z

Gio Trnh Vt Liu

Hc
























MO DU
Trong lch s phat trin cua xa hi loai ngi chung ta a s dung rt nhiu loai
vt liu khac nhau, vi tnh nng s dung cua chung cang ngay cang cao hn. u tin la
thi ky a, sau o tin n thi ai ng, st.v .v. Cho n ngay nay la mt loat
cac loai vt liu mi nh : composit, ceramit, plyme. v.v. Cac loai vt liu nay (c bit
la kim loai & hp kim, cung vi cac loai vt liu mi) a gop phn thuc y s phat trin
cua xa h loai ngi mt cach nhanh chong.
Ngay nay trong cac lnh vc cng nghip, quc phong, i sng...oi ho i vt liu
s dung cn phai co rt nhiu tnh cht khac nhau. V du : khi th cn co tnh dn in rt
cao dung trong nganh in lc, luc lai yu cu co cng ln lam cac loai dung cu
ct got kim loai, khi lai cn co bn ln lam cac cu kin xy dng, hoc phai co tnh
deo cao can, dp, keo ngui, hay cn bn cao nhng khi lng ring nho dung
trong cng nghip hang khng...Tt ca cac yu cu nay u co th c ap ng bi vt
liu kim loai cung nh cac loai vt liu mi.
Mn vt liu hock se trang b cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c ban cua cac loai
vt liu chnh : tinh th, cac hp kim, ban dn va ion, cng hoa tr ... cung nh kin thc v
x ly nhit cua chung. Muc ch cua mn hoc nay giup cho sinh vin hiu ro cac loai vt
liu khac nhau da trn mi quan h gia cu truc (lin kt hoa hoc, kiu mang tinh th) va
c ly tnh, thc hanh c cac th nghim c ban xac nh c tnh cua vt liu va bit la
chon vt liu phu hp nht ap ng nhu cu s dung sau nay. Khi nghin cu mt vt liu
bt ky chung ta u da vao bn cc c ba n sau y : Kt cu cua cu truc, cac tnh cht,
s tng hp cac phng phap gia cng va hiu qua s dung cua no. Mt san phm co th
gm hang chuc loai vt liu khac nhau tao nn. V du t RENAULT CLIO 1,2 RN cua
Phap gm mi mt loai vt liu sau y tao nn :
1- Thep tm 40,9% 2-Thep hnh 10,9%
2-Gang 11,3% 4-Hp kim nhm 4,2%
5-Cac kim loai mau khac 3,9%
6-Cht deo 10,2% 7-Cht deo an hi 3,4%
8-Vt liu hu c khac 3,4%
9-Thuy tinh 4,2% 10-Sn 1,7%
11-Cht long 5,9%
Yu cu cua ngi ky s cac nganh c in t ngoai kha nng hiu bit v
chuyn mn su cua nganh hoc, con phai nm c nhng tnh cht c ban cua cac loai vt
liu t o co th s dung mt cach hp ly nht nhm nng cao tui tho cua may moc,
cng trnh, ha gia thanh san phm ...
Mn hoc nay k tha kin thc cua kha nhiu cac lnh vc khac nhau : tinh th hoc, c
lng t, ly thuyt lch, vt ly tia rn ghen, n mon va bao v kim loai ...do o khi lng
kin thc kha ln va co nhiu mt. V vy oi hoi ngi hoc phai nm vng cac kin thc
c ban v vt liu va thc hanh nghim tuc cac th nghim. Khi nghin cu mn hoc nay
phai nm chc mi quan h gia thanh phn hoa hoc, cu truc va tnh cht cua vt liu. Bt
ky s thay i nao cua thanh phn hoa hoc va cu truc se dn ti s bin i cua tnh cht
vt liu.
1






PHN 1 : CO SO VT LIU HOC

CHUONG 1 : CU TRUC TINH TH CUA VT LIU

1.1.CU TAO NGUYN TU VA CAC LOAI LIN KT DIN HINH TRONG
CHT RN :
1.1.1.M hinh cu tao nguyn tu :
Nguyn t la mt h thng bao gm hat nhn mang in dng va cac in t
mang in m chuyn ng xung quanh. Hat nhn nguyn t cu tao bi cac prton va
ntron. Prton mang in dng co in tch bng in tch cua in t, ntron khng
mang in. Trong trang thai bnh thng nguyn t trung hoa in v s lng prton bng
s lng in t. S nay c c trng bng s th t (Z) trong bang tun hoan
Menlep. Khi lng nguyn t bng khi lng hat nhn cua no v khi lng cua
prton va ntron ln hn rt nhiu so v i khi lng in t. Vi cung khi lng in t
va prton, hat nhn co th cha s lng ntron khac nhau va tao nn cac ng v cua cung
mt nguyn t hoa hoc.
Xac sut tm thy in t trn mt quy ao nao o xung quanh hat nhn c xac
nh bng bn tham s goi la s lng t. Co ngha la trang thai nng lng cua mi in
t trong nguyn t c xac nh bi bn s lng t. Cac s lng t gm co :
a-S lng t chnh n : co cac gia tr bng 1, 2, 3, 4... xac nh nng lng cho
phep cua in t. Cac in t co cung s lng t chnh n hp thanh mt lp in t. Cac
lp in t ln lt la : K, L, M, N... tng ng vi n = 1, 2, 3, 4 ...
b-S lng t phng v l : xac nh cac gia tr cho phep cua mmen xung lng
quy ao, co tr s bng 0, 1, 2, 3... (n - 1). Cac in t vi l khac nhau cua cung lp tao
thanh nhng phn lp tng ng, ky hiu ln lt la s, p, d, f...ng vi l = 0, 1, 2, 3...
c-S lng t t m
l
: xac nh kha nng nh hng cho phep cua vec t mmen
xung lng quy ao i vi chiu cua t trng bn ngoai, co tr s bng 0, . 1, 2, 3... l
d-S lng t spin m
s
: xac nh kha nng nh hng ngc chiu nhau cua vec t
mmen xung lng spin cua in t, m
s
= 1/ 2.
Ngoai ra s phn b in t theo cac mc khac nhaucon phai tun theo nguyn ly
loai tr Pauly : mi trang thai vi ba s lng t n, l, m
l
xac nh ch co th cha hai in t
vi spin ngc chiu nhau. Da vao nguyn ly nay ta co th d oan s in t cho phep
trn cac bc nng lng.
V du : nguyn t ng Cu co s th t Z = 29, phn b in t nh sau :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2

(Con goi la cu hnh in t)
K L M N
Trong mt s iu kin xac nh, in t co th chuyn t trang thai nay sang
trang thai khac, khi o se phat ra hay hp thu nng lng di dang E di dang cac
lng t anh sang co tn s :
E = E
l
-E
l+1
= h vi h = 6,627.10
-27
ec.s (hng s Planck)
2






1.1.2.Cac loai lin kt nguyn tu thuong gp :
Trong cht rn thng gp bn loai lin kt sau y : lin kt ng hoa tri, lin kt
ion, lin kt kim loai, lin kt hn hp va lin kt Vanderval.
1-Lin kt ng hoa tr :
Lin kt nay tao ra khi hai hoc nhiu nguyn t gop chung nhau mt s in t
co u tam in t lp ngoai cung (in t hoa tr). V du lin kt ng hoa tr gia hai
nguyn t clo trong phn t Cl
2
. Hai nguyn t nay co s in t lp ngoai cung la 7. Do
vy chung phai gop chung hai in t lp ngoai cung u tam in t.
c im cua lin kt ng hoa tr :
1-Lin kt co tnh nh hng, ngha la xac sut tn tai cac in t lin kt ln
nht theo phng ni tm cac nguyun t.
2-Cng lin kt phu thuc rt manh vao c tnh lin kt gia cac in t hoa
tr vi hat nhn. V du cac bon dang a hnh kim cng co lin kt ng hoa tr rt manh
v bn in t hoa tr (trong s sau in t) lin kt hu nh trc tip vi hat nhn. Do vy
nhit nong chay cua no cao hn 3550
o
C. Trong khi o thic (Sn) co lin kt ng hoa tr
rt yu v bn in t hoa tr (trong s 50 in t) nm xa hat nhn nn lc lin kt yu i
vi hat nhn do o nhit nong chay thp 270
o
C.
3-Lin kt ng hoa tr co th xay ra gia cac nguyn t cung loai (cua mt
nguyn t hoa hoc trong cac nhom t IVA n VIIA), goi la lin kt ng hoa tr ng cc.
V du trong phn t Cl
2
hay cac tinh th kim cng, si lc, gecmani ...Lin kt ng hoa tr
gia cac nguyn t khac loai (cac nguyn t hoa hoc nhom IIIA vi nhom VIA) goi la lin
kt ng hoa tr d cc.
2-Lin kt ion :
y la loai lin kt manh, cac nguyn t cho bt in t lp ngoai cung va rtr
than ion dng hay nhn thm in t bao hoa lp ngoai cung va tr thanh ion m. V
du : trong lin kt LiF, Li cho bt mt in t lp ngoai cung tr thanh Li
+
, con F nhn
thm mt in t va tr thanh F
-
.
Lin kt ion thng tao nn gia cac nguyn t co nhiu in t hoa tr (nhom
VIB, VIIB) vi cac nhom nguyn t co t in t hoa tr (nhom IB, IIB). Cac xyt kim loai
Al
2
O
3
, MgO, CaO, Fe
3
O
4
co lin kt chu yu la lin kt ion.
Lin kt ion cang bn vng (cang manh) khi cac nguyn t cha cang t in t,
ngha la cac in t cho va nhn nm gn hat nhn. Lin kt ion la loai lin kt khng nh
hng. V du : hydr tao vi F, Cl, Br, I cac hp cht HF, HCl, HBr, HI co nng lng lin
kt ln lt la 5,81; 4,44; 3,75 va 3,06 eV/mol.
3-Lin kt kim loai :
Cac ion dng kim loai tao thanh mang xac nh, t trong khng gian in t t
do chung. Nng lng lin kt la tng hp lc y va hut tnh in gia cac ion dng va
my in t t do . Lin kt kim loai thng c tao nn t nhng nguyn t co t in t
hoa tr. V du : cac nguyn t nhom IA trong bang tun hoan Menlep vi mt in t
hoa tr co tnh kim loai in hnh. Cang i v bn phai cua bang tun hoan tnh cht ng
hoa tr trong lin kt cang cao. Cac cht rn co lin kt kim loai trong cu truc tinh th cua
no co tnh i xng cao.
3







+
+
+
+
+
- -
+
- -
+
- -
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
+
+
+
+ +










Hnh 1.1- Lin kt kim loai.


4-Lin kt hn hp :
Lin kt ng hoa tr thun tuy ch co c trong trng hp kin kt ng cc
(gia cac nguyn t cua cung mt nguyn t hoa hoc). Trong trng hp lin kt d cc
(gia cac nguyn t cua cac nguyn t khac nhau) in t hoa tr tham gia lin kt chu hai
anh hng trai ngc :
-B hut bi hat nhn cua no
-B hut bi hat nhn cua nguyn t th hai tao in t chung.
Kha nng cua hat nhn hut in t hoa tr c goi la tnh m in cua nguyn t.
S khac nhau v tnh m in gia cac nguyn t trong lin kt ng hoa tr lam am my
in t "chung" b bin dang va tao thanh ngu cc in, o la tin t cua lin kt ion. Tnh
ion cua lin kt se cang ln nu s khac nhau v tnh m in cua cac nguyn t cang ln.
V du : Na co tnh m in bng 0,9 con Cl co tnh m in bng 3,0. Do vy trong lin kt
NaCl gm khoang 58% lin kt ion va 48% lin kt ng hoa tr. Tt ca nhng lin kt d
cc u mang tnh cht hn hp gia lin kt ion va ng hoa tr
5-Lin kt yu (lin kt Val der Val) :
Lin kt ng hoa tr cho phep giai thch s tao thanh cac phn t nh nc (H
2
O)
hay polytylen (C
2
H
4
)
n
nhng khng th giai thch s tao thanh mt s vt rn t nhng
phn t trung hoa nh nc a, polyme...
Trong nhiu phn t co lin kt ng hoa tr, do s khac nhau v tnh m in cua
cac nguyn t, trong tm in tch dng va in tch m khng trung nhau se tao thanh
ngu cc in va phn t b phn cc. Lin kt Val der Val la lin kt do hin tng hut
nhau gia cac nguyn t hoc phn t b phn cc trang thai rn . y la loai lin kt yu,
rt d b pha huy do ba ng nhit. Do vy cac cht rn trn c s lin kt Val der Val co
nhit nong chay thp.
1.2.CU TAO MANG TINH TH LY TUONG :
1.2.1.Cac khai nim co ban :
4






Ni t nguyn t co tnh hoat ng cao se khuch tan vao b mt thep. C s tin
hanh thm ni t la gian pha Fe - N. i t b mt vao t chc lp thm gm co :
-Pha la dung dch rn trn c s la pha xen ke Fe
2
N.
-Pha ' la dung dch rn tr
n c s pha xen le Fe
4
N.
-Pha fe rit ni t (dung dch rn cua nit trong Fe

.
T chc lp thm gm cac nitrit - pha xen ke vi cng rt cao, rt phn tan nn
co cng va tnh chng mai mon rt cao.
3-c im thm ni t :
-Do tin hanh nhit thp s khuch tan kho khn va chm nn lp thm
mong, thi gian thm dai. Thm 520
0
C at chiu su 0,40 mm phai gi nhit 48h.
-Sau khi thm khng ti va mai.
-Phai dung thep c bit la 38CrMoAlA, trc khi thm phai nhit luyn hoa tt
thanh xoocbit ram.
-Lp thm cng hn va gi c nhit n 500
0
C va cao hn
4-Cng dung :
Thm ni t dung cho cac chi tit cn cng va tnh chng mai mon rt cao, lam
vic nhit cao hn 500
0
C, nhng chu tai khng cao (do lp thm mong) nh : mt s
truc, s mi xy lanh may bay, dung ct, dung cu o, nong sung...Thm ni t cung lam tng
ang k gii han moi.
11.2.4.Thm cac bon - nito (thm xyanua) :
1-nh ngha va muc ch :
Thm cac bon ni t la phng phap hoa nhit luyn lam bao hoa ng thi cac
bon va ni t vao b mt thep nng cao cng, tnh chng mai mon cung nh chng
mai mon (no la trung gian gia thm cac bon va ni t)
Nu tin hanh thm di 560
0
C th cac bon khuch tan yu nn lp thm chu yu
la ni t do vy gn vi thm ni t hn.
Nu thm nhit 850
0
C hay coa hn th s khuch tan cua cac bon manh nn
lop thm gn vi thm cac bon hn.
2-Thm cac bon ni t nhit cao :
a-Thm th rn :
Tin hanh ging nh thm cac bon ch khac la trong cht thm co thm t 20 -
30% cac mui K
4
Fe(CN)
6
, K
3
Fe(CN)
6
. Sau khi thm phai ti va ram thp.
b-Thm th kh :
Tin hanh nh thm cac bon th kh nhng trong cht thm co thm 5-10% NH
3
va
nhit thm la 840-860
0
C. T chc lp thm ngoai cac cao ra con co pha cacbon - nitrit
Fe
3
(C,N) rt cng va phn tan nn nng cao rt manh tnh chng mai mon, lam tng tui
tho t 50 - 100%. Sau khi thm phai ti ngay t nhit thm va ram thp. Phng phap
nay s dung rt rng rai v khng gy c hai va tao ra cht lng tt.
c-Thm th long :
168






Tin hanh trong b gm cac hn hp mui nong chay (trong o chu yu la cac
mui co gc CN hay CNO cung cp C va N nguyn t). Co hai cach : thm nhit
thp va nhit cao.
Thm nhit thp : Tin hanh nhit 540-560
0
C trong hn hp gm co
50%NaCN va 50% Na
2
CO
3
hay 50%NaCN va 50%KCN. Sau khi thm khng tin hanh ti
va ram na. Cng dung : chu yu dung cho cac dung cu ct got bng thep gio sau nhit
luyn. Phng phap nay co nhc im la rt c hai v dung mui co gc CN t axit HCN
(ch cn nhim c khaong 1mg la u gy t vong)
Thm nhit cao : Tin hanh nhit 820-860
0
C trong cac mui co thanh
phn tng t trn. Sau khi thm phai ti va ram thp. Cng dung : dung cho cac loai truc,
banh rng, cht ...
khc phuc nhc im cua thm cac bon ni t ngay nay ngi ta dung cac
sloai mui khng c hai va tao ra phng phap mi goi la tenifer (tenex - hoa bn, nitrur -
thm N, ferum - Fe) tng cng va tnh chng mai mon cho truc khuy, banh rng,
khun dp, khun keo...
11.2.5.Cac phuong phap hoa nhit luyn khac :
Ngoai cac phng phap trn con s dung cac phng phap nh thm bo, crm,
nhm, silic... nng cao cng, tnh chng xy hoa cho vt liu. Cng dung : khun
ren, tua bin phan lc, ghi lo, gu rot thep gang...

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169






TAI LIU THAM KHAO

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khoa hoc va ky thut Ha Ni - 2002
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