f t

lt tr ' ,, rirf l , [ i, .

l
,r ', i
; .

l',r.1 I I I

.{i' $u* , i
j

l,

, f ,
" 1l r/t \'f ir l' i i i

'l,t
,!{J

I
I

*luffi

iilil
Sl1

ri ffililI[n

fljll

I
trr rr -'l
i x l i \

t3.!

,
t :

,
^ . .

, ::"g{,. '
'..tL

'

lor

'

desig

First published in Great Britain 2010 A&C Black Publishers 36 Soho Square LondonWlD 3QY w'ww.acblack.com ISBN: 978-1408-12991-3 Copyright @ Dessainet Tolra/Larousse 2009 A CIP cataloguerecord for this book is available from the British Library. Gilles Ronin has asserted his rights under the Copyright, Design and Patents Act, 1988,to be ldentlfiod $ thc author of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproducedin any form or by any mctru - gfsphls, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying, recording,taping or information storsgcInd rtrlcvd ryltcmi without the prior permissionin writing from the publishers. Publisher:Collette Hanicotre Editor: Corinne de Montalembert Pagedesign:Florence Le Maux Cover design: James'W'atson Proofreader: Madeleine Biaujeaud, Photography:Olivier Ploton English text layout: Penny Mills Translator :Alexa Stace Editorial assistant: Ellen Parnavelas This book is produced using paper that is made from wood grown in managcd,sustainable forests, It is natural, renewableand recyclable.Thelogging and manufacturing processes confornx to the environnental regulationsof the country of origin. Printed and bound in China

contents
Introduction Representing An Interior Developing your project Space The progression Variations and transformations 4 5 5 5 5 6 8 10 10 1I 1.2 13 1.4 16 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 20 22 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 Walls and partitions Format and scale Floor plan Layout ofa Flat

24 25 25 26 2ft 30 3l

PERSPECT
Materials The Line Graphics, tonal values and colours Figures Proportions Constructing a drawing Isornetric Ptojection An effect of reduction Objects DrawingThree-ditnensional arrd Furniture Designing an o{lice space A foldaway oflice on a shelf Grouping office furmture Playing about with space Drawing a kitchen Swapping around kitchen and bathroorn Visualising a kitchen corner Creating an open partition Transforrning a flat Creating a dressing room and a bathroom Seeing things in perspective The vanishing point The horizon Moving the vanishing point on the horizort The height of the horizon The height of the horizon in the drawing The height of the horizon, people ancl scalc The view frorn the front The principles of a frongal view The problem of depth To draw the depth Mastering the depth To rnove a partition

Planning the space Converting a space undet the eaves |)csignirrg r rp l r t f i r r r u f o r r rl r c d | ) c s i g r r i n lr;r s r r l l l f l i g l r t o f s t c p s | ) e s i g n i r r;g rs k y l i g l r t A Fcw Sirrrplc (lonstrrtction Tricks c lt r ltrrr tl c p t l t s I low to cstrrtrlis 'lir t l i v i t l cr r w r r l l lp pc lc dc w i t l r i t t t i t ' t ' c 1 . 1 t t l l t r - s l rs I low to rlcrrl l r ' i r tl c ? I l o w t l o y t t t tr l t ' ; t w 1i 1 1v 1i1 ,'*2 l\'r'sltc l it v c o t ' p t r r i l '1 'Ihking l)owu n l)trtition ril/all ( l r r ' : ti lrr g , r trt t ' z z ; t rittt c o t ' o v t ' t ' l r : t t t 1 . 1 'I'lrc ()blirlut, Viow l)r.sigrrirrg n r()(rn by Eye S t ' l t i n gI l r c l r o t t n r l r t t ' i t ' s l t l r ritr r gt l r t 'l t o t ' i z o t t l ) l : t itt r gl l t c l t o ti z o t ti r r t l r c t l r l w i r r g r r r ttll t c l i r r co l ' l ) l ; rirr r gt l r t ': r r r g l crs t l r ct c i l i r r g oirrt l ) l r ritn g , t l t r ' v ; r t t i s l t i tp rg pg o i t t ti s t t o l o t t t l r c p l p c r f l ' t l r r 'v ; r r r i s l r i u I)illcrcrrt ()blit;rro Vic,ws 'f t rrll o r r t ; r p r r t l i l i o rw irkirrg A Vitrw firxrr Abovc . . . ...And o High-AnglcVicw l)rnwirrg orr thc Ctxrrputer Skt'tt lrlJp lixlrlolltiorr |ilst Stcps M r r k i r r gu r r r o t l c lf i r r y o r r r p r o j c c t s

PLANSANDL OUTS
Drawing the Plan Scales Conventions and Syrnbols Doors Windows Convenrions regardinglines A base line, or contour A thin Line A thin dotted line The logic behind the symbois Furniture and equipment Changing Around the Furniture Elevation and Section I\earranging an area of wall I)esign in modules Making aLayottt Organisation of the layout A team effort A sketch of the ground plan Thc dimensions

32 34 34 35 3(r 37 .]tt 4() 42 44

46 4fl 4tt 50 5l 52 52 53 54 55 55 5(r 57 5ri 60

62 64 64 65 65 66 66 66 66 67 67 68
6L)

70 72
/z

72 73
73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 u0 8i) 80 8i

wall Creating an extension to block off a corner

Grids for Isometric Projections Grids for FrontalViews Grids for Oblique Views

82 84 86

Infroductior-r
Sitting quietl.y at home, sketchbook in hand, is theideat wayto tackte d r a w i n gI.n f a c t , y o u rh o m ei s a n absotute perhaps mineof subjects to draw, youalready have a ptan in yourhead fora makeover or ionversion?
House space not only contains objectsto be drawn, but offers a setting,enablingyou to understandperspectiveand to explore the different waysof depicting space. Once you have graspedthe principles,drawing will become a game,even a pleasure. If you want to study a litde carpentry prqect, take down a partition wall, or simply dream about what you could do later,you will find here how to draw a layout, enablingyou to make several plansfor your space. Itt alsoa good exercise in drawing. You will alsofind here the practicalprinciples which will help you put your plans down on paperand better express your ideas, for no serious project getsmade without a progressive plan. It is alsoan opportunity to learn some tricks of the trade and conventionswhich are part of an architecttknow-how and which willhelp with ideas. The relationshipbetween a drawing and a project is at the heart of this book, and is reciprocal. If the capaclryto representa spaceis the prerequisitefor convertingit, and is a techniqueto be acquired, the different variationsalsooffer many absorbing exercises for those learning to draw.

yrtin rr n6 jntorj .\T an2 nC R C nr fu CD cr rr -l r\u IJ U 1r,rl lv o -rI IIItUIIUI DIJO_Urt

You don't need to make a d r a w t ntg n a L tB o t a k eo u ta p a r t i t i ow . u ti f t h es i t u a t i oin s m o r ec o m p t i c a t e yd o,uc a n n otth i n k i t t h r o u gw h i t h o us t o m es u p p o r t g o u ri d e a s . yp u t t i n y B rh e y down o n p a p et c a nt h e nd e v e t oa pn de n t a r g e n,o tj u s ta s disconnecte th do u g h t a s n di d e a sb , u tc o h e r e n t lA .y f. r e e h a nd r a w i n g in pencitgive ys o ut h e L i b e r tty o b ec r e a t i v e .
your project Developing
It is by means of several kinds of representation, drawings and plans, that we learn how to develop a project. In this book, some of these representations rurebased on real spaces- houses and flats - and we will give you finished examples of real conversions, like the numerous books on home decoration or irrterior design which you will find in the public library. But becauseyou live in your own space, the cxamples you find are never just right. This book therefore aims to show above all a real method of clrawing, with a progressive acquisition of the skills which wiii enable you to carry out operations logrcllly, and to put your own ideas down on paper.

V a r i a t i o na sn dt r a n s f o r m a t i o n s
From the first you will be confronted witlt tlrc practice of conversion. Getting into thc hrrbit of' varying elements from the start, on the grrplrics side as well as from a model, is way of bcttcr' understanding the rules of design, at the sanrc tirrre as inventing modifications, of finding and projct ting ideas. Let's take an example.You can draw a particrrlur' space or room like a camera, strictly copying wlrlt is in front ofyou, but you would not be makirrs usc of the rules which permit you to show the splcc in question a little differently: a partition less,sorrrc panels here and a transparent space there, tl-rc cciling taken down to increasethe loft space,anci why not a flight ofstairs to facilitate access, etc. Some of the elementary principles of persl.rct'tive and some professional tricks will teach you t<r think intelligently about your drawing, as thorrqlr it were a little mechanism where you can nrovc tlrc parts about. From the first pages on line, its valucs urrtl colours, we get into the habit of grafting on v:rri:rtions and new creations. Themes such asa small conversion (ofa bcdrrlr>rrr, sitting-room or kitchen) will be introcluccd progressively, but also more general,architccturll iclcls, such asdepth, thickness,geometry and tlansp:rrcrrt y.

The progression
First of all there are the principal drawings, like the ground plan and the section, the technique ofscale drawing, which allows you to measure the spaces to be converted, and then finally the different kinds of perspective which enable you to understand space,whiie studying its modifications.

PR-FP AP-AT]oN FOR- DP-AWIN(

easic t e c h n i q u eT sh . ese are f r e e h a nd r a w i n g Learn a n dp r a c t i s b yo some an dg in , uw i [ [n e e d fo ra L r I epresentationaIdraw indispensab te cg hapters. skil.L fo s r t h ef o t L o w i n understandin og fthese

*-*

-.----J--

t*

il

lVate
Drawwgsart drhi U h"^n,Jrwft/^{; ,rl' rhz hzlVvf a fin, nvl"s:a d,rawwg tvard,ah/"ffn.cLt7 yayt, olty:, 4 fra.hqq.rctu( wrrto r^lz.r, +r" ah"/,eo" s*-sVwtrzsfvr atglas an-rL a ,,.n+fur, to te ^sd,:/arug!

-\M
ff4,Mf4rcM-

wwrrtorwler

un^dzr A,7tt/ ,,rkL 71pLyV ,,1f f4,fctu ,,'15f rr drawt4y yn'albl Lt,nzr

+t "l(ttr^4r(

cLq:fvr l^ol"/"ug
f4lff wv fvsLfl,&1,

t-lv Pnyt rlw yaytr ^sd, dzttrj,s wwhzttr'zr tgb drawL4r7, rr a srausrlnrf k u a st -f,rsr a"J d,rawwgs oart,a slaroljwLwrd"a ftu'ff ovver la"rt rf n:t',ly rnrh.t, r-f.yo* tnl,tsytruntl,e v^Null nto^r u ofl* arc urtJruV fttu1r-tl^c drnwwg *trlo *aftr"ilr*t, nst soo:/n /ayer,yrrfrrn r]" a.tko!-,tr avflj, tlu ynrtlzm,t *u"LJug rflow nrc,*bV drawugs 4,fr[tr$rLut, tr"^fu,Xv" vvtlL rnd, tn JL4firLtnWJ( l4ywr rlu tlznl ynyt o tlghtfu fttl4q4rerw ro-6yrt^ tr rhz iltruqL nr tw Lgqv$, t^r tenwry d,uf-f',cnlr rc f ,nd,.Tr?I*g 14yff,eud44 trca rvl,L q l,as rn^al"(,, sarfaufnr,f,4 yz*6[ M#f.

Eko!-ft[r-rr.y

o.e oyrlltryq !ervi.[,

0t \, /lY\tA t-lU,ALLrw: V lt\/ul/ tt\u,lLtlr(i,',yrl v/t Lt,ne, rtrr,ltr trr(f rl lut tt'rr.vt,tallr rw,all

1i

(0 hqvetha I,r,rl,trtt ylr, tl, ,tlhtwtlrr/,Vt)rt ( ttrtt ,/rt(t ( , (ttttt(t yuttlh ll*ten lnanl,, ltrrlrt rurl thu',7h.

C^f.yfi^r n nlq Lt 'ro han/,l,e, ff 'aJt,4

-frrtr"srft trcnl", rntfur vwnd'e ln u srfrz, qhj, (qswr vh,

rlu ynyt

-\' lfr

' \ t ' t l , ( t t , (r ( ,tt,t ,1 t t ,' l t t 1 , 1 t , 1 1 l1 rf

I

/ ,&lr"
" #

Ttiehne
Drawing a I i n ei s a r e f l e c t i oo nf y o u r a t t i t u da en dy o u rp e r s o n a L iT ty h.ek i n d o f I i n e d i r e c tc , t e a nc , l u m s yh , esitanh t ,e a v yt,i g h t i , n c i s i ve et c- d e p e n d s y o u r on p e r s o n a L iltty . p r o v ew im s i t hp r a c t i c e a,s y o uw i L s t e ew i t ht h e s e few w a r m i n g - ue px e r c i s e s .
DA/'wING.

The [ine
A line is not just a thirrg irr itsclt, lr r.cprcscnrs something - it is a synrbol ()f il (.()nt()r.rf, rrrr ;rxis, a horizon, the motifs orr thc floor or. thc scttirrg of the door-frame. A lirrc hrrsu firrrrr, nrost oficrr straight,a point of departurc rrrrdirrrivul,it posirion in spaceand on the pagc, rrrrorictrt;rtiorr.lrr prrrctical terms a line is the routc bctwecrr two poirrts, and it is the points that rrrc criricrrl rrrrtl nrtrst lrc well placed.

Graphics, tonaIvaluesand cotours

You have to show surfaces, shadows, differences of tone in your drawing. But the pencil is not made for showing a suface.'W'ork out a range of values, in small 2-3cm squares, from the lightest to the darkest, in five or six stages,then do gradations. Note how you can avoid it looking too mechanical by combining repetition and variations.

Dr4wJiln4:rraglrr Lw"es frotn tht,lrtht tT ahrrl'zr, wwlw^t lnrbg t rl,o tt/ rf thz yut) tw nwh. )^r sh,yn wg thz papr rl,z first ql fLw, t;f tt rgtstz,r rl',ad*stq^(, tlan draw s7Tlna seawn"d' fime

rllrhz rrcccl, arc,4a,w r7"l^, [.uvs, grgyi wtrLtar"lury, d.cts, :w,all *o. vay t-lwtht(rufy, wurl'owt oblry uy tlv wfau tw vnnoln.

10

r *

Figures
The construction of certain shapes, notably the square,and then the circle, is a pernanent exercise in drawing.The shapesenable us to see the value of the vertical and horizontal, basis of all proportion and orientation of line, in brief the nreasure of the whole drawing.The constructions arc lirnbering-up exercises, to practise regularly,likc goitrg to the gym!

.... ."...\, th' (h4, wlu.oln drawdnad'tryv^'al,:, J?^nre, thzngwt, nti.pw,t rf ahd' :dzs th dn4 tht, wd'nw .ys^ hasa y*ynst,ytw rf rfu t?^nre.rlni Ver4rwrv hflr vwur crntlayow ft d'raw:hayz:wu yeayeoa.vz nwl w Vltct, ft d'wrl'ca WWhi' aw Hvcra,l d't rryw arght Fra an L * :rttyt +f / 30 4'hl/ 60 )'

Dr4w 4. aurala audz 4 t?^4.rc

d"rawurg rlrl

^/ rf Ltws,ad.dzd, rlu dra*wg u n^ad.e at ran-dnw, t:h'en yrylrt:wely frctwyru"t:tn"a.dz orzatzs yurwd' frezharl'. Th+s utzneotmu thzr "y wkol,onwfu1 t*th.cr t*ru "y ard, Jr rw.

d,tryrr',a.1": rf rh.crrtargh, nnl, rh.ewd,nw yy1,1^7't

4J Llvfh[ Hrb6.

Dr4wa Luv, tnarL q,Wwhr ar./"dww, t1 yara. (yr, th4rL rff rl.t I,w tntv r cq,nnL

Draw srw lwrkvtqL Lt*,2s, anl' vtttpaL wws,

teo. st d,g yrtsry"tn ynrtbuJa.rffio,',1ry, wlu,h, vnu wuavef^laxo1wal drawwg ttoV ,l'o ws( ^sr,nL Tl'.Ls cxeroieaatu te d.{^at1 d*^*t*g a Mtwvr!nwby ngrd' vf vf yaral.hlLws, fl"eru yery*'trrnl,a.rLws I

Ar rl'a ta& rf a squ,are /r4pra( drawug arglz: rf

3ao, 5fo, Go"4.h"d,9o"

11

Pronortiorrs
r r \_/-yvr
Proportion as r er e [ a t i vm e easurement W s .ea r e n o td i s c u s s i n g a esthetics here, it issimpty n f t h e L e n g to a q u e s t i oo hf c o n n e c t i ob ne t w e e t n h ev a r i o u s points e t e m e n ta s n dt h e d i s t a n c b ee t w e et n h ev a r i o u s i n t h ed r a w i n g . N o t et h a t ,i f y o ug e tt h e s e connection as b s o L u t erL yh ta t a [ [p o i n t sy ,our ig yc c u r a t e drawing wiLb l "e p e r f e c t ta T.h i si s a v i t a t s k i L L m t oa s t e r .

When drawing, get into the habit of observing proportions, and watch out for the errors which will inevitably arise.To look at the proportions of arcctangle,the simplest way is to compare it mentally with one or several squares.

Drlw Jrw rccrargl,u,ft4rtw7 wutltsqrnrzs *ht"rlryo flwn d+vttz^y

- ynturzs, Dr4wltw rf rh.e arow^.d,1w :u"yl,erfocors rh'e nyyli,artu frvnt rf yueu:,f f,"ru.t *t, l,*^:zl.oln , Pry oarcfuL il"all ^rewtl,J. 4(futrwL rc rhat, wk"ol"gwt ntjzor viuaL moL m swtu frvlffrtchr, tdznttyy ahl' urd'tpafttlzr frnvotwru

12

C o n s t r u c t i na gd r a w i n g
liol your first try, choose a wall panel, with a door, rvirrdow, picture frames, pieces of furniture etc. | )r';rw it all on the flat, as though there were no l)crspcctive (there probably is) respecting not just t lrc proportions of each element, but showing how tlrcy a1ign, the diagonal, horizontal and vertical lirrcswhich connect all these objects This operatiorr is what we call constructing the drawing.

Prqori'Jedrnwt*g l*rt<shi'a.L q^/, vzr(baL Lwrlt

Th.etu q7 t lnccbwvnt t u l n t t , r t o t u ' fw l l l , t 4 l r t l v o / f o t t v r r u , ly 1 s lr4rtut d..rawt vtJlaLt;t what t ws^[d,/lol Lrlt tI tlurr lqtq(il ttrtthl rrty\( rl lltcrt drncut

PANf ,4xo ul^yovT-f

T od r a wa p t a no f a c e r t a i n s p a c ey , o us h o u l d intheory have m a d ea n o t eo f a t [ t h e d i m e n s i o nb se f o r e h a nT dh . ep L a n a n dt h e l a y o utto s c a [ e a r et h u sc t o s e t y retated B. u t ,t o m a k e t h i sl a y o u y t ,o uh a v e tounderstan d e p r i n c i p a L r u to ef s th representatio ne , ny o uw i [ [s e eb e t t e r th h o wt o o r g a n i sy eo u rw o r k .T h i si s w n y w e a r eg o t n g t o s t a r tb ys h o w i n t g h ep r i n c i p L b ee s h r nt d h ep t a n .
n tcd,

j"'ti'i:

,,
.'"'.

al";" , .

4 t t 4

{,

?
tl

4o9

Drawtngr the plan

T h ep L a n o r l a y o uits a v i e wf r o ma b o v e A . nelevation ,orizontatvie fw ac Ih , eo n , i f y o uI i k e w ) o r k so n t h e s a m ep r i n c i p t e , w i t ha s c a L e , which to y o ua d ds o m e codes a n dc o n v e n t i o n p t a n sa ts a v e th t i m ea n dm a k et h e e a s i et ro r e a d .

'/ro cr Loh\ fZr lw

Scales
H{r( qrc tl*ec ykru nf rhz s^w flar, wtt'ln vla havz^or sl**w rhrzed.t"'ffrrznr sonl,et. vtewvf llq synu, v tha uaofu rl'z sayna sanv ,t1ur r,tu dztaLl.
r/too rt taYw lt lr\ Tlrc scale is the connection in size between the cl-awing and reality. Scale allows us to measure clistances on a plan or a map. Note that there is no sca-leon a sketch or in a perspective drawing, since the objects, varying rn size according to the distance,are not measurable.

16

Eachobjectis drawnto sca[e

is expressed by a fraction,suchasI/l0,called Scrrlc n tenth.For the interior of a houseor flat the scaie of 1/50 is currentlyused.This can alsobe expressed its 2cm to the metre, or 2cnt p.m. (There are 50 tinres 2cm in a metre.)
At this scale a room measuring 4 x 6nr bccourcs, on paper, a rectangle of 8 x 12cm.You crur show

Making a graphic scate

If you don't likc doing mental calculations, draw a littlc scllc on thc plan.In this way you can measure, rooms, staircases, kitchen equipnrent ctc. in tlrc arrclcvcrr just tlkc irr at a glance, the dimensions of 'l:rrgcr' space,but to give details you need a olrjccts represented. scrrlc, tlrc sprtccsrrrrcl such as 1,/20 or 1,/1,0.

q2

O,J t/zo v tar^ F,r t^

-lrfi OA/c/vAL. rHF l'/GUTE ,/NDAIVEATI

7HE t rt ALw/yt

^1ANy h^4.r,r,
DAAA//A.rC.

u'*,I',!)o',r'

FIAr I^V D/V/DFD FoA rA/6

17

eorrverrtlorrs arrdsvrnb ols

Convention as r ea n i n t e r e s t i n g a s p e co t f p t a nd r a w i n g s A.s i t i s n o tp o s s i b tte o give t h ed e t a i t s o f s o m ee t e m e n tw s h i c ha r ee i t h e r t o os m a I t o , r o t h e r w i ste oo r e p e t i t i vs eu , c ha s d o o r sw , indows e t c ,w e u s es y m b o l s .
Doors
Doors are shown open, rheir width to sca-le, indicating if they open inwards or outwards.You don't draw a line for the threshold. Avoid showing the door with a diagonal line - on the contrary take the chance to practise drawing a quarter-circlel The symbol is simple, showing just the frame and the top of the door (thickness may or may not be shown to scale). Only the passagethrough is really shown to scale.

A thin line This shows details which are not structural - strips of parquet, motifi on a wall, elements in low relief ctc. Thin dotted line This shows the outline of large elements which are lbove the plan, such as a large beam, or the bounclaries of a nezzanine or overhang.

) u,tr LuuJrv rwtlws d'rnwug wt sfrnw w*:r nf rlrz owrtht

1
f
I

:yrtnl": Nrre tlat ws 4rt lr^Lf-lyrtrl",l'"Lf rtalunr

Windows
Windows (except for French windows) are shown by uy Lwu perpendicular lrres two pcrpgrrcrruurar lines orl on tlle the wail, wa[, snowlng showing the width of the ledge. They are usually shown s h u t ( s e ep l 6 ) . Dw

"-J."

_t_

rluwr rrTy
Arrow sh.wuyt d,ucofww Fuw d.rffzd,Lr,ntun"danat-trg a nv<<antw nr wzrharg

rf rhz:rty:
$41urcr (gnard,raul)

Convention rs egarding [ines

Unlike a sketch, in a scale drawing the thickness of the lines must be consistent and regular, because they signi$z something. When drawing in ink, or with instruments, the thickness is strictly controlled, but when using pencil you are in control. It's a good exercise!

A b a s e[ i n e ,o r c o n t o u r
It shows an edge in the space, an outline, for example the top of a piece of furniture or the banister of a staircase. In fact you don't make many lines of this kind on a plan drawing.

tl4q ^ nt rl,w stars

l{cfwru LLM

18

Lines indicating Scc p24

dirnensions

a n de q u i p m e n t Showing furniture
In general, pieces of furniture ilrc nol shttwtt ott llut a ground plan, since they are not pL\nllrlllct)t. if their presence is useful on your luyout, yott r'rttt lts choose to show them exactly,or to tlsc syttt|.rtlls, shown below. Fixed sanitary ware is always slrowrr (tltcsc rtt't' not furniture). Kitchen furniturc is vurillrlt', rtrrtl you can decide for yourself.

The section line and the walls Whcn you make a floor plan, in principle you show cvcrything under a certain height. By convention, this is fixed at 1 metre from the ground. Everything lubove this height is left out of the plan. But there ilrc certain elements which come up from the ground and go higher than this fixed height, e.g. thc outside walls and partition walls. On a floor plan these are shown cut off, as if a horizontal bhde had separated them from the upper part. The passageof this blade defines the section. To differentiate the section it is drawn with a very hearry line. The stairs You also show what is under the stairs, as for cxample a small storage space. The banister, or guard rail, is shown by two lines. To indicate the direction of the stairs draw an arrow, always indicating upstairs.

htt wurh
wew,dnvrryzn
z tarwffr
z-Jcq?r Jtf4

i-tJ

lb-]

thesymbols behind T h eL o g i c
Note that there is always a logic in these conventions: a single line indicates an outline, two iines two outlines, which here makes the top of the banister,or handrail.'When the section line arrives at the windows, it is replaced by two thin little lines, closed-up, which indicate the thickness of the Elass.

qth lctt

lorlt

wa.slntasi,t"

W4,JM4JLIL

tl+owt try

d,s^tb t{d, 19

Changir-rgt arounrd the furrriture

\J

G e tu s e d toworking o n a f l o o rp [ a n , L a y i no gu tt h e d i f f e r e n atr r a n g e m e n t s o f f r r r n i t r rv re orc r ou[d have i nt h e s a m er o o m . D r a wa p t a no f t h e r o o m y o ua r ei n n o w t , h e nc h a n g e the furniture a r o u n dT . h i se x e r c i sw eiIl g e ty o ua c c u s t o m e to du n d e r s t a n d i n g t h ed i m e n s i o n os f v a r i o ue s[ e m e n t s , being aware o f t h e i rp r o p o r t i o n as nd thinkina g b o u t h ee m p t y spaces w h i c he n a b l e people to move about a room.

trus( wrnLz a lkt f rha rmn wLrhw ybtrov[y rhu as trwr;y furn"tturc.vw oaw
(LIA{J 4J MC{JJ4,U

?trft nrrntgtnzw, tlz, :rfa i vyywkt ^f ^^1 twrdad, fireykx, *lnbl"l',a:fucw ludAzr" r/u Anu'grqtl,(u t1rlw rzlzvuto*. ratlwrol,rst dwr rc rh't, Itjtohzn

20

lzom.d, arrargen^4hi': fh.( dlnug rntk ha: tzzn nwed,rwnl' ah"/, dw arra. whf, rf (h4, tzr* rcvtszd'. sittug-rwn' l.ras

t huolarrn47ewt' il4 /"t,ru,1q ratl,clrat tem ynov&L anl tfu il,ffwlr-rcvtw Mtr rfu wtntr+w dnor harlcuvlkc[ul vll.

TO HeLP PIAN rfAtAA,vcel

A Fv&v/71/AF cA117 coloua

ENT/ yov

Y0ut DAAr.v/vC

/7A/ Aooih wtLL ^rot-R 8EPoA6 &AKrvc Avy vFw puacFlArFr.

AvD COvr/DE.A Ho^/

21

T-ll

I ' . Y r l i l o \ / A t r n n | ,r\-vlL , L u l U l ld t l O S e C I l O n
, .

A n e t e v a t i oi n s a s t r a i g h t - ov ni e wo f a w a [ [ .l f y o us t a n d back, L o o k i na gt t h e w a Lh I o r i z o n t a [y [y o,uh a v e a f u I t - f a cv ei e wo f t h ew a I t ,k n o w n asanelevatron. T h ep r i n c i p L et h es a m ea s f o r t h ef l o o rp l , a n is . T h es i d e w a L ta s r et h u s s e c t i o n ev de r t i c a [ [a ys , theywere h o r i z o n t a to Ln yt h ef L o o p r Lan . h i se L e v a t i o n T c a nb e c a t [ e d a sectiona eL [evation.

The drawing is of what is facing you, the items against the wall: doors and windows, but also shelves and tables, making an ensemble, like a small fagade in your room. Side passages, doors and win_ dows are always cut ofl, but avoid cutting a single isolated item, such as a column. All this is imoor_ tant: the line of section must indicate the volume in general and the openings, even if they are not exact\ opposite.

t&rwt rf q tafl'r*tn, tt tb pala ,/ zo, l" i nw:"kathfvr drnwtrgsr.rwLl syausnr/, flr.t,arrargtmeff rf dzraLb s*1" qJo"ytvard,s, lwluasil. Nrrefhe rkob"zy rf tfu sotwt" h,nt, rt hzly ffitrzrt-tnrr rl,z rnyrv :yau

El,evqflM rf n sr,ttug-rwn,,fth a.str,alL tabny nr,"d,,z

22

trl
,*A

il
DrqwJlw rnvbr i,tveltvqt|ttv (fac{-rtu) I\tqw (ht vqtut,r

t o l e uu'lrvl'epL

R e a r r a n g i na gn a r e ao f w a t l
l\cthinking the layout of a flat doesn't alwaysmean rrroving interior walls. Rearranging a wall panel, changing the decoration and objects displayed is in itself an important modification.You can plan this on paper, especially if you are thinking of buying new elements such asshelves, storageboxes, scts of drawers etc.

Design in modules
Thke measurements of the various elements to be included, and imagine the various different ways they could be put together. They will be much nrore interesting if you have worked them out in a clrawing: they then become reai little compositions, combining practicality with aesthetics.

1 t

23

lVaku-rg alayout
T h el a y o uc t o n s i s to gg r o u n d s f p r o d u c i na p t a na n de t e v a t i o n os fa buitding o,r , ftertaking o n eo f i t s p a r t s a m e a s u r e m e no ts n t h es p o t , There a r et h u st w o phases : king ta measuremen s dc o p y i ntg at n h e mo u to n t h ed o c u m e n t s .
'We

0rganisation of the layout

start with preliminary drawings on which we mark the measurements taken.These drawings are an intermediate stage berween the sketch and the ground plan: they are done by hand, on the spot, but with most of the codes in place. Now that you are (more or less) fully informed on all the ways of showing what you can see, you must get ready to take the measurements.

marking down tlrc lrcirsurr.rrrcnts of crc:lr room, there is a tcndency trl frllgct the thickncss of the wallsor panels.Trkc nlcil$rlrcllcnt twicc,to guardagainst mistakcs. Mcasurcirgninst tlrc rcll flnt suface,not the thick rrrouldinl{s oll tltc cloors or wall oanels.

'When

Walts a n dp a r t i t i o n s

Details
The amount of detail required depends on your final intention. For a flat, dont include panel n.rouldings. But if you are planning to reorganise a library or similar, you probably should include them.

A team effort
Ideally there should be three people involved: one to draw and take notes, and two to hold the tape when large areas are involved. At home, you can get your family involved in this operation. Bur if you are on your own you'll just have to manage. $o

c,4p

3b

J1,,.

il

A sketchof the groundptan

This is the moment to apply the principles of drawing laid out on page 10. Start by making a freehand plan in a hardback notebook, preferably room by room. Leave space around the drawing for writing down the measurements. At this stage the exact scale of the drawing doesnt matter because you are going to mark it in.Try to keep the drawing in proportion, so that it is easierto read.

I
l. 16

L ' l p

'Jr-t

T h ed i m e n s i o n s
These are indicated on a parallel line in the same direction, with small lines to indicate where the measurement runs, and little bias marks to indicate that it's a measurement. not oart of the drawinE. Be methodical!

rw,nLL Luu rv uluae

w Mrl fl4t l^4lltuHL\lltt Myu

l,w ir,, ParaLhL

dtcotwm

snnl)ttzu
w,d,watz thft' t't u a w4Jw'tt^tliard, rrt l4rf f rl.',( drawt*g

24

-il;
the uptheftoorplan/drawing Tldying thing whol,e
Yrlu can now go on to a drawing of the whoie tlring. Think of the floor plan as a good sketch which you want to improve or tidy up. Of course you can work in two stages:a first sketch as a foundation, and then superimpose a final drawing.
M i

. .=-

;*
i

F i

a n ds c a l e Format
Now itt time to choose a scale. Let's think of an example. If you are doing a layout of a flat of 100m', more or lesssquare,it will be around 10m x I 0m. At a scaleof 1/50 (or Zcm per m.) it will be a square20cm x 20cm,which could go in anA4 format. But it will be too cramped, asyou must always Ieave some space around the drawing. Thus an A.3 format (29.7crn x 42cm) or even larger (50cm x 65cm) would be more appropriate. Of course,you can cram in a little more in a sketchbook.

W r

t '

/l}.

h e f l o o rp l a n C o n s t r u c t i ntg
You must first of all make an outline, that's to say trace out the lines which will not be visible at the final stage of the work, but which will help to ensure that the visible lines are well positioned.
, e $

Studythe layout
Before drawing the floor plan, make little sketches of it, diagrams in which you can analyse the general dimensions.Without really making a final plan, it's a way of understanding its logic.

25

Lalrout of a flat
I n t h i se x a m p [w e e g o o n t o t h e l a y o uo t fa whole f l a t ,T h ed r a w i n g s o n th e s et w o p ag e s sh o wth e d i ffe re nstages, t andthe pr ogr essive f i n e - t u n i no gf t h e d r a w i n g a sw e s k e t c h a n dv e r i f y t h ed e t a i t s .

rhu firr lryw, wudzin lt*, lrartun lauoln tlufaor rhar rhc,flwr yLan rf d,.a nrvlaanh flar w rea[ysunph
tdrwd, ^f tlr 4 d,tyrcawru. rlw drawLla i wr ft saql,c,.

rdJ arrhz n.gl. oW ftW, d.rawt*g dztall rha th*sseovrtr,

l^C4,JMWtLfJ.

26

vLrlw fkrd' d*awt*g,alldrz un;frrw,nflrtu haad,al,frr aw wWrwryrgleot i l,qit,tw. stz fh4,dr4h rf d^zy,yleotvw ygc a0,

4,

27

PELfPECT(VE
y o uh a v e v i e wo f t h e l o c a t i o a n n dc a nt a k e I na s c a t e drawing a good th measuremen at s a c c u r a t ea ty s y o uc o u t d i n t h ea c t u a t s p a cM e .o r e o v e r ,i s i s t h ed r a w i n m g o s tu s e d inbuiLdin wg ork. y o un e e d t o t r a i ny o u r s e [ Inorder t o d ot h i s , tf o [ o o ka t s p a c e differentLy p to consider f r o mt h ew a y y o u normaLl ye r c e i vie t .T h u sw e a r e n o wg o i n g -otn more'visua['metho h ed i f f e r e n kti n d s ofperspecti od f rse p r e s e n t a t i

t6

' tvtrufv

'

tr''f/d!'

29

prol lsornetric ectlor-r

Th i sf o r m o f p e rsp e cti ve i s ve rye a sy to appl.y . o r e o veir M t e n a b L eyo s u e v e n t u a [tto y t a k em e a s u r e m e n t s , a s w i t ha f l o o rp | ' a nI.n e f f e c tt,h e paraLle l iL n e sd o n o tc o n v e r g e towards t h ev a n i s h i np go i n t t ;h e y t.evera s t a yp a r a l l e S vIa r i a t i o n s e x i s ta , c c o r d i ntg o t h ea n g l e ofsight c n o s e nn : e a r et ro t h e l a y o u to ,r n e a r et ro t h e e l e v a t i o n .
,lo p^ptr) rn frnl thz waLb. Nd-a al,sr rlnar *hn yw t*vlw aruLrr.rn rhz lryo"r, d'z ,zot^Aile, f tha face: rf d,z wall:ra[a n* rlnzasycor rf a ynrnlhlp|rattt^r h,t,llwLfV llzs stry ynrall,eL tr eaahnrhz,r. rlv vwwts d,wtrrrtd, u+rtkwn rv rlv,ywnrl yl"a.w, t^t l,zey: thu ,U"krfy

|. vrt oqrL, wlvnrlv phwl,at tun ylvtcrl, lsruer ila I'e1Alt rf rhznryks,a: d,z n aLd,toaft rlv vuwfavwt rlv fam rf rl,,c wnlk,r, rlt. azrrwvw rf rhzJcnwryrnft-lvyk*.

Trgtrfrrm z ft + d,r,vtdz tl'a fugk: a an/' t fu ,, rhzwr(d.rqw d^ali,r'cs

2. v'ltaa\ttf a rumtkr rutnlr ty nrJv r14lrstlztrf rhzykw. ynra7 r/4 W nr,.d,

1 I

4t'

oturve tha rvuvvrv',rs t/4.rLqrw6 aoa yussutl,e, arglzl ohv,*. ft dN(

rf
!.

An effectof reduction
The prqection view does not distort length. It produces a paradoxical optical illusion: thinking we lre seeing in perspective, we find that the vertical lines, that's to say the walls, are higher than in reality because,if the perspective was true, they would cflectively be dwarGd by the effect of distance. To mitigate this impression we can corrcct it ,r Little by reducing the height, but then yor-rlosc tlrc chance of taking measurements. Note thlt rrrcustrrements are only taken while the vertical lincs strry parallel, and parallel to the sides of the flt>or plrrrr.

(lr\rrlvl( tiJl l'!lrl(

' lf DlMENSroNr ! ' ' Jr ( ' ' ( ' l r \ l t i

PIAN t:t-^*' rrt'rl rlt l r(x)R I t l t t ' a pt t l(AL' BvT/ R(',MAlf'llDEt'lT f'trrl1|)M) llFl(i(ARr ll 1l1l vl FII(At

rHE UNCHAN6D/

t*^t' FloLoN'reR' API/)rA(,\)FlALl

V! I H ] H(:IR OPJ('INAL D MN('DN

*ntfjl
* NOR- VlII

31

Drawlrrg throe-dlmrensiorral obt ects

arrdfurruture
T ou n d e r s t a ntd h i st e c h n i q uo ef t h e p r o j e c t i o vn iew, s t a r tw i t hs i m p L o eb j e c t s s,u c ha s c u b e sb , efore drawing spaces. Practisb e yd r a w i n g pieces offurniture o r d o m e s t ia c p p L i a n ces t h i si s a g o o de x e r c i sw eh i c h w i Lf La m i l . i a r i y so e uw i t h t h e i rs h a p e s a n dd i m e n s i o n T s. hese progressiv se k e t c h ew s i Ua . t s or e m i n d y o uo f t h e i n i t i ap Lr i n c i p t eo sf d r a w i n gI:i n e s ofconstructio an n dp r o p o r t i o n s .
Ywwl) wt"u,lotb'ry atrhz d*a*u.gs, atwkol,yvtnrrhu vr,ew u ^vf^l twd,rawwg a l^allntjut rhts tsd*tattthzfqotrhat, u1*, L,rn* o"rseLvu tt a rzdnucL ya,r tf d,a vt'smL fidd' ah4'ahvawry frrn rlz varul'"g /loirt, du vizwisyraotw"U ,l" Jarne 45yznyotwz ,r,rl, varu,tlutg yraw (su drawtrg,yefl.

ora,w rha Jq^4.r{, vr rcotargl,e vf rlugrcw,a, ykw vf rha nficor

z. P^r unrhz verttpaL luw: aht, rhtn rhz yarailzL w^,tt

32

rl,a fin*:hzrtd.rnwwg

t. Dr4waw nrglz rf 3o" tlz tty , rhzn d*vt"dz Lww mt*n. T/uwd'wrlzzqaLhatf u"tl,'rzz.

z. Drqw rhz 4rw\r{tfl. thz ^yrgk:, d^zw

q, Dt'aw rh'tHar. tfu /w rt' rfu wh, rh4w

thz aryh vf rl,'zta.aL 4. Drnw

thz rar vf rfu arwu r Drtw tlz tatL qh/, rhatu

6. Ad.d, th"fu4t

33

Deston an offlce soace

\J

Taking advantag e o f t h e b e n e f i to s f t h e p r o j e c t i ovn iew, i , e .k e e p i n t gh e d i m e n s i o nm s ,a k e s o m ed e t a i l es dt u d i e o s f a n o b j e co piece t ra sma[[ of furniture M . ore v i s u atL h a ng r o u n d p l a n st,h e s e yo studies"atto wut o s h o w t h i c k n e so s, b j e c ts su p e r i m p o s o en d eu p o n a n o t h ea r n ds p a c e s T.h a n k t so t h e flexibil.i o tf yd r a w i n g , e c a ni n t r o d u cs i n p e n c i [w ee e - t h r o u g vh i e w sa , voiding m u L t i p |v. ie ews o f t h e s a m et h i n q .

A fotdaway officeon a shetf

If you only have a small space, and not much money, you can make yourself a foldaway office, even a mobile one if you fit castors on it.

.r

t. f(4.rf ty bawug : drawtrs Drqw rlelrc^yi, s"rfaq, firsr.

'tt..,
' -:tu*-'

.E
.:x

z. Drtw n tl,'z fn* vtrbah, rlntnl,raw u" th.cmlv, l,cvcl,s ,ls^haad,.

.,

i;l:

i 5i:::l'

#;5_ li"*-

a"'::

ovwrfiryt( rv rc,Jervt, 4 3. Nw drq w rffi.q, :hzLf. out^L syacz wvr rlw a,h-d, snwv*lqrc rn frr

34

Y^rSuwfatt

'l'lrc

Groupino gffice furniture

lrrojcction view enablesyou to move furniture ls you pleaseTry out some arrangements ,rtorrrrrl Itr lintl the one that suits you best, before buying tlrc vlu'ious elements of your office corner. z Dr4w tlvdw v{rttoq.l,s, tlutu d,rqw tlw vartor^s wv!- stnrfaus an/,
At1Lfl

,)' / \

I'Folr (rlo,v v/try (NABLFf you .tttt f Qri^/ / t ro rTuDy DtlAtL.f n ND 7-A16 ^iltol ( Alt( MELy.

t Drq,w 4 flwr ykr, rf rhz varn^s tkwhr'r (wtJUt/"

t;'

il_

'/aF4+r''1/

;;'.

q Draw untll LrcW,J,

rtlur d.cwrt's1ort

rud,: sltclves, drawxr5, wvqtla

rht,rr,arnyur,t i,on ly nd.d,una unall dradzrntl:- kny, 4 Ft,rurh cilrf^rcr, lwb r" yrr(ul.,a,

35

Fiaytng aboutwtth space

F i n a L lw ,y e, c a nc o n s i d ea rspace a sa na s s o c i a t i o on fw a t [ s a n do b j e c t s . sing U a g r i dt r a c e d o u tb e f o r e a n dp t a c e d under t h ep a g e i s t h i ne n o u g h ) I i ft h e p a p e r atlows y o ut o pta y about w i th sp a ce s a s youplease. youhave Once master eo e fsp r o j e c t i o t h e p r i n c i p | .o n y o uh a v e a t y o u rd i s p o s i t i o an highty usefuI i n s t r u m e ne t ,q u i v a t e tn t o a sma[[-scam [ eo d e L b,u te a s i e t ro m o d i f y .
\.

a kitchen Drawing
in using prqection.The preliHere is an exercise nrinary drawing of the corner of the room and a automatically enables framework of 60cm squares you to place units to the correct size. This visual-ryou iation of the units, even if simplified, enables to group them better.

t Df4wa rumfur rf eootnJf/artJ 1a ftrarvkr/" ilz) avrrsyavtrll'g uwfl q,hi rlu rumhr tf ltt"lr,ew 4lllinr'.c$,

z Drqw wfhz vzrfr,aaL Luas,at

wu flvw *t *r cxykm'e/" /W 32, *lu.oh rh.e vyrflwns rrq.r[s frcvcnt th.tdra*ug teag rcn/"enst!.
3 Ad), shadl4yand,d,*auh,a,tl47

rhzymtrl.:frvrw ygc ,t.

kitche rour-rd Swapplng bathrroomr

otd .ns o m e t o t h eh o m e I nh t ange a s i g n i f i c ac t akes T h i sp r o j e cm a n dt h e area f a rf r o mt h ed i n i n g isoften sh e k i t c h e n f l a t so r h o u s e t Wh a tw e w a n tto do is swapthemr ound, i s v e r ysma L t. bathroom a r e aa , n da wm i t ha d r n i n g cornei rn a L i v i n g - r o o c r e a t i na gkitchen been havc ooms i g h tT . h eL i v i nrg w i t hn a t u r al L sa t h r o o m m o r es p a c i o ub T na t L .his a p a r t i t i ow down r i do f a d o o ra n dt a k i n g e n [ a r g eb dyg e t t i n g been hasatr eady a layout w ,h e re n xa g mp te i n t h efo L L o w i e is s h o w n don e { s e ep . 2 6 lr.
Hs^toa.nwXSwayrwwL rhzv t*v rwwl

prtlec t\t ttNltw t.vv t v

natks

^t

syau. to rccthz avadatLe

*-\ |

L,nvc tecnralaw t lu farti,rt,onr vt"r*ilucd''a rwq.ytorhar wcoatu t^'r ^1t,t, *t tmtr, {^rurc lirol,ew oq,t/v W4,vre rhz lzwLtfww wv["y rctehrc

Dcffi,rcnrrut nf wraLLtMa dlnina a,rca, wrtfu al.rrgn ,uaLL, ah.d' s/"elvil, rcvr(gc unks v d,i;yQywu,n

.;

I
l f . I

I lv hotv.,nral luvrrl rlv,yvnl ykwcxrcnl, wk,hnoda(yt,t17 t,t'(o vl tlv lt,t,lta'u, thot( tn

(l,c (r46tfl.ilt ttt(, t0 il to haw n'{(l,tvtl,tyINL

t awt4ytl,w.r la*rr,' tlvv twl.V+ut, I hi,r tlv Iuch,cn ynu |attu,'kt,l,Y

?s

Vlsrlahsil-rg a krtchrerr corr-rer

T h i se x a m p Lte a,k e n f r o mt h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o on npage 3 8 ,p u t si n t op r a c t i c e t h es t u d i e m s ade onkitchef nu r n i t u r e a,n dt h ed i f f e r e n cto m b i n a t i o o nn st h e 6 0 c mm o d u L e T.h ep r o j e c t i ovn iewl , i k eo t h e rr e p r e s e n t a t i o s nh so , ws here i t sI i m i t a t i o nb s, e c a u s ie t is impossibte o s h o wa s p a c ea , n dt h ew a I L w s hich d e l i m iitt ,a t t h es a m e time. 0 n t yt h eg r o u n d plans a n ds e c t i o nis nt h e i r way g i v ep r e c i s e s o l u t i o nts o t h i sp r o b L e m .

However, projections have the advantage of raising questions, like that of the partition wall now separating the kitchen from the entry hall, which was before the wall with the bathroom door. (This partition is studied on p.42.) rr'

,"d .","6n

* ,i

i
I

{ t

,i f i

.,J \, t,r,
Qrfrahtt

ti.

v-r,rohznfrvntgzvrn rlnzLt'v,g-rwm

rt t'oln e,w frontytt ru" d^z unqhte lnalJ

40

PkruW ytylcor. r'lwt y yarr rf rhaynrt,rwwwalL u ra[an lwd'w w. Awrxtraorcr wttl'urhu :lqwr" tehw. [ilr rf
fuawug vvc ontv:tu@ whaf u

hqltW *W*.V

atwerhaf,u^**t, rl'artl,z all*g u

wHtcH ALLow, WALU 70 T6 TAAN f '/fPgA/Df C6/L/vcf ,* ,,"^*'*' OTHFA AI&AA,,,"; ;;;: :,::: AtDt wHtc+ A a F A / O 7p ( ) t f t E L E ^ltTH A AFAL fcALE ^,1oD,L, DFr/GryMAGtct

fr4r6l4rchi'.

Crnizruel, vwwrf rlq Lt)ro

Jfac

41

an openparttttorr Creatlng
Tlnr

i n t h i sf L a t og f t h es p a c e [ s e ep . 4 0 ) T h er e o r g a n i s i n a c t sa t t h e s a m e t h a tt h e e n do f t h e e n t r yh a l L means + ;-^^- drl LJPsll ^ rrtition i n t ot h e k i t c h e n . LllllE dJ PC

This partition has two distinct parts: top and bottom. The bottom must remain closed because it conceals kitchen elements, equipment or storage. On the other hand the top part can stay open or half-open, in any case becoming the object of an obvious change.The partition becomes the frontage of the kitchen, while still being the end of the entry hall.We can treat it with elements which have some of the properties of a faqade, such as louvres, venetian blinds and houseplants.

fal,:euul.,"rg

TTA6Ef IHE VAR.]OV(

rf rh,e, yarzL n-rhz uj, rf rha enrryhall

ckn kzyr,nwexan"yLe, nnl'

flw rransfvrYnafw".

42

l)ilot studyof the lower part with open shelves.The uppclrpart rcfcrcnccs the kitchen,and is presented ()u tlrc lcft is a staudwith a pot of rs its luq:ldc. lrcrlrs, orr tlrc right is rrsystcnl uncl of louvres.

drawing Preparatory
sthl,yart ruwW frvvv"tlvfal,n utlwg hv,twtt tlu Lmpw (

Thc top pilrt hidcsl light,cvokingthc shtrtters of rr bistt'tl.

oymyarr tt tt rAaruvd,

the entrance, with storage drawers. In thc Lrppcr part, the objective is not to indicate thc kitclrcn beyond.

43

Transfornrrlrrg a flat
I n t h i so t h e re x a m p L ie t ,i s a s p a c e w i t ha d o u b t e orientatio w nh i c h wiLb l ,e created i n s w i t c h i nr qo u n d t h ek i t c h e n a n db a t h r o o m .
rlv,hob ftnr. r 1,,,e 4,aci,ht u yku/" vrvilz ynrrs fl+at }nt'trtt, r,u,a,hl,7fu waLl,t 4rc fr4hqtrch.t', *l"oh qllnwa/" werall ngrcrurl, /ttur(, wluoh \ rct. /nwwwh,

a.vlvna.rtr, vuw rf tlu or^otaL Hcrc., yam, rhz walkarL yarrtrtvru rhz r*ms rc tt o rrzd, arr slqww a: hartlad,zvis

l lu yau wutL hralu*g

rl,z yau e5 wkhn"t yarrtrwnt 5lnaww w.,vi,cw rf rl'z ol,aq7e:, thz fvr wl'unl" grtl, wdl yrue ,u a tare

rTvrvl'r rcrfu"t'wuw brol''tn.

a yknrurg sl,*o|". t wt)J tt MD(JJ4U tr hab, sevzral tcfnrc dzod,wgrn a stlraw".

45

Creatir-rg a dresslng-roorrt ar-rd a bathroor-rl

Differen kti n d s ofspaces ys i n g c a nb e d r a w n u p v e r yq u i c k Lu ge rids. ready-mad U s et r a c i n g p a p e ro , r a n yo t h e r p a p et rh a ti s t r a n s p a r e e nn t ough t, o L e t h e m a r k i n gs sh o w through. t t q i n n n r i d ) B e l o we , x p l o r i nd gi f f e r e n u t s e ss f 6 5 n : r - o i n g r e yi n t h ef i r s t t p . 8 3 ls, h o w n drawint go s h o wi t i n p o s i t i o n .
EEFOR-E Howoaturh.ts synu tt uwrry vr arzd, tt t r.laryt,

plaoz rnvtt\. rf t'l^e rhzovrnzr 4r rhzyvw,r rf tl^zgnd, *lne,rc t-h.e thretylnrzs r,r,tzrv,or, as rhznyku rhzefutusn
t'v ttraun,fl+eovrzaf d,uvvruwns
"{i

tlz tedrwnJ

;::""-'

t',1
!

*r
l

l 1

'l

n* '* ' t
4 l

c
I

q- -

'

.,.

szewg rlur'gh un thz rq^a.rcl uat['e,y^tt yku ryzrttg:, anl' ewwunlfo,frvru.turz

46

,4FTER-

rlu :yau hastu* rzdasgrcd, fv orz4t'(4 dresl4r-rwtw.r/u :ynaer,wfrrnr rf rl,z wwan* lw teewnse/, tt d.etgr" a Litdz rffiq orrrzr.

\ , 1 ' {

F.

tJ'trc,tl^'z t:lrrvtt'(al. htt'ha,t \tat leetu t,rttotl^,c latlu'oott (:ecy.ss). Th.e orrrtl,or wkeltkol to tl^',e har leer"ulcd,ft arearc tfn4. Lttt,h.cn shswt

47

perspective Seerng thingsir-r

T h e e f f e r -o t f n e r s n e c t i vc eo m e sf r o m w h a t o u r v i s i o nm a k e so f w h a t t h e e v e s e e s .B e t w e e n t h e e y ea n d t h e o u t [ i n e s of an object w e c a n d r a wt h e s i d e s o f a n a n g l e ,t h e a n g t ea t w h i c hw e s e e t h e o b j e c t W . ecanobserve thatif the o b j e c tm o v e sf u r t h e ra w a y , thisangLe becomes n a r r o w e ra , n d t o t h e e y e ,t h e n h i e r -s t e e m qt n h e s m a t L e r T.h i s i s t h e e f f e c tk n o w na s n e r s n e c t i v p

,. r/nzdrqwuVtzln",I'q: futn :u"/lifid, tt rlnelws rt' ytrsytttwr

*|#leiis.d

rv(

rlw f"rrhzr aw(y 4.h, ntlzotw, rl,z:w'qll,er u'Jeff.t.

point T h ev a n i s h i n g

^frW 48

r/nuu rhavan*:ltry yn5nt

It t1

Ir

Ir (
z. Tlz yartttwwwrh.e,rght ts rznwed,.

aarv tu rlv Lw rf +,rf wtrytna !w, w{,

4 r y .

, --' ,ug;'I'

rl"e *holz orl,lzoru* rf ynrahl r'wtreussar(y hnzurraL &Mr4(u

49

T h eh o r i z o n
The multiplication of parallel lines*generates a whole series of vanishing points, aligned to each other. This alignment is called the horizon. Thrs line does not appear of course, but it is recommended to place it in a realistic drawing as well as in an imaginary one, because it is the principal reference point for fixing perspective.

50

rlu yrunt w thz hrqvn hr"d'm vzrcbaL lcnzml't"oarc

rlq #urvtr l"u erbn a tfll ft du lfr{T,

rf rl.'zvtvrver. rlu yonrwn

'W'hen

p o i n to n t h ev a n i s h i n g Moving the horizon

rlq rturw l,at eahn4 r&wvl ttN, rv rlu hfr,

we move, the vanishing point of the lines in one direction seems to move too.-We can experience this in a room by looking at the vanishing point of the tiling. This shows that the vanishing point is notjust an effect oflines, but also an e{fect of our vision and our position in a space.

tr1

T h eh e i g h t ofthehorizon
Our position in a space affects both the vanishing point and the horizon. In the drawings on thrs page, look at the view from above and below.They show clearly that the horizon, at the height of the vanishing point, the convergence of the edges of the shelves, is at eye level.And if we stand higher, or sit lower, we can see that the horizon follows our movement.

T h eh e i g h t ofthehorizon in thedrawing
Once the height of the horizon has been established in a space,it must be shown in the drawing. That then depends on the framing you want. If you want to show what is above the horizon, you will place it towards the bottom of the window (seep.73).

52

lul w wryvtu,tlzEvrt,t'thz wall tzcrws

^ vdzr an/. rhr rnanu r,r' tQfrthry t&nmet yka,

"

wcl'ln rfu,a*ry

"' Tl"i wrnaw r,src( tt soal,,,

t&a^szha,hzghr w nr r*u bt/av *wlrrlw d^an

uri*r,aft (h4 lzbk nf t-lw ,wn, seeugrhat t1z h$tzsru, al. !y{ h,vcL, a.t,i HIN wc oqtu "nw,ts uilug ts ato^r z r w4tHr tw-rl*d,t ay thz wall; r 4,2 lvgkfi"w"rlw

'tr U kv([,tunq alu,( a ltt*fftt rl a wU ry th wal,lr, Hcrc rhzhrrzor", Ne tlwnsetrlrat cl1.( nol^hat urttu,tvutrtl wuhq lunlrt r/ 4n,wl t ltvfst'ftfrr';r, wvrret. rh.rnan ot, rlv.r1,7lx u ralfu tlstt rA+ ilrcrv(r, h ntwc hqrut h,t luatl, rf th l,,arusn, tlz Lw,z

o f t h e h o r i z o np , eopte and T h eh e i g h t the sca[e

The horizon being at eye level of the observer (about 1.5 metres if he,/she is standing) it follows that if other people, positioned in the same way, are shown in the drawing, their eyes will be at the sane level, aligned with the horizon. At the same time, this perception can tell us instinctively about the heieht of the room.

t^ f ht,t A'^wug,wt lul tlqt tl,cstarver mrrr lt vanl, lc,a^.tt tr tlv l.nru,rn ar gVthvel rl'.c f, tlu pturnftatNlsrv rglrt wl'+ktclow pryh tlv I'uglx rf rl,.t
ttanl#g,

rs,*'l KEP7, reAcrvC

IT OUT /f P-A.L6Lr't. E.ffFWr/AL

Thevlew fronn the front

T h i si s t h ev i e wf a c i n g you, t h e m a i np a r t ,u s u a t [ty h ew a t If r o mt h e b o t t o m , shown inetevatio n a n dt h e s i d e s p e r s p e c t i v e . in T h ew a L i[s n o td i s t o r t e b dy -e perspectiv t h es i d e s [h , ep r o p o r t i o n s t a yp a r a t l e t as r e k e p ta n dw e c a n choose w h i c hs c a l e to use.

FLoNT4l VtFWt

errnral lLMs

wqll at flrc, zh/,)

"kr

This view presents all the advantages of perspective, and in an architectural drawing of the interior it allows us to show the floor, the side walls and all the elements seen here - furniture and the arrangement of detaiis - in a much more realistic way than a projection. Moreover, if we take a photo, keeping che axis of the object horizontal and perpendicular to the wall, we get a frontal view. 'We have the impression of being in the space shown, while with the projection view we were outside. In principle there is no longer the problem of walls in front hiding things, walls which have to be deleted or made transDarenr.

1i "i

54

s f a frontaI T h ep r i n c i p l e o view

The probtem of depth

At this stagcthcrc rcrnains one problem: how to dcflrrcthc dcpth. Irr cftc.ct, trothingallowsus to drrrwthc lirrcsin firlnt of or bclrindthc backwall if'thcy ru'cpirlltllcl to it.Tlrcy ilrc;lt 0 ccrtairr distlncc,l.lovclncd lry pctspcctivc, urrdwc rrccdr way of'fixirrgthis rlistlrrt'c. lrr tlrc tillklwing pagcs you w i l l f i n d r l nc x i t ( ' n t tcthod ot'doirrg printhis.Thc ciplc is sirrrplc, lrut,if georrretry is llot your thing, tlrr.cxplilrratirlrr nriglrtsceilrrilther0lrstraet. lf you wiulf to rltawcxtrct pclspcctivcs you lrirvc to apply it, lrtrtfirr ske.tchlrook sturlies, wlriclrwc urcrnairrly itttr.rcstcd irt ltclc,it is crrouglr kr uudcrstirrrcl the priut'iple, iurdtlrcrrapplyir by guesswork, in order to rvoid obviorrr erlon of pcrccpti()n.

, rl*oh rf dw yar'zlfrvnrht, tvtrcm

z v,te dzfinz tll l,tgk nf rhz hortzy*, whrrh orrrtsfrnl,trc rl,e gt lzvdaf rl,z tturvcr,

g. wt,olnutz n yuskbrufw aentre, tl'z vanuhwg lvtnt rwrl,zhrt<vru rc tl,,e, rf ntyrvt, yrs:utlz, thz ffi w rghr, whbl,orrreslrnls Wrurwlr
4J w{ t4w earh,cr(ftt I r). wa aa.tufh.av d.rawLvrlv va^ukog linz: *ht"ol, dznaroqrz d^z :tte wal"h,t{ {ra

-)&/
trtr

To draw the depth

Here is how to go about drawing the depth of a frontal view. If you prefer you can just do this first exercise, which explains the method. It's very simple - let's start with a small example.

rHE ITAGE' OF THE DMW/NC

r Dr4w a taoL-wallft a,olwsansoah. Drawu+(h.e hravt, rl,z vanuh.ug lwti- o, nnd, yvun A ahtr,E ft fl,a frnf rf rl,z *all,.

varutkry /vw) w ywt D (a,h.fflar 3. Pla,ae rl,e lwtzw"tv tlu rgk, sa"tared, a( da,Jraha eq"alto thar w\t tt* 4rc, fkc{d, u. relarwn, tt rlrz wall r/nu dutaloa u waJwzd, rn tlu hort<uru t'vtl,z saha saala
6 J,/

Drawrha

Lf, , exrenit4T ft ^hrLl"

A

rNcfJ oA, ft rr\4k4(h.aI z. Draw (h.a oA an^d,

exrenl't;r fvward,J rh4-frcrw.

YOU CA^,/ AAA/VF AT TA/f F vtEv{f tN A.,rrot. tN_autJ-tvE r'/AY, AND lo lKtp THtr

FlPto^,o-,ur.

lqrkwal li*.t A, E,, rhanB E,, s. Drawrh.e yw l,avt, nqrlarl onrvwtlvgrorwl tt Jlvqft, fttuoh4d,tr rhe taal" wall,

wHy rf rf A feV,AR.E3 vrttfhntgwtrg a dar^nMfrafwtu, rcrefl",atwhzw -frvyn oo w eqrwL durahta tv rlw rf th+ vtservzr rh'ehonzuuo teorws tlw var*:hug /w,t vf al) rhz Las wh,bh arc q( +r" tr rlug,o"nl, ykru. A'E t^4}4Jnruargh vf +r" ah"d, tr ooruitt resrh+ fu<l*L rf a sV,wre. tl", FWry enntLes ^s to d.efd." wtkL. find,rhz frvwilz

56

Masterint gh e d e p t h
You see then that points O and D show your position in the space: point O gives your height and your position laterally; point D gives your distance. Mastery of the distance is a little tricky. If you are placed too near (ifD is placed near O) the sides are very distorted. If you are too far away (if D is further from O) you risk being simply outside the room. Moreover, in that case,point D is often outside the drawing - annoying because you need a wider piece of paper that the area being drawn. see a similar problem when taking photographs which necessitatewide angle shots to compensate for the absenceofdistancc. Here too, there are practical limits which we get round by showing transparent walls.We can also choose to show only the part near the back wall, without trying to give too big a view of the sides. 'We

,",. 't"i;' !;
q

),t
P - 7

*3

"^:'Y)J.'*"-;'"n

; , G

'1"

/.

rf.yw wve lil)1r o, rh,c *awug w ahargrc,tL, 4Jil4 yenytorlvt l,ilJ wlituywJcf Mlru,r rr f'wrlvr 4w7yfrvrn&v wall.tf.yon nwc,o w4,rl4 o,,lw aH lrawhg 4 \tHlcotut vwN ^4aMr fu w4l'l''

;t'
\u""'t'

'lr
t

-+

)r-

.'tt"t'

tf.yM trwt 0fnn*,erfrvbj,.ywnrt

^\

fuduraNTy fut^fu walJ,

)uf4.Ate hrLhi' I

Durarta

ltu4f, D

57

Torilovebacka partitlon wall

H e r ei s a s i m p L a ep p t i c a t i o on f w h a th a sj u s t b e e n exptaineO d .nthe left:a r oom e inwhich w e p r o p o st n a [ [t o a c e r t a i n o move b a c kt h e p a r t i t i ow depth And IP). o n t h e r i g h t :h o wi t w i t [l o o k .

58

THE DMWING

t. Dr4wrhz :ynu u"ehvarww, tt ag|ucwsonlapkq rl'rz vanhhug yru^acyal phoa o oD d,utahte D, tlz vf nrrzsyrntug yrirt /,istqhta toJ1* frtnr WA wa.U,. Draw d^zyruouyaL van*:lu"*g Lws ftwardao, ah/, vM fwturdr D frvntl'Z qr wall tntttn a.aal,(, trf A rha frvnrfu

z. Frtuw A, tnarL rff a tl,wrt ,eq^ued, h47thar, q"al r, p, t7w d'utaht{rfu nrfl,tnn lvu n wve,

6
3. Draw Pa, oru:ses AD qt P,

4 DrawvwrhlgrvawL tlv lw A p , whbh w rlu tau tf r/,t Mw l4rfl,rwt'wall, ayylyq.1 rlu pru^rtyhtryhrwtl ttuft(tt t(.

s , Draww rl'a vt al lias frrw du ta:e w,nl thg wfth rh.e tnteruzor vqhtJ Li,yw:.

6. Ptt^rvotl,q Lavsrc lrrger rcedz/"(LcfrharcqJdnttcd, ILM)

59

ereating anextenston to block off acorner

w e c a nm o d i f y t h e p r o j e cftr o mp 5 8 b yc r e a t i n a g corner f o r a h o m ec i n e m a , I i b r a r yo ,ffice e t c .T od o t h i sw e h a v e t o m a k ea n e x t e n s i ofn r o mt h e n e w p a r t i t i ow n aL[.

r/u aitcql drawug wtthrhe txfztuwr, shwr" u" dtfcd, LLwt

60

OF T?E PLO/ECT TTAGEC T-HE V,4R.JOV'

? i i$

*_-*_|+p._,ln{

t, v'le have ,^11 tog, taol-ft d,,'t, uuttul ,Lxol o771^, (wkh vrq, yart orntwrwgnf rlw A*l fcoa^sa rhu wd) a to ffiLa 4pownft waJu{whtJ. trufaor, w tlrz cnatl,a pn/corwa dtawagr,rnly th":gn,,,M fk" f rhaltrttiwrv wal h'awrutva l:Www soah.

2. Pkcr e (fir uanyh Fr r,ttr\, ltawn rc dU pah al,aunfir

rl'wlnr yaruDaaarnlt4T n du kprh rf rlv uruunn rc tc Pkq p rn du l,orta,till,n wW fnnfu rglr.l,atl, rrwdz. otrn4r rf rl,,c lnr ani,t.Ert47P'fxrwan{ ft du rrrilfu rf fl,l pvw rf ,Lurarwt. Yw havc P',

havcl,rawn tn tlw taalptal{ tf dta 3. onaeJow drawtntl',e ve aLh,rws, ft tht cxf(ruwLL, "! rhln draw th daryw,al pra.tVaLvanul",y Lr,nzs. ftwqrrlJo wluphwdlgwcyo'nrhz -frontnf tl'e t^:c ,tzrrwqL ewu:|tty drawug wutlne, Lwwrf th,efinr . lryvur ttward,:rh.ekru vf ftglr

86 cAr5:prrl 4u wOr coryPuf. rHF LNC DE,PTH/ /.ND Ll ^rHtcH * THE^'DTH,.]

rfu atr^ylxcl,lgtcor
,uHtcH qtvEt n'tj f' 7H A/r4/g,(.f6ryf tO,v,

!
61

Plannlrrg the space

) i t ht h e i d e ao f W ec a nc r e a t e a n e x t e n s i o[n s e ep . 6 0w p t a n n i na g p a r t i c u l asrp a c eb : o o kc o r n e rc , hi[d's room, etc.

4 HOME CINEM,A

,{ EooK COR.NEL

t tyvtre wtd,(, rh.cextcwwwu rcdtcc/"tv 4.t4.rfuftnyv wlrol"vrvu o ynrtn[y isalfteahl, Jc,lq.r4fc, a how cwt^4 arqr frtn rhz ,ctt' rf rlv n*n"

Tlw taol- vf thz n*tn w nsed,frr ylaowg a wfn aL,/ shalvct. r/w syau tatthJ4.rc^q"d, tl,a cxrerulm"/Ltlray rlw yarr u"frtnr ornf4uu v{U tlttv, 4.h1, a a wrL s^rfnu ar.l, a yarrttww rlu,ch
or(4fu a reaL l"ftth avfr4htl,

62

,1 EEDLOOM /OFFICE

rlw erer,.tnww wwrylzrc!abscd, vwrl,z d,ovr stdz a.h.d, I'a"lett"^)- fu*. rlw kolt- nf thz ,*rn w turr,ed,brtr atuvffic{.

A')

Convertrno a soace under the eaves

H o wd o y o ud r a wt h e p e r s p e c t i v oe f s L o p i nw ga t t s a n da L i t t l fe light o fs t e p s ? I n t h i se x a m p l ie t i s n o tt h ee n dp a n e l t h a tw i l . b l .e u s e df o r t h e e L e v a t i ob nu , ta n i m a g i n a rp yt a n pLan of reference s i,t u a t e o d n t h ef i r s tg r o u n d a n ds y m b o L i s e d duite b yt h ed o t t e d [ i n eT . h ep o i n t D c a nt h u sb e p [ a c e q near
tho O lqoa n 5Rl ec. thic. nrnio/-t in i rtl o a e iIh ae S c np - ace ic c fr r ta aA _i , . l_ Ieo I ncs n

BEtrOR.-E
J

I h'( ry4ct rcrv( ctrr/(flLcn. I h'( lnrc

vf rcfurrr,ct, u ynirlucl' ty tlw d,vtzLlw.

marked o u tw i t ht h e d o t t e d L i n ea , n ds o t h e r ei s n o tm u c h d a n g eo r fd i s t o r t i o n .

i ".:.

D e s i g n i na gptatform for a bed

11-

I gK_

ykrfvrm (roonD,ktlryo^ 9l*:t rhzlugk rf rh'e hr^t T/u txrtutntL rtr'zlofr, vr,tfu,d.rttzd, ylnu vru P u rhzrz sn t'hardu ykrftrn algu wkl'"rhz {,rsrs l,ghrnwtlzrgl"t.

64

l-Hrr qE7au6, pAvLr

Apltie,c ^ ,:;;:,

D e s i g n i na g s m a t lf t i g h to f s t e p s

D e s i g n i na gskytight
The secondconversion is the creationofa second dormer window on the right-hand wall, at the bottom of the room, which we imagine as being one-third the size of the remainingpanel,ar:d in the centre. Flereis the method for dividing a panel into three equal parts;it appliesequally well to a panelseenin perspective.
Orawtlnz Wr d.t4,v.nL:rf *hbl'" seyararet rhz y^anzl rhz -frvrw first' d.rrmtr ww,ltt
fM {ttd N4.U t h$( d,!4r,hau
l t t t J

_*) NADtFr ,r

,;

ro .,"b r, 6xACr w/DtH Of .?'Hg oPFNrNc.no lF nrAD,

n^d/.li rf d,,4 gweywrhz yarcL oraw tl'e wel,i"an LLrre.

Thz fia (soowv) alhw5fsy 3 ref: ul vtt,d.r.vtAz rhz I'211ka"d.rec,rlrcwdrawtrcd^zvan*:lr"r.g [ , ah.d, ty wva^,: vf ilc llgrnnL wd,z bfr, d,wtnz rl,z l,ortz-nffqk tw rhra tn or(4rt t-lz rLsers tl" t@ rf d',evnn*:lwg yruntsar-d, fl'a yaral,hL 'LJ Lws aLlnws tr d.r4w tlu:tqs

Draw thz d't"yrna[: rf tl,a z daa-yxpr^tPt tl"ns orc'atzl'

ah
At rfu. yrwtt f a,tercectwn d.rawfia z vertaal,s wl"uL *il dlvtd,e rh4 yanzLin tl,rce

als

,r/l

65

A few strnple constructior-t tricks

H o wd o y o ue s t a b l i s h equaI depths?
How do you divide the vanishing line AB into a given number of equal parts (here 5)?

To dividea wa[[
Itt enough to draw the vertical lines linking T to H.

Howto dealwith an irregu[ar-shaped space

In this space, the right-hand wall has been rotated so that it is no longer perpendicular to the wall below, but turns at an angle. In this case the edges of the panel do not meet at the vanishing point O, but at a new vanishing point P. It's there no matter which horizontal generates a vanishing point on the horizon. This prepares us for the the oblique view in which our gaze, turned to the side, brings about the displacement of the vanishing points.

:*
4
\-/#

3
!*/

Dr4,w 4,Lu.,z to tl''z lro1zuru yarail,eL Jf4rfuV 4( A, ar"d, rnqrL *r r zqrwL Vttwhf,J.
f

2. )rwv fhz lasr yrwrt r ft ltLhi' E, arj, ext'enj, tt ft tl^z /.ffqstu lav, orenllg varu,slu"rg yrut c

5.

Draw l,|,ttzs frrtn p tt tlv yri,tt: t, z, s 4,h/, + rlrese vnntslttt'g Ltr'z:d,i,vtdz AE zqunlfo

r/u *qll aatulz d.wtdad, da,retfowvlug flrm n verrbaL lu.z.

66

Howdo you draw a circte?

The drawing of a circle is always bounded by a square and appears as an ellipse. Note that the large axe and the small axe of the ellipse do not merge with the axes of the souare.

Perspective or projection view?

Note that a detailfar awayfronr thc vurrishirrg point looks like a projection- thc vlrrislrirrg lirrcsurc almostparallel.In fact, snrallolrjcctsoficrr irppr,rrr' asif pro.1ections. Itt why asscrrrbly instrtrt'tiorrs lrrc often illustrated on this principlc.

,f

,/"'.,'

"tff*-"-**'"'**
+! r.. -f*AlFq.M"*"*::1r,n*

*',;.1 1.---*.,,*,-"'',,

*,.lTp

i
6l

Takintg dowr-r a partitionwail

Differen kti n d s ofspaces c a nb e r a p i d L sy k e t c h eo du t b ym e a n s ofa readym a d eg r i d . W o r kw i t ht r a c i n g p a p e ro , r a n yo t h e r papef r i n ee n o u g h toshow t h eg r i du n d e r n e a t h .

AFTER*

v'ttrl'" rlz l,'ely rf rhzgnn,w rcJe s+ rhz tkol'vw rhzrgl.r has teewt-qlzr, d.lwn ahd,tl.,a wr.!rw{ WW cnkryzd,fr tlnavte*vf rhz*LyW, at rl,a tao[-

68

Creating a mezzanine or overhang

Grid 1 (seep.82) allows the study of a more complicated conversion, to take advantage of extra space that has just been created at the end of a

room.

,l
I
.l

It,

8EtrOP.,E

cvrurnv(wwLua:l^alV ns vis,nnlise rlnzr,tw tl4ot. Tl"i wasrcr vi,:i.th, w"thz frrr lsroL.

rfu puvqht d rhtrerwttwn: a phrftrmrn rlte

Wzuttu*u fhtr ani a Jfakvnil/khkr, f lq lnr

0nrl^rlett Ltft ttly, tur wdlk ,l,l4y tailr wt

ff rlu fy rlv pkt'vrn,Npn\ffr{ rfurf'ftor

f^F,rt tMztau)'1,,

r^/!wa7

Jftuttl,4t't rf rfu |kffirw, ft avhJd,er thzb vumL twv4of wv44.(rwnL.

69

Theobhoue vie
T h i sv i e wi s a t s oc a L [ ep de r s p e c t i v we i t ht w ov a n i s h i n g p o i n t sb , u td o n ' t worry: t h ed r a w i n g isquite simi[at ro t h ef r o n t a l v i e w .

l::1'r-1

,fr."a_ 'f.,--.

l
r fu runfh,l,col vutswtclr* nry &ortlatw ft tccth.t wol,uf',aatuw: t/'wc rtll have a ( yrtrctyal varukta ynnr hzre prz) an*lur vaul,+nq yrtrr qllcari owrlv hfl - ee,.

The view here has already been shown on page 66, in'how to deal with an irregular shaped space'. Flere, our gaze is slightly turned towards the left. In this view, the left-hand parts of the room seem further away from the centre. They thus seem smaller and this perception is most marked on the vertrcal, the left-hand angle. The two lines of the panel at the end, at ground level and at the junction with the ceiling, now seem to converge towards a vanishing point PF1. In a frontal view these lines were parallel; now they are convergent. And they are still parallel in realiryl This is an application of the fundamental principle of perspective: objects further away seem smaller to us.

70

rigorous construction of this kind of perspective necessitatesa ground plan, an elevation or a section and a geometric device which is a little complicated and whrch is not shown here. Nowadays, in professionalpractice this classicperspective is done by computer (seep,80). Using the oblique view here starts with a sketch of the ground plan of your interior space or an imaginary space,in which the first elements are placed by guesswork. It's what we call in the following pages'building by eye'.We also use some. tricks of the trade which are enough to obtain a good result. Here too, the grids enable you to make some sketches (seep 86)

'fhe

"1.,

t;

71

Desiglr-rlr-rg a roonfrby eye

To desinn hv eve fotlow the

a p p r o a cs hu g g e s t e hd e r es : etting t h eb o u n d a r i e s , P t a c i n g thehorizon positionin ge h o r i z o a th n n dd r a w i n g i n t h ep r i n c i p a [ The horizon, [rnes. as you know, is at eye level.To posrtion it weil, aim for a point that you are certain is at eye level, then measure it, remembering that the eye level of someone standing h 1.5-1.6 metres high, and 1 metre for someone sitting down. Aim for this point and mentally trace the horizontal line that passesthrough it. Imagine drawing a red line on the wall at this height.That's the horizon exactry (so long as you don'r change height!).When you are drawing, think of putting the horizon, according to the composition you want.

r/<t krexwa rf t'l"ct*n varuhug yrwm are (9o" TtryenT',b"1,ar ) Yw o4lvJ{l,ut'vrtwntfrrt^uu qh/, ql'aad,: yn olnteffcr tt ol.qusa vwtl.',e stdzs 4.wrz, wdzrqft argLe, nsug a Ltttlzg^+s*vr!r/u bn<vr" wrhz ,wyn Lsnt- gu l,evtL, t^r vn rl'z

Setting theboundaries
Mark out the boundaries of the spaceyou want to show and study:left, right, above and in front of you.ty to avoid too wide an angle - 90" is about the widest angle that our eyes can take in. For the record, an angle of 75" corresponds in photography to an objective with a focus of 24mrn, i.e. a very wide angle.

lU( L(i ar thal"Al,o.yry-^..-ri

oluusc, aoorrd,tlg tt wl^aiJt w4.hi.tr J . eutral/y, tf u anuy,/,fl4 wrLdAz,

72

H o wd o y o up l a c e thehorizon i n t h ed r a w i n g ?

uyward,t, rhahorer,*ll tz qr rta txt"n fyw arcLovkug

vfdu ygz

4r flwr hvel, fl* arcd.rawu11 fwrnt"ftN du krawwdl k l,rryl, ry fu lflt. fNvra tl'ar uf.y* arc lwl,i4q crwrThe,ly nywartl,t 6yLsNwarrh,yraN ol,a:y7trg - wl willt+tanst r1,,4 Lu'l rlt'vuw ,) rht hnr, w p, ?e

Placing t h ea n g l e s a n dt h e l i n eo f t h e ceiling
When you are standing in a room, the most obvious lines are the vertical lines of the corners and the horizontals which mark our the ceiling, like the cornices. Draw these three (or five) lines, being careful with the horizontals of the ceiling, for you still don't know their vanishing point.

I l,t lwt at,Trvwlhvcl art rf.run hdi,cw ty 'lt^rtuf^ry, tt u nitr fv I,tluat fh,em ,ts* rnoe l,avc y^t tn rl,r wrrbalt nf rlv oor*, ^rlla aw|,rl,,e lqrwrcnhrf rh4qLlt*tq.

f I I

73

point Ptacing t h ev a n i s h i n g
Now is the moment to put in vanishing points, to left and right. One often feels it would be easy to place them by eye, directly. Experience teaches that this impression is wrong, and leads to mistakes. What I am giving here is an absolutely reliable way of placing the vanishing point: Take a pencil and hold it horizontal, parallel to the lines where you are looking for the vanishing point.Think of the lines behind you - on the floor or carpet under your feet, or under the furniture which are often parallel to the first vanishing lines. Now think of the line from your eye which is going in the same direction. It's one of the family of lines for which you are searching the vanishing point. Ifyou are looking in this direction you are aiming at the vanishing point. Bring up the pencil to your eye, without changing direction, as if it were a blowpipe with which you are sending a dart towards the point.The point you are aiming at is the vanishing point. You will probably be surprised to see that the point is not at all where you would have placed it by guesswork, but still further. You will also see that using guesswork you don't put it at the right height on the horizon, but a little above. 'sees' Generally speaking, one the horizon a little too high.

tlavug wvrL2d, wt'*hlbh h,nz:yo* q.rc^JrlV ft fihl,

rhz varu;h"ry yrr,nt, firn (hzvrtznt-q(wr, rlrg have rwwr, vf t'lw l.,"ws a d,rectww Lt'vrh,a ^l'iplLd.'py ara all azfi**". ft yarailzL, fu
\\\\%

flavurg wrrLzd'wrt t-lw van+:hug /rtnt,JlvL rww tn4yww fhqr, ns wt,t'h 4rc,Jra7 ft f^t 4 rlv, hraw,yw red,yr,arlpvwrh,ewall wurl, alv a:rl,N 1nr wharxt( Jutrut tt tz. Tl"enyrw t^t4J(lW ,r rh' 14fff, nv rlz h+rWn

alrtnfudrnwru

74

p o i n ti s n o t o n t h e p a p e r l f t h ev a n i s h i n g
Very often the vanishing point is outside the com* position, and so outside the drawing, or even the sheet of paper. But that doesn't mean outside your vision, even ifyou have to turn your head slighdy to the side. Nevertheless, in so doing you are changing the line of sight and the drawing. In this case you have to be able to draw the lines without the vanishing point. In general we get by using guesswork, but I am going to show you a trick for making another vanishing line, or at least for checking that your drawing is not too inaccurate.

'rHe

crA17t oF coNtTzvcT-ioN

, lfarf wLtlL a vahuhu4 l,ttu,F 4h.d, thz \tttzslL F, lt d,raw anth.er vatulwg ti*v, frcn:rw yratt A, d.raw wlu"oh rl,a vertpaLL1*ta yasu rhro41l"a.

z Dr4wa.scoml,vt I Lu"z, rhewerccnl, tt a rzxargh uLft,rcleatwt,

I t\.Lt

srvl *ttw ^ vltxo^l htv h"w I onw du l4l*h fftr" dq ^t'llh f d'4 F!firgh 4r Fl,4 Ftt* f t*t". iler1rfttfdv @l*h,

4 Draw AB whiol" orffi{l thu wd,nn

[u^t

la^t f fln ruoralgh, r oraw thz,vawl, da"g,rnaL

6 Fwth rl,,c ttwt 'orwn fujvuurg A an/,A'

75

T \ ' f f

DITIEIENI OOllqU-O V1EWS

W o r kw i t ht r a c i n g p a p e ro , r paper t h i ne n o u g h t o s e et h e m a r k i n g s u n d e r n e a tT h. h et h r e ee x a m p l es sh o w h o wd i f f e r e n vti e w s o f a r o o mc a nb e m a d eu s i n g ready-mad g e ridsg , iving a corner v i e wt ,h e v a n i s h i nI q ines a n dt h ed i m e n s i o n s .

rhz argLevf rhzgrd, otresyvnl,s tt rlnz ovrnzrrf rhr rwyw. Awarolrugyl.,atfuz* nada ft lzad, thrn'gl, ft qqd+arrwm.

z Egmd, d^zarylerf dvgnn 4,r(qrr hal tuw crcqrzd, rc tlu lCt anl,qrzrtrzd
ft rhz ta,ak-

'. EU

rhz arylz rf t-lwgrtd, 4 rca$rloas turc ortnrtd,to rl,e hfr

76

Taklng outa partition watl

'l'lris slrowt s; t k i t r g r r r t r l t i t i t r rw r r r liln l b c d r o o u r . Irp g r r i r r ew dl r e r r Wt'tlturlrc thcsplr'c t l r ct w o r o o r l l s i t l e. j o i t r c t A t ' o t ' r t c i t l u s [ r c r ' n k c p t .r u l l k i r r gt h e l, r r l r,l j o i r r b t r w e e rf tl t c t w o r ' c i l i r r g s .

.--1r

,\,

it 1 i

A vlow frorrr abovo

U n t i In o ww e h a v e atwaya s ssumed a horizonta vI i e wa , l L o w i nu gs t o s e e reaIvertica [ i[n e s a n dd r a wp a r a t | . ea | 'n sdv e r t i c a l s T.h i si s t h ev i e wt h a t correspont do st h e m o s tu s u a t s i t u a t i a o n ds i m p l i f i e sr a w i n g d inperspect l f t h es i g h t [ i n ei s c h a n g ed dr a m a t i c a L uL py o,r d o w n t, h ev i e wi s t, h o n o r c n a r - t jc yh ea n g e transformed H.o wd o e c w h e nt h ev i e wi s n o t hori z o n t a[ ?

I
I

{',",'--,**tf weaocxht^at'e tha dzylr, n va^t':h.trg yrtnt vf rl,'z varrtoalluwsovma

Lt4tTvww.

rhz vtewu :fl)L l^.tt<vnta.L, *tth d^z lwrt<vw ar rh,e rcy rf rl.,z d'rawwg,wlu"ol" ahws^J fr vwht4fr, rl,.t vte, ftua.rd,J dv tmnyn

rri. u,66r FkaM A&ovE, li tT rc THE vcArrCAL 47ry5:9 78AT COA/VF!.C IOevAADt THE EoTTaM/ vAv/r8lN/6 i v7-O 7-nF D/r7-AA/c EXA.:TLY H)N<DNTAL L/KF TAIE L/vEf /A/ A. vt^t.

Hot-t<I)NTAL

78

anda hrgh-angle view

W i t ht h e h i g h - a n g L vi e ewt , h e e f f e c its e x a c t L th y e s a m eu p w a r d s . T h ed r a w i n g shows t h e s a m ep r o g r e s s t o n .
*kl"thz lonzvt ykul, flntut'^1 vteru (lvre hru tr i a,'tafizrhz bnwwg.) rhz sa,^a, vtew, tl'zgn<t t'urya/,nTwar/"r, 1lu verttoqL k"a: tpyautnarwcrtt,

'

t I
t

t
I

I lu vuwoalhrl. tctwhal,v'wthraol.t fu varuh.,r,y yrunt tLtvr4ll/, at * rlq nft u'nlt,ril.t ynnt d tk ilryLruww tu*tlt, tl,"t

IN 7H

'7 If 7H HIGH-ANGLE VIW/ WH'CH CONVLCE

VATICAL LINf AND

XTND UP^/AEDf.

Drawtng on the connputer

There a r e n u m e r o ud sr a w i n g a i d sa v a i L a b le es, p e c i a l f. o l .ry s t u d y i n ig nterior s n dt h e nt r a c e design 0 . n ew a yi s t o t a k es o m ep h o t o a a n o u t L i no ef t h e p l a n n em d odification Hs e. r e i sa n o t h e r w a ty h a ta t l o w y s o ut o v i s u a I i s ye our i n t e r i oirn 3 D ,b ym a k i n g a m o d eo L n t h ec o m p u t e r .

Next, go up the tool palette and click on square 2. Click on the screen,slide across, then click again to let go.You have drawn a rectangle.

SketchUp
This is a modelling software program for Macs or PCs, perhaps the most impressive and user-friendly, used by thousands ofstudents and professionais alike.And what's more, itt free.Tap Sketchup into your search engine and fo11ow the instructions. Download the free version and start.

Firststeps
Start by exploring thc diflt'rcrrt menus. Later, you clrrr corrsrrlt the help and dowrrloltl tlrc instruction videos.Yru will scc the ground, bounded by rrxcs, tlrc menu bar and the palcttc of it'orrs opposite (if not, unclcr l)isplly, choose tools).Here is how to rrst' them for the first tinrc:

Now click on square 3 - the cursor become a little block with an arrow. Go back to the rectangle which becomes greyish, click on it and then, holding down the button, slide towards the top - a miraclel

Exp[oration
You are presentedwith talking icons, and many aids are available.We show here a smail, simple example to show you what it can do, but remember that rn spite of its apparent simplicity it is in facr extremely sophisticated.You can make a model, modify it, view it from every angle, add colours and materials, study shadows according to time and place, etc.The online aids are very good - they will help you savea lot of time and discover possibilitiesyou misht not other-wise know about.

Click on 1 (at the bottonr) rrrrtl then on the screen, :rrrd tlrcrr, holding down the nrousc lrtrttorr you can move about youl sl)il('c. The little hand enablcs yorr to move things sideways. Ytxr lcuvt' a tool by clicking on thc sprrc'c bar or on the black arrow ut thc top of the palette.

For more fun click on the little box opposite (in the menus at the top) or go toWindows, Shadows, click on'apply shadows'- another miracle.

These exercises will show you how SketchUp works.You won't have understood everything, and you need severalhours to get used ot it. (Start by printing the'memento'in the Help menu.)

80

Makinga modelfor your projects

When you have grasped the main principles, the possibilityof grouping elementsor especially and stipulatingtheir dimensions(seethe objects box below to the right ofthe screen) you can little Lrse the sofrwarefor various tasks, seeingthe result nlore or lesscomolete and realistic.

rla yLrntrx5 vywLft, :k* rhz or(4(wv vf 4rv

(su ,) extcnsww Tges eo-e

fou eAN LrrvK tH/f ur,ry6 A p6^/r,L

-H w,? Yo'rt DAA6//'G/ fK.icAr 70 caA7E /DEA', THF' rr;rLDrvc THA,I ^1::

ADD,N6 pE.tpE,r,ue,
At wrTHn

MoDlt'rcAT/oNtt

il::::t
pHoro.

pro1 Gndsfor tsonnetnc ectlons

You can use the grids by means of a scanner and printer, or photocopier.The lines are thick so that they show up under tracing paper or a 60gm paper. The two grids show the different angles, which you will recognise. If you slide them under your paper, they will give you the main outlines. The dotted horizontal lines are the markers. Starting from the bottom, they indicate rhe height of a bench or chair, then that of a table The top marker (on grid 2) indicates 2.5 metres, the standard height of a ceiling. The squaresare assumedto be 1 metre (grid 2), but you can use them as 50cm (grid 1) or any other m e r \ u r e w h i c h s u i t sy o u .
(.R-/D r

a h.gl' arytz vuw,fnvourwgthzgrv"nl,

lk*

82

6PJDz

(l,avarwtu vwwfqvtwW th'e, vv^11 rf tl,a tw,aua"

83

Grrds fror-rtal vlews

- i l b l i : *

84

-JM

rd' slnows a l,aryz,,*m, t^f rcft (h4f rlw ,ttd,rloa nff rc.ttu(tv( wtdtl"Jw a4,t/v w4t1i',Lt'v naLz ,,r tl,.e wlu,ol"oaserlne ydzs are,d,rawn r art u,4 lt or't Lwvsrturl,z flsvr tl'e vnrus

' " t t t t t -

, t , t t "

t o

a t r

I h

a tr

bt

a t

tt;_t ,t _ _,

t i

t i f

atr

urlos IoI oollqueuews

C&D FOL TwO vANl(H,^/G PO,N?-f

'

ntv4td

Mrild,( rht drawwg

I .,

"*it

:
- + L *

l : {

i
a

I I I

_-l
I

,
I

t I
a

II r
\ l

I a

I
a t

I
I

I
I
I

t
I I

, I
I

:
* t?*'{

I
f

:
j L r . i t . *
- q

-* '.* \ a I

',

' I

t
)d

I I a

-li.F

F#a

.;#*..;

ryf

86

GAID FO& ()^.16VAN,f H,NG

Po/N7-

It(vr416/ M4r{r fh4 cui'rc,. T/4i vbewtJ abJ(,tv thar

f rh.e frrffal vLw

a t
b > b + : , t i - l -

--

t .
t i b ' I

- . 5

L 5

* ? G t

* * r t f

- l - - - . 1

t t l

, t

-.-r-l

p.'7

guideaimedat helpingbuddlngInterlor Drawing is a practical for lnteriorDesigners designers learnhow to draw professional lookinginterior designs. lt ls accesslble, perspectlve, beautifully illustrated and practical. Guidance is givenon drawing floor plans, drawing furniture and renditions of rooms. Fitted with sketches and drawlngs, this is the idealguide to producing successfuI handdrawings of interior deslgns. GillesRonin is anarchitect andlecturer at theSchool of Architecture at Parls Malaquis.

llililllilill il[t[ti t[lit

rsBN 978-1-4081-zggr-g fl4.99