1970 Incident location: Near Katum, Vietnam On May 24, 1970, Sgt. 1st Class Louis R. Rocco volunteered to ride with a helicopter medevac team on an urgent mission to evacuate eight critically wounded Army of the Republic of Vietnam soldiers at Katum village in northern Tay Ninh Province. As the chopper approached the

VIETNAM
Army Staff Sgt. Drew D. Dix Dec. 14, 1944 Birthplace: West Point, N.Y. Official hometown: West Point, N.Y. Incident date: Jan. 31-Feb. 1, 1968 Incident location: Chau Doc Province, Vietnam
Note: Dix currently lives near Silver City

Korean War
The Korean conflict drew on the states pilot and air crew training facilities, and served as a proving ground for the predecessor of the New Mexico Air National Guards 150th Fighter Wing. As World War II ushered in the age of jet fighters, Clovis Air Force Base became a training ground for the new aircraft, many of which saw their first combat over Korea.

As two heavily armed Viet Cong battalions attacked the Chau Doc Provinces capital city of Chau Phu on Jan. 31, 1968, during the Tet Offensive, Staff Sgt. Drew D. Dix acting as adviser to a patrol of Vietnamese soldiers organized an effort to rescue civilians. After rescuing a nurse and eight

While on patrol in Hau Hghia Province, Vietnam, on Feb. 18, 1966, Spec. 4 Daniel D. Fernandezs Army infantry unit was ambushed by a Viet Cong rifle company. Although the patrol was forced back by the intense barrage of enemy gunfire, Fernandez and three other soldiers fought their way back to rescue a fallen comrade. When they reached the soldier and began first aid, an enemy grenade was tossed into the group. Realizing there was no time for the other men to protect themselves from the impending explosion, Fernandez threw himself on the grenade and was * Medal of Honor awarded posthumously

44

100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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The base began training F-86 Sabre pilots, then shifted to the F-100 Super Sabre in late 1956. The F-100 remained the bases principal aircraft for the next 12 years. The New Mexico Air National Guards 150th Fighter Wing, which traces its roots to July 7, 1947, when the 188th Fighter Bomber Squadron was federally recognized, was activated for the Korean War in December 1950. Most of its members were assigned to Air Force units and dispatched to Japan and Korea. Flying the 188ths trademark P-51 Mustangs over Korea, Capt. Francis Williams and 1st Lt. Robert Sands each were credited with downing three MiG15s. First lieutenants Robert Lucas and Joseph Murray were killed while flying close air support missions. The unit, nicknamed The Enchilada Air Force for the impromptu Mexican food dinners they prepared for fellow airmen, was released from federal active duty in November 1952. In 1953, it received its first jet fighters, F-80 Shooting Stars. In January 1958, the 188th traded its F-80s for F-100 Super Sabre jet aircraft. It was the first Air National Guard unit to receive the new jets. According to U.S.

Department of Defense records, 200 New Mexico servicemen were killed in the Korean conflict.

Vietnam War
During the Vietnam War, Cannon Air Force Bases 27th Tactical Fighter Wing deployed F-100 Super Sabre squadrons to several bases throughout Southeast Asia, including those in Da Nang and Tan Son Nhut in South Vietnam. Holloman Air Force Bases 49th Fighter Wing was deployed to Southeast Asia in 1972, where its F-4 Phantoms flew thousands of missions over North and South Vietnam. New Mexicos 188th Tactical Fighter Squadron consisting of 24 F-100s arrived in Vietnam on June 7, 1968, and was assigned to the 31st Tactical Fighter Wing. Squadron officials chose the call sign Taco for their Southeast Asia operations. Since then, the squadron has been known as the Tacos. In Vietnam, the 188th flew more than 6,000 combat sorties and amassed upward of 630 medals and decorations before being released from federal activation in June 1969. Capt. Michael Adams, Maj. Bobby Neeld and 1st Lt. Mitchell Lane died in combat. The squadron left Vietnam on May 18, 1969.

landing zone, it came under heavy enemy fire. As Rocco laid down suppressive fire, the pilot was shot in the leg and the helicopter made a crash landing. Although Rocco suffered a fractured wrist and hip in the crash, he pulled the unconscious survivors from the burning aircraft and carried them about 20 meters to the safety of an ARVN perimeter, suffering burns himself. Rocco continued administering first aid to his three comrades until he passed out. All four of the soldiers survived.

Miyamura is still alive and living in the Gallup area, where a high school was named in his honor. Marine 2nd Lt. Raymond G. Jerry Murphy Jan. 14, 1930-April 6, 2007 Birthplace: Pueblo, Colo. Official hometown: Pueblo, Colo. Incident date: Feb. 3, 1953 Incident location: Korea
Note: Murphy was a longtime Albuquerque resident, and the Raymond G. Jerry Murphy VA Medical Center in Albuquerque is named in his honor.

KOREA
Army Cpl. Hiroshi H. Hershey Miyamura Oct. 6, 1925 Birthplace: Gallup Official hometown: Gallup Incident date: April 24-25, 1951 Incident location: Near Taejon-ni, Korea On the night of April 24, 1951, Cpl. Hiroshi H. Miyamuras squad was holding a defensive position near Taejon-ni, Korea, when enemy soldiers attacked. Miyamura, a machine gun squad leader, jumped from his shelter and, wielding his bayonet, killed several of the advancing troops. Making his way back to his machine gun, Miyamura opened fire until he ran out of ammunition. He ordered his squad to withdraw while he stayed behind to render the gun inoperative. He then bayoneted his way through enemy soldiers to a second gun emplacement and helped mow down more attackers. Realizing his men were severely outnumbered, Miyamura again ordered his men to fall back while he stayed to cover their movement. He killed more than 50 enemy soldiers before his ammunition was depleted. Despite being severely wounded, he continued holding off the enemy until the position was overrun. Miyamura was captured by the North Koreans and held as a prisoner of war until his release on Aug. 20, 1953. Two months later, President Eisenhower presented Miyamura his Medal of Honor at the White House.

In February 1953, 2nd Lt. Raymond G. Murphy was in command of a Marine platoon held in reserve for evacuation duties in Operation Clambake, an assault on entrenched enemy troops in the hills near Ungok, South Korea. At dawn on Feb. 3, two of his companys platoons attacked the enemy. When none of the Marines returned after an hour, Murphy defied direct orders to end the attack and led a small group of men up the hill to see what was going on. Realizing the attack had stalled and most of the senior and noncommissioned officers had been killed and despite a withering barrage of enemy fire Murphy directed his men to help evacuate the pinned-down Marines and rescue the wounded. Though hit in his side by shrapnel from an exploding mortar round, Murphy grabbed an automatic rifle and provided cover fire for his evacuating troops. Murphy made several trips up and down the hill, sometimes carrying wounded Marines on his back. He refused medical treatment until all other casualties had been treated. Eighteen Marines were killed and 70 wounded in the attack on Ungok.

WORLD WAR II
Marine 1st Lt. Alexander Sandy Bonnyman Jr.* May 2, 1910-Nov. 22, 1943 Birthplace: Atlanta Official hometown: Carlsbad Incident date: Nov. 20-22, 1943 Incident location: Tarawa atoll in the Gilbert Islands As American troops fought to take Japanese-held Tarawa atoll in the Gilbert Islands in November 1943, 1st Lt. Alexander Bonnymans unit was pinned down at the far end of a pier that was well guarded by Japanese emplacements. Leading his men, Bonnyman crawled

jeff alexander/journal

Two F-16C fighter jets from the New Mexico Air National Guard take off from Kirtland Air Force Base on a training mission in 1995.

* Medal of Honor awarded posthumously

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100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

to the base of one emplacement, where they placed explosives at both entrances despite heavy hostile fire. The explosions flushed out about 100 enemy troops, who then were mowed down by the Americans. Another 150 were killed inside the fortified emplacement. Assailed by additional Japanese after taking the emplacement, Bonnyman made a heroic stand on the edge of the structure, defending his position until mortally wounded. Bonnymans heroic actions over three days of unrelenting battle allowed his men to beat back a counterattack, break the back of a hostile resistance and eventually take the strategic atoll. Army Pvt. Joseph P. Martinez July 27, 1920-May 26, 1943* Birthplace : Taos Official hometown: Ault, Colo. Incident date: May 26, 1943 Incident location: Aleutian Islands, Alaska While fighting on Attu Island in the Aleutians, U.S. troops had tried unsuccessfully for several days to move the Japanese from a key defensive position in the snow-covered peaks of the Holtz-Chichagof Pass. During a new assault on May 26, 1943, Pvt. Joseph P. Martinez fearlessly trudged toward the enemy position, armed with a machine gun and grenades. Dodging machine gun, rifle and mortar fire, Martinez cleared several snow trenches of enemy soldiers, clearing the way for his unit to move forward. After reaching the pass, Martinez encountered a final enemy-occupied trench where he exchanged fire with enemy soldiers until he was mortally wounded. The pass, however, was taken, and proved to be a key victory toward taking the island. Army Pvt. Harold H. Moon Jr.* March 15, 1921-Oct. 21, 1944 Birthplace: Albuquerque Official hometown: Gardena, Calif. Incident date: Oct. 21, 1944 Incident location: Pawig, Leyte, Philippine Islands On the night of Oct. 21, 1944, during a Japanese counterattack at Pawig on Leyte Island in the

Philippines, Pvt. Harold H. Moon Jr. held his machine gun position despite intense enemy fire and overwhelming odds. Though wounded, Moon repeatedly drove back enemy attackers from his foxhole, including a Japanese officer who tried to kill him with hand grenades, and radioed range corrections to friendly mortars trained on the enemy forces. At dawn, an entire Japanese platoon charged Moons position. Moon killed 18 of them and repulsed the attack. In a final act of bravery, Moon stood up to throw a grenade at a machine gun that had opened fire on his right flank. He was hit and instantly killed. Nearly 200 dead Japanese were found within 100 yards of Moons foxhole. Army Pfc. Alejandro R. Ruiz June 24, 1924-Nov. 20, 2009 Birthplace: Loving, N.M. Official hometown: Carlsbad Incident date: April 28, 1945 Incident location: Okinawa, Ryukyu Island While fighting to rout the Japanese from Okinawa on April 28, 1945, Pfc. Alejandro R. Ruizs squad was stopped in its tracks by a well-camouflaged pillbox spewing machine gun fire and grenades. Ruiz grabbed an automatic rifle, charged through the incoming fire and headed for the top of the pillbox. Ruizs rifle jammed when an enemy soldier charged him, so he clubbed him with the rifle butt. Ruiz ran back to his squad, grabbed more ammunition and another automatic rifle, and again made for the pillbox. This time, he made it to the top of the emplacement and systematically fired into each opening, killing 12 enemy soldiers and taking the pillbox. Army 2nd Lt. Robert S. Scott Nov. 30, 1913-Feb. 5, 1999 Birthplace: Washington, D.C. Official hometown: Santa Fe Incident date: July 29, 1943 * Medal of Honor awarded posthumously

Incident location : Near Munda Air Strip, New Georgia, Solomon Islands After 27 days of bitter fighting in July 1943, the Japanese still held a hilltop that commanded the approach to Munda Airstrip on the Island of New Georgia in the Solomon Islands. On July 29, 2nd Lt. Robert S. Scott had pushed forward alone to within 75 yards of the enemy, triggering a counterattack. Though Scotts company withdrew, he took cover behind a tree stump and kept firing his carbine and throwing grenades at advancing enemy soldiers. Despite a bullet wound in the left hand and a painful shrapnel wound in the head after his carbine had been shot from his hand, he threw grenade after grenade with devastating accuracy until the beaten enemy withdrew. His soldiers, inspired by Scotts intrepid stand, took the hill and, four days later, captured the strategic Munda Airstrip. Army Pfc. Jose F. Valdez* Jan. 3, 1925-Feb. 17, 1945 Birthplace: Gobernador, N.M. Official hometown: Pleasant Grove, Calif. Incident date: Jan. 25, 1945 Incident location: Near Rosenkrantz, France While manning an outpost near Rosenkrantz, France, on Jan. 25, 1945, Valdez and five other soldiers were attacked by two German companies and a tank. Seriously outgunned, Pfc. Jose F. Valdezs patrol was forced to retreat. Valdez volunteered to provide cover for the other four soldiers. As his buddies dashed to safety, Valdez who had taken a bullet through the stomach kept firing at the advancing Germans and radioing coordinates for artillery and mortar fire. After holding his position, the German counterattack was turned back. Severely wounded, Valdez crawled to friendly lines but died of his wounds nearly three weeks later.

Of the 58,261 service members who died as a result of the Vietnam War, 400 were from New Mexico, according to the Defense Department.

Persian Gulf War


In December 1990, the 150th Fighter Groups Security Police Flight from Kirtland Air Force Base was deployed to Saudi Arabia in support of Operation Desert Storm, the response by coalition forces to Iraqs invasion of Kuwait. The last of them returned home by May 1991.

9/11
In 1992, Holloman Air Force Base became home to the F-117A Nighthawk, the worlds first aircraft to use stealth technology, making it virtually invisible to radar. Within hours of the terrorist attacks of 9/11, F-16s Fighting Falcons from the 150th Fighter Wing were flying air patrols over key resources in the western United States, and continued to do so for several months. In October 2001, the unit deployed to Atlantic City, N.J., to assume 24-hour patrols over New York City.

Iraq War
New Mexico National Guard units have served numerous times in Iraq since 2003. They have included members of the 515th Corps Support Battalion, 720th Transportation Company, Detachment 44, Operational Support Airlift Command, 1115th Transportation Company, 642nd Maintenance Company, 26th Military Police Company, 1116th Transportation Company, the Las Cruces-based C Company, 2nd Battalion, 200th Infantry and the Rio Rancho-based A Company, 1st Battalion, 200th Infantry. The Las Vegas-based 720th Transportation Co. served in Iraq from May 2009 through April 2010. Other New Mexico units that have had members

100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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deployed to Iraq include the Taosbased 1115th Transportation Co., the Belen-based 515th Combat Support Brigade, the Santa Fe-based Operational Support Airlift Command Detachment 44, the Kirtland-based 150th Security Forces Squadron, the 150th Civil Engineering Squadron, the 150th Support Group and the 150th Fighter Wing 150th Support Group. As of midsummer 2011, 45 service members from, or with close ties to, New Mexico have died in Iraq since the beginning of the war in March 2003.

Afghanistan
Hundreds of members of the New Mexico National Guard have served combat tours in Afghanistan since October 2001. Seventeen Guardsmen with a Light Infantry Embedded Team deployed to Afghanistan in December 2008 to train members of the Afghan National Army during a yearlong tour. The unit returned in October 2009. In May 2009, 160 troops with the Guards Rio Rancho-based 920th Engineering Co. deployed

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In December 1990, the 150th Fighter Groups Security Police Flight from Kirtland Air Force Base was deployed to Saudi Arabia in support of Operation Desert Storm.

richard pipes/journal

to northeastern Afghanistan for a yearlong tour. Members of the 920th, trained on heavy construction equipment, were primarily from Rio Rancho, Roswell, Carlsbad and Hobbs. Their mission was to clear roads and minefields. The unit returned stateside in May 2010. Also in May 2009, 15 members of the Kirtland-based 150th Services Squadron deployed to Afghanistan for five months. In April, about 65 state Guard soldiers with Company C, 1st Battalion, 171st Aviation Regiment, deployed to Afghanistan for a yearlong mission providing air medical support. Members of the Santa Fe-based unit left between April 20 and April 30 for about 60 days of additional training in Fort Hood, Texas, before deploying to Afghanistan. They are due back in April 2012. As of midsummer 2011, 15 service members from, or with close ties to, New Mexico have died in Afghanistan since the beginning of the war in October 2001.

skies
Kirtland Air Force Base
What started out as two runways bulldozed through the brush of Albuquerques east mesa in 1928 has evolved into todays Kirtland Air Force Base, a 51,558-acre facility employing about 23,000 people. Though first used to train World War II air crews, especially bombardiers for B-17, B-24 and B-29 heavy bombers, it has become the home of the U.S. Air Forces nuclear weapons research, military satellite development and dozens of other futuristic technologies. In the early years, there were three adjacent bases Kirtland, Sandia and Manzano. When Los Alamos Laboratory, which developed and built the atomic bombs that helped end the war, found itself in need of space and test ranges, Sandia Base in Albuquerque became the solution. Adjacent Manzano Base conducted atomic weapons research, development and testing. Both bases expanded throughout the late 1940s and 50s, and were merged into Kirtland Air Force Base in 1971. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

Reaching for the

Col. Roy Kirtland, for whom the Air Force base in Albuquerque is named, was one of the Armys earliest aviation pioneers.

courtesy of kirtland air force base

New Mexicos wide-open spaces proved perfect for pilot training and the U.S. military took full advantage of that, with its bases here playing key roles in the states economic development as well as national defense.
The base is home to more than 75 federal government and 384 private-sector associate units, including the 150th Wing of the New Mexico Air National Guard, the 58th Special Operations Wing, the Space and Development Test Wing, the Air Force Inspection Agency, two directorates of the Air Force Research Laboratories, the Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center and the Air Force Safety Center. It is also the home of Sandia National Laboratories, which employs about 8,500 workers. In a major 2008 shakeup of its plans regarding fifth-generation fighters, the Pentagon decided to accelerate the retirement of 249 fourth-generation fighters and all 21 of the New Mexico Air National Guards former 150th Fighter Wings F-16s were redistributed to other Air National Guard units, leaving the wing looking for a new mission. In September 2009, National Guard officials announced that the 150th would merge with the Air Forces 58th Special Operations Wing, which, like the 150th, is based at Kirtland.

courtesy of holloman air force base

Although Holloman Air Force Base in Alamogordo primarily trained bomber crews, the 49th Fighter Group also was based there at one time. Here its pilots pose with a P-38 Lightning in the Philippines during World War II. In December 1949, Kirtland Air Force Base was named headquarters for the newly created Special Weapons Command, with responsibility for nuclear weapons testing. Further reorganization in 1952 made Kirtland the Special Weapons Center under the Research and Development Command. To centralize control of the Air Forces nuclear weapons management, the Nuclear Weapons Center was created at Kirtland on March 31, 2006. The 498th Armament Systems Wing also was created as the centers maintenance development arm. Kirtlands future came into question in 1995 when then-Defense Secretary William Perry searching for ways to curb the U.S. militarys burgeoning budget recommended to the Defense Departments Base Realignment and Closure Commission that Kirtland be realigned, a move that would have cost the base 6,850 military jobs. Armed with a favorable Government Accounting Office report that showed the realignment wouldnt save the Pentagon any money, Sens. Pete Domenici, R-N.M., and Jeff Bingaman, D-N.M., and Rep. Steve Schiff, R-N.M., persuaded the BRAC to spare Kirtland. A task force of military retirees and local businessmen, formed in 1995 to defend Kirtland, has evolved into todays Kirtland Partnership Committee, which continues to tout the importance of Kirtland and its tenants to the nations defense and the citys economic well-being. Today, Kirtland is the sixth-largest Air Force installation in the world.

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New Mexicos military bases by the numbers


Kirtland Air Force Base
Host Unit: 377th Air Base Wing Mission: To support nuclear operations, organize, train and equip expeditionary forces, and provide installation operation and support to more than 100 mission partners and the base community. Area: 51,558 acres Personnel: 4,520 military; 16,457 civilian/contractor Estimated annual economic impact: $7.8billion
ellis neel/the associated press

richard pipes/journal

Members of fighter squadrons based at Cannon Air Force Base undergo water survival training in a swimming pool.

F-117A Nighthawk fighter jets taxi to the runway before a 2006 air show at Holloman Air Force Base near Alamogordo. Holloman became home to the stealth planes in 1992. The 58th, which flies transport planes and helicopters, trains about 2,200 military personnel a year in special operations and combat search-andrescue missions. The merger is under way. became a major training installation for F-86 Sabre and F-100 Super Sabre pilots. On June 8, 1957, the base was renamed Cannon Air Force Base in honor of the late Gen. John K. Cannon, a former commander of the Tactical Air Command. In 1958, the Cannonbased 27th Tactical Fighter Wing was deployed throughout Southeast Asia and flew thousands of missions in Vietnam. Though Cannon was recommended for closure in 2005, it received a reprieve and became home to the 16th Special Operations Wing, since renamed the 27th Special Operations Wing. The 27th flies various versions of the massive C-130 tanker/airlift aircraft, MH-53 Pave Low rescue and transport helicopter and the new CV-22 Osprey, a tilt-rotor aircraft designed to have the vertical takeoff capabilities of a helicopter and the fast cruising capabilities of a turboprop airplane.

Holloman Air Force Base


Before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, Alamogordo was a quiet town of about 4,000 residents with an economy based on ranching, timber and the railroad. Within a year of Japans devastating strike in Hawaii, B-17 bombers were roaring over the Tularosa Basin and an Army Air Forces training base had emerged from the high desert west of town. It was the first incarnation of what would become Holloman Air Force Base. Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range soon became Alamogordo Army Air Field and encompassed land later set aside as part of White Sands Missile Range a huge swath 65 miles north to south and 30 miles east to west. During World War II, roughly 20 bomber groups, flying B-17 Flying Fortresses, B-24 Liberators and B-29 Super Fortresses, rotated through the airfield before deploying to the European or Pacific

Cannon Air Force Base


Host Unit: 27th Special Operations Wing Mission: To provide insertion, extraction and resupply of special operations forces; air refueling of special operations rotary wing and tilt-rotor aircraft; and precision fire support. Area: 4,500 acres Personnel: 3,585 military; 1,253 civilian/contractor Estimated annual economic impact: $478.4million

F-16 Fighting Falcon squadrons. The wing also delivers Air Transportable Clinics and Basic Expeditionary Airfield Resources, and hosts the German Air Force Flying Training Center. Area: 59,743 acres Personnel: 4,241 military; 1,613 civilian/contractor Estimated annual economic impact: $201.6million

Cannon Air Force Base


Cannon Air Force Base had its start in the mid1920s as Portair Field, an airstrip established for early commercial flights. In 1942, after the United States entered World War II, the Army Air Corps took over the airfield and renamed it Clovis Army Air Base. The first military unit to use the facility was an Army glider detachment, but the base soon shifted to training pilots and crews for B-24, B-17 and B-29 heavy bombers a mission that lasted through the end of World War II. The installation was deactivated in May 1947, but reactivated four years later as Clovis Air Force Base during the Korean War. When fighter jets were introduced, the base

White Sands Missile Range (Army)


Host Unit: U.S. Army Developmental Test Command Mission: To provide Army, Navy, Air Force, DoD and other customers with high-quality services for experimentation, test, research, assessment, development and training in support of the nation at war. Area: 2.2 million acres Personnel: 850 military; 3,210 civilian/contractor Estimated annual economic impact: $650million 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

Holloman Air Force Base


Host Unit: 49th Wing Mission: To provide combat-ready F-22 Raptors and train MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper unmanned aerial vehicle pilots and sensor operators. However, the base is in the process of transferring its F-22s to other bases and replacing them with two

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LOS ALAMOS
Where Discoveries are Made.

Left Column (top to bottom): Checkpoint to the Secret City (1943-1957); Los Alamos Ranch School students (1920s); Valles Caldera super volcano. Right Column (top to bottom): Next Big Idea Festival interactive exhibit (2011); Los Alamos Triathlon competitors (2009); Hikers at the Bandelier National Monument (2011). Center: View from Anderson Overlook, Los Alamos (2009)

For info on events and other communitiy activities:

LOS ALAMOS, NM

800.444.0707 visit.losalamos.com

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theaters. Though kept a tightly guarded secret at the time, the atomic age was born July 16, 1945, at the northern edge of the range when the first atomic bomb was detonated at Trinity Site. World War II was brought to an end weeks later on Aug. 15 after U.S. aircraft dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. At wars end, the base was tasked with a new mission supporting V-2 rocket tests at its recently formed neighbor, White Sands Proving Ground. In 1948, the base was renamed Holloman Air Force Base, in honor of Col. George Holloman, a pioneer in guided missile development. Missile testing became the bases forte for more than two decades; then, in 1968, the 49th Tactical Fighter Wing and its F-4s arrived to assume host duties. The unit transitioned to the F-15 Eagle in the 1970s. In 1992, Holloman became home to the F-117A Nighthawk, a formerly secret weapon that was the worlds first aircraft to employ stealth technology. The stealth fighters made a name for themselves during Operation Desert Storm in 1991 as the only U.S. or coalition aircraft to strike targets in downtown Baghdad. When the Air Force retired the angular black stealths in 2008, Holloman received two squadrons of the latest advanced fighter jet the F-22A Raptor. But two years later, in July 2010, the Air Force announced that Hollomans two squadrons of F-22s would be replaced by four squadrons of older F-16 Fighting Falcons. Tyndall Air Force Base in Florida is slated to receive one squadron of F-22, and Hollomans remaining F-22s are being distributed to other active F-22 bases.

For decades, White Sands was the premier testing site for an array of munitions, ranging from small missiles to smart bombs. White Sands also maintained an alternate Space Shuttle landing site, which was used only once: The Space Shuttle Columbia, which disintegrated over Texas as it re-entered Earths atmosphere on Feb. 1, 2003, landed at White Sands on March 30, 1982.

Walker Air Force Base


Though Roswell once housed the sprawling Walker Air Force Base, the city became best known for its role in the Roswell UFO Incident. The U.S. Army Air Forces established the Roswell Army Air Field in 1941 as a flight training and bombardier school. It also housed a prisoner of war camp during World War II, and prison labor built many of its host citys parks. In summer 1947 as control of the Roswell installation was preparing to shift from the U.S. Army Air Forces to the U.S. Air Force that would be formed in September military officials there found themselves at the center of the Roswell UFO controversy. There were reports that an alien spacecraft and its diminutive occupants crashed on a ranch northwest of the city. On July 8, 1947, base officials issued a news release stating that personnel from the 509th Bombardment Group had recovered a crashed flying disc. Hours later, higher-up Army officials said they had recovered a weather balloon not a flying saucer. Allegations of a cover-up persist to this day, and the controversy has spawned a UFO museum and annual UFO festival in Roswell. During its 20 years as an Air Force base, Walker hosted fighter and bomber wings, and became the largest Strategic Air Command base in the United States. When the base was closed in 1967, Roswell then with a population of about 35,000 lost an estimated 5,000 military personnel and another 5,000 support personnel almost overnight. Though the loss temporarily devastated Roswells economy, local leaders found other uses for the base, and several companies now operate there. It took Roswell more than a decade to return to its mid-1960s population. Charles D. Brunt, Journal Staff Writer

White Sands Missile Range


Established July 9, 1945, the 3,200-square-mile White Sands Missile Range became Americas largest military overland test range, with an early mission of developing the new rocket and missile technologies emerging from WWII, especially the German V-2. The missile range now tests products for the Army, Navy, Air Force, NASA, other government agencies, U.S. allies and private industry. Trinity Site, where the worlds first atomic bomb was successfully tested on July 16, 1945, is near the ranges northern boundary.

jack kurtz/the associated press

The Conquest 1 rocket clears the launch pad at White Sands Missile Range on April 3, 1996. White Sands has been an integral part of missile development since its inception in 1945 and is home to Trinity Site, where the first atomic bomb was detonated. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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A tale of evolving
New Mexico has been staunchly Republican, die-hard Democratic and somewhere in between, as culture and tradition have played important roles in our shifting political fortunes.

politics

Gov. Bruce King, perhaps the last of the folksy politicians, leads a parade in Santa Fe in July 1982. King, who served three terms as governor, preferred a first-name, faceto-face style, which has largely disappeared.
barbaraellen koch/journal

By John Robertson Journal Politics Editor

he past is never far away in New Mexico politics. Slowly, though, the state is changing as it grows. New Mexico was Republican country from statehood to the New Deal and has been mostly Democratic since, but erosion is at work. Long-standing Democratic Party voter registration dominance has declined while the number of decline-to-state, or independent, voters has grown. Republican registration today is only about a third of the states total, but New Mexico voters as a whole arent shy about electing Republicans. Elections have become increasingly competitive as the states population has grown. In presidential politics, weve gone from bellwether state to bellwether and battleground both. All in all, says longtime Albuquerque political analyst Brian Sanderoff, New Mexico tends to be a

courtesy of palace of the governors photo archives (NMHM/DCA)/negative no. 050497

Clyde Tingley led New Mexicos political transition from Republican majorities to Democratic when he became governor in 1935. He also served 13 years on Albuquerques city commission, including terms as mayor pro tem. Democratic-leaning state that doesnt hesitate to elect moderate Republicans. Our political leanings overall tend to be conservative on fiscal matters and national defense and more liberal on social issues. But all of those can be close calls, with cultural factors, as well as ideological ones,

often in play. The Catholic Church, for instance, has been influential in debates ranging from the death penalty to taxes on food. The New Mexico Legislatures reputation for fiscal conservatism is aided by a state constitutional requirement that it balance the budget each year. Conservativeminded legislative leaders also have salted away income from finite natural resources in constitutionally protected permanent funds, leaving the state with some of the largest endowments in the country. Rural areas, particularly farm and ranch country and the big oil- and gas-producing basins in the northwestern and southeastern parts of the state, are the bedrock of conservative representation in the Legislature. Urban areas, Indian country and Hispanic northern New Mexico contribute more liberal thinkers to the mix. Power struggles are constant, especially in the state Legislature, with its 112 districted seats, each 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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representing a piece of the states geographic puzzle. Republicans have attained majorities in the Legislature only a few times since the states big Democratic turnaround in 1933. They still have a tough time winning election to most statewide executive branch offices. But our longest-serving U.S. senator was, for six terms and 36 years, Republican Pete Domenici. And today we have a Republican governor, Susana Martinez.

Bellwether and battleground


New Mexicans voted for the winner in every presidential election from statehood until 1976, when the state went for Republican Gerald Ford over Democrat Jimmy Carter. We returned to the national-favorite pattern with Republican Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984, Republican George H.W. Bush in 1988 and Democrat Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996. Things got dicey in 2000 when Democrat Al Gore outpolled the national winner, Republican George W. Bush, by 366 votes. So far, that remains the only election other than the 1976 one for which New Mexico wasnt in the nationwide winners column, and the battleground status, in addition to bellwether, was firming up. Four years later, Bush squeaked by Democrat John Kerry with fewer than 6,000 votes statewide, adding to the battleground reputation but putting New Mexico back in the national winners column. Then came Democrat Barack Obama, winning 57percent of the New Mexico vote in 2008 and leaving Republican John McCain in the dust, with the state again following the national pattern. Bottom line, from 1912 through 2008, New Mexico voters went with Republican presidential candidates 13 times and 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d
eddie moore/journal

Susana Martinez gives her State of the State address in January 2011. Martinez made history as New Mexicos first female governor and the first Hispanic female governor in the United States. and public schools. Over three or four decades, the influence of political parties and party bosses had already waned. Money and television now are among the most critical election factors. The price tag in 2012 for the U.S. Senate seat of Jeff Bingaman, D-N.M., who is retiring at the end of this year after five terms, might exceed $10 million.

Ends of eras
the associated press

U.S. Senators Pete Domenici, left, and Jeff Bingaman attend a public meeting in 1989 in Gallup. Republican Domenici served six terms, Democrat Bingaman five. Democrats 12 times. The 26th presidential election in the state comes this year. that eventually slowed New Mexico governments own revenues. The El Paso native not only overcame a Democratic voter registration advantage and a men-only record in the Governors Office, but she also broke through New Mexicos long-running wariness of Texans. She ran on an agenda of controlling government spending and ensuring ethical conduct, but to win election in Democraticleaning New Mexico she still had to promise to avoid spending cuts for Medicaid

Attitudes and money


Martinez became the states first female governor and the first female Hispanic governor in the country with her election in 2010. She came along at the right time as a candidate on the heels of eight years of domineering Democratic Gov. Bill Richardson and a national economic crisis

The last of the states really big political bosses, Emilio Naranjo of Espaola, died in 2008. Naranjo was the Rio Arriba County Democratic Party chairman for more than four decades while also serving, sometimes at the same time, as county sheriff, county manager and state senator. Self-starter candidates were on the rise as the influence of political bosses and parties declined. Gary Johnson, an Albuquerque construction business owner, had zero political history when he came out of the blue in 1994 to run for governor as a Republican. Aided by a fastgrowing population and contrasting images of a brash newcomer versus a funny-talking old

cowboy, Johnson ended the 40-year political career of three-time Democratic Gov. Bruce King, the folksy Stanley rancher who served longer in the governors office than anyone before or since. Kings defeat in 1994 also marked the end of what former Gov. David F. Cargo, who served two terms in the 1960s, called personal politics in New Mexico. Johnson made his mark as a candidate in stark, attention-grabbing TV ads. In contrast, an exhausted King spokesman, John McKean, once said this after the gregarious King spent an afternoon campaigning in a small, East Side New Mexico town: I think he shook every hand in Melrose twice. New Mexico politics often was conducted on a firstname basis through the end of the King era and, for several generations, the states first couple were known simply as Bruce and Alice. Gubernatorial elections, like the one that ended the King era, often have been reactions, at least partly, to preceding eras. Democrat Clyde Tingley, coming onto the New Mexico political scene after decades of Republican dominance, rode the New Deal wave into the Governors Office in 1934. Republican Garrey Carruthers in 1986 followed an aggressive and controversial Democrat, Toney Anaya. Johnson followed King in 1994. Martinez followed Richardson in 2010.

Reading the map


The state is still defined by its land and people and cultures. Its the fifth-largest state in land area, occupied by barely 2 million people, the 45th-lowest in population density. Nearly half of the population is Hispanic the highest percentage of any state. Roughly 10 percent is Native American, one of the highest concentrations

55

in the country with many tribal members still living where their people have for hundreds of years. With Anglos again trailing Hispanics in 2010 population numbers, the states ethnic and racial ratios today are similar to what they were at the time of statehood (roughly 57percent Hispanic then). And those roots run deep. The Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe, built in 1610, is the oldest public building in the United States in continuous use, and our political legacies are just as long. Forty-eight percent of the Legislature in 2011 had Hispanic surnames. Five Native Americans from still-sovereign tribes served as well. New Mexico remains land-rich and cash-poor, with state government deriving a lot of income from resource extraction but only small percentages of the population employed in oil-and-gas production, mining, farming and ranching.While anti-big government/big spending voters started to show some sway under the banner of the tea party in 2010, the state remains heavily dependent on government for employment at all levels from national laboratories to 89 school districts. Domenici, a famous supporter of the Los Alamos and Sandia national laboratories, set the pace for soliciting federal spending in New Mexico, even while attaining national prominence as chairman of the Senate Budget Committee. At least two federal dollars coming back to New Mexico for every New Mexico tax dollar sent to Washington became a familiar ratio, with the state ranking near the top on this score among the 50 states.

Groundbreaking politicians
years in the U.S. Senate (1949-1973), where he was a leader on Medicare, space programs, atomic energy, after three terms in the House (1941-1947). Also served as U.S. secretary of agriculture under President Harry S. Truman.

Clinton Anderson: Served 24

Octaviano Larrazolo: Nations first U.S. senator (1928-1929) of Mexican-American heritage; also served as governor (1919-1920). Manuel Lujan Jr.:

U.S. representative of the 1st Congressional District for 20 years (19691989); interior secretary under President George H.W. Bush.

Jeff Bingaman: Five terms and 30

years as U.S. senator (1983-2013); leader of successful 2007 legislation to increase automobile fuel-efficiency standards; leader in reforms for public schools and childhood health; elected New Mexicos attorney general in 1978.

First female New Mexico governor and first female Hispanic governor in the United States; elected district attorney of the 3rd Judicial District in Doa Ana County in 1996, and won re-election three times.

Susana Martinez:

Dennis Chavez:

Served 27 years in the U.S. Senate (19351962) after two terms in the House (1931-1935); first native-born New Mexico Hispanic elected to the Senate.

Bill Richardson:

Pete Domenici: Six terms in the U.S. Senate (1973-2009); most successful supporter ever of New Mexico economic mainstays, from the national laboratories to acequias; also known as leader of increased congressional budget discipline and champion of mental health equity in insurance coverage. Bruce King: State representative,
speaker of the House and served three four-year terms as governor (1971 through 1974; 1979 through 1982; 1991 through 1994), the most anyone has served as New Mexico governor.

U.S. representative of the 3rd Congressional District for 14 years (1983- 1997); U.S. ambassador to the United Nations; U.S. energy secretary; served two four-year terms as governor (2003 through 2006; 2007 through 2010); candidate for Democratic presidential nomination in 2008.

Clyde Tingley: Led the New Mexico political transition from Republican majorities to Democratic and is the namesake of Albuquerque public works projects; served two terms as governor (1935 through 1938); 13 years on Albuquerques city commission, including terms as mayor pro tem.

Long memories
Political deeds usually have histories, and offenses arent soon forgotten in New Mexico.

Cargo, returning from an out-of-state trip in 1967, found that land grant activists steamed over alleged violations of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848 had conducted an armed raid on the courthouse at Tierra Amarilla in an effort to arrest the district attorney. Shortly after a bronze statue of New Mexico colonizer Don Juan de Oate was installed at Alcalde in 1998, someone sawed off and disappeared with its right foot. No

one doubted that the amputation was in memory of Oate punishing Acoma Pueblo almost 400 years earlier, in 1599, by cutting off one foot from each of 29 Acoma men. It took 29 years of lobbying by pueblo leaders to have a statue of Popay, leader of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 that ran the Spaniards out of the Palace of the Governors, added to the collection in the U.S. Capitol rotunda, joining the one of beloved New Mexico Sen. Dennis Chavez. The statute of Chavez,

the first New Mexicoborn Hispanic elected to the U.S. Senate, and who also served in the House, was installed in 1966. The New Mexico Legislature approved the addition of Popay, a leader of the states original people, in 1997 and his likeness was unveiled in the Capitol Rotunda in 2005.

Slow to change
There has been footdragging on other scores. Women still make up only about a third of the

Legislatures membership, and 30 male governors preceded the election of Martinez. Diane Denish, elected in 2002, was the states first female lieutenant governor. Native Americans were not allowed to vote until 1948, and today make up less than 5 percent of the Legislature while making up nearly 10 percent of the states population. The first Indian members of the Legislature were Monroe Jymm and James D. Atcitty, both Navajo, elected in 1964. Roswell native James Lewis, first elected state treasurer in 1986, today remains the only black person elected to statewide office. The first black person elected to the New Mexico Legislature, Albuquerque educator Lenton Malry, didnt make it until 1969. Rep. Sheryl Williams Stapleton, D-Albuquerque, elected in 1994, became the first black woman to serve in the Legislature. Government corruption in New Mexico might never have been as extensive as it has been in Illinois or New York or Connecticut, but it still riddles the states history. One of the states first two U.S. senators, Albert Fall, was convicted of bribery involving oil leasing in the Teapot Dome Scandal after being appointed interior secretary in 1921. A former state Senate president pro tem, Manny Aragon, pleaded guilty in 2008, as former Albuquerque Mayor Ken Schultz and others did earlier, after a conspiracy to skim taxpayer money from construction of a courthouse in Albuquerque. A former state treasurer and his successor, Michael Montoya and Robert Vigil, were indicted in 2005 for kickback schemes, and later convicted, at the beginning of a wave of pay-to-play investigations in state government. New Mexico was a roughhewn territory with a complicated history 100 years ago. In many ways, it remains so today. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

56

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Melting pots
N.M.s population in 2010
Hispanics: 953,403 Anglos: 833,810 Native Americans: 175,368 Blacks: 35,462 Asians: 26,305

Diversity of cultures has been a key part of New Mexico throughout its history and continues to be today.

he year was 1912, and the multicultural influences that make todays Land of Enchantment such a diverse and unique state were already in place as Congress voted to admit New Mexico to the union. New Mexicos population at statehood, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, was less than 400,000; as of the 2010 census it was 2.059 million. Based on how people identify themselves, the largest segment, 953,403 people, is Hispanic; 833,810 people are white; 175,368 Native American; 35,462 black; 26,305 Asian; and 1,246 Hawaiian. Some 33,585 fall in other categories or define themselves as part of two or more groups, the Census Bureau says. Like today, Hispanics were the largest ethnic group in New Mexico in 1912, but that status was being challenged with the continued influx of different groups, which had begun decades earlier with the arrival of the railroad, says state historian Rick Hendricks. Chinese, and later Japanese, people came to work on the railroad and stayed to work in mines. Some became business owners, like the Tang family, which in 1918 opened Fremont Fine Foods grocery store Downtown and remains in business today, but is now on North Fourth Street. Though small in numbers, Asians made significant contributions to New Mexico agriculture and profoundly affected the states economy, Hendricks

says. For example, World War II veteran Roy Nakayama of Las Cruces became a horticulturist at New Mexico State University and helped develop a number of chile varieties, including Big Jim, often used in chile rellenos.

Hispanic influence
Hispanic influence is everywhere in New Mexico, from the food to the language, the religion and the name of streets. However, it was in the sphere of politics that Hispanics made the most inroads during the past 100 years, says Carlos Vasquez, the director of history and literary arts at the National Hispanic Cultural Center. There have been five Hispanic governors, including the current head of the state, at least nine speakers of the House of Representatives and powerful pro tems, he says. All through the early period of our state, Hispanics were Republican, the party of Lincoln, but that changed dramatically with Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal. Prominent among New Mexico legislators were

richard pipes/journal

Students from middle and high schools perform at the National Hispanic Cultural Center in 2010. Flamenco and other Hispanic dances have been an important part of New Mexico culture for centuries and remain vibrant today. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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Eight of the men in this photo, taken in March 1943 at Navajo Mission School in Farmington, became Navajo Code Talkers during World War II. They sent secret messages in the Din language, which was the one code the Japanese could never break. In turn, mass media English affected the way Spanish was spoken in New Mexico. By the 1980s, people had begun incorporating English words, creating a hybrid that became known as Spanglish. In more recent years, Spanish speakers have adopted what Torres calls Englaol, primarily English interspersed with Spanish. The Spanish language looms large over neighborhoods in the form of street signs with Spanish names and streets named for historically important Hispanic figures. The food of New Mexico has changed since statehood. While chile was always part of our diet, it was far more common as a Native American food staple, and mostly a side dish among Hispanic New Mexicans, Torres says. After statehood, tourists came to experience local foods and chile started to be used more widely. The 1960s vegetarian movement further highlighted chile and nonmeat dishes made with it, he says. Among meat eaters, the preferred choice in 1912, especially among Hispanics, was lamb and mutton. In the years since, beef has replaced it in popularity. As for now-common items like tacos and burritos, he says, go back to 1912 and you wont find them anywhere, Torres says. Those are more recent additions to our New Mexico diet, and they came from south of the border.

Anglo influence
By 1920, Hendricks says, Italianborn immigrants were second in number only to Mexican-born immigrants; by 1930 the Italians had surpassed them. New Mexico became a favorite place for relocation because of a cultural affinity. Italians easily picked up the Spanish language, and they were overwhelmingly Roman Catholic. Among those early Italianborn immigrants was Cherubino Choppo Domenici, who operated the Montezuma wholesale grocery business. His children included Pete, who went on to be the longest-serving U.S. senator from New Mexico. Most Anglos in New Mexico in 1912 had been born elsewhere, Hendricks says. Many came here because of opportunities to obtain land. Prominent among them was Thomas B. Catron, a lawyer from Missouri and part of a group of powerful land speculators called the Santa Fe Ring who used every unscrupulous way imaginable to get land away from Hispanic land grant holders, Hendricks says. Catron was New Mexicos first elected U.S. senator. His maneuverings ultimately changed the way public and private lands were parceled out in New Mexico, Hendricks says. The Anglo legacy since 1912

also has been defined by people who made contributions in government, business, art, literature and architecture, Hendricks notes. Bruce King, a rancher from Stanley, served three terms as governor; Conrad Hilton, born in San Antonio, N.M., built a hotel empire; oilman Robert O. Anderson was a philanthropist, patron of the arts, benefactor of museums and namesake of the business school at the University of New Mexico; Tony Hillerman, a University of New Mexico journalism teacher and author, wrote a series of enormously popular mystery novels rooted in the Navajo land and culture. New Mexicos high and dry climate made it a perfect setting for tuberculosis sanitariums, which attracted a number of people from around the country for health reasons who then stayed. Among them were Brazilianborn architect John Gaw Meem, a proponent of the Pueblo Revival style of architecture; South Dakota-born Clinton P. Anderson, whose long political career included stints as a U.S. congressman, U.S. secretary of agriculture and a four-term U.S. senator; and Clyde Tingley, who came from Ohio seeking a cure for his wifes illness and ended up serving as governor, de facto mayor of Albuquerque and is remembered for resurrecting the defunct state fair and establishing hospitals around the state.

Native American influence


The official government policy of assimilation of Native Americans was in full force at the time of New 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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Democrats Dennis Chavez, who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate from 1935 to 1962 and was the first Hispanic to be elected to an entire six-year term in the Senate; and Joseph Montoya, the youngest person in the history of New Mexico to be elected to the state House, in 1936, when he was 21 years old, and in 1940 the youngest ever elected to the state Senate. Between 1947 and 1957 he was elected lieutenant governor three times and subsequently served in the U.S. Senate from 1964 to 1977. Roosevelts WPA also sparked a revival of Hispanic culture and art forms, which led to the enormous commercial Hispanic art market present in New Mexico today, as well as interest in traditional music, folklore and food, Vasquez says. The establishment of the states military bases and national laboratories also had a profound impact on the states Hispanic population, Vasquez says. For the first time, Hispanics got jobs away from the sedentary pastoral economy and away from annual migratory labor in Colorado and the Midwest. They worked in painting, carpentry, electrical, plumbing and all the crafts. This exposure changed their attitudes toward education, making it more important and something to value. The military bases and labs also became the entry point into New Mexico for outsiders who were stationed or worked there during World War II and the Korean War and subsequently intermarried with local Hispanics, Vasquez says. We now have black-Hispanic kids, white-Hispanic kids, kids who clearly look Hispanic but have Anglo names, and kids with Hispanic names who look Anglo. In 1912, Spanish was the predominant language of New Mexico, though English was common in larger population centers like Albuquerque and Santa Fe, says Larry Torres, the associate director of languages and culture at the UNM Taos campus. School instruction may have been in English, but in rural New Mexico and small towns, that was a losing battle because kids would revert back to their native language on the playground and at home, he says. Bilingual programs in the public school wouldnt come into being until the 1960s.

d
The Navajo Code Talkers of World War II played a key role in the Allied war effort by transmitting secret dispatches using their native Din language.

100
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Mexico statehood. Young children were placed in Indian boarding schools and discouraged from speaking their native language or practicing their native religion. Native Americans in general did not enjoy the rights and protections of full citizenship, says Regis Pecos, a former Cochiti Pueblo governor, co-founder of the New Mexico Leadership Institute at the Santa Fe Indian School and chief of staff to state House Speaker Ben Lujan. The federal Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 granted the right to vote, dual citizenship with tribal nations and access to public education. However, New Mexico continued to deny Native Americans the right to vote in state elections until 1948. In the 1930s and 40s, many Native Americans joined the U.S. military. Among the best known of Native American contributions to the war effort were the Navajo Code Talkers of World War II, who transmitted secret dispatches using their native Din language. Over the years, other pieces of legislation were passed to preserve Native American tribal and individual rights, their language, religion, cultural practices, access to sacred sites and ceremonial objects, and their right to selfdetermination. But it was the

federal Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 that allowed Native Americans in New Mexico to demonstrate just how much political power they collectively control. The act laid out a statutory basis for the operation of gaming by Indian tribes as a means of generating revenue for economic development, jobs and selfsufficiency. Indian people who supported gaming began influencing state elections, and that was first felt in 1994 during Gov. Bruce Kings re-election campaign, Pecos says. King was opposed to the expansion of Indian gaming in the state while opponent Gary Johnson supported it. Indians supported Johnson with their votes and campaign contributions, and he won. From 1948 to 1994 we went from being unable to vote to being a power broker in an election. Native American arts and crafts also came into their own during the past 100 years, helping to make New Mexico a major art center. Long before the commercial success of painter R.C. Gorman were the artists who came out of the Studio School on the campus of the Santa Fe Indian School, says Pecos. Notable alumni include potter Crucita Calabaza, also known as Blue Corn, sculptor

Allan Houser, and painters Oscar Howe, Pablita Velarde and Harrison Begay.

African-American influence
African-Americans came to New Mexico with the early Spanish conquistadors, says Hendricks. They had been part of the AfroSpanish community in Spain, which included people of mixed African ancestry, and mulattos, most often the offspring of Spanish men and women of African ancestry. In the year leading to statehood, a group of African-Americans incorporated the town of Blackdom 18 miles south of Roswell. The town was settled by Frank and Ella Boyer and Daniel Keyes, who had come to New Mexico to escape racial prejudices and lack of opportunity for blacks in the deep South. Blackdom had more than 300 residents at its height, but by the early 1920s, the towns wells had dried up and crops had failed. By the mid-1920s, it was a ghost town and Blackdoms residents became part of other New Mexico communities. The NAACP opened its first New Mexico branch in 1915. Segregation and Jim Crow laws were still prominent,

a number of school districts throughout the state were still segregated, and there was a need for an organization to protect civil and human rights, says Harold Bailey, the director of the New Mexico Office of African-American Affairs. In 1952, the city of Albuquerque adopted a civil rights ordinance prohibiting discrimination in public accommodation; three years later the state passed a similar statute nine years before the national Civil Rights Act of 1964. Bailey, who formerly taught at UNM and in the Albuquerque Public Schools, points to other milestones for African-Americans in New Mexico: Loretta Loftus, the first black teacher in APS, 1954; Lenton Malry, the first black APS principal, in 1964, as well as the first black state representative, 1969, and first black Bernalillo County Commissioner, 1980; Albert Johnson, the first black mayor of Las Cruces, 1976, and before that the citys first black city councilman; and James Lewis, the first African-American to win statewide election as New Mexico state treasurer in 1987 (and again in 2006 and 2010). 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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By Rick Nathanson Journal Staff Writer

ew Mexico was slow to recognize Native American civil rights in the years following statehood. But by the time the nation turned its attention to the civil rights movement of the 1960s, we were well ahead of the curve, having already passed antidiscrimination laws at the state and local levels. Meanwhile, New Mexico turned out to be fertile ground for a number of national civil rights organizations, including the League of United Latin American Citizens, the G.I. Forum, the American Indian Movement and the NAACP. Native Americans were granted the right to vote as part of the federal Indian Citizenship Act of 1924; however, New Mexico was one of a handful of states that continued to deny them the right to vote in state elections, says Regis Pecos, a former Cochiti Pueblo governor and current chief of staff to state House Speaker Ben Lujan. Arguments used to deny Native Americans a vote in state elections included the notion they were under federal guardianship, lived on reservations and didnt pay state taxes, which meant they werent state residents. Some also maintained that Native American voting would allow them to take control of local and county political offices in areas with large Indian populations. The question was put to rest in 1948 when a lawsuit was filed by Miguel Trujillo, a World War II veteran from Laguna, Pecos says. A panel of District Court judges heard the case that year and ruled in Trujillos favor, allowing Native Americans unimpeded access to voting sites in New Mexico.

a long fight for


New Mexico has a mixed history when it comes to civil liberties, with slow recognition for some ethnic groups while other groups received protection before it was afforded nationally.

rights

ray cary/journal

Members of Alianza Federal de Mercedes are rounded up by law enforcement officers after the 1967 armed raid on the Rio Arriba County Courthouse led by Reies Lpez Tijerina, who was first acquitted of 54 charges, then retried and sentenced to prison time. Vicente Ximenes established the first New Mexico chapters of the American G.I. Forum in 1951. Ximenes was later appointed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Congressional pull
From early on Spanish-speaking voters were protected from disenfranchisement and

The American G.I. Forum was originally founded in 1948 in Texas to fight for the rights of Hispanics, particularly returning Hispanic servicemen.

discrimination, thanks to Octaviano A. Larrazolo, who was born in Mexico and lived in Arizona and Texas before coming to New Mexico, says Gretta Pullen, the senior librarian at the National Hispanic Cultural Center. Larrazolo was an influential voice in the 1910 drafting of the state Constitution, helping to write provisions that protected those voters. In 1918 Larrazolo was elected governor of New Mexico, becoming the second Hispanic governor since statehood. He became the first elected Hispanic U.S. senator in 1928. Dennis Chavez served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate from 1935 to 1962. A champion of civil rights, he introduced the Fair Employment Practices Bill in 1944 to prohibit discrimination because of race, color, religion or national origin and ancestry. The bill failed, Pullen says, but was an important predecessor for the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Among the organizations that spearheaded civil rights for Hispanics were the League of United Latin American Citizens, or LULAC, and the American G.I. Forum. LULAC is the nations oldest and largest Hispanic civil and civic rights organization. Filemon Martinez of Mora County opened the first New Mexico branch in 1930, making New Mexico the second state to organize after LULACs founding the previous year in Corpus Christi, Texas, Pullen says. Martinez was later elected president general of LULAC at the 1938 national convention. The first New Mexico chapters of the American G.I. Forum were established in 1951 by Vicente Ximenes, then a research associate at the University of New Mexicos Bureau of Business Research. The organization was originally founded in 1948 in Texas to fight for the rights of Hispanics, particularly returning Hispanic servicemen who 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

64

the confrontation. Tijerina surrendered to authorities in Albuquerque and was charged with 54 criminal counts, including kidnapping and armed assault. He was acquitted of all charges and released. In 1970 Tijerina was again charged in connection with the courthouse raid, despite defense claims of double jeopardy. That time, he was found guilty of the false imprisonment and assault of sheriffs Deputy Daniel Rivera, who was injured during the confrontation. Tijerina was sentenced to two years in the federal prison at La Tuna, Texas, where he shared a cell with former East Coast mafia soldier-turned-informer Joe Valachi.

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were denied benefits under the GI Bill, and burial services for Hispanic servicemen who had been killed while fighting for their country. Ximenes was later appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson as a commissioner on the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission as well as the chairman of the Presidents Cabinet Committee on MexicanAmerican Affairs. Ximenes effectively became, according to his own description, the father of affirmative action, as well as the highest-ranking Hispanic in the Johnson administration. Reies Lpez Tijerina was a driving force in the land grant movement of the 1960s and 1970s. The movement aimed to restore New Mexico land grants to descendants of the original Spanish and Mexican grantees. Toward that end, Tijerina helped found Alianza Federal de Mercedes, which at its 1966 convention claimed to have 20,000 members. Tijerina received international attention in 1967 when he led an armed raid on the Rio Arriba County courthouse in Tierra Amarilla to free jailed Alianza members. A jail guard was shot and killed and a sheriffs deputy was injured during

courtesy of josephine waconda

Miguel Trujillo, a World War II veteran from Laguna, filed a lawsuit in 1948 that resulted in Native Americans being allowed unimpeded access to voting sites in New Mexico.
At UNM
Just three years after statehood, a branch office of the NAACP opened in Albuquerque, says Harold Bailey, director of the New Mexico Office of African-American Affairs. The organization supported the efforts of black students to attend schools that had been segregated up to then or had no history of admitting black students. Among those breaking down the barrier with the help of the NAACP were Loretta Carson, who in 1921 became the first AfricanAmerican student to attend the University of New Mexico, and Clara B. Williams, who in 1937 became the first African American to graduate from the New Mexico College of Agriculture & Mechanic Arts (now New Mexico State

University). She was 51 years old. UNM students of all races and ethnicities were at the forefront of the civil rights movement with a 1947 boycott of local cafes, drugstores and other businesses that discriminated against black students. Their action preceded by more than a dozen years the better-known sit-ins at the Woolworth lunch counter in Greensboro, N.C., Bailey notes. Albuquerque and the state were also at the forefront, with the city adopting an ordinance prohibiting discrimination in public accommodation in 1952, and the state doing the same three years later. That was nine years before the national Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Anti-Defamation Leagues New Mexico Regional Office led the push to get the state Legislature in 2003 to pass a hate crimes penalty enhancement bill into law. In 2006 the ADL led efforts to remove a former Nazi doctor from the New Mexico Space Museums International Hall of Fame. The ADL produced Department of Justice documents showing that Dr. Hubertus Strughold participated in medical experiments involving freezing and thawing on Jews and gypsies at Dachau concentration camp.

Phone: 505.566.5827 Fax: 505.566.5842 Email: sjci@sjci.org Website: www.sjci.org

Some of the names are instantly recognizable, while others are more obscure, but all played roles in shaping New Mexico history.
By Deborah Baker Journal Staff Writer

women leave their mark


Conrad Hilton with a group of Harvey Girls at the thenAlbuquerque Hilton during the hotels early years. The Harvey Girls came from back east and settled in New Mexico. Patricia Madrid; Lt. Gov. Diane Denish; Gov. Susana Martinez, whose election also garnered national attention. We may not know that Christine Gonzales became the first female locomotive engineer for the Santa Fe Railway in 1974; her first assignment was in Socorro. Horse world title. Shes in the Rodeo Cowboy Hall of Fame. Her motto: Do all you can as fast as you can. While New Mexico has been touted as tri-cultural, the reality is much broader. Dr. Meta Christy, the first black osteopathic physician, spent her life in private practice in Las Vegas, N.M. Satoye Ruth Hashimoto and her family were in Japanese internment camps during World War II. She worked for human and civil rights and was instrumental in the formation of Albuquerques Sister City program. Some women made their mark on history in groups. Wives, mothers, sisters and daughters of striking Mexican-American workers at the Empire Zinc mine in Grant County took to the picket line in 1951 when the men were enjoined from picketing for equality in wages and safety. Their struggle was immortalized

n a century of womens history in New Mexico there is a sprinkling of stars: Women who blazed their way into history books, lighting the path for those who followed. But many womens stories have remained untold even as women plowed new ground, nourished new generations and nudged a young state into adulthood. We know of Nina Otero Warren, the Los Lunas-born educator, businesswoman, author and leader in the fight for womens suffrage. We may not have heard of Emma Estrada, the Gallup-area midwife and first licensed partera in the state, who delivered more than 700 babies over 30 years. We celebrate internationally acclaimed modernist painter Georgia OKeeffe, who spent nearly 40 years in northern New Mexico. We may not be aware of Fabiola Cabeza de Baca, a Las Vegas native and government extension agent who, starting during the Depression, helped families in Hispanic villages get access to canning equipment and other conveniences while also working to preserve their language and folk traditions. We are familiar with a string of female political firsts: Congresswoman Georgia Lusk; Navajo Tribal Council member Annie Dodge Wauneka; Supreme Court Justice Mary Walters; Attorney General

in the film Salt of the Earth. The Harvey Girls, recruited from the East and Midwest, served the traveling public as waitresses in the chain of hotels and restaurants operated by Fred Harvey along the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Many married railroadmen or ranchers, settled here and helped build communities.

Serving the public


Women couldnt vote until after the state Legislature ratified the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920 and, for Indian women, not until 1948. But as soon as they could, in 1922, voters elected two women to statewide office, along with the first female lawmaker: Soledad Chvez Chacn of Albuquerque became secretary of state, the nations first Hispanic woman to win statewide office; Isabel Eckles from Silver City was elected state schools superintendent; Bertha M. Paxton of Las Cruces was elected to the state House. Galisteo-born Concha Ortiz y Pino de Kleven became the first female majority whip in a state legislature in 1941. During her 96 years, she worked for education, the arts and the rights of women and the disabled. By 2011, nearly 27 percent of the Legislature was female. And in 2009, well over half the students in the University of New Mexicos law, medical and graduate schools were women.

Pablita Velarde of Santa Clara Pueblo became one of the foremost Indian painters of her generation.

Breaking the mold


Women made their mark defying tradition. Pablita Velarde of Santa Clara Pueblo said painting wasnt considered womens work in her time: Hired during the New Deal to do murals of traditional pueblo life at Bandelier National Monument, she became one of the foremost Indian painters of her generation. Champion cowgirl Fern Sawyer of Lincoln County competed in mens events and became the first woman to win the National Cutting

Concha Ortiz y Pino de Kleven became the first female majority whip in a state legislature in 1941.

d
100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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Since before territorial days, religion has been important to New Mexicans, and it remains so today. While Roman Catholics have dominated the state, other faiths have been widely followed as well.
By Olivier Uyttebrouck Journal Staff Writer

embracing the spiritual life


Religion in Modern New Mexico. Roman Catholics comprised a whopping 88percent of the territorys 137,000 church members, the U.S. Census Bureau reported in 1906. Methodists, Presbyterians and Baptists accounted for nearly all the remainder. In 2000, 58percent of New Mexicans claimed church affiliation, compared with about 50percent nationwide. Catholicism remained the largest with 37percent of the states population, but it no longer had a

efore statehood, more New Mexicans were church members than the national average and the trend continues today. Six years before New Mexico attained statehood in 1912, 63percent of New Mexicans reported church affiliation, compared with a national figure of 39percent, Randi Jones Walker wrote in a collection of essays,

near-monopoly as it did in early statehood. Evangelical Protestant congregations comprised 13percent of New Mexicans in 2000; mainline Protestant churches, 5percent. Statehood also brought a growth of other denominations, which only accelerated after World War II as universities, military installations and two national laboratories lured non-natives to the state. For example, New Mexicos Jewish population grew tenfold to an estimated

A Feast of Corpus Christi procession is held in Santa Fe, with St. Francis Cathedral in the background, circa 1919.

t. harmon parkhurst/courtesy of palace of the governors photo archives (NMHM/DCA), negative no. 13647

68

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10,500 by 2000 as the new economy brought an influx of scientists, engineers, physicians and others from across the country. Joining the mix since the 1960s was a variety of alternative spiritual communities, including a group of Sikhs near Espaola who achieved financial success and political clout in New Mexico. In the 1940s, religion in New Mexico made national headlines with what became known as the Dixon School Case.

Public vs. parochial


In 1941, the school board in Dixon recognized St. Josephs Catholic School, staffed by Franciscan sisters, as the only public school in the rural northern New Mexico district. The move was not considered revolutionary in New Mexico, where Roman Catholic nuns staffed at least 26 public schools, blurring the line between public and parochial education. But it riled local Protestants, who filed a civil lawsuit in 1947 in Santa Fe that drew national attention and came to be known as the Dixon School Case. I think it was a turning point because they had used so many clergy to teach in New Mexico schools, says Janice Scheutz, a University of New Mexico communications professor who has written about the case. The Dixon School Case showed the friction brought about by the growing presence of non-Catholics in a traditionally Catholic state. In his 1948 ruling, District Judge E.T. Hensley of Santa Fe banned clergy from teaching in public schools and prohibited public funding for parochial schools. The ruling later was upheld by the New Mexico Supreme Court. The case reflected a history of activism by Presbyterians, who by the early 20th century had established 76 mission schools throughout New Mexico and the Southwest,

courtesy OF congregation albert

The first building that housed Congregation Albert was constructed in 1900 in Downtown Albuquerque. enrolling some 5,000 students, Mark Banker wrote in Presbyterian Missions and Cultural Interaction in the Far Southwest, 1850-1950. By the 1920s, the number of Presbyterian mission schools had declined, but Presbyterian leaders remained influential and spearheaded the Dixon lawsuit, with support from Baptists, Seventh-Day Adventists, Mormons and others. Meanwhile, Catholic schools remained strong in communities throughout the state, educating thousands of New Mexicans. appeals to the states diverse population of Native Americans, Hispanics and Anglos. A return of the Franciscan religious order to New Mexico was a key feature of Catholicism during early statehood. The Diocese of Gallup was established in 1939 with the goal of expanding the Catholic ministry to the Navajo, Zuni, Hopi and White Mountain and Jicarilla Apache tribes across a 90,000-square-mile swath of northern New Mexico and Arizona. Donald Pelotte was named bishop of the Diocese of Gallup in 1990, becoming the first Native American bishop. The Diocese of Las Cruces, comprised of 10 southern New Mexico counties, was formed in 1982 and led by Bishop Ricardo Ramirez, the dioceses first and current bishop.

The revival circuit


Throughout much of the 20th century, circuit riding preachers and colporters evangelists who distributed religious tracts and Bibles crisscrossed New Mexico, inspiring rural congregations of Baptists, Presbyterians, Methodists, Episcopalians and SeventhDay Adventists. Evangelists held cowboy camp meetings in ranching areas that could last days and attract thousands. Roman Catholic ministry during statehood directed

Pride, and then shame


The Rev. Robert Fortune Sanchez became a state hero in 1974 when he was named the first New Mexico-born and non-Anglo archbishop of Santa Fe. At age 40, Sanchez was the nations

youngest archbishop and the first Hispanic to hold the post in the United States. Sanchez took steps to reach out to Native Americans and the Penitent Brotherhood. In 1992, he renamed New Mexicos statue of the Virgin Mary Our Lady of Peace, replacing the former name, La Conquistadora, which had angered many Native Americans. But the 1990s became a decade of sex abuse scandals for the Archdiocese of Santa Fe. In March 1993, Sanchez resigned as archbishop after acknowledging to church officials that hed had sexual relations with at least five young women from wellknown New Mexico families in the 1970s and 1980s. Interviews with three of the women were aired on CBSTVs 60 Minutes on March 21, 1993. In the same decade came a torrent of claims of sexual abuse by priests assigned to parishes around the state. Nearly 150 claims, including lawsuits, had been settled by the archdiocese by 1996, according to news reports. At the core of the scandal was a Jemez-based religious order, the Servants of the Paraclete, which since the 1940s had operated the worlds only treatment center for pedophile priests. Over the years, many abusive priests had been sent to the center and later reassigned to parishes in the region. Archbishop Michael Sheehan, the former bishop of the Diocese of Lubbock, was installed as the 11th archbishop of Santa Fe in September 1993 and is credited by many with helping repair an archdiocese at the edge of meltdown, as he described it. Today the Catholic Church continues to be active politically, taking strong stands on gay marriage, the death penalty and drivers licenses for undocumented immigrants.

Faith in N.M.
1906
Estimated Population: 216,000 Church membership by denomination:

Roman Catholics 121,558 Methodists 6,560 Presbyterians 2,935 Baptists 2,403 Disciples, or Christians 1,092 Episcopalians 869 Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) 738 Unclassified 1,592
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1906

2000

Population: 1,819,000 Membership of major faiths:

Roman Catholic 670,511 Evangelical Protestant 237,767 Mainline Protestant 88,623 Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) 42,261 Jewish 10,500 Muslim 2,604 Orthodox 1,213
Source: Glenmary Research Center

70

100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

An Ancient Treasure by the Rio Grande: Come for the Murals, Stay for the View

Kuaua Pueblo at Coronado State Monument


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Rooted in New Mexico History


In 1938, Manzano Day Schools founder, Ruth Hanna McCormick Simms, made her commitment to open an outstanding, independent elementary school for Albuquerque children a reality. Originally housed in the historic Huning Castle, Manzano Day School, would find its home at La Glorieta, a Spanish Hacienda, in Albuquerques historic Old Town. The school advertised, ...high scholastic standards, individualized instruction, music, arts and crafts, speech, health and character training, an out-of-door program of supervised games and folk-dancing, lunch and rest if desired. Generations of Albuquerque families have graduated from Manzano Day School to become leaders in our state and beyond. Now in its 73rd year, Manzano Day School continues the tradition of high scholastic standards while honoring its century-old New Mexican heritage.

1801 Central Avenue, NW | Albuquerque, NM 87104 | Phone (505) 243-6659

The Duke City has long been the center of the states restaurant and retail scene from Old Town to Nob Hill to major malls.
By Rivkela Brodsky Journal Staff Writer

shops galore

y the time New Mexico became a state, the shopping and restaurant hub in the Duke City had moved from Old Town to Downtown. The reason for that in the early days of statehood: the Santa Fe Railway. The railroad built Albuquerque, says Randy Sanchez, the general manager of Coronado Shopping Center and chairman of the New Mexico Retail Association. Retail and restaurants catered to the railroad. And as the largest city in the state, Albuquerque offered and continues to offer more shopping options for the states residents, ranging from Old Town to three major malls to the upscale ABQ Uptown. In other communities, old Main Street merchants were the mainstays for retail until they started to struggle to compete with Walmart, Home Depot, Lowes and other national chains. The large merchandisers changed the face of retail and downtowns everywhere. Its no secret that small towns in New Mexico saw mom-and-pops close when national retailers moved in, Sanchez says. Small communities in New Mexico have held on to some locally owned businesses. Tiny San Antonio, for example, is home to the Owl Cafe and other local retail operations, says Rowena Baca. She is the co-owner of the Owl Cafe, which started as a grocery store in San Antonio in 1939 and continues to thrive, as its green chile cheeseburgers lure visitors from all over.

Sunshine Theater; StrongThorne Mortuary; Sears Roebuck and Co.; Galles Motor Co.; Montgomery Ward; Albuquerque Lumber Co. and others. Sanchez also has memories of shopping and eating Downtown. He recalls shopping as a child with his family at J.C. Penney and Sears and eating at the Royal Fork restaurant off Central with his family. Wed go there at least once a week, he says. It was all you could eat and free ice cream.

Growth of malls
Winrock, an open-air mall, was built in 1962 (named after Winthrop Rockefeller) on farmland east of the citys center, Sanchez says. In 1964, Sears Homart Development Co. built Coronado. In 1972, Coronado was purchased by Hahn, a San Diegobased company that expanded and covered the shopping center. That was about the time retailers migrated from Downtown to shopping centers, Sanchez says, and Albuquerques Uptown area with its two malls became the retail mecca for Albuquerque and the state. The citys third mall, Cottonwood Mall on the West Side, opened in 1996. Uptown now also includes ABQ Uptown, an upscale, outdoor mall that opened in 2006. Nob Hill has also established itself as a retail destination in Albuquerque. And Downtown continues to undergo revitalization efforts, which have included new restaurant, nightlife and retail offerings. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

courtesy of albuquerque museum/pa1992.5.74

A big crowd attends the opening of J.C. Penney in 1929 Downtown. Wagon in Old Town in the 1970s when her family made trips to town from Cuba, N.M. That was one of the first retailers to open in the area, she says. Coleman also remembers the opening of La Placita and the Basket Shop (now called the Aceves Old Town Basket and Rug Shop). All three are still in Old Town. Coleman purchased an old hacienda at 2111 Church St. in 1993, which is now Church Street Cafe. In the remodeling process, she discovered newspaper clippings from the 1930s. Coleman and the Journal browsed through them, looking at ads for companies that were big during that time. Many brought back memories for her of shopping as a child in Downtown, including at Maisels, a jewelry store, and at Paris Shoe Store. The clips also included ads for the KiMo theater; Sunshine Movies, now the

pat vasquez-cunningham/journal

ABQ Uptown brought more high-end shopping to the area near Winrock mall in 2006. But the presence of the national chains that sprang up during the 20th century has grown tremendously in the state. Association. After the business hub moved to Downtown, Old Town became largely residential, Coleman says. However, as tourism grew, the area around the plaza sprouted stores and restaurants all independently owned and operated. Coleman remembers shopping at the Covered

Roots in Old Town


Old Town is where everything (retail) started, says Marie Coleman, the president of the Old Town Merchants

72

snapshots in New Mexico retail history


Dillards Entered New Mexico in 1972 in Albuquerque at Winrock Center. There are six stores currently operating in the state. Butterfield Jr. (Bernie) joined his father in business after graduating from Albuquerque High School. Bernie took over the operation of the family business upon the death of his father in 1954. The store moved in 1975 to its current location on San Pedro Boulevard, and Bernie acquired and renamed the center Butterfield Plaza. La Posta de Mesilla Restaurant Opened in 1939 by Katy Griggs Camunez; it occupies 10,000 square feet of the La Posta Compound. After Katy passed away, the property and business were acquired by a great-niece, Jerean Camunez Hutchinson, and her husband, Tom, aka Hutch. The restaurant serves dishes from recipes handed down over the years from the Fountain, Chavez and Griggs families. Dions Bill Scott and John Patten opened the first location in 1978 at Juan Tabo and Montgomery NE. There are now 17 Dions locations: 10 in Albuquerque, one in Rio Rancho, one in Bernalillo, one in Los Lunas, one in Santa Fe, one in Las Cruces and two in Lubbock, Texas, according to the companys website. Wrights Indian Art Charles Wright of Kansas opened Wrights Trading Post & Curios in 1907 at Fourth and Gold in Downtown Albuquerque. Kathryn Wright ran the business after her husbands death until she sold it in 1956 to Sam and Marguerite Chernoff, the family that still runs the business today at 1100 San Mateo Blvd NE, Suite 21. The former building was razed in 1958. The Chernoffs sonin-law, Wayne Bobrick, is the current director of the store.

ROB MATSON/JOURNAL courtesy of galles motor co.

McDonalds The first McDonalds in Albuquerque opened in 1959 at 5900 Menaul Blvd. NE. McDonalds currently has 107 restaurants throughout New Mexico. Walmart The first store in New Mexico opened in Hobbs in 1983. There are currently 32 Supercenters, three Discount Stores, two Neighborhood Markets, seven Sams Clubs and a Distribution Center in the state.

Galles Motor Co. The family-owned dealership was founded in Albuquerque in 1908. It is the oldest continuously operating auto dealer in Albuquerque, according to the New Mexico Automotive Dealers Association. generation owner, lamented the stores closing in the mid-1990s as a sign of the times. Paris Shoe Store Founded in 1904 by Italian immigrant Pompilio Matteucci, it opened first as a shoe repair shop, but later became a full-service shoe store. By the 1950s, the store moved to Third and Central, with a second location in Nob Hill. Paris Shoes was a nationally known and respected company. Eventually it had six locations, but they closed by 1995 or 1996, said Bob Matteucci, the great-grandson of Pompilio, who opened Shoes on a Shoestring in 1990 and sold it in 2003. He is now a family law attorney.

jim thompson/journal

rose palmisano/journal

La Placita Dining Rooms Opened in 1935 in the heart of the historic Old Town Plaza. Aceves Old Town Basket and Rug Shop Opened in 1956 in Old Town in a building that was built in 1875.
jim thompson/journal

American Home Started in Albuquerque in 1936 by Emanuel Blaugrund. The Blaugrund family ran the company until 2005 when a majority stake was sold to Hancock Park Associates, a private equity firm in Los Angeles. The store at 3535 Menaul NE was built in 1968 and continues to serve as the flagship location. The company emerged from bankruptcy in 2009.

Target Opened its first two locations in Albuquerque in 1988 at 11120 Lomas Blvd. NE and 8710 Montgomery Blvd. NE. It has since added new stores in Albuquerque, Roswell, Farmington, Las Cruces, Santa Fe and Rio Rancho. Kmart The first location opened in Albuquerque at 2100 Carlisle Ave. NE in 1966. There are currently 15 Kmart locations across the state.
100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

French Funerals Cremations Family-owned company founded by Chester T. French in 1907 at Fifth Street and Gold Avenue in Downtown Albuquerque and continues today at four locations across the city. Kistler-Collister Opened as J.H. Collister in 1909 in Downtown Albuquerque. By the 1950s it carried fabric, bridal wear and clothing. It moved to San Mateo in the early 1960s, by then becoming the place to go for high fashion. Doug Collister, third-

roberto e. rosales/journal

matt bernhardt/journal

Butterfield Jewelers In 1945, the Butterfield family moved to Albuquerque and opened its store across from the University of New Mexico. Ernest Bernard

El Pinto A one-room restaurant was opened in 1962 by Jack and Connie Thomas. The Thomas family still owns and operates the eatery that now seats more than 1,000 and features recipes from the Thomas childrens grandmother, Josephina Chavez-Griggs. She is part of the Chavez-Griggs families whose recipes are used by La Posta restaurant in Mesilla.

73

y t i r a h C f o s r e t s i S

ew N f o t r a P A

18 e c n i s y r o t s i Mexico H

65

ers ur Sist d o f 5 6 In 18 rneye ity jou t the r a h C a of Mexico ishop w e N o hb t of Arc r help t s e u fo req e asked ick and H . y m a s L for the to care ucation for ed n. provide childre s y r o rit . the ter hed St is l b a t s first They e spital ico o H t n ex Vince New M in l a it p hos ry. territo

ursing N f o l hoo by phs Sc NM founded e s o J . t 1902 S sing school in ater became r , l u First n rs of Charity g te sin the Sis hool of Nur c S Regina

nd harity a red C f o s ter ionee The Sis h Hospital p ep are in St. Jos ts in healthc rs install many fi ico: first to ipment. ex u M q e w y e p N ra ray the deep X-

a to open h an e t a t s l the tab is First in k; first to es epartment. an y d blood b cephalograph n e electro

rst Unit, fi ner; e r a C T scan oronary First C elerator and C rgery su cc linear a dedicated eye t and firs center.

1902 Firs t h St. Joseph ospital in Albuquerq ue. Sanatorium tuberculo f o r t r e a tment of sis, which grew to be 4-hospital the St. Joseph Healthcar e System.

Continuing the ministry of the Sisters of Charity, St. Joseph became an innovative expression of the Catholic Health Initiatives mission of creating healthier communities in 2002. St. Joseph Community Health is a non-profit, faith-based organization. We continue to serve our community, focusing our efforts on the needs of the youngest of our citizens our children from before birth to age 5. Our goal is to ensure that children reach kindergarten with the health and family capacity necessary to support learning.

The St. Joseph Home Visiting and Enhanced Referral Program is offered free of charge to all first time mothers and families in the greater Albuquerque Metropolitan area. A professional home visitor comes each week, bringing education materials, answers to questions, helpful guidance, and learning activities to help parents realize their hopes and dreams for their new baby.

For more information, or to enroll in our program, call 505-924-8000 or visit www.stjosephnm.org.

BIG BANKS STARTED SMALL

Many local institutions were gobbled up by major players along the way.

The nations largest bank entered the New Mexico market during the savings and loan upheaval in 1991 when it took over the failed Sandia Federal Savings Association and Albuquerque Federal Savings Bank. In 1998, it merged with Nations Bank, which already had acquired Sunwest Bank from Boatmans, a Missouri company. Sunwest had been locally owned Albuquerque National Bank before changing its name to Sunwest.

Bank of the West is owned by the French financial powerhouse BNP Paribas, and came to New Mexico in a similar way. Wells Fargo had to shed some branches when it bought First Security Corp., a Utah company. Bank of the West bought them.

he banking heavyweights that dominate New Mexico financial markets contain components of what were once prominent local banks. They make for an interesting hybrid sort of financial family tree. Winthrop Quigley, Journal Staff Writer

When Nations and Bank of America merged, they were required by regulators to sell some branches to avoid too much concentration by one bank in the New Mexico market. Those branches were sold to BOK Financial, an Oklahoma company, and now operate as Bank of Albuquerque.

The most recent big bank, U.S. Bank, arrived in New Mexico last year when it took over First Community Bank. First Community had been closed by state regulators.

The bank represented by a stagecoach and horses became a major player in New Mexico through several mergers and acquisitions. First Security already had purchased First National Bank of Albuquerque when it was acquired by Wells Fargo, which also took over Minneapolisbased Norwest. Previously, Norwest had taken over both Bank of New Mexico and First United Bank Group, operator of United New Mexico, which had been known as American Bank of Commerce.

Independent banks
Despite the arrival of the giant multistate banks, there are still 50 independent banks operating in New Mexico.

Compass Bank, which is owned by Spanish banking giant BBVA, came to New Mexico when it purchased Western Bank in 2000.

Happy 100th Birthday, New Mexico!

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shaped by science
Technological advances in the past century, many discovered or developed here, have had a profound effect on New Mexico.
By John Fleck Journal Staff Writer

echnology shapes the human story, and its role is apparent not only recently but also across the span of New Mexico history. The farming techniques used by Native Americans shaped where and how communities could survive. The Spanish, who adopted some of those techniques and brought irrigation technologies, changed the landscape. And then the railroad arrived in the 19th century. The history of New Mexico since statehood has been marked by a different sort of technological core, as the U.S. militaryindustrial complex made its mark, along with big federally funded science that made the state what it is today.

than the Very Large Array. The VLA uses 27 massive radio dishes to gather naturally occurring radio waves from distant galaxies. The National Science Foundation facility was completed in 1980. In the years since, it has served as one of the worlds premier radio astronomy research centers.

Intel
High-tech commerce moved into New Mexico in the form of computer chip maker Intel in 1980, when 25 employees moved into a site overlooking Corrales. In the years since, the computer chip maker has grown into a global giant. Today, Intels Fab 11X, the beneficiary of a $2.5billion investment, is making the companys latest computer chip, and the plant employs 3,300.

the associated press

On July 16, 1945, at Trinity Site in southern New Mexico, a mushroom cloud erupted from the desert floor and the atomic bomb changed the world forever. history of U.S. space technology happened in the desert of New Mexico, from the early liquid-fueled rockets to the first serious efforts to turn rockets into weapons. But few steps into the unknown of early space travel can compare to Joe Kittingers great jump of August 1960. It was part of an Air Force program to develop space suit technology. Kittinger rode a balloon to the very edge of space. At 100,000 feet above the ground, he jumped and parachuted to Earth. As you look up, he said right before the jump, the sky looks beautiful but hostile. As you sit here, you realize that man will never conquer space. He will learn to live with it, but he will never conquer it.

The atomic bomb


There is little doubt about the most important technology to emerge from New Mexico. It appeared with a flash and a roar before dawn on July 16, 1945, on a stretch of southcentral New Mexico desert. The first atomic bomb was developed at Los Alamos as part of the Manhattan Project. Two bombs built there were dropped on Japan in the final days of World War II. As the Cold War developed, nuclear weapons technology became one of the state's largest industries, with two major research centers Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories becoming economic anchors.

Microsoft
The one that got away? Founders Bill Gates and Paul Allen started Microsoft in Albuquerque, after moving here in early 1975 to work with a small company called MITS. But Microsoft had a hard time getting new employees to move to Albuquerque, Allen recalled in a 2004 Journal interview, so the pair picked up and moved back to Seattle, where their families were.

richard pipes/journal

The Very Large Array west of Socorro is a collection of dishes that monitor radio waves from distant galaxies. and White Sands Missile Range served as centers for the development of technology that shaped the Cold War military. Few examples of that work were more dramatic than John Stapps trips down Hollomans famous sled track. Stapp, a physician, volunteered for the first trip on Hollomans sled track in December 1954, and eventually would make 28 more runs, earning himself the title worlds fastest human. His efforts generated data that played a role in safer aircraft and eventually safer automobiles.

Todays tech economy


Today, small high-tech companies make up a big part of the states economy, especially in the Albuquerque metro area. The Flying 40 top tech companies in the state collectively generated $1.4billion in revenue in 2010 and employed more than 6,000 people. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

Very Large Array


New Mexicos mountains and dry, clear air have long made it a popular spot for astronomers. Few examples are more famous

Sled track
Holloman Air Force Base

Reaching toward space


Some of the most important events in the

78

We're involved with science so big, you can't see it.


Amazing things begin with a vision. In this centennial year, Intel celebrates the New Mexico spirit of innovation and achievement.
2011 Intel Corporation. Intel, the Intel logo, Intel Sponsors of Tomorrow and Intel Sponsors of Tomorrow logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.

our atomic lives


From a nondescript enclave at the Los Alamos Ranch School sprang the weapon that changed the world and an industry that changed N.M.
By John Fleck Journal Staff Writer

istorian Hal Rothman likened what happened in the mountains of northern New Mexico on Nov. 16, 1942, to Dorothy landing in Oz. With a seemingly random stroke, Dorothy lands on the Wicked Witch of the East, an event that divorced all that will follow from what came before, and inexorably altered the future. Rothman was writing about a drive Maj. John H. Dudley took that day up Jemez Canyon and onto the mesa we know today as Los Alamos. The armys Manhattan Engineering District was looking for a place for what it expected to be a remote outpost for a few hundred people working on a secret military project. The district wanted a location at least 200 miles from the coast that could be easily guarded. It needed existing buildings, something people could move into quickly so the small group could get right to work. The district had initially looked at the little community of Jemez Springs. But Dudley and his road trip companions, who famously included physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, decided to head up the hill to look at the Los Alamos Ranch School. Oppenheimer, wrote historian Richard Rhodes in his sweeping The Making of the Atomic Bomb, wanted a laboratory with a view. What followed changed New Mexico and the world. Less than three years

Both labs remain centers of U.S. nuclear weapons research and development.

Nuclear ties
Beyond Sandia and Los Alamos, other parts of the U.S. nuclear establishment also have set up shop in New Mexico in the years since the Manhattan Project scientists pioneered nuclear technology here. The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant near Carlsbad is the nations only deep underground radioactive waste disposal site, and the federal government is looking at the state as a possible home for more such operations. The private-sector Louisiana Energy Services chose a site near WIPP to locate a major factory that processes uranium for use in nuclear power plant fuel. The impacts on New Mexico have been profound. Spending at Los Alamos and Sandia directly employs more than 20,000 people, making the labs among the states largest employers. But the labs have spun off significant opposition, with Santa Fe and Albuquerque home to a concentration of nonprofit groups opposed to their nuclear weapons work and concerned about contamination associated with their presence. What might New Mexico look like had Dudley and Oppenheimer not made that fateful 1942 drive? To state the obvious, says George Mason University anthropologist Hugh Gusterson, who has lived in Santa Fe and studied nuclear culture, New Mexico would be poorer, financially, but also less contaminated. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

the associated press

The technical area at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, its former name, circa 1945, where scientists developed the worlds first atomic bomb. history suddenly veered onto a different path. In the decades since, the state has become a center for U.S. nuclear research and development programs. Following the end of World War II, U.S. government officials decided to turn their temporary military encampment on the Pajarito Plateau into a permanent nuclear weapons research establishment. First called Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, it is now Los Alamos National Laboratory. A small World War II Los Alamos outpost originally known as Z Division was established on the southern edge of Albuquerque to do some of the engineering and weapons manufacturing work. In 1948, Z Division became Sandia Laboratory, today known as Sandia National Laboratories.

richard pipes/journal

Norbert Rempe, a geologist at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant near Carlsbad, takes an air sample in the nations only deep underground radioactive waste disposal site. later, by the summer of 1945, a makeshift city of 6,000 had arisen on the Pajarito Plateau. Toiling in secrecy, the residents pioneered the technology that would lead to the detonation of the first atomic bomb on July 16, 1945, on a patch of desert between Socorro and Alamogordo. The following month, U.S. aircraft dropped bombs built at Los Alamos on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the closing days of World War II. Like the dramatic change in Oz after Dorothy dropped in, the drive by Dudley and Oppenheimer is a pivotal point in New Mexicos story, when

80

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New Mexico has long played a key role in space exploration, from early testing of rockets to aliens in Roswell to medical research for astronauts.
By Charles D. Brunt Journal Staff Writer

into the great beyond

rom Robert Goddards secretive experiments with early-day rockets in Roswell to the futuristic Spaceport America rising from the desert southeast of Truth or Consequences, New Mexico has played an important role in space travel. New Mexico researchers found answers to the most pressing questions about mans ability to endure space flight things like cosmic radiation, prolonged weightlessness, forces of acceleration and deceleration, how man would function and survive in the confinement of a space capsule and his ability to react to emergencies under those conditions, says Albuquerque author Loretta Hall, whose latest book, Out of This World New Mexicos Contributions to Space Travel, delves into the states space history. Without those answers, we probably wouldnt have even tried to send a man into space, she says. Some of those questions were answered by Goddard, the father of modern rocketry.

Army Air Field were said to have recovered most of the crafts debris and its occupants. Although an Army public information officer issued a news release on July 8, 1947, reporting the find, the military quickly recanted and said the debris was from a high-altitude surveillance balloon. The incident, and the militarys alleged coverup, have become legend and a template for UFO conspiracy theories.
richard pipes/journal

The space shuttle Columbia lands at White Sands Missile Range on March 30, 1982, the only time the shuttle landed in New Mexico. door for space travel. Looking for more space to launch his ever-larger rockets, a respite from prying reporters and a drier, healthier climate, Goddard moved his operations to Roswell with a $100,000 grant from philanthropist Harry Guggenheim. During the next decade, Goddard and his colleagues launched dozens of increasingly sophisticated rockets, carefully chronicling each step and laying the groundwork for American space exploration.

White Sands Missile Range, Holloman AFB


In the waning days of World War II where Nazi Germanys V-2s had proven the military value of rockets the U.S. military established White Sands Proving Ground to develop its own rocket programs. Also in the summer of 1945, 300 railroad freight cars containing thousands of components from captured V-2 rockets were shipped to White Sands. The rail cars were followed by carefully selected German scientists and missile experts known as the Paperclip Gang for the paperclips attached to their files when they were chosen who would help the United States move to the forefront of missile and rocket technology. During the ensuing decades, White Sands personnel helped develop and test missiles ranging from the needle-like, 24-pound Loki Dart missile to the 43-foot, 10,000-pound Hound Dog cruise missile. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

the associated press

Vision and ridicule


By the time he left the eastern seaboard for the desert scrub of Roswell in 1930, Goddard had been hailed as a visionary by some, and ridiculed by The New York Times for positing that rocket flight held the potential to allow man to explore the moon.

Robert H. Goddard on June 8, 1938, in his lab at Roswell. Goddard is credited with designing and building the worlds first liquid-fueled rocket in 1926. Goddard is credited with designing and building the worlds first liquid-fueled rocket. On March 16, 1926, in a cabbage field on a farm near Auburn, Mass., Goddard successfully launched Nell, a contraption in which a small liquid-fueled rocket sat atop the fuel tank. Nell flew 41 feet into the air in 2 seconds and promptly crashed 184 feet from her launch pad, marking the first successful flight of a liquid-fueled rocket. The humble feat opened the

Roswell, rockets and aliens


Roswell, it seems, was destined to be linked to space travel. In June 1947, a rancher reportedly discovered a crashed flying disc and small aliens about 30 miles north of the city. Officials from Roswell

82

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Many are preserved and open for viewing at White Sands Missile Park. White Sands has even hosted a space shuttle landing. As rockets grew more sophisticated, thoughts of sending men into space moved from fantasy to possibility. But first, scientists and researchers had to determine whether humans could even survive the harsh environment of space. Much of that work fell to the Holloman Aerospace Medical Center at what is now Holloman Air Force Base outside Alamogordo. Working first with high-altitude balloons, Holloman scientists began sending fruit flies, mice and other small animals aloft to determine how they were affected by altitude, isolation, nearweightlessness and other factors. Soon, small animals and primates were being launched. On Jan. 31, 1961, a Holloman-trained chimpanzee named Ham successfully achieved suborbital flight aboard a Mercury-Redstone rocket developed just down the road at White Sands marking a major success in the United States fledgling space program. Ham, who lived to age 26, is buried at the International Space Hall of Fame in Alamogordo. More than a decade after Hams flight, White Sands earned an interesting footnote in space history. After an eight-day mission, space shuttle Columbia landed at 9:04a.m. on March 30, 1982, at the missile ranges Northrup Strip after rainy conditions at Edwards Air Force Base in California made landing there risky. The shuttle was then flown back to Florida, piggy-backed on one of the shuttle fleets two specially modified Boeing 747s. Its the only time the backup strip has been used for a space shuttle landing. Today, White Sands Missile Range covers almost 3,200 square miles and is the largest military

New Mexico astronauts


New Mexico has contributed more than research to Americas space program, including four intrepid astronauts. Edgar Ed Mitchell Mitchell grew up on his fathers cattle ranch near Artesia. After grad uating from Artesia High School, he became a Navy pilot and was selected for astronaut training in April 1966. Mitchell blasted into space aboard Apollo 14 on Jan. 31, 1972. Apollo 14, NASAs third lunar landing mission, was commanded by Alan Shepard. Mitchell became the sixth person to walk on the moon. He and Shepard performed a number of surface experiments including Shepards smacking of golf balls. Harrison Jack Schmitt Schmitt, who was born in Santa Rita and grew up in Silver City, was the lunar module pilot on Apollo 17, the last manned mission to the moon Dec. 7-19, 1972. Schmitt and mission comm ander Eugene Cernan were the last two men to walk on the moon. Schmitt collected samples of moon rocks and is credited with taking a breathtaking photo of the Earth from the moon, a widely distributed image known as the blue marble. Richard M. Mike Mullane Mullane was born in Wichita Falls, Texas, but grew up in Albuquerque, graduating from St. Pius X High School in 1963. His interest in rockets dates to his teenage days when he would build and launch model rockets in the Sandia foothills. After serving with the Air Force in Vietnam, Mulland was selected by NASA in 1978. He flew aboard three missions: the maiden flight of the space shuttle Discovery, which left Kennedy Space Center on Aug. 30, 1984; aboard Atlantis that took off on Dec. 2, 1988, and again on Atlantis in February 1990. Sid Gutierrez Gutierrez was born in Albuquerque and graduated from Valley High School in 1969. After graduating from the Air Force Academy, he flew the F-15 Eagle for the 7th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Holloman Air Force Base and later helped test and develop the F-16 Fighting Falcon. Guti errez piloted the shuttle Columbia for STS-40, a June 1991 mission that focused on how humans, animals and cells respond to microgravity. Three years later, he commanded STS-59 aboard the shuttle Endeavour, an 11-day mission. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

richard pipes/journal

The hangar under construction at Spaceport America about 25 miles southeast of Truth or Consequences. Hopes are that the facility will be ready in 2013. installation in the United States. One of the projects it now hosts is developing a system for rescuing crews from the Orion, the space launch vehicle replacing the space shuttles. Should an Orion experience problems during a launch or during the crafts climb into orbit, the system is designed to jettison the crew module from the launch vehicle using a solid rocket-powered launch abort engine. around the Earth. Lovelaces guidelines later were used to help select astronauts for the Gemini and Apollo programs. Lovelace died in a plane crash in Colorado in 1965. A crater on the moon is named after him.

Spaceport America
Hoping to cash in on the interest in commercial space travel, New Mexico is building a $209 million spaceport about 25 miles southeast of Truth or Consequences. Spaceport America will be home to Virgin Galactic, entrepreneur Sir Richard Bransons commercial space tourism business. Branson has signed a 20-year lease with the state and plans to give space tourists a two-hour ride to the edge of space at $200,000 a ticket. Virgin Galactic officials say about 400 people have purchased, or made down payments, for the rides, projected to begin as early as 2013. Funded by state tax dollars, Spaceport Americas futuristic $33million, 110,152-squarefoot terminal/hangar is nearing completion, and work is under way on an adjacent, 14,000-squarefoot, $2.9 million Spaceport Operations Center. The goal of the spaceport is to bring jobs, tourism and educational opportunities to the state.

Lovelace Clinic
New Mexico also played a role in developing early medical and psychological criteria for astronauts. Because of his background in aviation and aerospace medicine, Dr. William Randolph Randy Lovelace II was asked by NASA to develop medical guidelines for selecting astronauts. After serving as a colonel with the U.S. Army Air Corps during World War II, the Harvard-educated Lovelace returned to his native New Mexico and founded Lovelace Clinic. After developing a regimen of testing for potential astronauts and subjecting more than 30 of them to a week of demanding physical and psychological tests Lovelace helped select the first seven American astronauts, deemed the Mercury Seven for the project to put a man in orbit

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17 New Mexico Locations

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In 1912, New Mexicos municipalities were small and widely scattered. Today theyre still far apart, but certainly a lot larger.
By Matt Andazola Journal Staff Writer

little towns, all grown up

istory is what happens when plans go off course. No community in the state now holds the same position it did at statehood. If everything had stayed on course, the biggest and wealthiest cities alongside Albuquerque now might have been Las Vegas and Silver City. Places that profited from the 19th-century economic activities of mining and railroads began to buckle under the weight of 20th-century developments like tuberculosis sanitaria, highways, art, tourism and, perhaps more than anything else, World War II. Heres a snapshot of various New Mexico communities, including population data from the 1910 census, the 2010 census and the 2005-09 American Community Survey.

courtesy of albuquerque museum/pa1980.185.587

Swimming was once a popular activity at Tingley Beach, as seen in 1949.

ALBUQUERQUE 1910 population: 11,020 2010 population: 545,852


Albuquerques warm, dry air attracted eastern tuberculosis sufferers like Carrie Tingley, who arrived with her husband Clyde in 1911. Dr. William Lovelace also moved here because of his tuberculosis and began the small, private-practice Lovelace Clinic in 1916 that today is health care giant Lovelace Health Systems. Route 66 arrived in 1926, but its original path through the city went north-south, along Highway 85, what was then Fourth Street, says Janet Saiers of the Albuquerque Historical Society. The route was streamlined east-west to Central Avenue in 1937. During World War II, construction of Kirtland Air Force Base brought people from all across the country, as did a growing University of New Mexico, established during the territorial period. The addition of Sandia National Laboratories, an offshoot of Los Alamos National Laboratory, was the last in a string of developments making Albuquerque a center of technological advances. Nevertheless, fatefully, in the 1970s, Bill Gates founded Microsoft in Albuquerque, only to move to the Seattle area in 1979.

courtesy of albuquerque museum pa1982.180.220

The Fred Harvey Indian Building at the Alvarado Hotel, circa 1930. The familiar Downtown skyline of Albuquerque.
marla brose journal

100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

87

LAS VEGAS 1910 population: 6,934 2009 population: 13,689


Las Vegas incorporated in 1970, officially unifying two towns that sat less than a mile apart. One started in 1835 on the Santa Fe Trail, the other in 1879 on the railroad. The area was prosperous, more important than Denver or any other city west of the Mississippi, says Doyle Daves, a volunteer board member of the Las Vegas Citizens Committee for Historic Preservation. But when railroad lines moved to Albuquerque at the turn of the 20th century, Las Vegas began losing its relative primacy. Since becoming one city, Las Vegas has seen relatively little change in population compared with other

eddie moore/journal

The Rogers Hall administration building on the campus of New Mexico Highlands University in Las Vegas. northeastern New Mexico cities, Daves says. Some of its major employers include the New Mexico Behavioral Institute and New Mexico Highlands University.

Ben wittick/courtesy of palace of the governors photo archives (NMHM/DCA) negative No. 50887

The Ninth Cavalry Band plays on the Santa Fe Plaza in 1880.

LAS CRUCES 1910 population: 3,836 2010 population: 97,618


After statehood, Las Cruces was given a boost from nearby Elephant Butte Dam, which transformed the Mesilla Valley into an agricultural mecca, says Jon Hunner, the head of the New Mexico State University history department. During the Great Depression, many Dust Bowl refugees settled in Las Cruces or traveled through on the way to Arizona. The city grew further in 1945 with the establishment of what was then called White Sands Proving Ground now White Sands Missile Range when Operation Paperclip put German rocket scientists to work for the U.S. Thats the birthplace of our aerospace industry, Hunner says.

SANTA FE 1910 population: 5,072 2010 population: 67,947

The City Different wasnt always so in the late 1800s it was an Americanized town similar in reputation to a small town in Indiana, says Andrew Leo Lovato, a professor at Santa Fe Community College. But in the early 1900s, residents of the state capital realized they had an interest in making their city stand out and adopted Spanish Pueblo Revival Style over the American architecture downtown the movement began with construction of several buildings around the Plaza, but became official in several ordinances requiring it. There was a real interest in bringing people over from the GALLUP East for tourism reasons, Lovato 1910 population: 2,204 says. With tourism came artists, including notables like Georgia 2009 population: 19,976 OKeeffe, many of whom stayed in From statehood until today, the Santa Fe and created an artists fastest way to cross New Mexico east community in the 1920s and 30s. to west has cut through Gallup. We Another of those artists, Will were the most important city in the Shuster, created an effigy to burn jour na l e kimb al l/ state for a while, says Sally W. Noe, in his backyard in 1924, based Kath aRin a Gallup native and the author of of Zozobra on something he had seen while The burning huster s several town histories. S ill traveling in Mexico. The next W in n bega . 24 To avoid canyons and mountains, 19 year, he named it Zozobra and the in back yard railroad engineers in the early 1900s following year, 1926, its burning was crossed into Arizona through the Gallup open to the public. area, taking advantage of rich coal Now, the burning of Zozobra, or Old Man Gloom, is a deposits to create the town as a fueling huge event, opening the Santa Fe Fiestas each September. station. State government still has its headquarters in Santa Fe, which is also one of the most progressive cities in the state When Route 66 wound its way through and is home to the highest number of same-sex couples the state in 1927, it also passed through per capita of any city in the nation save San Francisco, Gallup, and because it still sat on the according to the 2000 census. most direct route to California, Gallup

courtesy of nmsu

The campus of New Mexico State University in Las Cruces. Returning World War II soldiers flooded NMSU with students, and in the past three decades, retirees have been flocking to the warm, welcoming community that is home to the states second-largest university.

continued to prosper. We had paved streets through town before Albuquerque, Noe says. In World War II, Gallup officials and residents wrote petitions and successfully prevented their many Japanese neighbors (many of whom were descended from railroad workers) from being confined to internment camps. In the decades since the war, Gallups location again proved to be a boon, as tourists on Route 66 found a rest stop and nearby Native American communities looked to Gallup for shopping and supplies, Noe says. The Native American community around Gallup also continued to provide the town with tourism from the Gallup Inter-Tribal Indian Ceremonial, an annual celebration that began in the 20s and has continued to grow. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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FARMINGTON 1910 population: 785 2009 population: 43,412


Farmington was extremely isolated until 1905, when the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad connected it to Durango, and the community didnt waste time becoming an important trade center for San Juan County, according to the New Mexico Office of the State Historian website. In 1923, oil industry engineer L.E. Teague struck oil 20 miles west of town, which then slowly expanded until World War II. After the war, the promise of oil and natural gas ballooned the population from 3,637 in 1950 to as many as 35,000 in 1953. The towns fortunes rose and fell with the international oil market through

the daily times/AP

The Farmington Gateway Museum is a repository of oil and gas memorabilia. the 80s, but in the 90s Farmington began to rely more heavily on tourism and commerce with nearby reservation residents, as well as nearby oil and natural gas reserves.
courtesy of intel

Intel has been an integral part of Rio Ranchos growth from a barren patch of desert to the third-largest city in New Mexico in just 50 years.

ROSWELL 1910 population: 6,172 2009 population: 46,453


Many people may think of aliens and a supposed UFO crash-landing in Roswell in 1947. But, says Elvis E. Fleming, a town historian and professor emeritus of history at Eastern New Mexico University, aliens really landed in Roswell in 1995. Until then, he says, it just was not something that had been discussed publicly. But some locals began hosting a UFO festival that year. The festival stuck, and the UFO Museum has brought tourists from across the world, along with gobs of hotels and restaurants. In a little-known tidbit of history, Roswell owes some of its infrastructure to a nearby prisoner-of-war camp the German prisoners there put stones along the shore of the North Spring

RIO RANCHO 1910 population: N/A 2010 population: 87,521


At statehood, Rio Rancho was just a forbidding patch of desert. In fact, it didnt spring up until 1960, when national developer AMREP bought 55,000 acres just outside Albuquerque and began wooing residents from the Midwest and East Coast to its Rio Rancho Estates community, according to the citys website. The first residents were mostly retirees. By 1966, the community had 100 families. By 1977, it had grown to 5,000 people and 92,000 acres (making it larger geographically than Albuquerque at the time). In 1981, the community incorporated as a town with a population of 10,000, then exploded further as the technology industry, including Intel, chose to locate there. Intel, according to figures provided by the company, has invested about $1 billion a year since 1995 in the local economy and currently employs about 3,300 employees as well as many contracted workers. Meanwhile, low-interest home loans have lured more young families to the city than retirees. And today, Rio Rancho is the third-largest city in the state.

richard pipes/journal

The New Mexico Military Institute has a long history in Roswell. River. While doing so, they laid down a German iron cross. Locals immediately covered it with cement until it was rediscovered about 20 years ago and now serves as a small monument. Roswell is also home to the New Mexico Military Institute. Aliens are still coming to celebrate the 1947 UFO incident.
roswell daily record/ap

CARLSBAD 1910 population: 1,736 2009 population: 26,352


In 1912, most of Carlsbads economic activity was ranching, says Jed Howard, a retired teacher who volunteers for the Southeastern New Mexico Historical Society. Locals were starting to explore what they called The Bat Cave, which quickly grew into Carlsbad Caverns National Park. Tourism to the caverns peaked in the mid-20th century, Howard says, and hasnt been the same since because Americans dont take family road trips to Carlsbad as often as they once did. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

The next major breakthrough came in 1930, when potash was discovered in the area, Howard says. Companies moved giant operations to Carlsbad, shielding the economy from the Great Depression, but the potash has since lessened in importance for the citys economy. In 1979, the federal government began constructing the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, so far the nations only approved, permanent nuclear waste repository, which Howard says has always been more controversial with northern New Mexicans than Carlsbad residents and which has been a boon to the Carlsbad economy. It employs 1,500 people, including contractors and laboratory workers.

press the as so ciated

ris tional Park is a big tou Carlsbad Caverns Na year. thousands visit each

t draw, as

89

TRUTH OR CONSEQUENCES 1910 population: N/A 2009 population: 7,111


First known as Las Palomas Hot Springs, the town had no permanent residents in the 19th century, according to an NMSU publication. But Hot Springs began growing early after statehood, one of many small hot spring resorts. In 1950, the town renamed itself after Truth or Consequences, a radio show hosted by Ralph Edwards, who promised an annual broadcast from the first town in America to do so. Edwards returned to Truth or Consequences every year for more than 50 years to lead the town parade. Looking ahead, the town seems likely to get a serious economic boost from the construction of Spaceport America, about 30 miles to the east. Game show host Ralph Edwards leads the town parade in May 1984.
EUGENE BURTON/journal

ALAMOGORDO 1910 population: N/A 2009 population: 35,966


Incorporated in 1910, Alamogordo sprang from the railroad, says David Townsend, a former history professor at New Mexico State Universitys Alamogordo campus. The town was a center for lumber, providing railroad ties from nearby forests. Alamogordo continued to rely on lumber and the railroad through the 1920s, only Townsend says it grew differently than other communities due to strict liquor laws designed to keep saloons out. During the Great Depression,

amanda schoenberg/journal

Picturesque Silver City, which rose up thanks to mining, has become a popular tourist destination.

SILVER CITY 1910 population: 3,217 2009 population: 10,330


Before nearby Fort Bayard became a government hospital in 1922, Silver City jumped on its tuberculosisfriendly climate with civilian New Mexico Cottage Sanitarium (namesake for Cottage San Road). It was already a wealthy city, at one time boasting more cars than any other New Mexico community, says Susan Berry, a former director of the Silver City Museum. It had a shot to grow even larger with a national sanitarium like Presbyterian, but that eventually went to Albuquerque. Early in statehood, mining low-grade copper ore became economically feasible, bringing hundreds of jobs to the city. The copper mines went through several periods, Berry says, far more bust than boom. The mines had their first major layoff in the early 80s, sending miners scattering out of town. Silver City is home to Western New Mexico University, originally founded in 1893 as a school to train teachers. And it is the only town in the state still operating under its territorial charter, Berry says. The charter, though its quirkier provisions are largely ignored nowadays, requires every citizen to donate two days of labor. Its a testament, she says, to the volunteer spirit that sustained the town through the Depression and world wars through today.

Alamogordo saw three WPA buildings erected, not least of which was the White Sands National Monument headquarters in the mid-30s. After that tourism became a rather distinct element of the town, Townsend says. World War II changed Alamogordo more than any other force, he says, with the advent of what would become White Sands Missile Range and Holloman Air Force Base: Were a military town. The towns population has grown steadily after the war, Townsend says, and though the NMSU campus is a big part of the economy, theres no doubt about whats biggest. Holloman Air Force Base is the center of our economic life, he says.

LOS ALAMOS 1910 county population: N/A 2009 county population: 18,074
The city of Los Alamos didnt exist at statehood or even five years after in 1917, when, according to the Los Alamos Historical Society website, Detroit businessman Ashley Pond founded the Los Alamos Ranch School. The school would educate 600 boys in its 25 years, including author Gore Vidal. But in January 1943, the U.S. Army took over the campus for the Manhattan Project the top-secret development of the atomic bomb. The project inflated the areas population by more than 6,000 during the war, putting a strain on water and other resources. During that time, the

the associated press

Technical Area 21 at Los Alamos National Laboratory is a Cold War-era site. mailing address of all of Los Alamos was a single P.O. box in Santa Fe. The city incorporated in 1969, with Los Alamos National Laboratory as its biggest employer. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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RATON 1910 population: 4,539 2009 population: 6,329


Raton called itself the Pittsburgh of the West when first founded as a mining and ranching center along the railroad at Willow Springs Ranch. Though coal mining was central to the economy and would be for decades, according to the citys Chamber of Commerce website, the town was losing ground to other cities at statehood.

The town is called Raton (Spanish for mouse) possibly because of what early Spanish settlers called a nearby mountain with lots of squirrels and chipmunks, according to Place Names of New Mexico by Robert Julyan. In 1986, a local sign painter proposed returning to the name Willow Springs, but the Chamber of Commerce unanimously voted the effort down. The last coal mine in the area closed in 2001, according to the Chamber of Commerce website.

HOBBS 1910 population: N/A 2009 population: 31,151


Hobbs was barely a blip on the radar at statehood, a farming community dominated by the Hobbs family and struggling to find water, says author and historian Gil Hinshaw. But in 1928, the town struck oil. Four separate town governments arose thereafter: Old Hobbs, New Hobbs, All Hobbs and Borger. They all merged in 1936, Hinshaw says. Obviously it was too costly, too ridiculous and totally messy to have four towns, all of them grouped together. Oil sustained the community through the Great Depression, as Hobbs Army Airfield did through World War II before closing in 1946. Since then, the towns fortunes have largely rested on oil, Hinshaw says,

richard pipes/journal

jake schoelLkopf/journal

In Hobbs, the local economy, once dependent on farming, is based largely on oil drilling. though local colleges New Mexico Junior College and the University of the Southwest have added greatly to the local economy.

Taos Ski Valley has been a major source of tourism for the town since it opened in 1956.

TAOS 1910 population: N/A 2009 population: 5,525


The Taos Society of Artists formed in 1915, according to the Taos County Historical Society website, and disbanded in 1927, but by then Taos was an established artist-friendly community. Taos Ski Valley opened in 1956, becoming a major draw for the area, and the completion of the Rio Grande Gorge Bridge in 1965 further added to the towns accessibility. In 1970, a landmark court decision forced the government to return Blue Lake to Taos Pueblo, whose people hold the lake sacred.

greg sorber/journal

F-111 fighters on the flight line at Cannon Air Force Base in Clovis. The town fought hard to keep the base open when the Pentagon considered closing it in the 2000s.

CLOVIS 1910 population: 3,255 2009 population: 32,863


Clovis, named after a fifth-century European king, incorporated three years before statehood as a stop on the Santa Fe Railway, according to the Clovis Chamber of Commerce website. In 1929, archaeologists discovered bones, tools and spear points just outside of town, naming their find, which turned out to be the oldest discovered culture in

the Western Hemisphere, The Clovis culture. The town expanded in 1942 with the establishment of Cannon Air Force Base. Its economy came to depend on the base, so when it was put on a list of military installations to be closed in the mid-2000s, townspeople created a swell of support to keep the base open. In June 2006, the base was removed from the list and given a new special operations assignment. The towns economy rests largely on Cannon and area agriculture.

KATHARINE KIMBALL/journal

The Rio Grande Gorge Bridge near Taos has become iconic from its inclusion in movies and TV shows. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

92

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17 New Mexico Locations

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Los Alamos National Laboratorys kinship with New Mexico began in 1943. Our state had just entered its fourth decade. Our nation and her allies were struggling to turn the tide of the Second World War.

A tiny community, high upon a northern hill, achieved a huge scienti c and technological featone be tting the dedication, creativity, diversity, and strength of New Mexicans.

More than ever, our national security depends on science and technology. e United States relies on Los Alamos National Laboratory and thousands of New Mexicans for the best of both.

No place on Earth pursues a broader array of world-class scienti c endeavors, and no one else collaborates on national security science in as many technical disciplines.

Our 12,000 people are proud to call New Mexico homeand to honor our states centennial.

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courtesy of albuquerque museum/pa1978.152.127 brooks studio

Tuberculosis patients relax in the fresh air and sunshine at the Southwestern Presbyterian Sanitarium, 1012 E. Central, circa 1935.

From plants and rituals to modern medicine, New Mexico has grown from crude cures to cutting-edge technology.
By Winthrop Quigley Journal Staff Writer

a tradition of healing
in the words of Howard Thompson, a physician in Mescalero, crude, raw and wild. Gunshot wounds and knife wounds were unpleasantly frequent, Thompson wrote in 1917. Treatment for ordinary diseases usually was

P
96

hysicians first arrived in the Territory of New Mexico as doctors for the American army and to staff Indian agencies.

By 1912, when 429 physicians served a population of 327,000, they were part of a migration spurred by the railroad, the opening of mines and the search for relief from tuberculosis. Even then some parts of the new state were,

delayed, making illness worse. Thompson, whose nearest colleague was 36 miles away in Fort Stanton, routinely traveled 50 miles on horseback to see patients. He once traveled 200 miles to deliver a baby on

a ranch. J.H. Laws, a Lincoln doctor, rode three hours to perform gastric surgery on a folding operating table set up in a ranchers two-room cabin. During the course of the surgery the lantern that was hung from the

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ceiling to give the surgeon light set the cabin on fire, according to Jake W. Spidle Jr., a University of New Mexico history professor emeritus and the author of Doctors of Medicine in New Mexico. Medicine had been practiced for centuries before statehood, of course. Eliseo Torres, who teaches UNM courses in traditional healing, says that mostly people took care of their own illnesses and those of their families and neighbors using plants, rituals and massage. Missionaries who accompanied the Spanish brought with them new plants that became part of the local pharmacopeia. Traditional healing was widely practiced in 1912 and, for that matter, still is today, Torres says. Rosemary was used as a mouthwash, to treat rashes and to help improve memory, Torres says. Chuchapate helped with gum irritation, sore throats and respiratory problems. Swamp root helped stomach disorders. Lavender was a sedative and helped relieve headaches. Public health services were virtually nonexistent when New Mexico became a state. Poor sanitation and unregulated food supplies resulted in typhoid and diphtheria. Malaria was found along the Rio Grande. When the Spanish flu pandemic arrived in 1918, New Mexico had no statewide public health authority. Local boards of health, physicians, nurses and traditional healers coped as best they could. An estimated 50,000 people about one-seventh of the population contracted flu, and about 5,000 died. The Legislature authorized a state-level health department in 1919, seven years after statehood.

practitioners to New Mexico. Federal dollars created a boom in hospital construction around the state. Systems of rural health clinics were organized. UNM opened its medical school in 1964. Today there are 4,827 physicians and 571 physicians assistants practicing in New Mexico, according to the state Medical Board. New hospitals continue to be built, using modern technology and research to transform patient care.

Financial concerns
Local medical groups began experimenting with new ways of financing health care, including HMOs. New Mexico Blue Cross was founded in 1945. Lovelace formed a health plan in 1973. Presbyterian Healthcare Services (as the old Presbyterian sanitorium system was renamed in 1991) organized a health plan in 1984. Rising medical costs, financial difficulties and national shortages of medical providers have set the tone for New Mexico health care since the 1990s. Hospitals struggled to remain open, resulting in an influx of out-of-state hospital operators and the consolidation of a number of hospitals into single systems. Presbyterian runs hospitals everywhere from Tucumcari to Espaola. Ardent Health Services of Tennessee consolidated the old St. Joseph and Lovelace systems and recently bought Heart Hospital of New Mexico. Another Tennessee company, Community Health Systems, owns six of the 37 hospitals operating in New Mexico today. Increasing medical costs have pushed insurance premiums higher at double-digit rates. That and persistent poverty have left about one in four New Mexicans without health insurance. Affordable access to medical care has become New Mexicos chief health problem as the state turns 100 years old. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

dean hanson/journal

The Heart Hospital of New Mexico, now part of the Lovelace system, is owned by Ardent Health Services of Tennessee, which also consolidated the old St. Joseph and Lovelace systems. Patients who didnt respond to rest and fresh air were sometimes instructed to use mirrors to direct sunlight down their throats. Some were hung upside down to drain their lungs. Lewis reports the average stay in a sanitorium was nine months. Spidle says 25 sanitaria were established around the state between 1912 and 1937, some of them operated in New Mexico through World War II. There were at least 30 operating before statehood. According to Lewis, 25 percent of patients died during their treatment and half of the patients discharged from a sanitorium or a hospital were dead within five years. Other hospitals were founded during the period as well. Carrie Tingley Hospital was founded in 1937 in Hot Springs (now Truth or Consequences) to treat children with polio. Holy Cross Hospital opened in Taos in 1937, and Artesias hospital opened in 1939. The post-World War II population spurt brought large numbers of well-trained medical

greg sorber/journal

Presbyterian Rust Medical Center in Rio Rancho is the newest hospital in Presbyterians collection; it opened in October 2011. New Mexicos reputation as having an ideal climate for relief of tuberculosis was the reason many of the states hospitals were established, and the disease brought hundreds of medical practitioners to the territory and state, as patients or clinicians. Among the patients were the founders of what became the Lovelace Health System. The St. Vincent, St. Joseph and Presbyterian hospitals all began as tuberculosis sanitaria. The bacteria that causes tuberculosis was identified in 1882, but an antibiotic wasnt available until 1943. In the meantime, the recommended treatment was nutritious food, fresh air and restpreferably in a high, dry and sunny place, according to Nancy Owen Lewis, who wrote about her research into New Mexicos lungers, as tuberculosis patients were known, in El Palacio, the magazine of the New Mexico Cultural Affairs Department.

Seeking the cure


Tuberculosis was the most striking feature of New Mexico medicine in the early days of statehood, according to Spidle.

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By Winthrop Quigley Journal Staff Writer

here is an archive at the University of New Mexico that contains blueprints of buildings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The blueprints define the beginning of significant medical research in New Mexico. On each blueprint are circles showing the locations of bodies found after the atomic bombings of Japan in August 1945. There are notes in the archive describing how the bombing victims died. The information was part of a postwar study into the effects of nuclear weapons conducted in Albuquerque. An Atomic Energy Commission contract in 1951 to study how explosions of all types affect the human body was the first significant contract that Randy Lovelaces new research institute in Albuquerque received. Randys uncle, William Randolph Lovelace, came to New Mexico in 1906 as a company physician on a railroad construction project. He had tuberculosis and wanted to live in the dry, sunny climate that was believed to be therapeutic. He founded a group practice in Albuquerque that evolved into the Lovelace Health System. Randy Lovelace got his medical degree in 1934. He was fascinated by flying and research. When World War II broke out, he led military research into the medical problems of highaltitude aviation. After the war, Randy Lovelace joined his uncles practice in Albuquerque and started a research group known as the Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research. His first hire was Sam White, a former military colleague, as director of research. When Randy Lovelace and his wife died in a plane crash in 1965, White became foundation director. White was fascinated by

Important medical research in New Mexico has ranged from pilot health to genetics to the quest for cancer cures.
guardian. Los Alamos continues to study the functions of genes. New Mexicos capabilities, and former U.S. Sen. Pete Domenicis budgetary clout, led to the founding in 1994 of the National Center for Genome Resources, a nonprofit institute to share and analyze DNA sequences generated at Los Alamos. Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque has provided high-performance computing to help the UNM Cancer Center, founded in 1972, examine the genetics of cancer. Cancer center researchers bring in more than $50 million in government, charitable and commercial support annually. More than 120 scientists at the center are working on cancer-fighting drugs, cancer genetics, therapies and clinical trials. New Mexico has long hosted human trials of medications, in part because of its ethnically diverse population. One of the largest trials, conducted with the help of UNM, led to development of vaccines against human papillomavirus, a cause of cervical cancer. UNM researchers also helped identify the link between the virus and cancer. Domenici, who was long interested in mental health, also helped start the Mind Research Network, an independent nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness and brain injury in 1998. The network pioneered studies of functional brain research using noninvasive imaging technologies. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

leading edge

roberto e. rosales/journal

The UNM Cancer Center was founded in 1972. Its new building, where more than 120 scientists are working, opened in August 2009. Lovelaces interest in aviation, and his wartime contacts, the foundation became a national center for the study of the physiology of commercial and military pilots. That led to the Air Force contract to develop a protocol to test candidates for space flight.

Genetics
New Mexicos nuclear research facilities developed computing and analytical capabilities for energy and weapons research that coincidentally allowed them to help sequence the human genome. The U.S. Department of Energy launched its plan to sequence the genome at a 1986 conference in Santa Fe. In addition to discovering new chromosome structures, Los Alamos National Laboratory became DOEs genomics data quality

the associated press

Technologist Cheryl Gleasner and Dr. Tony J. Beugelsdijk work with a genome sequencing machine at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 2009. the effects of explosions and reasoned that the Atomic Energy Commission contract allowed the foundation to pioneer a new field of medical research. That research eventually led to investigations into the effects of explosions and nuclear radiation on the lungs and to the establishment of Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, a private company dedicated to curing lung disease. Thanks to Randy

100

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By Lloyd Jojola Journal Staff Writer

ew Mexicos transportation history dates to paths pounded into the ground by hooves, wagon wheels and leathersoled settlers and traders heavily traveled routes like the Camino Real and Santa Fe Trail. But by statehood the railroad had already transformed the territory train travel was flourishing, automobiles were making inroads and early air travel was taking to the skies. And into the future, the states map would be lined or dotted with such developments as Route 66, the interstates, the Albuquerque International Sunport airport, the Rail Runner commuter train and, at the time of the centennial, fledgling Spaceport America.

courtesy of the denver public library/western history collection, mcc-3487

The Alvarado Hotel complex at the Albuquerque train depot was the Santa Fe Railways second grand trackside Fred Harvey hotel. Built in 1901, it was demolished in 1970 and now the Alvarado Transportation Center sits on the site.

The railroad
By the late 1870s, railroad tracks had reached New Mexico. By statehood, the framework for freight and passenger trains that cross the state today had essentially been established. Count the Santa Fe Railway, the Southern Pacific and the Denver and Rio Grande Western among the forefathers. But railroad travel in the country also peaked not long after statehood. Track crested in 1916 at 254,057 miles, says Marci L. Riskin in the book The Train Stops Here New Mexicos Railway Legacy. Eighty-five thousand stations had been built in the United States. In 1920, the Santa Fe Railroad employed 82,059 people, the most that would ever be on the company payroll, but the railroad built few new depots or depot hotels after the late 1920s. That isnt to say there were no new developments on or along the lines after statehood. Almost immediately after statehood they (the Santa Fe Railway) started building the large shops

paths through the ages


From horseback to air travel, transportation has played a key role in New Mexicos development.
its first mainline diesel engine come the Second World War. Many believed some amount of that wartime investment might continue, so there was investment in new trains for passengers, Glover says. They re-equipped the Super Chief in the late 1950s and the Southern Pacific did similar things with the Sunset Limited and the Golden State Limited, he says, but the new trains faced a really declining market. It turned out to be a poor investment. The 1949 Ford put a lot of people on the highways, Glover says. The railroad was no longer a big player and the passenger train business collapsed in the 1950s, he says. The Santa Fe hung in there with their trains until the Amtrak time in 1970, but it wasnt what it used to be. But in 2006 a new train horn blew to life: The New Mexico Rail Runner Express was rolled out that summer, ultimately establishing commuter train service between Belen and Santa Fe.

that we have today, says local railroad historian Vernon J. Glover, referring to the old Barelas train repair facilities in Albuquerque. Soon after statehood, the Santa Fe also started double tracking in New Mexico as part of the Panama Canal competition with ocean shipping; double tracking consisted of building parallel track so trains could move independently in each direction. There was an enormous expansion of capacity during World War II heavier track, bigger locomotives, more intensive operations, Glover says. The Santa Fe system got

On roadways
To know a history of New Mexico roads, ask yourself: Who was James A. French? For it was in the summer of 1912, when the state, well, became a state,

that then-Gov. William McDonald appointed French the first state engineer, and in that capacity he was one of the first three people to serve on the state Highway Commission. He was responsible for developing and creating the first road and bridge system in New Mexico; and created the first state road maps in New Mexico, the state Department of Transportation writes in its publication titled The State of New Mexico Memorial Designations and Dedications of Highways, Structures and Buildings. French became the states first highway 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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engineer in 1917 and served for two years. Looking a bit further back, history shows the federal government had a role in what it deemed internal improvements dating to the Erie Canal, says Albuquerque historian David Kammer. With the railroad they would give these railroad companies large inducements with these land grants that they could open up to homesteading on either side of the tracks, he says. By the time that the bicycle craze is coming in the 1880s and then the early motorized vehicles are coming in the 1890s, there arises this Good Roads Movement, which was an effort to get the federal government to do the same thing that it had done with canals and with railroads only this time for highways. As Calvin A. Roberts and Susan A. Roberts say in their 2006 book New Mexico: With the increased use of the automobile, the state built more and better highways, and New Mexicos isolation diminished. In 2007, the public road system in New Mexico, by functional mile, was about 68,340, according to U.S. Department of Transportation statistics. In between all that building came such iconic road system developments as Route 66, the introduction of Interstate 25 and Interstate 40 and massive public works projects like the Big I, where the two interstates intersect in Albuquerque. The nearly $300million job lasted some two years.

Interstates delivered big changes


By Lloyd Jojola Journal Staff Writer
courtesy of the albuquerque museum

In the 1920s, the old La Bajada Road was unkind to any automobile, and drivers needed courage to brave its sharp curves. Indeed, flying their biplanes during exhibitions at the Territorial Fair of 1911 and the State Fair of 1912, Charles Walsh and Lincoln Beachy, respectively, entertained audiences. For the First Time in History Aeroplane Soars Above the Valley of Rio Grande, the Oct. 11, 1911, Albuquerque Morning Journal told readers, according to Don E. Alberts book Balloons to Bombers: Aviation in Albuquerque 18821945. Then in the 20s there were transcontinental flights across the country, and most of these airplanes came through Albuquerque, Davidson says. Their choices were either through El Paso and risk going down in the desert or going over the high Rockies around Colorado and Cheyenne (Wyo). So going through Albuquerque was by far the preferable route. Names like Western Air Express, Transcontinental Air Transport (later TWA) and Varney Speed Lines (Continental Airlines predecessor) were all part of the areas early aviation history. And World War II came along and Kirtland was built, Davidson says. When the military base opened in 1941, it was called Albuquerque Army Air Field. It was the first one to open for business, Davidson says. However, Roswell, Carlsbad, Hobbs, Deming and others opened up as bombardier and glider training sites. The Duke City landing sites such as Oxnard Field and what came to be known as Cutter Field preceded the building of the Albuquerque Municipal Airport a New Deal-era, federal Works Progress Administration project. A new terminal was opened in the mid-1960s and evolved into the 600,000-square-foot Albuquerque International Sunport that sits on the citys south side today. And now were in the forefront of space travel, Davidson says, referring to the under-construction Spaceport in Doa Ana County in the southern part of the state. Its just another phase of development of aviation, what may become interstellar.

In the skies
New Mexico and Albuquerque, in combination, have been in the forefront of aviation since as early as it really got going, local aviation historian Harry Davidson says.

courtesy of the albuquerque museum/pa1980.185.480, clarence redman

efore taking a seat in the White House, President Dwight David Eisenhower was a five-star Army general, and so he understood logistics the need to move things. It was Ike who signed the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 that ultimately brought Interstate 25, Interstate 40 and Interstate 10 across New Mexico. It did change the way people travel, says local historian David Kammer. By this time, we have cars that are capable of going hundreds of miles without stopping. We dont need as many garages and repairs anymore. But on the other hand I think that the interstate highway system put blinders on peoples travel experiences because they no longer had this ongoing intimacy along the roadside. Today, approximately 1,000 miles of interstate roadway cross New Mexico, according to the state Department of Transportation, with average daily traffic ranging from 7,000 on I-25 south of Truth or Consequences and 32,000 on I-10, just north of Anthony, to 190,000 on I-40 west of Carlisle and 210,000 on I-25 south of Candelaria, both near the Big I interchange in Albuquerque. Glance at it sort of anthropologically, and one can see the progression of development in some towns being tied to transportation: It occurred around the plazas, then around railroad stations, then around roads like Route 66, then along the interstate ramps. For some towns that tied their identity to Route 66, the interstates took that away. They (now) need to work hard to get people off at the far east or far west exit and get them to cruise Tucumcari Boulevard or what they call in Santa Rosa Will Rogers (Drive), Kammer says. Some communities are more successful than others in that respect.

A Trans World Airlines plane at Albuquerque Municipal Airport in 1949. The airport opened in 1939. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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Where everyone got their kicks


By Lloyd Jojola Journal Staff WRITER

Immortalized in story, song and by roadside travel stops that still sit in some form or fashion from Tucumcari to Gallup, The Mother Road came to be in 1926, when it was designated a federal highway. Route 66 ran from Chicago to Los Angeles, with its original New Mexico alignment taking it north from Santa Rosa to close to Las Vegas, to Santa Fe, then down to Albuquerque and as far south as Los Lunas, before it headed westward to Laguna Pueblo, and on to Grants and Gallup. But a booster-backed effort to straighten out the road came about. Its interesting that the governor who first understood that was Arthur T. Hannett, who had been the mayor of Gallup, says Route 66 historian David Kammer. He saw that a direct road across New Mexico would be so much more efficient. So the last thing he did when he was leaving office was he had instructed the

charles vierheller/journal

Central Avenue in 1939 boasted a cop directing traffic, yet another symbol of a bygone era. highway department to go out and blaze a new trail through the pions and junipers from Santa Rosa directly to Moriarty. The route was realigned in 1937 to the more direct east-west path through the state. So when youve got these Okies and the Joad family traveling westward in search of jobs in California, this is likely the road they would have been crossing in 1939, when Steinbeck writes the novel, Kammer says, referring to The Grapes of Wrath. Fervent boosters, such as former New Mexico Gov. and Albuquerque leader Clyde Tingley, as well as people like Oklahoman Cyrus Avery, wanted Route 66 to be a main road. This was going to be the highway, Kammer says. Tingley and others envisioned Albuquerque as a crossroads, which it did become. City directories from 1937 to World War II show most of the tourist courts were located along Fourth

Street the old Route 66 alignment. Come 1941, directory information shows more motels on Central Avenue. Tingley liked to call Route 66 The Great White Way, with its neon illumination and presence, Kammer says. Tucumcari, Santa Rosa, they all get an identity along the highway. It was a powerful economic inducement for these communities Grants, Gallup all these communities. But in 1956 came the Federal Highway Aid Act, which provided a financial umbrella to underwrite the national interstate system. By 1970, most of of the original Route 66 was replaced by a modern four-lane highway and the popularity of the old road began to decline. But Route 66 lives on as a historic designation in sections. And through such boosters as The New Mexico Route 66 Association, there are continued attempts to promote and preserve the history of The Mother Road.

roberto e. rosales/journal

Seven major airlines serve Albuquerques Sunport.

Growth is steady at Sunport


There were close to 160,000 flights in and out of the Albuquerque International Sunport in 2010 an average of 429 takeoffs and landings a day. The same year, the citys airport also handled close to 6 million passengers. The Sunport as we know it today came about in the mid-1960s. A city Aviation Department report titled Thirteen Years of Progress, October 1, 1961-October 1, 1974, Albuquerque International Airport, tells us this under the heading November 15, 1965: The new terminal building is opened. A southwestern territorial motif is carried throughout, from beamed ceilings to tile floors. 178,000 sq.ft. provides office space for four (4) airlines, operations, eight (8) double gates and a baggage carrousel. The Sunport was first the Albuquerque Municipal Airport a federal Works Progress Administration project that was built in the late 1930s. After the new terminal was opened in the mid1960s, it was expanded in the late 1980s, 1996 and in 2005 to now stand at 600,000 square feet with 22 gates in two concourses. Lloyd Jojola 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

Rail Runner an alternative to the roads


This is a historic day in New Mexico, thenGov. Bill Richardson proclaimed on Dec. 15, 2008, standing aboard a swaying passenger rail car, a media throng surrounding him. Because what were doing today is changing transportation in the state. The New Mexico Rail Runner Express commuter train was making its inaugural run to Santa Fe, establishing the second, northern leg of the 100-mile system that exists today between

greg sorber/journal

The Rail Runner makes a stop in Bernalillo. Belen and the states capital city. The price tag was close to $500 million a bill that will exceed $800 million due to interest costs by the time its paid off. The train, popular among commuters and the tourist industry, is becoming more controversial as revenues from fares and an 1/8 cent gross receipts tax fall short of covering its annual operating costs. By about mid-January 2011, 4 million passenger boardings had been tallied on the New Mexico Rail Runner Express. Lloyd Jojola

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learning as we go
In some ways, the states educational system has been an innovator; in others, it is far behind most other states in achievement.
teaching religion in public schools. But Mondragn, now a historian of New Mexico education, says no one was bothered by the overt religious practices. When we came in the morning we would kneel at our desks and pray, Mondragn says. On Fridays we were expected to go to church, which was close by, and we would line up and go to confession. In my class, there were only two young men who were not Catholic. Our parents accepted it. Shortly after Mondragn graduated, a ruling in a lawsuit outlawed the practice of employing nuns and brothers as public school teachers. As a lifelong New Mexican, Mondragn has witnessed many key events in New Mexico since statehood. And he has studied the parts he is too young to remember. Perceived failings in New Mexicos education system almost became a barrier to statehood in the first place, according to Mondragns book,
By Hailey Heinz Journal Staff Writer

Female students at the old Albuquerque High School campus at Broadway and Central.

W
106

hen John Mondragn was a student growing up in Mora, the lines between church and state were more than a little blurry during the school day. We had nuns for our teachers; they were wonderful teachers chemistry, math, science. But on the side we had religion, Mondragn says. That was in the 1940s, after nuns had been officially banned from

MONDRAG N: Taught by nuns in public school

100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

Public Education in New Mexico. When then-Indiana Sen. Arthur Beveridge went on a fact-finding mission to the New Mexico Territory, he stopped in Socorro County and talked to the county superintendent. According to Mondragns book, the superintendent declared with pride and sincerity that he didnt know that Christopher Columbus had died. Beveridge, who campaigned against New Mexico statehood, used that as an example of the states backward condition. But statehood was attained, and a century later, the number of colleges and universities has increased from five to 25. Public school enrollment, which was about 61,000 in 1911, is now about 329,000. While New Mexicos education system has expanded tremendously, it hasnt completely shaken the backward characterization.

Traditions vs. innovations


When it comes to student achievement, the state is often a bottom-dweller in national comparisons. The 2011 Quality Counts report gave New Mexicos education system an F, making it one of only four states plus the District of Columbia to earn the dubious distinction. And although New Mexico may no longer have nuns in its public school classrooms, other traditional practices have endured well into the 21st century. It was only after contentious debate last spring that Gov. Susana Martinez signed a law banning corporal punishment in schools. Ongoing debate over education reform in New Mexico has simmered since the 1980s, with the heat turned up by the election of Republican Martinez in late 2010. New Mexico has been an innovator in many ways. The state funding formula, which funnels

money to school districts based on enrollment and demographics rather than relying on local taxes, was the first of its kind and was emulated in other states. New Mexico was also unique in its handling of bilingual education, with a state constitution that mandates public schools provide Spanishspeaking teachers for students who need them. The constitution also specifically mandates that students of Hispanic descent never be segregated. The funding formula, adopted in 1974, was created as a reaction to disparities in local tax revenues. Mondragn says the per-student funding difference between rich and poor districts was up to $700. It varied so much from the rich to the poorest districts, Mondragn says. Groundbreaking at the time, the formula shifted responsibility for education funding from

districts to the state. It also established a policy of funding every student at a standard level, with extra money assigned to students with limited English or other special needs that cost money to meet. Mondragn says the Legislature gathered political consensus on the formula by ensuring that no one not even the richest districts lost money in the deal. There was enough surplus money that in the changing of the formula, no one lost, Mondragn says. So Hobbs came out with more money, and so did Mora and Taos.

Bilingual education
In addition to the Legislatures work on the funding formula, Mondragn credits lawmakers with passing bills that have preserved Hispanic language and culture in education. He cited the Hispanic Education Act, passed

in 2010, as a sign of the states commitment. The act seeks to close the persistent achievement gap between Anglo and Hispanic students by engaging the community. He also cites New Mexicos Bilingual Education Act, adopted after a 1974 lawsuit in which Portales parents alleged their students werent receiving an appropriate education because their first language was not English and bilingual education was not provided. The parents won the case and the Bilingual Education Act, which requires that bilingual education be provided to those who need it, was adopted shortly thereafter. Mondragn says these events make for a special state history. Compared to Arizona, California and Texas, where we have large majorities of Spanishspeaking people, ours is unique in that we have conserved the culture, he says.

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The Wild West may be long gone, but criminals have just gotten smarter and more violent and law enforcement has had to struggle to keep up.
By Mike Gallagher Journal staff writer

cops & robbers

n Jan. 6, 1912, a Saturday, people in Albuquerque celebrated New Mexico becoming the 47th state to join the union and Albuquerque police officer Alex Knapp made a routine arrest. Outside a downtown bank at Central and Fourth Street, he found Theodore Goulet, 25, on the ground the result of too much drink. The unarmed Knapp took Goulet off to jail just three blocks away. Knapp didnt know Goulet was an ex-convict wanted for a parole violation in Minnesota. And unlike Knapp, Goulet was armed with a pistol hidden in his overcoat. He shot Knapp. Although severely wounded, Knapp wrestled Goulet to the ground and choked him unconscious. Help arrived, and Goulet was taken to jail. Knapp died of pneumonia as a result of his wound. With statehood and Knapps death, the overly romanticized Wild West came to an end in New Mexico. Pat Garrett, Billy the Kid, The Hole in the Wall Gang they were all dead and buried. Law enforcement in the state was in for a long evolution, and for decades lagged behind the increasingly violent and mobile criminals they were trying to catch. The State Police, for instance, didnt have radios until after World War II. They used to check in with telephone operators in towns near their patrol areas. In Clovis, State Police Sgt. Ron Taylor says, the local telephone operators would hit a switch turning

greg sorber/journal

Reflective of the Vietnam War era protests, cars were set on fire during two days of rioting near Roosevelt Park in Albuquerque on June 13 and 14, 1971. on a red light on top of a local hotel to let State Police officers know they had a call. The Albuquerque police used a similar system in the 1930s and 1940s, according to current Chief Ray Schultz. The flashing light was originally on the police building at Second and Tijeras. They moved it to the roof of the Hilton hotel, Schultz says. Even when officers had radios, coverage was more than a bit sketchy. At night in the 1950s and 60s, State Police officers in need of assistance would find themselves talking to State Police dispatchers in Bangor, Maine, who would relay the message by telephone to N.M. State Police dispatchers. In Albuquerque the original radio system was one way. The dispatchers could call an officers car, but the officer couldnt call back. But with the end of World War II, New Mexicos population began a steady increase and the federal highway system made the state more accessible. New Mexico lawmen battled more mobile crooks who operated auto and jewelry theft rings and gambling syndicates that were headquartered out of state. Prior to the war there was one FBI agent assigned to the state and he was based in El Paso. In 1949, the FBI established a field office in Albuquerque due to the additional security and counterespionage requirements at Sandia and Los Alamos national laboratories. In fact, a lot began to change. Television brought crime into the home on a nightly basis. By the late 1960s, society seemed to unravel as riots and demonstrations swept the country. Albuquerque was not immune. The early and mid-1970s saw riots, antiwar demonstrations and even a police strike. In 1973, the FBI began keeping national crime statistics and Albuquerque usually ranked high in the number of felony crimes per 100,000 people. In the mid 1970s, APD initiated CrimeStoppers, a program that pays people for information to help solve crimes while keeping the tipsters identity secret. It was a success and spread nationwide. Narcotics trafficking and drunken driving became major issues for police throughout the state. DWI was once treated like any other traffic ticket in much of the state, including Albuquerque. Now it is the highest nonfelony priority. During the past 40 years, New Mexicos role as a major narcotics trafficking route from Mexico to cities around the United States has solidified bringing with it a multiplier effect on other crimes, increasing the number of burglaries, armed robberies, assaults and murders. But there has been progress. Computers help officers match

fingerprints, analyze DNA samples and identify stolen property. With court authorization they use global positioning systems to track criminals and can intercept almost any type of phone call. Police officers are dispatched by computers. Officers can access information on cellular phones. The one-room Albuquerque police crime lab started in the 1970s is now a multimillion-dollar crime laboratory. The local FBI-led computer forensics lab analyzes computers, cellular phones and any digital hardware a criminal might use in child pornography, narcotics trafficking and Internet fraud cases. The FBI office has grown from 22 agents to more than 100. APD now has more than 1,000 officers. Police have helicopters and mobile command centers. SWAT has become part of everyday language to the point people forget its an acronym for Special Weapons and Tactical Team. A lot has changed since Officer Knapp was shot. But one thing hasnt. Over the past 100 years, most of the New Mexico law enforcement officers who were shot and killed in the line of duty were killed in pursuit or during the arrest of a wanted felon. According to Don Bullis, the author of New Mexicos Finest: Peace Officers Killed in The Line of Duty 1847 to 2010, 142 law enforcement officers have died on the job or as a result of injuries sustained on the job. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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Crimes That Shocked Us


1916
In retaliation for a double-cross in which promised weapons were never delivered, Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa ordered 500 of his men to raid the small border town of Columbus, N.M. On March 9, more than 100 of Villas men were killed during and after the raid, while 16 Americans died. President Woodrow Wilson called out the Army to pursue Villa. Four men, identified as Villistas, were executed by hanging, and at least one was pardoned, according to newspaper accounts. Mexican Gen. Francisco Pancho Villa, circa 1914.
Courtesy of LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, prints and photographs division, bain news service (LC-DIG-GGBAIN-15609)

1929
On July 3, a headless body was found in Arthur Manbys home in Taos. Was it Manby, one of the most hated land

speculators in northern New Mexicos history, or was it the body of a transient? Neighbors and local police formed a coroners jury and decided it was Manbys and that he had died of natural causes. An investigator for the New Mexico attorney general later determined foul play was involved, but no one wanted to spend the money for an investigation. Associates of Manbys reported seeing him in Europe months after his death. One of the Wests great unsolved mysteries, it became the subject of a book by Frank Waters.

100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

1937
FBI Special Agent Truett E. Rowe was shot and killed outside Gallup during the arrest of George Bud Osborne, an Oklahoma jail escapee who had stolen a car in Texas. Rowe, the only FBI agent killed in New Mexico, died on the way to the hospital.

1949
Ovida Cricket Coogler disappeared March 30 from downtown Las Cruces. Her body was found in a shallow grave, launching a series of events that changed New Mexico politics and

marked the first modern criminal prosecution under the federal civil rights laws. Football player Jerry Nuzum was charged and later acquitted. But three law enforcement officials, Doa Ana County Sheriff A.M. Happy Apodaca, Deputy Roy Sandman and State Police Chief Hubert Beasley, were convicted of torturing a black man to get a confession in the case. Each was sentenced to a year in federal prison. The state Supreme Court ordered a special grand jury and prosecutors to investigate the case and allegations of corruption. One investigator, former FBI agent Ed Mechem,

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A nightmare at the state pen


burned. The riot began at 2 a.m. Saturday with 17 guards to oversee almost 1,500 inmates. One group of inmates, after drinking home brew, overpowered four prison guards, took their keys and within five minutes seized the prisons control center, breaking bullet-resistant glass. Within 22 minutes, inmates controlled the entire prison and held guards hostage. The rampaging inmates began settling grudges, killing enemies and hunting down snitches in their cells. Most of the hostages were beaten or stabbed, but all survived. None ever returned to work at the prison. Two corrections officers and a medical technician hid throughout the riot. The prison was a shambles, much of it destroyed by fire. In the decade after the riot, New Mexico spent $127.5million building prisons statewide. Today, the state has a combination of state prisons and private prisons, with a classification system that determines who is housed where. Mike Gallagher Journal Staff Writer

n a clear, cold weekend in February 1980, New Mexico witnessed hell on a few acres south of Santa Fe. Politicians, prison officials, police and National Guardsmen stood watch as the nations second-deadliest prison riot ran its bloody course at the N.M. State Penitentiary from Saturday, Feb. 2, until Sunday, Feb. 3. Over the course of 36 hours, 33 inmates were murdered by their fellow convicts; 12 guards were taken hostage, with most being beaten or tortured; and the states main prison

bruce campbell/journal

National Guardsmen stand watch over the burning New Mexico State Penitentiary in February 1980, where 33 inmates were murdered during a riot.

was elected governor in 1952.

1967
Bud Rice, 54, and Blanche Brown, 81, were shot dead in the Budville Trading Post the night of Nov. 18. U.S. Navy sailor Larry Bunten, visiting family, was arrested the next night at a roadblock and charged with murder. Eighteen days later Bunten was released from jail after evidence became overwhelming that he was with family at the time of the shooting. Billy Ray White then became a suspect, was put on the FBIs Ten Most Wanted list and arrested in Illinois. A year later he was acquitted by a jury in Los Lunas.

authorities arrested the hijackers, Charles Hill, Ralph Goodwin and Michael Finney. Goodwin died in Cuba in 1973. Hill and Finney were released from a Cuban prison in 1980, but chose not to return to the United States to face murder and hijacking charges. Four members of the Vagos motorcycle gang were convicted in 1974 for the mutilation murder of University of New Mexico student William Velten. The four, Richard Greer, Ronald Keine, Clarence Smith and Thomas Gladish, spent 17 months on death row. Their case was in the appeals process when Kerry Rodney Lee, an informant for the Drug Enforcement Administration, confessed to the murder.

Mad Dog Pruett clerk in Mississippi and convenience store clerk Bobbie Jean Robertson of Fort Smith, Ark. Pruett received life sentences for four of the five murders and was executed for the murder of Robertson. William Wayne Gilbert committed a series of murders while operating as an informant for the Drug Enforcement Administration. He was convicted and sentenced to die for the murders of newlyweds Kenn and Noel Johnson. He also pleaded guilty to murdering his wife, Barbara McMullan. Police foiled Gilberts plans to escape, kidnap his attorneys and hold them hostage. Gilbert told police he also committed other murders but couldnt remember

details. His death sentence was commuted to life in prison in 1986 by Gov. Toney Anaya. Gilbert later escaped from the states maximum- GILBERT security prison near Santa Fe and was captured in California. He died from cancer while serving his sentence.

pleading guilty to charges including murder; Sliger pleaded guilty to rape and was sentenced to three years; Scartaccini testified against Zinn, received immunity from prosecution and later committed suicide. Dena Lynn Gore, 9, was kidnapped, raped and murdered by Terry Clark in July. Her body was found in a shallow grave five CLARK days after her disappearance on a remote ranch south of Roswell. Clark pleaded guilty to murder and was

1986
On Jan. 12, University of New Mexico student Linda Lee Daniels, 22, was kidnapped outside her fiances home. Daniels was taken to a hotel room, drugged and raped, and taken to the Jemez Mountains and killed. Law enforcement officials, operating under intense media pressure, arrested Johnny Zinn, Wallace Randolph Pierce, Sidney Sliger and James Scartaccini. Zinn, convicted of 19 charges, was sentenced to more than 100 years in prison; Pierce was sentenced to 66 years after

1970s
State Police Officer Robert Rosenbloom was shot and killed Nov. 8, 1971, during a traffic stop about eight miles west of Albuquerque on I-40. Three suspects eluded a manhunt for almost two weeks, then hijacked TWA flight 106 at Albuquerques International Airport and flew to Cuba. Cuban

Early 1980s
Pamela Sue Barker, alias Michelle Lynn Pearson, was bludgeoned to death in 1981 and her body set afire by her husband, federally protected witness Marion Albert Pruett. Mad Dog Pruett then killed two store clerks in Colorado, a savings and loan

Gore 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

110

sentenced to die. His legal appeals to have the death sentence overturned bounced up and down New Mexico courts. Clark was executed in 2001.

daughter, Valrie Teran, 2; and Amy Houser, 13. The men took cash from a safe and left. One of the survivors, a 12-yearold girl, managed to call police from an office phone. Despite national publicity, the case remains unsolved.

sentenced to 95 years in prison. Harrison was sentenced to two life terms plus 198 years, all to be served consecutively.

was incompetent to stand trial. The Hyde case is still the center of debate over laws requiring the mentally ill to take prescribed medication.

2005
On Aug. 16, in less than 24 hours, John Hyde shot and killed state Department of Transportation supervisor Ben Lopez, 54, at a DOT facility; Garrett Iversen, HYDE 22, and David Fisher, 17, at a motorcycle shop; and Albuquerque police officers Michael King, 50, and Richard Smith, 46, when they arrived at Hydes apartment to pick him up for a psych iatric evaluation. Hyde was sentenced to 178 years in a state mental hospital because a judge ruled he

2009
The infamous West Mesa murder case has become Albuquerques greatest mystery. On Feb. 2, a woman was walking her dog when she found a human leg bone on the mesa near 118th and Dennis Chavez SW. Police then began to excavate the area and eventually found the remains of 11 women, all of whom had gone missing between 2003 and 2005 after struggling with drug addiction and a shadowy lifestyle that sometimes included prostitution. Police say the womens deaths were the work of a serial killer, but as of late October 2011, officials had yet to name a suspect.

1996
These artist renderings are of suspects in the Las Cruces Bowl murders, committed in 1990 and never solved. Three employees of a Hollywood Video store Zachary Blacklock, 19; Jowanda Castillo, 18; and Mylinh Daothi, 30 were shot and killed during a botched robbery. Blacklocks grandparents, George and Pauline McDougall, who came upon the robbery while picking up their grandson, were kidnapped and shot execution style in the East Mountains. Shane Harrison, a prison inmate on early release, was convicted of killing the McDougalls and 17 other crimes, but a Las Cruces jury could not reach a decision on who

JEFF ALEXANDER/journal

1990
Two men entered the Las Cruces Bowl, a local bowling alley, and forced seven people to lie on the floor. They shot all seven, killing the bowling alley mechanic, Steve Teran, 26; his stepdaughter, Paula Holguin, 6; his

HARRISON

BECKLEY

killed the store employees. An accomplice, Esther Beckley, turned states evidence and was

Investigators dig at 118th and Dennis Chavez SW on the West Mesa in February 2009, where the remains of 11 women eventually were found.

Victims of the West Mesa Killer

pat vasquez-cunningham/journal

JAMIE BARELA

VICTORIA Monica Candelaria CHAVEZ

VIRGINIA CLOVEN

SYLLANIA EDWARDS

CINNAMON ELKS

DOREEN MARQUEZ

JULIE NIETO

VERONICA ROMERO

EVELYN SALAZAR

Michelle VALDEZ

100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

111

Well, gentlemen, I know Benedict. We have been friends for over 30 years. He may imbibe to excess, but Benedict drunk knows more law than all the others on the bench in New Mexico sober. I shall not disturb him.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, defending new mexico chief justice kirby benedict

LEGAL EVOLUTION
Still colorful, New Mexico courts have shed their Wild West image.
By Scott Sandlin Journal Staff Writer

ay what you will about the New Mexico judiciary and people have said a lot over the years it never lacked for colorful characters. Take Kirby Benedict, an early chief justice appointed by President Abraham Lincoln, with whom hed ridden circuit in Illinois. When Benedicts penchant for gambling, drinking and sparring with top military officials led to calls for his ouster, Lincoln offered this succinct response to the charges presented: Well, gentlemen, I know Benedict. We have been friends for over 30 years. He may imbibe to excess, but Benedict drunk knows more law than all the others on the bench in New Mexico sober. I shall not disturb him. With statehood came a constitution that created separate state and federal judicial systems. State judges were a lot more political because they had to run for office, says 13th Judicial District Judge John Pope of Los Lunas, a court history aficionado who has lectured on the topic. So you got some fairly colorful judges in the state courts who took their jurisdiction very seriously, you might say. The first decade of the

Former Sen. Albert B. Fall, left, engineered the loss of financial backing for Carl Magee, right, then an editor of the Albuquerque Journal, after his series of exposs angered the Republican Party. Magee was later convicted of libel.

the associated press (left); courtesy of center for southwest research, carl c. magee pictorial collection (pict 000284-0001), university libraries, university of new mexico

three-person New Mexico Supreme Court, from 1912 to 1922, was dominated by conservative Republicans. The constitution set up a corporation commission with power to set rates in the public interest, but allowed review by the business-friendly Supreme Court, according to author Susan Roberts. By 1929, the court had expanded to five justices, three Republicans and two Democrats, but the follow-

ing year the bench was controlled by Democrats, and has remained so since. The intertwining of partisan politics and the courts, and tensions with the media, are encapsulated in a colorful episode that involved all three. In 1923, Carl Magee, then an editor of the Albuquerque Journal, angered the Republican Party with exposs of the Republican manipulation of the land office. Former Sen. Albert

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d
Fall, then U.S. secretary of the Interior, engineered the loss of financial backing for Magee, who soon ended up as editor of the New Mexico State Tribune, launching his editorial attacks. An editorial about the handling of Supreme Court funds landed him in court on charges of criminal libel. He was convicted. When the Democratic governor granted him a pardon, the Fourth Judicial District sought to have his defense attorney disbarred for professional misconduct. Current Supreme Court Chief Justice Charles Daniels, who follows the colorful character tradition with an avocation as a race car driver, says the modern courts move to having separate judges to try cases and hear appeals increased the confidence of people they were going to get a fair appeal. The New Mexico Court of Appeals was created in the 1960s as an intermediate court. Appeals of capital cases, including all first-degree murder cases, go directly to the Supreme Court. A protracted battle over the death penalty ended in 2009, when the governor signed a bill making New Mexico one of 15 states to abolish it. Daniels notes much of New Mexico law originated with Missouri statutes that happened to be in an Army privates saddlebags when the Kearny Code was written in 1846, after the U.S. forces took over what had been Mexican territory. New Mexico law also incorporates legal concepts from the Spanish and Mexican legal systems, notably the concepts of community property and the idea of water rights by appropriation to beneficial use both in striking contrast to the English system, as one legal historian observed. New Mexicos Constitution guaranteed civil, political and religious rights to the Hispanic population by incorporating principles in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The result, wrote the late political scientist Dorothy I. Cline in New Mexicos 1910 Constitution: A 19th Century Product, was unique among the American states, and the extraordinary rights embedded in the document made a deep imprint on the politics of New Mexico far into the future. The gap between state and federal jurisprudence has widened, providing broader protection of individual rights under state law, especially with regard to search and seizure. New Mexico is also viewed as more generous to the rights of consumers and the plaintiffs bar. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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Tourist favorites
Balloon Fiesta
At the first Albuquerque Balloon Fiesta on April 8, 1972, 20,000 people watched 13 hot-air balloons take to the sky. Forty years later, more than 500 balloons soar every October, including special shapes and gas balloons, bringing hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the globe. The Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta calls itself the mostphotographed event in the world. In May 2011, Balloon Fiesta co-founder Sid Cutter died at age 77. Cutter founded the Balloon Fiesta with former state Sen. Tom Rutherford after Rutherford, who then worked for KOB radio, asked him to help organize a grand 50th anniversary party for the station. Cutter suggested a balloon race and the Balloon Fiesta was launched. It took Tom McConnell, a retired pathologist and member of the Balloon Fiesta board, just a few days to get hooked on balloons. When he attended his first Balloon Fiesta in 1973, he planned to spend his days taking photos. After helping on balloon crews, he was sold. OK, this is it, he told himself. This is my aviation fix. Its a lot cheaper than buying an airplane. The Balloon Fiesta has thrived due to a tight community and ideal weather, including predictable wind patterns called the Albuquerque Box. In 2011, balloons from 42 states and 21 countries participated in the event.

New Mexicos natural beauty, as well as its rich culture and quirky attractions, have been drawing tourists for years.
By Amanda Schoenberg Journal Staff Writer

enchanting
In the mid-1900s, we had the heyday of historic Route 66, Green says. Now were paving the way for space travel. Until the 1880s, railroad travel was king. The birth of modern tourism came in 1926, when the federal government funded a uniform road network, says Mike Pitel, a tourism historian who worked at the New Mexico Tourism Department from 19771999. People wanted to drive, Pitel says. That gave them more freedom. They could stay for days. They werent bound by the train schedule. It was all about the adventure of traveling west. While most visitors traveled to Taos, Santa Fe and Albuquerque, they also could access far-flung parts of the state. In Fort Sumner, a 1926 book about Billy the Kid immediately brought tourists to the town in search of his grave,

ew Mexicos dramatic beauty from mountain peaks and desert landscapes to watermelon-hued sunsets combined with its rich cultural history, have made tourism big business in the past 100 years. In 2009, tourism was the states largest private employer, generating $6billion and bringing in 6.1million overnight visitors, according to the New Mexico Tourism Department. From the Santa Fe and El Camino trails to the railroad and the rise in car culture, New Mexico tourism has always been linked to transportation, says Dr. Janet Green, the director of the School of Hotel, Restaurant and Tourism Management at New Mexico State University and a former secretary of tourism.

Pitel says. Starting in the 1920s, companies also shuttled visitors to Indian pueblos near tourist centers. New Mexico became an international attraction with tourists fascinated by the Old West and native culture. Route 66 was particularly popular with European tourists, especially Germans, says Green. In 1934 the state tourism bureau was created. By the late 1970s, the Albuquerque and Santa Fe Convention and Visitor Bureaus had been formed. When tourists explain what draws them to New Mexico, scenic beauty is No. 1 on the list, says Sharon Schultz, the CEO of the Tourism Association of New Mexico.

I think it is the wide-open spaces and the blue sky that

Bandelier National Monument


History unfolds from above at Bandelier National Monument, 30 minutes from Los Alamos, where the 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

people are always shocked by, she says.

114

Happy Birthday Feliz Cumpleaos


19122012

New Mexico!
1305 San Pedro NE Albuquerque, NM 87110

505.265.7555

NMPropertyTax@aol.com
T h e M o s t Q u a l i f i e d P r o p e r t y Ta x P r o f e s s i o n a l s

"As a lifelong resident of New Mexico, it is truly the Land of Enchantment."

Tim Eichenberg

ancestral Pueblo people made their homes from about A.D. 1150 to 1550. On the main trail, visitors walk alongside sheer cliff walls where residents made homes in multistoried cliff dwellings. They can climb ladders to peek in the rooms, called cavetes. The park has 70 miles of trails and about 3,000 archaeological sites.

Carlsbad Caverns
Hundreds of feet below ground, visitors to Carlsbad Caverns National Park in southeastern New Mexico get a close-up view of weird and wonderful cave formations in some of the parks 117 known limestone caves. Each year about 450,000 people visit the park, says management assistant Paula Bauer. Tours are available on several routes in Carlsbad Cavern, as well as a flashlight tour of Slaughter Canyon and crawling tour of Spider Cave. About 450,000 bats live in the caves. From midMay to mid-October, the park celebrates their return with bat flight programs. Carlsbad Caverns rose to fame after Ray V. Davis took the first photographs of the caves between 1915 and 1918.

National Historic Park have a remarkable window into 300 years of thriving Chacoan culture. One popular site is a massive great house, Pueblo Bonito, built between A.D. 850 and 1150 and once home to 600 rooms with four or five stories, which visitors can see on a trail through the stone structure. Visitors can spend days investigating other great houses, small villages, kivas and petroglyphs. Chaco was made a national monument in 1907. Chaco was made a national park in 1980 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. About 40,000 people visit every year.

tourists can visit trading posts to purchase rugs and learn about the Two Grey Hills weaving tradition. Since 1922, Gallup has hosted the Annual InterTribal Indian Ceremonial, which brings people from all over the world for tribal ceremonial dances, a powwow, arts and crafts, Indian rodeos and a ceremonial queen contest.

Roswell UFO Festival


andy stiny/journal

Pueblo culture is an important part of New Mexicos history and attracts thousands of visitors each year. Here a dancer performs at the Taos Pueblo Pow-Wow.

Gila Wilderness
In the 3.3million acres of the Gila National Forest, visitors experience the rugged wilderness that thrilled naturalist Aldo Leopold nearly 100 years ago. The forest includes three wilderness areas the Blue Range, Aldo Leopold and Gila Wilderness. The Gila Wilderness was the first wilderness area in the United States. Camping, fishing and walking the Catwalk National Recreation Trail, where visitors climb catwalks and suspension bridges along an 1890s pipeline, are popular attractions. The Gila ranges from low river valleys to dramatic mountains and deserts, much of it offlimits to cars. Visitors feel like they are getting back to the way the West used to be, says forest supervisor Kelly Russell. The area also includes

Cumbres & Toltec


In northern New Mexico, visitors hit the rails in style on the Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad. Nine steam locomotives take people on all or part of a winding 64-mile route between Chama and Antonito, Colo. The railroad was built in 1880 to serve the silver-mining industry. As service dwindled, the Rio Grande company abandoned the route in 1969. In 1970, Colorado and New Mexico bought the line and started serving passengers the next year. Chama is also known for rafting, kayaking, hiking and climbing and some of the best flyfishing in the state.

Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, where the Mogollon people lived from the 1270s to early 1300s. In Silver City, two hours south, visitors can learn about mining history and check out charming Victorian homes and a lively art scene.

From July 1-4, 8,000 to 10,000 visitors don alien attire and head to the Roswell UFO Festival, which kicked off in 1995. For three days, UFO skeptics and believers relive Roswells 1947 claim to fame when an unknown object crashed north of town. The Roswell Army Air Field called it a flying disc, but then changed its statement. More than 60 years later, the controversy continues.

Native culture
For many tourists, a visit to one or more of New Mexicos 19 Indian pueblos and the Navajo Nation is a not-to-bemissed experience. Many visit pueblos on Feast Days, which often are open to the public. Some pueblos such as Taos and Acoma offer guided tours. Navajoland, or Din Bikeyah, extends for 27,000 square miles in Arizona, Utah and New Mexico. In northwest New Mexico, Gallup and Farmington mark the outer edges of the reservation. In Newcomb,

Santa Fe
Santa Fe has long been the City Different a small city with a big presence on the international art scene. In the early 20th century a migration of artists kicked off the citys art movement and breathed life into native art, says Steve Lewis, a spokesman for the Santa Fe Convention and Visitors Bureau. The City Different slogan stuck when the local chamber of commerce used the name in 1912 as part of a master plan to encourage pueblostyle architecture, ban billboards and move 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

Chaco Culture National Historic Park


At the end of a dirt road in a remote spot in northwest New Mexico, visitors to Chaco Culture

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manufacturing away from downtown. Santa Fe is home to the New Mexico Museum of Art, built in 1917 in the Pueblo Revival style. The city also hosts worldfamous art markets, including the Santa Fe Indian Market, which started in 1922, and Spanish Market, which started in 1951. In addition to galleries and museums, visitors flock to Santa Fe to dine and shop near the Plaza and visit the famed Santa Fe Opera.

of the popular television game show. The area is hoping for an economic boost from Spaceport America, a commercial spaceport under construction 31 miles south of Truth or Consequences. Nearby Elephant Butte Lake State Park, the largest state park in New Mexico, is a popular destination for boating, fishing and camping. More than 1million people visit each year, according to the park.

White Sands
Nearly half amillion people a year visit the gypsum dunes of White Sands National Monument, says Becky Wiles, the chief of interpretation at the monument. The monument is part of the largest dune field in the world and shares the land with a major military installation, White Sands Missile Range. Sledding is by far the most popular activity, she says. Other options include camping, sunset strolls and tours of Lake Lucero, where the sand is created. The dunes are particularly striking as the sun sets and the moon rises, Wiles says. About 100 miles north, atomic history buffs head to the Trinity Site at White Sands Missile Range, where the first atomic bomb exploded on July 16, 1945. The site is open to visitors on the first Saturdays of April and October.

katharine kimball/journal

After years of not allowing snowboarding, Taos Ski Valley has opened its slopes to the sport that is becoming more popular every winter. top. Almost immediately, the tram became a yearround tourist attraction, Abruzzo says. It took about two years to get financing in place and another two years to build it. As it turned out, the financing became very challenging, Abruzzo says. They had to practically hock their children to get it done. But somehow they pulled it off. Looking back, it was almost miraculous. of Taos. The first commercial skiing was available at what is now Sandia Peak, which opened a ski lift in 1937, Abruzzo says. Taos Ski Valley, started by Ernie Blake in 1955, was one of the first to promote skiing outside the state. In 2008, it was also one of the last major ski resorts to lift a ban on snowboarding. In 2010, nearly 692,000 skiers visited New Mexico, generating a $386million economic impact. About 65 percent of ski visitors come from outside New Mexico, most from Texas, Brooks says. off a salon movement and bringing writers, artists and intellectuals like Georgia OKeeffe and D.H. Lawrence. The scenic beauty, cultural diversity and isolation have always been major draws for creative types, Connolly says. Taos is also known for a counterculture history, including communes like the New Buffalo made famous by the 1969 film Easy Rider. Sustainable homes, called Earthships, still draw visitors. Visitors can also tour Taos Pueblos multistoried adobe buildings. About 150 people live in the traditional pueblo, which has no electricity or running water. Taos Pueblo, continuously inhabited for more than 1,000 years, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and National Historic Landmark.

Sandia Peak Tramway


For spectacular views of Albuquerque, especially as the sun sets over the West Mesa, visitors head straight to the Sandia Peak Tramway. The tram, one of the citys most popular attractions, carries visitors up a 2.7-mile, 4,000-foot ascent in 15 minutes. At the top, people can explore more than 26 miles of trails or visit the Sandia Peak Ski Area. The tram opened in 1966 after co-owner Robert Nordhaus visited European ski areas and rode their trams. He came back and told business partner Ben Abruzzo, Weve got to do this, says Abruzzos son, Louis Abruzzo, president and chairman of the Sandia Peak Tram Co. At the time, the road to Sandia Peak was difficult to pass in winter, making the tram an inspired way to bring ski visitors to the

Ski areas
New Mexico has hit its stride as a ski destination, in part due to its dry, fluffy powder, sunshine and family-friendly ski culture. You go to Taos Ski Valley and the owner might be driving the shuttle, says George Brooks, the executive director of Ski New Mexico. Many towns capitalize on their slopes, including Red River and Angel Fire, which also boast crosscountry ski trails. Other ski areas include Pajarito Mountain near Los Alamos, Sandia Peak outside Albuquerque, Ski Santa Fe, Ski Apache near Ruidoso and Sipapu Ski Resort, 20 miles southeast

Taos
Taos leads many lives, as an artistic center, a gateway to Taos Pueblo and starting point for rafting and skiing. That mix brings 1.2million people to the area each year, says Cathy Ann Connolly, the director of tourism and public relations for Taos. Taos artistic roots run deep. In 1915, the Taos Society of Artists was formed by a group of international artists who helped market the town. In 1917, Mabel Dodge Luhan arrived, kicking

Truth or Consequences
Two hours south of Albuquerque, visitors soak up the hot springs in offbeat Truth or Consequences. Town residents voted to change the name, once Hot Springs, in 1950 in honor 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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www.newmexico.org

Alamogordo

Centennial Celebration 2012


...just one of the "Secrets of Southeastern New Mexico

Alamogordo, a thriving city of over 34,000 residents, has been transformed from a railroad, ranching and farming hamlet into a progressive vibrant community. Developed in 1898 as a rail junction with nearby mountain lumber railroad, todays City presents a diverse economic base in a progressive community committed to continuing economic development. Industries leading in employment include: educational, health and social services; retail trade; and public administration. In an area rich in local New Mexico history and natural beauty, tourism contributes greatly to the economy of the area. Alamogordo is the commercial and governmental center for the county. The City is also adjacent to Holloman Air Force Base, home of the 46th Test Group, allied fighter pilot training missions and 48th Rescue. The City is ideally located with welldeveloped transportation and utility infrastructures, tax incentives, available workforce, prime commercial sites and existing buildings, a rich quality of life and a community with a welcoming pro-business attitude. Tourism Alamogordo has mild high desert climate; natural beauty all around; stunning one-of-a-kind geological formations and friendly welcoming residents. White Sands National Monument enchants you with mysterious iridescent white ever-changing dunes. Tourists relax and experience area attractions: Tularosa Basin Historical Museum; Oliver Lee Memorial State Park; the New Mexico Museum of Space History and IMAX Theater; Old Town Alamogordo, Lincoln National Forest; Kids Kingdom; the Alameda Park Zoo; the Toy Train Depot; and the Flickinger Center for the Performing Arts. Recreations & Things to Do 480 acres of City parks and recreation areas are available. The Family Recreation Center offers aquatics, gymnasium, multi-purpose room, youth activities and a weight room. The Senior Center, Civic Center, and community parks provide recreational opportunities. Desert Lakes Golf Course, has a newer $2.3M clubhouse facility, and an 18-hole championship course. North of Alamogordo are Eagle Ranch Pistachio Groves, Heart of the Desert Winery, Pistachio Tree Ranch, McGinns Country Store, Arena Blanca Winery and the Tularosa Vineyards. The Griggs Sports Complex has the Aquarium Field, home of White Sands Pupfish, a Pecos League of Professional Baseball Clubs team. The Pecos League plays from May to August. North above Tularosa on Highway 54 is the White Sands Speedway & Tulie Motocross for stock car races and motocross. Nearby public lands are available for hunting large game, including elk and deer. Alamogordo has it all! Events Annual events include the White Sands Balloon Invitational, Cottonwood Arts and Crafts Festival, Otero County Fair & Rodeo, Trinity Site tours, Summer Tailgate Concerts, Desert Light Film Festival, Holiday Hang Gliding Fly-Ins, Amistad Border (R/C) Fly-In, Earth Day, Thunder in the Desert Model Rocket Launch and more. The TBHS Centennial Celebration 2012 Calendar info: HYPERLINK "http://alamogordo2012.weebly.com/" http://alamogordo2012.weebly.com/ Directions to Alamogordo Alamogordo is easily found by anyone traveling thru on Highways 54, 70, and U.S. 82. Alamogordo can be reached by traveling 58 miles south of Carrizozo on Highway 54 off of Highway 380. It is 46 miles southwest of Ruidoso coming from Roswell, on Highway 70, and 110 miles west of Artesia, going through Cloudcroft on Highway U.S. 82. Alamogordo, Cloudcroft, Ruidoso, Roswell, Artesia, and Carlsbad are known as the many-faceted jewels of the Secrets of Southeastern New Mexico. For more info call or stop by the Aubrey Dunn, Sr. Visitors Center, 7 days a week. at 1301 N. White Sands Blvd. (800) 826-0294 or visit

www.alamogordo.com

a culture of creativity
The arts in New Mexico are part of the very fabric of the landscape and an important economic factor.
By David Steinberg Journal Staff Writer

hen it comes to the arts, New Mexico lives up to its motto: Crescit Eundo, or It grows as it goes. Practically every day of the year, you can see or hear the fruits of creativity. The works artists produce are in studios, art galleries, museums and arts-and-crafts festivals. They range from Georgia OKeeffes American Modernist paintings to Maria Martinezs San Ildefonso pottery and Luis Jimenezs colorful statues. Musicians play everything from rock, country, blues, folk and salsa to world, jazz, classical and opera. Theyre heard in clubs, halls, schools, churches, parks, plazas, stores and restaurants. And New Mexico is well represented in every genre of the literary arts. Authors and poets discuss their writings in bookstores; programs at the states universities continue to groom artists, musicians, actors and writers. In sum, New Mexico has a cultural landscape of which to be proud. Russ Mitchell, a senior research economist at the Bureau of Business Research at the University of New Mexico, cites a statewide Americans for the Arts study that

said Santa Fe is fourth nationally in the value of sales of art at galleries, Albuquerque is 22nd and Taos 55th. The same study ranked New Mexico fifth among all states in the statewide sales from galleries. The information in that study, Mitchell says, is based on the 2007 economic census generated by the U.S. Census Bureau. A 2007 Bureau of Business and Economic Research report says the arts in Albuquerque and Bernalillo County pump $1.2billion annually into the economy, and half of those revenues come from outside the county. That translates to about 19,500 jobs, or 6percent of all jobs in the county, says Christopher Mead, a UNM Regents professor who oversaw the production of the report. And that report was issued before the film industry blossomed, Mead says. A 2004 Bureau of Business and Economic Research report notes that art and culture industries in Santa Fe County generated more than $1billion in 2002 and employed 12,500 workers. Whats significant about that report is that more than 50percent of the revenues come from outside the state and 78percent are from outside the county, Mitchell says.

courtesy of georgia okeeffe museum

By David Steinberg Journal Staff Writer

for artists
City hosted the so-called Armory Exhibition of modern art, including work by Paul Burlin, who settled in Santa Fe. Burlin was for a number of years the go-to guy for Modernist ideas in New Mexico, says Andrew Connors, the curator of art at the Albuquerque Museum. The mid-20th century saw a host of other artists who found an inspiration here. Among them was Raymond Jonson, a co-founder of the Transcendental Painting Group. Jonson left Santa Fe for Albuquerque in search of a more welcoming artistic environment. He became a professor at the University of New Mexico, where he established a gallery and museum dedicated to Modernist art, according

A mecca

Georgia OKeeffe photographed by her husband, Alfred Stieglitz, in 1929, and her painting Series I, No. 3, 1918.

f a single name represents fine art in New Mexico in the 20th century, it would be Georgia OKeeffe. OKeeffe, a major figure in modern American art, visited New Mexico for 20 years before permanently moving to Abiqui from New York in 1949. She died in 1986. The New Mexico landscape, including the sky and flowers, inspired many of her paintings. Her artistic legacy is so great that a museum is named for her in Santa Fe the only museum in the world dedicated solely to the works of an American woman artist. Even before OKeeffe first visited New Mexico in the late 1920s, artists from the East and Midwest came to the state. The year after statehood, New York

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www.alamogordo.com

Alamogordo
Weekly Events for 2012 Celebrations
For more Centennial Events info: http://alamogordo2012.weebly.com/
April 2012 Musical about Elizabeth Garrett (blind daughter of Sheriff Pat Garrett who became a well-educated musician) New Mexico School for the Blind and Visually Impaired May 2012 May 26-27: Hang Glider Fly-in Rio Grande Soaring Association June 2012 June 4: White Sands National Monument Full Moon Night and Concert June 29,30 and July 30: Ballet of the Lady of White Sands Alamogordo Music Theater July 2012 July 4: Centennial Fireworks NM Museum of Space History and City of Alamogordo August 2012 August 3: Native Plant Society Convention Otero County Native Plant Society August 12: Otero County Fair Parade Otero Couty Fair: Otero County Fairgrounds

Centennial Celebration

www.newmexico.org

1-575-434-4438
Various Event Locations January 2012 January 6: Raising the 47 Star Flag: Ceremony to Celebrate our Statehood Tularosa Basin Historical Society February 2012 The Struggle for Statehood: series of lectures by Dr.David Townsend New Mexico State University Alamogordo Community Education class March 2012 March 30: Regional Square Dance Competition Alamogordo Squares
State Street Ballet Jungle Book Sunday, 6 Nov, 2011 2pm The Jungle Book has been choreographed by the ballets artistic director,Rodney Gustafson.He worked with choreographer and ballet master Gary McKenzie to an original score by Czech composer and conductor Milan Svoboda,who flew in from the Czech Republic for the event.The sets were designed by Jean-Franois Revon, the costumes by Christina Giannini and the lighting by Mark Somerfield.This dazzlingly talented team is like a guarantee of pleasure. Bettman/Halpin Friday, 20 Jan, 2012 7:30 We are Stephanie Bettman and Luke Halpin,and together we create uplifting original folk/bluegrass/Americana music.Our songs range from up tempo bluegrass to groovy jazzy acoustic pop to heart wrenching ballads with a focus on memorable lyrics, stunning musicianship,and beautiful vocal harmonies. Official Blues Brothers Revue Tuesday, 24 Jan, 2012 7:30 The only Blues Brothers show indorsed by Dan Akroyd and the Belushi Estate MUCH more than a cover band - this version of the Blues Bothers has a storied past that spans decades and has seen their show grow from small pubs to audiences as large as 55,000 people. Sons of the Pioneers & the Valentines Day Chocolate Buffet Tuesday, 14 Feb, 2012 Buffet open at 6pm Sons of the Pioneers at 7:30 The Pioneers were different right from the start. While some screen stars sang traditional sweetheart songs the Pioneers actually sang about the West.The Pioneers' songs painted unforgettable images and stories of horses,cattle, cowboys,night herds, tall timber,cool water,canyons and prairies. Andy Gross Friday, 2 Mar, 2012 7:30 Andy Gross is one of the hottest stand up comic,magician and ventriloquist working today as evidenced by his sold out shows and devoted following.

September 2012 September 1-3: Cottonwood Festival September 16-17: White Sands Hot Air Balloon Invitational September 16-17: Tularosa Basin Wine and Music Festival September 24-29: Tour of Oro Grande Mines Noon Lions Club October 2012 October 27: Tour (on WSMR) to Eugene Manlove Rhodes' gravesite NMSUA Community Education November 2012 November 2-3: Line Dancers Regional Jamboree Dog Canyon Line Dancers

November 10, 2012 The New Trial of.............. Albert Bacon Fall Otero County Bar Association

Flickinger Center for the Performing Arts ~ Centennial Permier Series


Arlo Guthrie Sunday, 1 Apr, 2012 2pm Arlo Guthrie was born with a guitar in one hand and a harmonica in the other, in Coney Island,Brooklyn,New York in 1947. BYU International Folk Dance Ensemble Tuesday, 1 May, 2012 7:30 The BYU International Folk Dance Ensemble (IFDE) offers one of the broadest s pectrums of folk dance performed by a single group of its kind. Its extensive repertoire includes music and dance from North America,Western and Eastern Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Santa Fe Opera Apprentices Friday, 4 May, 2012 7:30 Flickinger, General Seating $0 (free) Our apprentice programs provide advanced training for some of America's most talented and dedicated young opera singers and theater technicians. US Army Field Band Jazz Ambassadors Spring 2012, Date TBD Flickinger, General Seating $0 (free) The Jazz AmbassadorsAmerica's Big Band is the official touring big band of the United States Army.This 19-member ensemble, formed in 1969, has received great acclaim both at home and abroad performing America's original art form, jazz. Speaker Series Dr. Richard Melzer Friday, 23 Mar, 2012 7pm Flickinger, General Seating $0 (free) New Mexico author and historian Professor of history at UNM-Valencia Campus and author of several books. His latest book is titled, "Buried Treasures: Famous and Unusual Gravesites in New Mexico History." New Mexico Chautauqua Program: Mary Mortensen Diecker Funny but True Stories of New Mexico Friday, Jan 31, 2012 7pm $0 (free) Its fun-Laugh a little and learn a lot about our beautiful state. Its history-Its good guys, bad guys, ladies and thosenot soladies, its New Mexico. Its the state stuff (state cookie, fossil, song, burrerfly, bird) and so much more. Its people, places and things of the Land of Enchantment!

Ron Grimes as: Pat Garrett

(Complimentary Special Event) New Mexico Chautauqua Program February 10th, at 7pm, Ron Grimes as Pat Garrett Although best remembered as the sheriff who shot the Southwests most infamous outlaw, Billy the Kid, Pat Garrett left an enduring legacy in New Mexico and West Texas history. Irrigation planner for the Pecos Valley, US Customs Collector in El Paso, dogged pursuer of the killers of Albert Jennings Fountain and his young son, and victim of a mysterious killing near Las Cruces, Garrett remains a colorful yet enigmatic character of New Mexicos past.

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www.nmcentennial.org

Taos births a movement


By Adrian Gomez Journal Staff Writer

ix artists. One isolated mountainous town with incredible sunsets and a large Native American population. Combine these, and New Mexicos most significant artist society was born. On July 15, 1915, the Taos Society of Artists was formed as a sales cooperative by Bert Geer Phillips, Ernest L. Blumenschein, Joseph Henry Sharp, Oscar E. Berninghaus, E. Irving Couse and W. Herbert Dunton. Behind the vision of its six founders, the society put Taos on the map as an artists community. Only six professional artists were working in Taos, but the summer of 1917 there was a presence of 14 artists in town, says Virginia Couse Leavitt. By the next summer, following the TSAs first national tour, the count had jumped to 26 and the numbers continued to increase. Couse Leavitt, the granddaughter of E. Irving Couse, says the founders moved to Taos because the area represented an American appeal. All of the TSA artists were passionate about the Southwestern subjects they were painting. American artists of the period were searching for a truly American art (as opposed to paintings that looked like French art), she says. The Taos painters believed the landscape of the Southwest and its Native American people were unmistakably American and were therefore the key to this search. Couse Leavitt says each artist managed to retain his own individual style and one seldom hears about

Clinton Adams, renowned lithographer and painter, and a painting of his from a suite of six called White Square Series. to Connors. A few other artists of note: Wilson Hurley, an icon of American landscape painting, was known for his grand panoramic images of the Sandia Mountains. Glenna Goodacre, a Santa Fe resident who has created bronze sculptures as well as the Vietnam Womens Memorial and the image on the Sacagawea dollar coin. R.C. Gorman, a Navajo artist known for his drawings and paintings of robed Navajo women. Patrocinio Barela. A Taos santero and sculptor, he participated in the WPA Federal Art Project. That led to his work being exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art. Eliot Porter. A friend of OKeeffes, he was known for his nature photographs. Peter Hurd. A Roswell native, his work hangs in the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C. But he is primarily known for his paintings of the village of San Patricio. Henriette Wyeth. Known for her portraits and still life, shes considered one of the great American female painters of the 20th century. She was married to Hurd. Reynaldo Sonny Rivera. He is famous for his realistic bronze sculptures that grace Downtown Albuquerque, the Albuquerque Museum and the entrance to Carreta de la Muerta (Death Cart) by Patrocinio Barela on display at the Harwood Museum in Taos.
jeff geissler/journal

dean hanson/journal

Fisherman in a Stream by W. Herbert Dunton reflects the camping and fishing trips that the members of the Taos Society of Artists took together. them painting together unless combined with a camping or fishing trip. She says they had to provide their own entertainment, so they held costume parties and musicals or went camping and fishing. They were involved in the life of the community and contributed paintings to local fundraisers, she says. As is true with any group of artists where egos are involved, the TSA members had their share of spats, but these controversies are often blown out of proportion. The truth is that through thick and thin their friendships survived. Couse Leavitt says the societys early leadership was strong and dedicated. She says her grandfather, Berninghaus and Phillips guided the society through its first five years and that the early exhibitions were met with great success.

Museum Hill in Santa Fe. Clinton Adams. A lithographer and painter, he facilitated the move of the Tamarind Institute of Lithography from Los Angeles to UNM. Agnes Martin. A Minimalist painter, she, like OKeeffe, had a reputation as a recluse. Judy Chicago. A Belen resident, she is a prominent feminist artist. One of her most famous works is the installation The Dinner Party.

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100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

cabq.gov/museum

albuquerquemuseum.org

artifactsabstracts&architecture

Youll include it in your will. As a beneficiary.

Hoaracio Valdez, La Carreta Y La Muerte, 1975. Cottonwood. Museum Purchase, 1977.86.1.a Elaine de Kooning, 1918 1998. Juarez, 1959. Oil on canvas. Museum purchase, 2005 General Obligation Bonds. Museum photo courtesy of Kirk Gittings.

As one of the premier cultural destinations in the Southwest, The Albuquerque Museum of Art and History offers everything youd expect to find, and so much more. From New Mexicos notable artists to worldclass exhibitions, Route 66 memorabilia to a sculpture garden, every visit provides an opportunity to discover something new about the world around you. Discover yourself here.

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sacred realms
By Aurelio Sanchez Journal Staff Writer

he Native American worldview can be compared to a pottery bowl the bottom of the bowl is the Earth, the top the heavens. Taking the comparison a little further, anthropologist Bruce Bernstein during a lecture at the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture in Santa Fe said pottery is made of the same substances used to create man earth and water. If you take and accept these fertile ideas of what is needed to make a pot, then what a sacred activity it becomes, he said. New Mexico has also been a leader in producing Native American jewelry, aided by the availability of turquoise, a mineral plentiful in New Mexico and the Southwest. Rugs and other textile weavings by Navajos have become recognized as major art forms in New Mexico. Kachina was the most widespread religion practiced by the pueblos before the Spaniards arrived; the Hopi and Zuni tribes still carve kachina dolls, their function mainly to acquaint children with the kachina practices. Native American art can be found in many major categories in world art collections; the contributions include pottery, paintings, jewelry, weavings, sculptures,

ray cary/journal

Maria Martinez of San Ildefonso resurrected old-style polished jet-black pueblo pottery. basketry and carvings. Though Native American artists in New Mexico have a rich artistic heritage, its the revered native pot around which all other native artwork revolves. Famed potter Maria Martinez of San Ildefonso Pueblo, who died in 1980, painter Pablita Velarde of Santa Clara Pueblo (1918-2006) and more recently Robert Tenorio, a Kewa Pueblo potter,

are artists who overcame obstacles from inside and outside their worlds when staking out new artistic realms for Native Americans. Martinez resurrected old-style polished jet-black pueblo pottery and then passed on the skills to family, tribal members and others. Velarde, one of New Mexicos best-known painters and authors, broke new ground by becoming involved in the New Deal WPA Arts program, while Tenorio, one of the states current foremost potters, was once described as a teacher of the craft to the outside world. When the Santa Fe Indian Market was founded in 1922, Kewa Pueblo tribal leaders forbade participation; Monica Silva was the only woman to go for many years, Bernstein says. Born in Santa Clara Pueblo, Silva later popularized blackware and redware at Kewa Pueblo. Today, there is a generosity about the pueblo world, where you can go out on a dance day to see their ideas and their world in practice, and you can hold and take it home with a work of beautiful pottery, says Bernstein, who also is the executive director of the Southwestern Association for Indian Arts, the sponsoring organization of Santa Fe Indian Market. The market, held annually in August, has become the premier native arts show in the world. It hosts more than 1,100 artists from 100 tribes.

A century of literature
By David Steinberg Journal Staff Writer

A pot by Hopi artist Jacob Koopee.


adolphe pierre-louis/ journal

rom mysteries set on the sprawling Navajo Reservation to coming-of-age novels, Westerns and science fiction stories, literary works by dozens of writers have been created in New Mexico during the past 100 years. Here are just some of New Mexicos top authors since statehood: Rudolfo Anaya. Considered the dean of Chicano writers, he is widely known for his coming-of-age novel Bless Me Ultima. He has also written mysteries and other fiction, plays, essays and books for children. Fray Anglico Chvez (1910-1996). Poet, historian, painter and Franciscan priest, mark holm/journal he wrote My Penitente Land: Reflections on Rudolfo Anaya, Spanish New Mexico. considered the He tried to counter the dean of Chicano anti-Hispanic views in writers, in 1999. Willa Cathers novel Death Comes for the Archbishop. Tony Hillerman (1925-2008). He wrote a series of best-selling mysteries set on the Navajo reservation. His understanding of Navajo rituals won praise from tribal members. Paul Horgan (1903courtesy of harpercollins 1995). Two of his books won a Pulitzer Prize Tony Hillerman for History Great is renowned for River: The Rio Grande his mysteries set in North American on the Navajo History in 1955 and reservation. Lamy of Santa Fe in 1976. N. Scott Momaday. Of Kiowa-Cherokee descent. His novel House Made of Dawn won the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. John Nichols. He wrote the popular novel The Milagro Beanfield War, later made into a movie. Simon J. Ortiz of Acoma Pueblo is a writer of short stories, essays and award-winning poetry. Max Evans. His best-known Western is The Rounders. Leslie Marmon Silko. From Laguna Pueblo, she is known for her 1977 novel Ceremony. One critic says shes a Native American literary master. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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Art of faith and devotion


By Aurelio Sanchez Journal Staff Writer

rom a culturally diverse and often violent clash of worlds came Hispanic art in New Mexico that is richly evocative and deeply spiritual. Artists since the Spanish Colonial period have created images of saints to help them survive and prosper. In the past century, several organizations and museums formed to help this unique and beautiful art form to not only survive, but also to flourish. Albuquerque santeros Ray de Aragon and his wife, Rosa Maria Calles, say the images had a specific purpose in Spanish Colonial days for both Spanish colonists and Native American converts to Christianity. They were to remind people to come closer to God, de Aragon says. Reminders come today in the preservation and exhibition of Spanish Colonial art collections, in part by the Spanish Colonial Arts Society, founded in Santa Fe in 1925

by writer Mary Austin and artist and writer Frank G. Applegate. Opened in 2002, the Museum of Spanish Colonial Art in Santa Fe has a collection of more than 3,000 objects, including santos (sculpted and painted images of saints), tin, silver and gold work, ceramics, textiles and more, reflecting influences as far away as Spain, Latin America and even Asia. The Spanish Colonial Arts Society doesnt stop there twice a year it produces the worldrenowned Spanish Market in July and December in Santa Fe, showcasing the works of Hispanic artists today. Go to Ranchos de las Golondrinas just south of Santa Fe, and you can find yourself walking in the past. Visitors can witness artwork being created at the living museum, The Ranch of the Swallows, replicating a ranch from the early 1700s when it was an important stop along the Camino Real, the Royal Road from Mexico City to Santa Fe. Meanwhile, demonstrating that

Spanish art is not only richly rooted but also dynamic and still evolving, the annual Contemporary Hispanic Market, the largest Hispanic art event in the country, held in conjunction with the summer Traditional Spanish Market, features innovative work by more than 100 artists who draw from their own heritage and traditions. Look for vestiges of the santero art tradition today and you will find it in New Mexicos myriad Spanish Colonial churches or in the murals and frescoes gracing public walls all over the state, including in Santa Fe, Albuquerque and Taos. Hispanic folk art and drama continues to thrive, aided by the legacy of artists like Patrocinio Barela, a wood sculptor who died in Taos in 1964. George Lopez was another preeminent santero, carrying on the tradition of the Lopez family who live in Cordova.

adolphe pierre-louis journal

ABOVE: A retablo by Andrew Montoya.


courtesy of red crane books

LEFT: Crucifix/ Crucifijo by Santo Nino Santero.

From a tiny studio in Clovis, a big sound emerges


By Adrian Gomez Journal Staff Writer

he building that sits at 1313 W. Seventh St. in Clovis is old and shows its age. At a glance, its difficult to fathom that rock n roll history was made in the tiny structure because it now sits silent. But the list of names who passed through the doors of the Norman Petty Studios the birthplace of The Clovis Sound reads like a whos who of 1950s and greg sorber/journal 1960s pop rock. No new music is made today at Norman Petty Studios The Fireballs recorded in Clovis, but the walls reverberate with the hit-making their first hits and the sounds of a half-century ago. No. 1 song of 1963, Sugar

Shack, there. The String-a-Longs recorded at the studio, as did Tiny Morrie. Roy Orbison recorded his first hit, Oobie Doobie, there. Buddy Knox recorded Party Doll at the studio. Waylon Jennings even cut some records there. But the musician who put the studio on the map was Buddy Holly, who was from Lubbock, Texas, just 100 miles east. They all came to record with the studios owner, Norman Petty. Norman was the reason these artists sought out the studio, says Kenneth

Broad, the caretaker of the studios building. His musicality was like no other and he was blessed with it. Travis Holley, Buddy Hollys older brother, says he has his own story about the Norman Petty Studios. He says he tiled the echo chamber in the studios attic, which gave Holly his full, reverberating sound. Holley, whose last name is the given name of the brothers, says he helped encourage his younger brother to get into music. He wasnt interested until he was 13 or 14 years old, he recalls. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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French soprano Natalie Dessay appears in a 2009 performance of Verdis La Traviata at the Santa Fe Opera.
ken howard/santa fe opera

By David Steinberg Journal Staff Writer

endure, fail
By Aurelio Sanchez Journal Staff Writer

Institutions
Cortez brought with him Moros y Christianos, a play commemorating the centuries-long battles between Moors, or Muslims, and Christians during the Reconquista, or Reconquest. Franciscan friars also used passion plays as a teaching tool in their conversions to Christianity; their efforts later were taken over by community members. Thats why we still have religious folk plays like Los Posadas at Christmas, or the performances of Los Matachines all around New Mexico, Herrera says.

eople have been making music in New Mexico since long before statehood. But since statehood, two professional organizations the New Mexico Symphony Orchestra and the Santa Fe Opera became leaders in their respective fields. The SFO is not only prominent on New Mexicos artistic landscape but also is recognized internationally as a presenter of exciting productions during its annual summer festivals. This summer will mark the operas 55th anniversary. Since its founding in 1957 by the nowdeceased John Crosby, the SFO has added a new dimension to New Mexicos artistic profile and brought attention to the state, says SFO general director Charles MacKay. Every year, the opera company draws thousands of patrons from around the world. They come to the opera house, itself an architectural wonder set amid the natural beauty of Santa Fe, to see unusually designed productions, rarely performed works, premieres and familiar operas. The establishment of the opera has had an incalculable role in enhancing the image of New Mexico as a place for the arts, for culture, for the humanities, MacKay says. The Albuquerque-based NMSO was the major symphony orchestra in New Mexico until it closed its doors last April because of mounting financial woes. It was to have celebrated its 80th anniversary season in September 2011. Before the orchestra folded, it held the distinction of being the longest-running musical institution in the state, says Guillermo Figueroa, who had served as the NMSOs musical director. When the NMSO filed Chapter 7 bankruptcy in the spring of 2011, most of its players organized the New Mexico Philharmonic.

From passion plays to major stage performances

eople might be surprised to learn how center stage New Mexico has been in the performing arts. It started long before statehood with Cortez and the Spanish, says Brian Herrera, an assistant professor in the Theatre and Dance Department at the University of New Mexico. Herrera, who is planning a book on the history of the performance arts in New Mexico, says

The coming of the railroad in the 1880s set the stage for the state becoming a focal point for performance art, he says. Since then, community theatrical events like the burning of Zozobra in Santa Fe, with similar ritual burnings of El Cucuy in Albuquerques South Valley and, in the past, the burning of Old Man Gloom in Belen, have added to the states performance arts rating, Herrera says. The city and state in the 1920s and beyond joined a national trend in which local theater companies sprouted, not necessarily

for profit, but to enhance the community. Thats when theaters like Albuquerque Little Theatre, (Albuquerque) Civil Light Opera (now Musical Theatre Southwest) and the New Mexico Symphony Orchestra began, he says. The next major theatrical milestone came in the late 1960s when David Jones established The Vortex Theatre, part of a national movement presenting avant-garde or experimental theater, Herrera says. The 1970s saw the introduction of La

Compania Teatro, dramatizing stories and issues with Hispanic or ethnic themes. Today, Popejoy Hall on the University of New Mexico campus regularly offers audiences access to national touring shows. The Lensic Performing Arts Center in Santa Fe, built in 1931, hosts performances more than 250 nights a year and is truly a theater of the people. Many people are under the impression theres no cultural life in New Mexico, when the opposite is true, Herrera says. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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Filmmakers drawn to state from early days


By AdriAn Gomez Journal Staff Writer

hile the film industry has exploded in recent years in New Mexico due to the states incentive program, movie making has a long and storied history in the Land of Enchantment. The first documented film in the state is a short documentary called Indian Day School, which was shot at Isleta Pueblo in 1898. Fast-forward to 1912. New Mexico is a state and Romaine Feilding, an actor and director, began filming The Golden God in Las Vegas, N.M. This was the most expensive movie at the time. It cost $50,000, says John Armijo, a communications and research analyst for the

Jane darwell, Henry Fonda and russell Simpson in The Grapes of Wrath, based on John Steinbecks novel. New Mexico Film Office. It has a cast of 5,000 and they brought in the Santa Fe Railroad for filming. The shoot took about 17 days. Armijo says that during the early 1900s, filmmakers traveled to the Southwest and started to set up production companies. A lot of the companies wanted to make films about Native Americans, he says. There was a new frontier in film. A lot of Americans were looking for something new, and New Mexico happened to fit the bill. In 1912, while on their way back to New York, a Biograph Company cast and crew of 40 people

stopped in Albuquerque to produce two films, A Pueblo Legend and The Tourists. The drama A Pueblo Legend was directed by D.W. Griffith and starred Mary Pickford. Albuquerque native Edmund Cobb made his acting debut in the film as an extra, Armijo says. Cobb would go on to appear in over 500 films in his career. Over the years, New Mexico would be home to classic films like The Grapes of Wrath, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid and King Solomons Mines, as well as critically acclaimed modern movies like The Milagro Beanfield War, Brokeback Mountain, No Country for Old Men, Terminator: Salvation and True Grit. And the film industry

continues to grow. The states aggressive film incentive program has been a benchmark for film programs around the country. The program offers a 25 percent rebate on goods and services to New Mexico businesses that participate with the film. In 2010, there were 16 major film and TV projects; 11 of those were major motion pictures. The Duke City is home to two studios, I-25 Studios and Albuquerque Studios, where the majority of film and TV activity took place. During 2011, Marvel Entertainment filmed The Avengers at Albuquerque Studios and its release is slated for later this year. Its an industry that keeps rolling along, Armijo says. We offer a lot of variation when it comes to locations.

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N.M. loves its basketball


By Mark Smith Journal Staff Writer

obos and Aggies. Enough said. When it comes to college hoops, few college basketball rivalries can rival those in the Land of Enchantment. A century of Lobo basketball has produced some remarkable highs, and some embarrassing lows. Like most Lobos sports, mens basketball was pretty much an afterthought around Albuquerque until the early 1960s. The program hadnt won more than seven games in any of the previous eight seasons prior to Bob Kings arrival as coach in 1962. King went 16-9 in his first season and won the Western Athletic Conference title in his second. With players like Ira Harge, Mel Daniels, Ron Nelson and Stretch Howard, King turned a doormat program into a national power in a few years. Kings assistant coach, Norm Ellenberger, took over as coach in 1972-73. He won two league titles in his seven years and led the Lobos to a No. 4 national ranking during the

greg sorber/journal

Coach Norm Ellenberger on the bench during a game against Hawaii on Feb. 14, 1978. Ellenberger lost his job in the Lobogate scandal. future NBA players like Luc Longley, Kenny Thomas and Danny Granger, who all wore the cherry and silver. These days, Steve Alford is the keeper of the Lobo keys. Hired in spring 2007, he has rejuvenated the program, and led the Lobos to their most wins ever in one season, going 30-5 in 2009-10. NEW MEXICO STATE: Its following might not be as big as its rivals up north, but the Aggie mens basketball team has a feather in its cap that Lobo fans can envy a Final

greg sorber/journal

Lobos star Michael Cooper is covered in cake after UNM defeated Wyoming in the WAC championship game on March 4, 1978. legendary 1977-78 season behind Michael Cooper, Willie Howard and Marvin Johnson. But in 1979-80, a wideranging scandal called Lobogate brought the program to its knees and cost Ellenberger his job. Later highlights included

Four team in 1970 led by guard Charlie Criss and forward Sam Lacey, both of whom went on to NBA careers. Coach Lou Henson fielded three of the finest teams in school history from 1968-70 each time reaching NCAA Tournament play, and each time being derailed by a UCLA team steamrolling its way to another national title. Coach Neil McCarthy led NMSU to five straight NCAA berths from 1990-94, and under Reggie Theus and Marvin Menzies, three of the past five Aggie teams won the Western Athletic Conference regular season or tournament title. LOBO WOMEN: The UNM womens program, at one time discontinued by the school, had a remarkable turnaround under Don Flanagan. He led the Lobos to eight NCAA Tournaments in his 16 seasons, including a Sweet 16 appearance. The program was also ranked among the top 10 in attendance for each of his last 13 years. Flanagan retired following the 201011 season.

The Pit: Where intimidation is born


By Mark Smith Journal Staff Writer

C
khue bui/journal

The Pit in 1993, during a game against Hawaii.

arlisle Gym was fine for many years. Johnson Gym was downright amazing for its time. But after the birth of Lobomania in 1964, more was needed. It came in the form of one of the most innovative projects in the country UNM Arena. Yep, The Pit.

It opened in 1966-67, and since then the Lobos have won 81.3 percent of their home games. The arena has also been an incredible intimidation factor for the UNM womens games. Since the program was reinstated in 1991, the Lobo womens team has won 70.8 percent of its home games. The noise created by fans, which has been measured at 125 decibels the pain threshold for

the human ear is 130 is a palpable force, wrote Sports Illustrated when it named the Pit the 13th-greatest sports venue of the 20th century some time ago. The Pit, a 37-foot hole in the ground in southeast Albuquerque, was initially built for $1.4 million and had a seating capacity of 14,831. A renovation in the late 1970s boosted the capacity, and the seating was again reworked after

the 1983 Final Four was held there topping out at 18,018 in 2008-09. A $60 million renovation completed last season added suites, club seats, giant video screens and new concessions. Sellouts are now announced at 15,411. Nevertheless, the sign on the front still reads: Welcome to the Pit. A mile high and louder than 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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Happy Centennial New Mexico!

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Brian Urlacher, 1995-99


craig fujii/the associated press

U.S. gymnast Trent Dimas of Albuquerque won an Olympic gold medal at the 1992 games in Barcelona, Spain, for his high-bar routine.

Don Perkins, 1957-59

New Mexicans in the Olympics


stan Quintana, 1963-65
By Rick Wright Journal Staff Writer

on the gridiron
By Rick Wright Journal Staff Writer

Ups and downs

s the mighty 1927 New York Yankees were spread-eagling the American League en route to a world championship, the New Mexico Lobos were doing the same to their football competition in the Rocky Mountain-Southwest. Though theres room for argument, a strong case can be made that UNMs bestever football team walked the gridiron that autumn. The 27 Lobos were the last UNM team to go undefeated (8-0-1, a 6-6 tie with Texas School of Mines the only blemish); they won the Far Southwest Conference title; they outscored their opponents by a combined 215-26. The 1927 roster included several all-time UNM greats, such as Johnny Dolzadelli, Mannie Foster and Malcolm Long. Lobo football history doesnt exactly rival Notre Dames, but UNM has fielded some fine teams and has featured some terrific players since statehood. (The 1912 squad, sad to say, played four games and

lost them all.) In 1934, led by halfback Guyton Sheep Hays, the Lobos went 8-1 and claimed the Border Conference title. The rock-ribbed 52 edition recorded five shutouts en route to a 7-2 record. If UNM football had a golden era, it would have to be 195864. Those teams, coached by Marv Levy and Bill Weeks and featuring all-time greats like Don Perkins, Bobby Santiago and Stan Quintana, compiled a 48-23-1 record. They won three consecutive Western Athletic Conference titles (1962-64) and had no losing seasons. The 1982 Lobos went 10-1, running offensive coordinator Frank Sadlers veer offense to perfection. They averaged 34 points per game, still the best in UNM history. Under coach Rocky Long, the Lobos went 49-38 from 2001-07. Yes, there were bad times, too. From 1984-92, UNM was 23-82 with no winning seasons. Under Mike Locksley, the Lobos were 1-11 in 2009 and 2010. He was let go after losing the first four games of 2011.

Even so, the Lobos produced a first-team Associated Press All-American in the person of wide receiver Terance Mathis. Other Lobo first-team AP or consensus All-Americans: center Larry White (1954), linebacker/safety Brian Urlacher (1999) and placekicker John Sullivan (2007). Urlacher, Perkins, Mathis, Paul Smith, Robin Cole, Mike Williams, Preston Dennard and Don Woods went on to successful careers in the NFL. NEW MEXICO STATE: The Aggies football history is long, but their history of success unfortunately is not. The programs long-standing goal of going to a bowl game may be viewed as modest until one realizes it has been 50 years since NMSUs last appearance the 1960 Sun Bowl. That 1960 team, led by quarterback Charley Johnson and All-America running back Pervis Atkins, went 11-0 and is regarded as the finest in school history. However, the Aggies have beat the Lobos the last three years.

o achieve 40 seconds of gymnastics perfection at the 1992 Olympics, Trent Dimas spent thousands of hours at Albuquerques Gold Cup Gymnastics School. From Gold Cup in Albuquerque to gold medal in Barcelona was no easy trip; there were bumps, bruises, serious injuries and countless setbacks along the way. But, then, on that early August Sunday evening in Spain, it all came together. Dimas, an Albuquerque native, flawlessly executed his oft-rehearsed high-bar routine and claimed Olympic gold. Some 20 years before, Cathy Carr barely two months after her graduation from Albuquerques Highland High School set a world record in the womens 100-meter breaststroke while winning a gold medal in Munich, Germany. Later, she added a second gold in the womens 400-meter medley relay. In 1960, ill-fated former New Mexico Lobo Dick Howard he would die of a drug overdose seven years later ran to a bronze medal in the 400-meter intermediate hurdles. George Young, born in Roswell and reared in Silver City, won bronze in the 3,000-meter steeplechase at Mexico City in 1968. Nor has New Mexico been a stranger to the winter Olympics. Ruidoso native Tristan Gale won gold in skeleton at the 2002 games. Rio Grande graduate Shelia Burrell qualified for two Olympic games Sydney in 2000, Athens in 2004 in the heptathlon. Los Alamos Carol Cady also made it to two consecutive Olympiads, competing in the shot put in Los Angeles in 84 and the discus in Seoul four years later. Santa Fes Carla Garrett competed in the discus in Barcelona. Corrales Kent Bostick, known to his fellow competitors as Bostisaurus, competed on the cycling track at Atlanta in 1996 at age 43. Gold Cup gymnasts Lance Ringnald, Chainey Umphrey, Mihai Bagiu and Joey Hagerty of Rio Rancho also were Olympians. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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Athletes with ties to New Mexico arent numerous but have left their mark on a variety of professional sports.
journal Staff report

pro spotlight

ver the years, the sparsely populated Land of Enchantment hasnt produced a large quantity of athletes who turned professional. But quality? Thats another story. For years, the Unser racing clan of Albuquerque dominated what now is recognized as Indycar racing. The familys name was synonymous with the Indianapolis 500 from 1963, when Bobby made his debut, through 1994, when Al Jr. won for the second time, an Unser was in the starting lineup for every Indy race. Not just in the race, but in it to win it. Al Sr. won four times, brother Bobby three and son Al Unser Jr. twice. And when Little Al won in 1992, it was for Albuquerques Rick Galles, a successful team owner in his own right. Albuquerques Jim Guthrie ran in three 500s, Bobby Unsers son Robby ran twice. Nobody else who is distinctly New Mexican has dominated his chosen sport the way the Unsers have, but others have made considerable impact. Here is a list not so much comprehensive, but illustrative: FOOTBALL: From an undersized, but talented, Lovington High football player, Brian Urlacher grew first, into an AllAmerican at the University of New Mexico, then into one of the Monsters of the Midway, the iconic middle linebacker who drew favorable comparisons to NFL Hall of Famer Dick Butkus. Urlacher reached a Super Bowl, in February 2007, but his Chicago Bears lost to

the associated press (urlacher, lopez, longley); jim thompson/journal (tapia)

New Mexicans who have gone on to make notable impressions in pro sports: (Clockwise from top left) Brian Urlacher, Nancy Lopez, Luc Longley and Johnny Tapia. the Indianapolis Colts. Some other professional football players with New Mexico ties have been on the winning side. Former Lobo Robin Cole played for Pittsburgh during the glorious run that began in the 1970s with four Super Bowl titles. The placekicker on three of those Super Bowl champions, Roy Gerela, was first a New Mexico State Aggie. Two of this states finest never made it to a Super Bowl. Charley Johnson was an Aggie, too, quarterbacking the teams two best teams in 1959-60. His name is on the Ring of Honor at Invesco Field in Denver. And then theres the ebullient Tommy McDonald, Roy native, Highland High School grad who went on to play for the Philadelphia Eagles. Before he starred as the late-night chest-bumper at the ESPYs, he played 12 years in the NFL en route to a Hall of Fame career. BASKETBALL: The rabid fans of the New Mexico Lobo mens basketball team are acutely aware that when Magic Johnson and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar fronted the Showtime run of champion Los Angeles Laker squads in the 1980s, former Lobo Michael Cooper was a defensive-minded willing member of the supporting cast. Luc Longley, at 7-foot2, came from Australia to UNM and was one of the all-time best Lobos. He later earned three NBA championship rings as a Chicago Bull in support of some guy named Michael Jordan. GOLF: The state has produced great talent in this arena. On the womens side, there are Hall of Famers like Jals Kathy Whitworth and Roswells Nancy Lopez, who combined for 136 LPGA Tour victories, and Albuquerques Rosie Jones, who has 13 LPGA Tour titles and played for the United States Solheim Cup team seven times. On the mens side, Las Cruces High graduate and former NMSU golfer Rich Beem gained worldwide attention when he outdueled Tiger Woods for the 2002 PGA Championship. He also was the subject of a popular book, Bud, Sweat and Tees: A Walk on the Wild Side of the PGA Tour. Albuquerques Notah Begay III rocked the golf world with four PGA Tour victories in a 10-month span of 1999-2000 and has been an inspiration to Native American youngsters across the country. BOXING: Albuquerques Johnny Tapia says he fought his last fight last year, and if so, its the

period on a boxing career that included five world championships. It has been a remarkable life for an Albuquerquean who has battled the demons of drug addictions along the way. The apex of Tapias career may have been the sports shining moment in New Mexico even though it took place in Las Vegas, Nev., In July 1997, Tapia defeated fellow Albuquerquean Danny Romero in a championship fight and improved to 41-02. These days, the fighter who has captured the hearts of Duke City boxing fans is Holly Holm, who is 30-1-3 after her last fight. Holm apparently needs new challenges. Which brings us to MMA: Mixed martial arts has seen phenomenal growth during the past decade, and nowhere is that more evident than in Albuquerque, where Jackson-Winkeljohn MMA has become a hub for talented fighters. Del Norte High School graduate Diego Sanchezs appearance on the initial season of The Ultimate Fighter served as the catalyst for much of that success. Since Sanchez won a UFC contract on the popular reality TV show, a whos who of UFC luminaries has flocked to the Duke City. Everyone from UFC welterweight champion Georges St. Pierre to former UFC heavyweight king Andrei Arlovski to current light-heavyweight title holder Jon Jones has called the state home for at least a short period of time. And that doesnt even include homegrown talent like Sanchez, Carlos Condit and Keith Jardine, to name a few. 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

134

Even Holm has ventured into the sport, and she won her debut. BASEBALL: Kyle Weiland became the 24th player born in New Mexico (according to baseballreference.com) to play in the big leagues on July 10, when the Eldorado High grad pitched for the Boston Red Sox. The most famous player of the 24 is Hall of Famer Ralph Kiner, Santa Ritaborn, who hit 369 homers over 10 major league seasons. And Carlsbads Cody Ross was a star in the 2010 postseason for the World Series champion San Francisco Giants. HORSE RACING: Hall of Fame jockey Mike Smith, who was raised in Dexter, is a Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner, while Hall of Fame rider Jerry Bailey earned his first victory at Sunland Park. Bloomfields Chip Woolley Jr. trained Kentucky Derby winner Mine That Bird.

Tall in the saddle


By Ed Johnson AssistAnt sports Editor

darron cummings/the associated press

Jockey Calvin Borel rides Mine That Bird to victory in the 135th Kentucky derby on May 2, 2009. Mine That Bird has ties to new Mexico via its owner and trainer.

Theyve been racing horses in New Mexico since Francisco Vazquez de Coronado fell off his mount in a race with Rodrigo Maldonado in 1540. But New Mexicos first racetrack didnt open until 1946 in Raton. It was called La Mesa Park and billed itself as the friendly track. Racing eventually followed at the New Mexico State Fair, Sunland Park, Ruidoso Downs, the Downs at Santa Fe, the Downs at Albuquerque, Zia Park in Farmington and SunRay Park in Hobbs. It also inspired a fairly substantial horse breeding industry. The industry peaked in the 1970s and 80s, but then struggled as parimutuel betting fell out of favor, leading to a drop in track revenue and purses. A change in state law in 1997 permitted tracks to bring in slot machines, forming racinos, that allowed the industry to survive. It also had its share of

controversy, including a drugging scandal brought to a head by Journal investigative reporting. The All American Futurity, a quarter horse race with a winners prize of $1 million, began at Ruidoso Downs in 1959. In 1981, Bold Ego became the only New Mexico-bred horse to run in all three races of the thoroughbred Triple Crown the Kentucky Derby, Preakness and Belmont Stakes. A year later, a 16-year-old kid named Mike Smith rode his first winner at the Downs at Santa Fe. The Dexter native went on to a hall of fame jockey career, winning the Kentucky Derby and Preakness. Mine That Bird, owned by Double Eagle Ranch and Buena Suerte Equine in Roswell and trained by Bloomfields Chip Woolley Jr., stunned the racing world by winning the 2009 Kentucky Derby at 50-1 odds. Peppers Pride, a New Mexicobred filly, set the North American record as she won all 19 of her lifetime races. She retired in 2008.

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A century of love for pugilism


By Rick Wright Journal Staff Writer

ome seven months after attaining statehood, New Mexico hosted its first world championship boxing match. In a foulfilled brawl staged just outside Las Vegas on July 4, 1912, legendary champ Jack Johnson easily defeated challenger Jim Flynn. Afterward, it has been written, promoters of the event skipped without paying their bills. In the century since, boxing has brought triumph and trauma and created some of New Mexico sports most memorable moments and most intriguing characters. Albuquerques Bob Foster reigned as world light heavyweight champion from 1968-74, successfully defending the title 14 times. Many regard him as the best 175-pounder of all time, and, pound for pound, one of the sports most devastating punchers. Albuquerques Bob Foster, left, connects with Muhammad Ali during a bout in Stateline, Nev., on Nov. 21, 1972.
THE ASSOCIATED PRESS

greg sorber/journal

Albuquerques Holly Holm is considered by many the best female boxer in the world and has the championships to prove it. Johnny Tapia came out of Albuquerques Wells Park neighborhood to win two Golden Gloves national amateur championships and five professional world titles. The talented, troubled Tapia has battled drug addiction for years and has made almost as many headlines outside as inside the ring. For better or worse,

Tapias still fighting at age 44. Danny Romero grew up barely a mile from Tapia in Albuquerques North Valley and won his first world title at age 20. The power-punching Romero and the mercurial Tapia, friends before and after, became bitter antagonists in a drama that led to a showdown in a Las Vegas, Nev., boxing ring in July 1997 Tapia winning by unanimous decision with thousands of New Mexicans in the stands. Albuquerques Holly Holm began studying the martial arts to stay in shape after high school. Eventually, those pursuits led to a professional boxing career and a passel of world title belts; many consider her the best female boxer in the world. Most recently, Las Cruces Austin Trout earned a world title belt by outboxing Rigoberto Alvarez in the latters hometown of Guadalajara, Mexico. Trout, a slick-boxing southpaw, was an Olympic alternate in 2004.

courtesy of barbara wages priest

On July 12, 1952, Albuquerque Dukes pitcher Jesse Priest married Barbara Wages at Tingley Field.

136

xcept for some Isotopes, the city of Albuquerque historically hasnt had much chemistry with professional sports franchises. Baseball has pulled the most weight in the pro minor league ranks. The Dukes arrived not long after New Mexico officially entered statehood. The Class-D Rio Grande Association team played its first season in 1915, but then went on a 17-year hiatus. The team re-emerged for a year in 1932 as the Albuquerque Dons, but the Dukes reappeared in 1946. Other versions of the team include the Cardinals (1937-41) and Dodgers (1965-71). The club began its affiliation with the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1963. Pro baseball had its longest annual stretch from 1960-2000, until the structure of the 31-yearold Albuquerque Sports Stadium no longer was sufficient. Owner Bob Lozinak sold the franchise in 2000, and baseball went dark until 2003 when the Isotopes began playing in a $25million-renovated

Baseball has long been king of local pro sports


Sports Stadium. Other sports have tried to share the pro spotlight. The New Mexico Thunderbirds played seven years as an NBA Developmental League team, but after the 2011 season moved to Ohio. Other minor-league basketball teams were the New Mexico Slam (19992001) and the Albuquerque Silvers (1980-82). Hockey has been mildly successful, most notably with the New Mexico Scorpions (1996-2009), the Albuquerque Six Guns (1973-74), and the Albuquerque Chaparrals (1975-77). Soccer franchises included the New Mexico Chiles (1990-96) and Albuquerque Geckos (1997-98). The Albuquerque Lazers volleyball team competed in 1979. The Charley Pride golf tournament, a senior tour event, ran from 1986-91. The Virginia Slims of Albuquerque womens tennis tournament went from 1989-91. The ColemanVision USTA Championships have been in existence since 1998. Greg Archuleta 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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State tie bolo

State amphibian New Mexico spadefoot State vegetables chile and pinto beans
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State gem turquoise


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State aircraft hot-air balloon

State necklace Native American squash blossom State fish Rio Grande cutthroat trout

State poem A Nuevo Mexico, by Luis Tafoya

State flower Soaptree yucca

State bird greater roadrunner State slogan Everybody is somebody in New Mexico

NEW MEXICO SYMBOLS


Most states have a state bird or state flower, and New Mexico does, too. But the Land of Enchantment (the states official nickname) also has a state aircraft, state cookie and state tie. Here are the official symbols of New Mexico, according to the New Mexico Blue Book.
Illustrations by cathryn cunningham/journal

State insect tarantula hawk wasp

State guitar New Mexico sunrise guitar by Pimental Guitars

State songs Song: O Fair New Mexico, by Elizabeth Garrett; Bilingual song: New Mexico Mi Lindo Nuevo Mexico,by Pablo Mares; State tree pion pine State train Cumbres & Toltec Railroad State grass blue grama Ballad: The Land of Enchantment, by Michael Martin Murphey; Spanish language song: Asi Es Nuevo Mexico, by Amadeo Lucero; Cowboy song: Under New Mexico Skies, by Syd Masters State butterfly Sandia hairstreak

State reptile New Mexico whiptail

State cookie bizcochito

State mammal American black bear

State question Red or green?

State fossil Coelophysis, an early Triassic dinosaur

138

100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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As New Mexico looks back to see how far it has come since 1912, its instructive to look ahead and imagine what awaits future generations.
By Leslie Linthicum Journal Staff Writer

the next 100 years


outstripping the capital city of Santa Fe tenfold. And anyone envisioning southern New Mexico as a hub of commercial space travel would have been run out of town on a rail. Here, on the centennial of our statehood, we face the same inherent uncertainty in looking forward. How will we live 100 years from now or even 30? How many of us will New Mexicos land and water continue to support? Will we continue to cluster in cities and abandon the countryside, which has slowly been losing population? Or will the cities eventually suffocate us and send new generations of telecommuters eagerly out to burgeoning new population centers in Reserve or Roy? What will we look like? What jobs will sustain us? Will we continue to feel uniquely New Mexican? Or will our customs and heritage be relegated to museums as we live more modern, homogenized American lives? Asking those questions is much easier than providing answers to them. But we can look to the past and the present to give us some sort of road map to our future. the population to look more like the rest of the nation. By the time we entered the union, a century ago, Hispanics and Native Americans combined to share 44 percent of the population. The first census of this 21st century tells us that Hispanics now outnumber Anglos here 46 percent and 41 percent, respectively. Furthermore, the Hispanic population in New Mexico grew about 10 times as fast as the Anglo population in the past 10 years. The way the trends are going right now, were going to be very Mexican and very Spanishspeaking again, sort of a reconquest, says state historian Rick Hendricks. And, oh, how weve grown from 327,000 New Mexicans to more than 2 million in just over a century. Projections are for the population to reach

t would have been an interesting exercise 100 years ago, as President William Howard Taft put his pen to paper and proclaimed New Mexico the unions 47th state, to ask the new New Mexicans where they thought their young state might be headed. No one would have predicted a tunnel through a mountain to bring drinking water from the other side of the Continental Divide, or university campuses in every corner of the state, or that traffic-moving spaghetti bowl in the middle of Albuquerque we call the Big I. Only the rarest of sages would have guessed that Albuquerque would become such a dominant center of the states commerce and industry, its population

A familiar face
In one respect, New Mexico has come full circle in its brief history as a part of the United States. As New Mexico became a territory and the march toward statehood began, its population reflected its early history as Indian land that had been entreated upon by the crown of Spain and the Republic of Mexico. It took the Santa Fe Trail and the railroads to bring an influx of Anglos from the East and begin to adjust

above 3 million by 2035. Most of that growth is expected to be where people live most densely today, in the Middle Rio Grande Valley. The Brookings Institution think tank identifies the area that stretches roughly from Belen to the Colorado border as one of five Mountain Megas super regions of the West that are growing rapidly and becoming population, economic and innovation centers. When planners and utility managers look at those population numbers and consider our mega future, they think about the two things that tend to define how we live in the arid Southwest space and water.

Expect clustering
Dale Dekker, an architect and urban planner who grew up in Albuquerque

cathryn cunningham/journal

140

100 year s o f S t ate h o o d

we will agree to forgo our lawns in order to have enough water to use inside our homes and to fuel industries and power generation. Water has to cost more, Kelly says, because as population grows and demand increases for a finite resource, it will be worth more. And because higher costs discourage waste and drive better decisions about use. Grass, she says, would probably be a luxury. She sees small green parks not lawns in those dense new neighborhoods. When New Mexicans think of a future with limited water and space, visions of rock hardscapes and New York City-like apartment towers come to mind. That isnt New Mexico now, and it doesnt have to be in the future, Dekker says. A typical New Mexican might live in a fourth-floor condo with potted flowers on a balcony and spend time in the neighborhood park or take public transit to the river bosque for a breath of nature. Its possible to see that future now, with a stroll through ABQ Uptown. While a single-family home uses 270 gallons of water a day on average and a multifamily unit uses 126 gallons a day, water use

in ABQ Uptown averages 70 gallons a day per unit. Thats accomplished primarily through shared green spaces. However we grow to accommodate more people will happen as most change does, Dekker says so slowly as to seem like a natural progression and driven by consumers demands.

High-tech nature
Lowell Catlett, a dean at New Mexico State University, is an agriculture expert as well as a futurist. When he looks ahead, he tends to look far ahead and see big innovations. The Internet was a lot easier to invent than it was to predict its uses, Catlett says, applying the same outlook at solar and computer technology, 3-D manufacturing technology and new technologies that havent been imagined yet. Catlett envisions urban farms that use satellite technology and prescription agriculture methods to

100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

and has had a hand in designing its future, envisions the next decades as a wonderful adventure in adaptation rather than a harsh lesson in deprivation. Dekker envisions fewer subdivisions with single-family homes built far away from jobs and commerce and more densely built communities with multistory apartments and town homes clustered with employment and shopping clusters. We grew up as a typical western city and our growth was based on the availability of land, the low cost of fossil fuels and the availability of water, Dekker says. I think we need to challenge those, all three of those. The prospect of moving an additional million people in cars will force a change in the imbalance of the Albuquerque metropolitan area today, which is heavy on jobs on the east side of the river and housing on the west side, Dekker says. Density is a four-letter word in the West, Dekker says. But it will have to be part of our future. Peoples lifestyles are going to change. The long commute to work, I just dont see it as a sustainable future. Dekker foresees dense clusters where people live and work connected by public transportation. Susan Kelly, director of the Utton Center for water law and planning at the University of New Mexico, envisions a changing relationship with water as the region grows. Even though the Rio Grande Valley gets most of its water from an annually renewable resource melted snowfall the amount is limited by our capacity to store it, and in the future, she predicts,

We grew up as a typical western city and our growth was based on the availability of land, the low cost of fossil fuels and the availability of water. I think we need to challenge those, all three of those.
DALE DEKKER, architect And urban planner

grow high yields with little water, and computer technologies to match crop planting with market needs in real time. Those gardens, Catlett says, will also serve as green space for urban souls. He envisions a decentralization of jobs, utilities and medical care thanks to technological advances, but says that doesnt necessarily translate into a transformation of how people live. Why? Because people need and want to be around plants and animals; its key to being human. To the extent that urban areas embrace green walls and green roofs and urban gardens, they will grow at the expense of rural areas, Catlett says. And the reverse is true, he says. If cities grow in untenable ways and become

unlivable while rural areas do a better job of providing for human needs and responding to new economies, rural areas will prosper. How many people could New Mexico handle? Probably a hell of a lot, Catlett says. Millions, definitely. As a futurist, he thinks of technology as allowing just about anything, piping water from the Midwest to the Southwest, if thats where the population moves, for example. The limiting factor that will drive decisions about where people live and work, Catlett says, is do we have a quality of life? The path to statehood took six decades, and after Taft signed the statehood proclamation he remarked, Well it is all over. It wasnt all over; it had only just begun. And after the candles are blown out on New Mexicos 100th birthday celebration, there will be new history to be made.

141

some New Mexico governors then and now

Octaviano A. Larrazolo (1919-20)

Clyde Tingley (1935-38)

David F. Cargo (1967-70)

STATE LEADERS since 1912


Lt. Gov. Tom Bolack who, on the same day, appointed Mechem to the U.S. Senate vacancy created by the death of Dennis Chavez) 1962: Tom Bolack, Republican 1963-66: Jack M. Campbell, Democrat (served two terms) 1967-70: David F. Cargo, Republican (served two terms) (One four-year term possible) 1971-74: Bruce King, Democrat 1975-78: Jerry Apodaca, Democrat 1979-82: Bruce King, Democrat 1983-86: Toney Anaya, Democrat 1987-90: Garrey Carruthers, Republican (Two consecutive four-year terms possible) 1991-94: Bruce King, Democrat 1995-2002: Gary E. Johnson, Republican (served two terms) 2003-10: Bill Richardson, Democrat (served two terms) 2011-present: Susana Martinez, Republican U.S. SENATORS Seat originally filled by Thomas B. Catron: April 1912-March 1917: Thomas B. Catron, Republican March 1917-December 1927: Andrieus A. Jones, Democrat (died in office) December 1927-December 1928: Bronson M. Cutting, Republican December 1928-March 1929: Octaviano A. Larrazolo, Republican March 1929-May 1935: Bronson M. Cutting, Republican (died in office) May 1935-November 1962: Dennis Chavez, Democrat (died in office) November 1962-November 1964: Edwin L. Mechem, Republican November 1964-January 1977: Joseph M. Montoya, Democrat January 1977-January 1983: Harrison Jack Schmitt, Republican January 1983-present: Jeff Bingaman, Democrat (term expires January 2013 and Bingaman has said he will not seek re-election) Seat originally filled by Albert B. Fall: April 1912-March 1921: Albert B. Fall, Republican (resigned to become secretary of the Interior) April 1921-March 1925: Holm O. Bursum, Republican March 1925-June 1933: Sam G. Bratton, Democrat (resigned to become 10th Circuit Court of Appeals judge) October 1933-January 1949: Carl A. Hatch, Democrat January 1949-January 1973: Clinton P. Anderson, Democrat January 1973-January 2009: Pete V. Domenici, Republican January 2009-present: Tom Udall, Democrat (term expires January 2015) U.S. REPRESENTATIVES Elected at-large (In the Enabling Act of 1910, New Mexico was assigned two congressional seats, but in the General Apportionment Act of 1911, enacted later by the same Congress, New Mexico was assigned one congressional seat; nevertheless, Democrat Harvey B. Fergusson and Republican George Curry elected in November 1911 were seated

Bruce King (1971-74, 1979-82, 1991-94)

Toney Anaya (1983-86)

Bill Richardson Susana Martinez (2003-10) (2011-present)

SOME NEW MEXICO GOVERNORS SINCE STATEHOOD (One four-year term possible) 1912-16: William C. McDonald, Democrat (because the election took place in 1911, an oddnumbered year, McDonald served five years) (Two consecutive two-year terms possible) 1917: Ezequiel C. de Baca, Democrat (died in office) 1917-18: Washington E. Lindsey, Republican 1919-20: Octaviano A. Larrazolo, Republican 1921-22: Merritt C. Mechem, Republican 1923-24: James F. Hinkle, Democrat 1925-26: Arthur T. Hannett, Democrat 1927-30: Richard C. Dillon, Republican (served two terms) 1931-33: Arthur Seligman, Democrat (died in office during second term) 1933-34: Andrew D. Hockenhull, Democrat 1935-38: Clyde Tingley, Democrat (served two terms) 1939-42: John E. Miles, Democrat (served two terms) 1943-46: John J. Dempsey, Democrat (served two terms) 1947-50: Thomas J. Mabry, Democrat (served two terms) 1951-54: Edwin L. Mechem, Republican (served two terms) 1955-56: John F. Simms Jr., Democrat 1957-58: Edwin L. Mechem, Republican 1959-60: John Burroughs, Democrat 1961-62: Edwin L. Mechem, Republican (resigned in November 1962 and was succeeded by

142

for terms beginning on January 6, 1912, and ending on March 3, 1913.) One representative for the state 1913-15: Harvey B. Fergusson, Democrat 1915-17: B.C. Hernndez, Republican 1917-19: William B. Walton, Democrat 1919-21: B.C. Hernndez, Republican 1921-23: Nestor Montoya, Republican (died in office) 1923-29: John Morrow, Democrat 1929-31: Albert G. Simms, Republican 1931-35: Dennis Chavez, Democrat 1935-41: John Dempsey, Democrat 1941-43: Clinton P. Anderson, Democrat Two representatives for the state 1943-47: Clinton P. Anderson, Democrat (resigned to become secretary of Agriculture); Antonio M. Fernndez, Democrat 1947-49: Georgia L. Lusk, Democrat; Antonio M. Fernndez, Democrat 1949-51: John E. Miles, Democrat; Antonio M. Fernndez, Democrat 1951-57: John J. Dempsey, Democrat; Antonio M. Fernndez, Democrat (died in office) 1957-59: John J. Dempsey, Democrat (died in office); Joseph M. Montoya, Democrat 1959-65: Thomas G. Morris, Democrat; Joseph M. Montoya, Democrat

1965-69: Thomas G. Morris, Democrat; E.S. Johnny Walker, Democrat Elected by district District 1; District 2 1969-71: Manuel Lujan Jr., Republican; Ed Foreman, Republican 1971-81: Manuel Lujan Jr., Republican; Harold Runnels, Democrat (died in office) 1981-83: Manuel Lujan Jr., Republican; Joseph R. Skeen, Republican Three representatives for the state District 1; District 2; District 3 1983-89: Manuel Lujan Jr., Republican; Joseph R. Skeen, Republican; Bill Richardson, Democrat 1989-99: Steven H. Schiff, Republican (died in office and replaced by Heather Wilson, Republican); Joseph R. Skeen, Republican; Bill Richardson, Democrat (resigned to become U.S. ambassador to the United Nations and was replaced by Bill Redmond, Republican) 1999-2003: Heather Wilson, Republican; Joseph R. Skeen, Republican; Tom Udall, Democrat 2003-09: Heather Wilson, Republican; Steve Pearce, Republican; Tom Udall, Democrat 2009-2011: Martin Heinrich, Democrat; Harry Teague, Democrat; Ben Ray Lujan, Democrat 2011-13: Martin Heinrich Democrat; Steve Pearce, Republican; Ben Ray Lujan, Democrat Source: New Mexico Blue Book

100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

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A YearLong Party
the executive director of the state Centennial Commission. The commission is receiving applications from communities around the state for the right to be official centennial events. Some of the events are annual occurrences anyway, but the commission is working with organizers to incorporate a celebration of statehood. This is the peoples centennial, Delaney says. Its a time to honor our accomplishments and tell our stories. The commissions website www.nmcentennial.org is constantly being updated with new events and details. Meanwhile, here is just a sprinkling of official centennial events. Happy Birthday, New Mexico!

o celebrate the centennial, officials are signing proclamations, planning events and designating official items such as a special stamp, a new hot-air balloon, even a margarita. But the heart of it, the real heart of it, is what the communities themselves are choosing to put out there to tell their stories, says Jodi Delaney,

A SAMPLing of Centennial events


SANTA FE
THE GRAND CENTENNIAL BALL: Tonights ball at the Santa Fe Convention Center kicks off the year with cocktails, dinner, live music, dancing and birthday surprises benefiting Centennial Childrens Legacy Fund. 2012 NEW MEXICO STATEHOOD HISTORY CONFERENCE: More than 40 presentations, panels, events and tours of New Mexico history will be held May 3-5 at the Santa Fe Convention Center and the New Mexico History Museum. Registration and price information posted at www.hsnm.org. Among the ways New Mexico is commemorating 100 years of statehood: the Centennial Balloon, the stylish new license plates, and a U.S. postage stamp that features an image titled Sanctuary by N.M. artist Doug West.

LAS CRUCES
CENTENNIAL PARADE LAS CRUCES: A parade through 10 decades of history will start at 11a.m. on Jan. 7, traveling through Main, Water and Church streets. 575-202-5654, gszeu@aol.com

Art Center. An exhibition of historical photos juxtaposed with modern photos of the city will start March 5. Both are free. Call 575-624-6744 ext. 10, www.roswellmuseum.org

SIERRA COUNTY
SIERRA COUNTY: SPIRIT OF THE PAST EYE ON THE FUTURE: A yearlong traveling celebration of the building of Elephant Butte Dam and its effects on Sierra Countys people starts today. It kicks off with a walk across the dam, 11 a.m.3p.m. at the Dam Site Recreation Area. 575-430-3494, fletch@riolink .com, www.campoespinoso.org

HOBBS
CENTENNIAL LONGHORN CATTLE DRIVE: A traditional cattle drive of 100 head of cattle bearing a special centennial brand starts May 9 in Lea County and ends May 12 in Carlsbad. Spectators can take part as city slicker cowboys or be bused to the campsites at night for chuck wagon dinners and music. 575-3926730, mlyle@nmjc.edu, www. westernheritagemuseumcomplex. com NEW MEXICO CENTENNIAL PONY EXPRESS RIDE: A 14-day ride, starting May 26, will deliver mail from the Western Heritage Museum Complex in Hobbs to Santa Fe on June 8. 575-631-9372, country2462000@msn.com, www. westernheritagemuseumcomplex. com

ALBUQUERQUE
ALBUQUERQUE CELEBRATES 1912: An exhibit of artifacts and photographs related to major events in Albuquerque in the year of statehood is showing at Albuquerque Museum, where tickets cost $1-$4. Runs through Jan. 29. 243-7255, albuquerquemuseum@cabq.gov, www.cabq.gov/museum CENTENNIAL SUMMERFEST: Albuquerque will host a massive all-day party Downtown on June 16. Dancing, food, music, and other festivities on Central Avenue will celebrate New Mexicos past, present and future, topped off with an evening concert. 768-3556, www.cabq.gov/ culturalservices 100 YEARS OF STATE & FEDERAL POLICY: ITS IMPACT ON PUEBLO NATIONS: An exhibition highlighting state and federal impact on pueblo communities will be at the Indian Pueblo Cultural Center through next Jan. 6, 2013. Ticket prices range from $3 for students to $6 for non-N.M. adults. 8437270 or indianpueblo.org

LAS VEGAS
THE ELECTRIC LIGHT PARADE: Its annual parade with floats, Christmas spirit and Santa Claus in the Plaza Park gazebo, will also have a centennial flavor. On Dec. 1, ends in Plaza Park. 505-425-8631, www.lasvegasnewmexico.com

SILVER CITY
ASPIRATION, POLITICS AND WILLPOWER: THE PEOPLE BEHIND THE FORMATION OF THE TERRITORIAL NORMAL SCHOOL AT SILVER CITY: A museum and online exhibition on the history of Western New Mexico University will start Feb. 20 at WNMU Museum. 575-538-6386, cavep@wnmu.edu, www.wnmu.edu

FARMINGTON
RIVERFEST: Its annual Memorial Day weekend celebration of the rivers, with music, arts, food and river rafting will also celebrate the Centennial. May 25- 27 at Berg Park and Animas River Trails and Park. rclehmer@msn.com

CARLSBAD
UNDERGROUND OF ENCHANTMENT: A series of 3D images and large-scale color photos of Lechugilla Cave in Carlsbad Caverns National Park will be on display in the Carlsbad Caverns National Park Visitors Center May 1- Sept. 4. www.nps.org/cave 100 year s o f s t ate h o o d

ROSWELL
ROSWELL: DIAMOND OF THE PECOS: A history exhibition about the city of Roswell since its days as a Pecos Valley trading post in the 19th century will run through Jan. 6, 2013, at the Roswell Museum and

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AN

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AND

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A century in New Mexico


Join us in celebration of our State Centennial and the rich history and tradition of New Mexico. Century Bank has been dedicated to meeting the financial needs of our communities for over 120 years, and that will never change.

Please call 800-545-6843 or visit our website for information on how you can become a mentor or Youth Leadership supporter: www.futuresforchildren.org Shop our online store for authentic American Indian Art. www.ffcais.com

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