Luan Van Tot Nghiep: Voip

PHN A GII THIU
B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC VN HIN KHOA IN T -VIN THNG
N TT NGHIP
TI:
H THNG TNG I VoIP
GVHD: ThS. H VN KHA LY SVTH: V TN NGC MSSV: 07EV031
Tp.HCM, 07/2011 i
LI CM N
Li u tin, em xin gi n Thy, Thc S H Vn Kha Ly li cm n chn thnh v su sc nht. Nh c s hng dn v gip tn tnh ca Thy trong sut thi gian qua, em c th thc hin v hon thnh Lun Vn Tt Nghip. Nhng li nhn xt, gp v hng dn tn tnh ca Thy gip em c ci nhn thc t v ng n hn trong sut qu trnh thc hin ti, gip em nhn ra c nhng u khuyt im ca ti v tng bc hon thin hn v khc phc nhng li m em gp phi. ng thi,em xin trn trng cm n cc Thy C ca Trng i Hc VN HIN ni chung v ca khoa in T_Vin Thng ni ring dy d em sut qung thi gian ngi trn gh ging ng i hc. Nhng li ging ca Thy C trn bc ging trang b cho em nhng kin thc cn bn nht gip em tin xa hn trong tng lai v lnh vc in t - vin thng, v nhng li ni bn l ca thy c cho em ci nhn hon thin hn v x hi m em s phi i mt khi ri khi gh nh trng. Bn cnh , con cng chn thnh cm n s ng vin v s h tr ca gia nh v cha m trong sut thi gian hc tp. c bit, con xin gi li cm n trn trng nht n cha m, ngi sinh ra v nui dng con nn ngi. S quan tm, lo lng v hy sinh ln lao ca cha m lun l ng lc cho con c gng phn u trn con ng hc tp ca mnh. Mt ln na, con xin gi n cha m s bit n su sc nht. Cui cng, ti xin cm n s h tr v gip ca bn b trong thi gian hc tp ti Trng i Hc VN HIN,
Tp.HCM, ngy 4 thng 07 nm 2011 V TN NGC
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TM TT LUN VN
y l ti m em quyt tm thc hin n va p ng c nguyn vng tm ti hc hi thm ca em nh hng cng vic tng lai ca em cng nh vic pht trin n thnh ti c th p ng c yu cu ca mt lun vn tt nghip. ti ny va mang tnh cht nghin cu, va ng dng thc t. Nghin cu y th hin vic tm hiu cng ngh k thut mi ang v s c ng dng rng ri bi u im vt tri trong thi i my tnh nh hin nay, ng dng th hin vic xy dng mt tng i in thoi IP cng vi cc dch v ng dng ca n c kh nng p ng nhu cu ca doanh nghip mt cch linh hot, cng nh c th thay th c cho mt tng i tng t bnh thng. Lun vn bao gm 6 chng: Chng 1: Gii thiu v mng PSTN Chng 2: Gii thiu v mng VoIP Chng 3: Tng quan v TCP/IP Chng 4: Tng quan v giao thc SIP Chng 5: Tng quan h thng Chng 6: Qu trnh thc hin v kt qu (m phng bng phn mm 3CX) Trong qu trnh thc hin, d em rt n lc tuy nhin cng khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, em rt mong nhn c s ch dy, gp t Qu Thy C v bn b ti ngy cng thc t v hon thin hn. Mt ln na, em xin chn thnh cm n. Sinh vin thc hin
V TN NGC
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NHN XT CA GING VIN HNG DN
. Tp.HCM, ngy thng nm 2011
Ging vin hng dn H Vn Kha Ly
iv
NHN XT CA GING VIN PHN BIN
. Tp.HCM, ngy thng nm 2011 Ging vin phn bin
MC LC
Phn A: Gii thiu
Trang Trang ba............................................................................................................... i Li cm n...........................................................................................................ii Tm tt Lun vn................................................................................................iii Nhn xt ca ging vin hng dn....................................................................iv Nhn xt ca ging vin phn bin.......................................................................v Mc lc...............................................................................................................vi Danh sch hnh v..............................................................................................xii Danh sch bng biu.........................................................................................xiii
Phn B : Ni dung
Li m u
PHN B............................................................................................................ xiii NI DUNG........................................................................................................ xiii CHNG I: GII THIU MNG PSTN...................................................................1
1.1 i nt v h thng in thoi PSTN:...........................................................1 1.2 Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng PSTN:........................................................2 1.3 Trung k (trunk)..............................................................................................2
1.3.1 Thu bao:......................................................................................... 2 1.3.2 Mch vng thu bao:........................................................................2 ......................................................................................................................... 4 CHNG II: GII THIU V VoIP.........................................................................5
2.1
Gii thiu chung:..........................................................................................5
2.2 u nhc im ca VoIP:...............................................................................6 vi
2.3
Cc kiu kt ni s dng VoIP:....................................................................7
2.4 Cc thnh phn ca mng VoIP:...................................................................8 2.5 Cc giao thc bo hiu s dng trong VoIP:..................................................9 2.5.5 Cc Codec m ha trong VoIP:.................................................................26 2.6 Cc ng dng ca VoIP.................................................................................28
CHNG III: TNG QUAN V TCP/IP.................................................................31
3.1 Gii thiu v TCP/IP...................................................................................31 3.2 Cc thuc tnh ca TCP/IP...........................................................................32 3.3 Nguyn tc hot ng ca TCP/IP..............................................................34
3.3.1 Hot ng Tng ng dng...........................................................35
3.4 Khun dng cc gi tin ca giao thc TCP/IP...............................................39

3.4.1 Gi tin UDP-User Datagram Protocol...........................................39
3.5 a ch IP....................................................................................................43
CHNG IV: TNG QUAN V GIAO THC SIP..................................................46 CHNG V: TNG QUAN H THNG................................................................67
5.1 5.2
Nhu cu thc t..........................................................................................67 M hnh tng qut......................................................................................67

...........................................71 ...............................71
CHNG VI: GII THIU V 3CX PHONE SYSTEM
6.1 Gii thiu....................................................................................................71 6.2 Ci t 3CX..................................................................................................73 6.3 Cu hnh Server 3CX:..................................................................................85 6.4 Cu hnh SIP cho Nokia E63:........................................................................85 6.5 Thc hin cuc gi :...................................................................................87 vi
Danh sch hnh v

Hnh 1.1 Hnh 1.2 H thng mng PSTN 1 Bo hiu knh ring...4
Hnh 2.1 Cc thnh phn mng VoIP............................................................... 8 Hnh 2.2 Hnh 2.3 Hnh 2.4 Hnh 2.5 Hnh 2.6 Hnh 2.7 Hnh 2.8 Qu trnh thc hin cuc gi gia hai my IP Phone.........................9 Tng hot ng ca cc giao thc...................................................10 Giao thc bo hiu H.323.................................................................10 Giao thc bo hiu SIP.....................................................................13 Cc thnh phn trong mng SIP.......................................................14 Cuc gi SIP in hnh.....................................................................23 Kt ni mng PSTN v mng VoIP..................................................28
Hnh 3.1 Mng my tnh n gin...................................................................31 Hnh 3.2 Hnh 3.3 Hnh 3.4 Hnh 3.5 Hnh 3.6 Hnh 3.7 Hnh 3.8 Hnh 3.9 Hot ng Tng ng dng................................................................34 Hot ng Tng chuyn ti...............................................................37 Hot ng Tng Internet...................................................................38 So snh m hnh TCP/IP vi OSI.....................................................39 Chi tit cc Tng hot ng giao thc TCP/IP.................................40 Cu trc gi tin UDP........................................................................40 Gi tin TCP trong mt Ethernet frame.............................................41 Gi tin IP trong mt Ethernet frame.................................................42
Hnh 3.10 Phn lp a ch IP..........................................................................44 Hnh 4.1 Thu bao ng k v tr hin ti ti sip server...................................47 vii
Hnh 4.2
Proxy sip server................................................................................48
Hnh 4.3 Hinh thang SIP.................................................................................48 Hnh 4.4. Hnh 4.5 Hnh 4.6 Hnh 4.7 Hnh 4.8 Hnh 4.9 Cc thnh phn SIP.........................................................................49 Cc thit b User Agents..................................................................50 Hot ng ca Redirect server.........................................................51 Hot ng ca Proxy Server...........................................................53 Group Addresses............................................................................54 Khung dng SIP Resquest............................................................55
Hnh 4.10 Resquest line cha ng dn n host k tip..............................56 Hnh 4.11 SIP khng m bo cc p ng tm thi c nhn.....................57 Hnh 4.12 Header Contact Group Proxy Server xc nh c v tr thu bao .60 Hnh 4.13 Minh ho cch lm vit ca Router v Record-Router ..................62 Hnh 4.14 Cc header To khng thay i trong sut phin.............................63 Hnh 5.1 Hnh 6.1 M hnh kt ni minh ho..............................................................68 S kt ni thit b......................................................................72
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DANH SCH BNG BIU

Bng 2.1 So snh chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi.................................6 Bng 2.2 Lp thng tin.....................................................................................16 Bng 2.3 Lp thnh cng.................................................................................16 Bng 2.4 Lp chuyn hng............................................................................16 Bng 2.5 Lp li client.....................................................................................17 Bng 2.6 Lp li Server...................................................................................18 Bng 2.7 Lp li ton cc................................................................................19 Bng 2.8 ngha cc trng trong bng tin SIP..............................................21 Bng 2.9 So snh giao thc H.323 v SIP........................................................24 Bng 2.10 Cc codec in hnh..........................................................................27
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LI M U
Mng in thoi truyn thng PSTN tn ti trn 100 nm nay, tr nn quen thuc, hiu qu v thc hin tt nhng g n c xy dng, mang n cho ngi s dng trn ton cu nhiu tin ch vi mt c s h tng vng chc v rng khp. Tuy nhin, mng PSTN cng bc l nhiu hn ch nh s lng cc dch v, s dng ti nguyn ng truyn khng ti u, gi thnh cao.Hn na, ngy nay, d liu bt kp v qua mt thoi, tr thnh lu lng truyn thng s mt trn nhiu mng c xy dng cho thoi. D liu c nhng c tnh khc vi thoi nh nhu cu s dng bng thng ln hn v khng c nh. Vi s cnh tranh ngy cng tng, mng PSTN khng th to v s dng cc c im nhanh. Mng PSTN c xy dng trn mt c s h tng, trong ch cc nh cung cp thit b mi c th pht trin cc ng dng cho thit b . iu c ngha l Data/Voice/Video khng th cng tp trung trn mng PSTN vi cu trc hin thi. Trn c s , mng VoIP ra i v ngy cng p ng tt hn cc yu cu t ra nh cht lng dch v, gi thnh, s lng cc dch v thoi ln phi thoi Hin nay, xu hng gi in thoi IP ang l la chn thay th cho cch gi truyn thng thng qua mng in thoi thng thng PBX. Cng ngh VoIP ra i gip cho cc doanh nghip tit kim ng k chi ph lin lc gia cc phng ban cng nh gia cc chi nhnh ca cng ty (gim t 80-90% chi ph). Chnh v vy, mt s kt hp gia mng in thoi truyn thng (PSTN) vi mng my tnh (VoIP) em li mt th gii vin thng a dng v hng mnh khng ng. Tuy nhin chuyn ht ton b mng in thoi PSTN vo mng my tnh (VoIP) th ngy cng cn kh xa, bi l VoIP cng t ra nhng thch thc cho cc nh thit k h thng c th cung cp mt cht lng thoi c th chp nhn c hay thm ch tng ng vi in thoi truyn thng. Chng hn nh vn tr hay ting vng, nhng vn nh hng trc tip n cm gic m thanh. ti Lun vn ca em ly tn l H THNG TNG I VoIP, s trnh by cc tng cho vic thc hin mt h thng tch hp ny, v ng thi bc u trin khai mt h thng tch hp n gin vi cc dch v ph bin thng dng ca mt tng i Analog thng thng. ix
PHN B NI DUNG
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 14
CHNG I: GII THIU MNG PSTN

1.1 i nt v h thng in thoi PSTN: Mng PSTN (Public Switch Telephone Network) l mng cung cp dch v thoi truyn thng. Mng PSTN c xy dng trn c s k thut chuyn mch knh, cung cp hon ton mt knh 64 kbit/s cho bt k mt cuc gi no gia hai thu bao. Cc dch v thoi trn mng PSTN l cc dch v theo hng c kt ni, kt ni gia hai u cui phi c thit lp trc khi cuc hi thoi c th bt u. Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi c thc hin thng qua h thng bo hiu c tch hp vi cc thnh phn truyn thoi. Nh c lch s pht trin lu i v khng ngng c i mi m ngy nay mng PSTN c kh nng cung cp cc dch v thoi c cht lng cao. Mc d cn tn ti mt s khuyt im, nhng c th ni n thi im hin nay cha c h thng no c kh nng cung cp dch v thoi cht lng cao hn mng PSTN.
Hnh 1.1: H thng mng PSTN
Chng 1: Gii thiu mng PSTN
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 2 1.2 Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng PSTN: cung cp cc dch v thoi n ngi s dng, mng PSTN c cu trc t 3 thnh phn c bn sau: - Thu bao (subscriber) - Mch vng thu bao (local loop) - Tng i (exchange) 1.3 Trung k (trunk) 1.3.1 Thu bao: Khi thu bao bao gm cc thit b c gn vo mng cung cp cc dch v ca mng n ngi s dng. Khi thu bao l thnh phn giao tip trc tip vi ngi s dng, thc hin chc nng chuyn i cc dng tn hiu ph hp cho vic truyn ti cc tn hiu t mng n ngi s dng v t ngi s dng n mng. C nhiu loi thit b thu bao nh in thoi, my fax, PC, in thoi l thit b thu bao c s dng nhiu nht trn mng PSTN. 1.3.2 Mch vng thu bao: L thnh phn lin kt gia thu bao v mng, cung cp phng tin truyn ti tn hiu thoi cng nh cc thng tin bo hiu gia mng v thu bao. Cc thng tin bo hiu gia thu bao v mng bao gm: Thng bo trng thi nhc, gc my, Cc loi m bo hiu: dial tone, busy tone, ringback tone, Cc mch vng thu bao trong mng PSTN l ng truyn tng t, hu ht l cp xon i, c di ti a vi chc km. 1.3.3. H thng chuyn mch (tng i): H thng chuyn mch hay tng i l thnh phn trung tm ca h thng PSTN c nhim v thit lp kt ni cho cc cuc gi, chuyn lu lng t mt ng lin kt ny n mt ng lin kt khc. Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi cho cc thu bao c th chia lm hai trng hp: Chng 1: Gii thiu mng PSTN
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 3 Thu bao ch gi v thu bao b gi kt ni n cng mt tng i. Thu bao ch gi v thu bao b gi kt ni n cc tng i khc nhau. Trong trng hp u, qu trnh thit lp cuc gi ch xy ra trong phm vi mt tng i. Trng hp th hai phc tp hn, v cn phi thc thi cc qu trnh nh tuyn cuc gi c th thng bo yu cu kt ni cuc gi n u cui thu bao. Qu trnh ny lin quan n vic thc thi cc chc nng ca hai hay nhiu tng i bao gm cc tng i kt ni trc tip n thu bao v cc tng i trung gian. Tu theo chc nng ca cc tng i trong mng PSTN m chng c th c gi tn khc nhau. Cc tng i kt ni trc tip n thu bao gi l cc tng i ni ht (end office). Cc tng i ni ht c th kt ni trc tip vi nhau hoc kt ni qua cc tng i trung gian (transit), 1.3.4 Trung k: thit lp ng thng tin trn ton mng PSTN cc tng i phi c kt ni vi nhau. ng kt ni gia cc tng i gi l trung k. Cc trung k c nhim v mang thng tin hi thoi t tng i ny sang tng i khc trong trng hp thit lp cuc gi cho cc thu bao thuc cc tng i khc nhau. 1.3.5 Bo hiu trung k lin i Bo hiu trung k gm hai loi: bo hiu knh v bo hiu knh chung. Bo hiu knh ring(CAS) Bo hiu knh ring l bo hiu m trong thng tin bo hiu nm trong knh thoi hoc trong knh c lin h chc ch vi knh thoi
Hnh 1.2: Bo hiu knh ring
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 4 C hai phng php truyn bo hiu knh l: trong bng(in_band),v ngoi bng(out-of-band). - Vi phng php truyn thoi in-band: vic truyn bo hiu iu khin v tn hiu thoi hon ton dng chung mt bng tn,cch truyn ny c nhiu li im,bo hiu iu khin c cng c tnh in t vi tn hiu thoi,do n c th n mi ni m tn hiu n c.Do s khng c mt gii hn no v vic s dng mng k c nhng ch c bin i tng t - s v s tng t. - Vi phng php truyn out-of-band:li dng vic tn hiu thoi khng chim ht b rng bng tn 4khz dnh cho n,ngi ta tch ra mt oi tn nh trong phm vi 4khz bo hiu iu khin.ci li chnh l bo hiu iu khin n c th c truyn i mc d c s hin hu ca tn hiu thoi hay khng nh c th lin tc gim st v iu khin.tuy vy s out-bank cn mt s thit b in t nhiu hn.
CHNG II: GII THIU V VoIP

2.1 Gii thiu chung: S xut hin u tin ca Internet vo khong nm 1974 thc s mang li cho ngi s dng nhiu tin ch thit thc. N cung cp mt khi lng ln thng tin v dch v nh: th in t, my truy tm d liu, cc dch v thng mi v chuyn ngnBn cnh , Internet cng m ra hnh thc lin lc mi cho ngi s dng, l VoIP ( Voice Over Internet Protocol). VoIP c pht trin u tin vo nm 1995 bi mt cng ty tn l Vocatel. VoIP l mt cng ngh cho php truyn thoi s dng giao thc mng IP, trn c s h tng sn c ca mng internet. VoIP l mt trong nhng cng ngh vin thng ang c quan tm nht hin nay khng ch i vi nh khai thc, cc nh sn xut m cn c vi ngi s dng dch v. in thoi thng thng, tn hiu thoi c ly mu vi tn s 8 KHz sau lng t ha 8 bit/s v c truyn vi tc 64 kbit/s n mng chuyn mch ri truyn ti ch. pha thu, tn hiu ny s c gii m thnh tn hiu ban u. Cng ngh VoIP cng khng hon ton khc vi in thoi thng thng. u tin, tn hiu thoi cng c s ha, nhng sau thay v truyn trn mng PSTN qua cc trng chuyn mch, tn hiu thoi c nn xung tc thp ri ng gi, truyn qua mng IP. Ti bn thu, cc lung thoi s c gii nn thnh cc lung PCM 64 ri truyn ti thu bao b gi. VoIP c th va thc hin mi loi cuc gi nh trn mng in thoi knh truyn thng (PSTN) ng thi truyn d liu trn c s mng truyn d liu. Do cc u im v gi thnh dch v v s tch hp nhiu loi hnh dch v nn VoIP hin nay c trin khai mt cc rng ri. Dch v in thoi VoIP l dch v ng dng giao thc IP, nguyn tc ca VoIP bao gm vic s ho tn hiu ting ni, thc hin vic nn tn hiu s, chia nh cc gi nu cn v truyn gi tin ny qua mng, ti ni nhn cc gi tin ny
Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 6 c rp li theo ng th t ca bn tin, gii m tn hiu tng t phc hi li ting ni ban u. Cc cuc gi trong VoIP da trn c s s dng kt hp c chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Trong mi loi chuyn mch u c u, nhc im ring ca n. Bng 2.1 So snh chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi Chuyn mch knh Chuyn mch gi
Mt knh truyn dn dnh ring c Khng c knh dnh ring no c thit lp gia hai thit b u cui thit lp, bng thng ca knh logic gia thng qua mt hay nhiu nt chuyn hai thit b u cui thng khng c mch trung gian. nh.
Dng thng tin truyn trn knh ny Thng tin c chia thnh cc gi, mi l dng bit truyn lin tc theo thi gi c thm cc thng tin iu khin gian. Bng thng ca knh dnh cn thit cho qu trnh truyn nh l a ring c m bo v c nh trong ch ni gi, a ch ni nhn... Cc gi qu trnh lin lc (64Kbps i vi thng tin n nt mng c x l v lu mng in thoi PSTN). tr trong mt thi gian nht nh ri mi c truyn n nt tip theo sao cho vic s dng knh c hiu qu cao nht. tr thng tin l rt nh ch c thi gian truyn thng tin trn knh. tr thng tin ln hn mng chuyn mch knh rt nhiu.
2.2 u nhc im ca VoIP: u im : Gi thnh r: y l u im ni bt nht ca VoIP. Cng ngh VoIP cho php gi in thoi ng di hoc in thoi ra nc ngoi vi gi r nht hin nay. Tnh thng nht : H thng VoIP c th tch hp c mng thoi, mng Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 7 s liu v mng bo hiu. Cc tn hiu thoi, d liu, bo hiu c th cng i trn mt mng IP. Vic ny s gim ng k chi ph u t. Kh nng m rng: H thng VoIP c th c m rng thm nhiu loi dch v, nhiu tnh nng mi. Nhc im : Cht lng dch v: Vn d cc mng truyn s liu khng c thit k truyn thoi thi gian thc cho nn vic tr truyn hay vic mt mt cc gi tin hon ton c th xy ra v s lm gim cht lng dch v. Bo mt : Do mng Internet l mt mng hn hp v rng khp bao gm rt nhiu my tnh cng s dng cho nn vic bo mt cc thng tin c nhn l rt kh. 2.3 Cc kiu kt ni s dng VoIP: Computer to Computer: l mt dch v c s dng rng ri trn th gii, vi mt knh truyn Internet c sn. Ch cn ngi gi v ngi nghe s dng chung 1 VoIP service, headphone v microphone th cuc m thoi l khng gii hn. Computer to Phone: y l mt dch v thu ph. Bn phi tr tin c 1 ti khon v mt phn mm. Vi dch v ny, mt my tnh c th kt ni vi mt my in thoi thng thng bt c u (ty thuc phm vi cho php trong danh sch cc quc gia m nh cung cp cho php). Ngi gi s b tnh ph trn lu lng cuc gi. u im: i vi cc cuc gi quc t, chi ph s gim nhiu so vi cuc gi gia hai my in thoi thng thng, d s dng. Nhc im: Cht lng cuc gi ph thuc vo kt ni Internet v nh cung cp dch v. Phone to Phone: y l mt dch v c tnh ph. Bn khng cn kt ni Internet, ch cn 1 VoIP adapter kt ni vi my in thoi thng thng. Lc ny my in thoi tr thnh IP phone.
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 8 2.4 Cc thnh phn ca mng VoIP: Cc thnh phn ct li ca mt mng VoIP bao gm: Gateway, VoIP Server, mng IP, v thit b u cui cho ngi s dng.
Hnh 2.1: Cc thnh phn mng VoIP Gateway: thnh phn gip chuyn i tn hiu analog sang tn hiu s (v ngc li). VoIP gateway: l cc gateway c chc nng lm cu ni gia mng in thoi PSTN v mng VoIP. VoIP GSM gateway: l cc gateway c chc nng lm cu ni cho cc mng IP, GSM v c mng analog. VoIP server: l my ch trung tm c chc nng nh tuyn v bo mt cho cc cuc gi VoIP.Trong mng H.323 chng c gi l gatekeeper.Trong mng SIP chng c gi l SIP server. Thit b u cui (End user equipments): Softphone v my tnh c nhn. in thoi truyn thng vi IP adapter. Adapter l thit b c t nht 1 cng RJ11 ( kt ni vi my in thoi) v cng RJ45 ( kt ni vi ng truyn Internet hoc PSTN). IP adapter ny c nhim v gip cho in thoi thng thng c th kt ni c vi VoIP server. IP phone: l cc in thoi dng ring cho mng VoIP. Cc IP phone khng cn IP adapter bi v chng c tch hp sn bn trong c th kt ni trc tip vi VoIP server. Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 9 Hnh sau m t qu trnh thc hin cuc gi gia hai my IP phone:
Hnh 2.2: Qu trnh thc hin cuc gi gia hai my IP Phone
2.5 Cc giao thc bo hiu s dng trong VoIP: Nguyn l ca VoIP l vic ng gi dng tn hiu audio c th truyn i trn mng s dng giao thc Internet. Vic ny khng nhng phi m bo tn hiu ni thu ging dng tn hiu ni pht, m cn phi m bo thi gian tr khng qu 150 mili giy. Nu mt vi gi truyn b mt hay tr th cht lng truyn tin s gim, ngha l 2 ngi s gp kh khn trong qu trnh giao tip thoi. Giao thc truyn thoi Internet khng c thit k cho vic truyn tn hiu thi gian thc nh th. Trong cc cuc thoi c in, nhng c ch trong vic gii quyt nhng gi b mt nh ch cc gi ny n hay yu cu truyn li, hoc l xem xt thng tin nhn c c th hiu c khng nu thiu nhng gi tin ny, th khng c quan tm. Nhng cuc hi thoi s khng c thc hin tt do mt i mt vi t ng hay k t, hoc xy ra thi gian tr trong qu trnh truyn v nhn. Vn ca vic truyn ting ni trn c s ng gi bt ngun t vic cch thc chng ta ni khng tng hp vi cch mng IP truyn d liu. Vic ni v nghe b nh hng bi tr ca dng tn hiu, trong khi giao thc Internet c thit k ct nh mi thng tin, gi gn nhng bit thng tin vo trong hng ngn package, v chuyn nhng package ny theo nhng ng c th n ch. Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 10 Mt kt ni VoIP bao gm vic truyn mt chui tn hiu gia 2 u cui. C nhiu giao thc gip thc hin chc nng ny:
Hnh 2.3: Tng hot ng ca cc giao thc 2.5.1 Giao thc H.323 Khi cp n mng IP, tiu chun quc t thng c cp n l H.323. H.323 l chun dnh ring cho cc thnh phn mng, cc giao thc v cc th tc cung cp cc dch c thng tin Multimedia nh: audio thi gian thc, video v thng tin d liu qua cc mng chuyn mch gi, bao gm cc mng da trn giao thc IP:
Hnh 2.4: Giao thc bo hiu H.323
c t chc ITU thit lp vi mc ch l phc v cc cuc hi thoi a im. H.323 nhanh chng tr thnh nn tng IP cho cc thit b hi ngh truyn hnh. D c nhiu tranh ci xung quanh vic s dng H.323 hay l SIP v trn thc Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 11 t mng VoIP, H.323 c vai tr thng tr th trn h thng Asterisk, SIP vn l s la chn s 1. Hai phin bn ca H.323 c h tr trong Asterisk c h tr bi 2 module chan_h323.so v chan_oh323.so (c h tr cho cc b sung m). H.323 c pht trin bi ITU t thng 5-1996, h tr truyn thoi, video, d liu ,fax trong mng IP trong khi vn duy tr kt ni vi mng PSTN truyn thng. T thi im , H.323 c mt vi phin bn vi cc tnh nng b sung cho php n hot ng trong mt mng thun VoIP v cc mng phn b khc. H.323 c xem nh mt giao thc c nhiu u vit hn SIP nhng vi cc k thut khc, i lc s phc tp ca n li l mt vn so vi s n gin ca giao thc SIP. V kha cnh bo mt: H.323 l mt giao thc c tnh bo mt tng i cao v khng cn nhiu b sung cho c tnh bo mt ca mnh. V H.323 s dng RTP cho kt ni media, n khng h tr vic mt m. Vic s dng VPN hay cc phng php tunnel khc gia u cui l cch thc thng dng nht m bo tnh bo mt. Tt nhin l n cng gy ra mt vi vn . Khi VoIP c s dng cho cc lnh vc i hi tnh bo mt cao nh ngn hng, i hi giao thc VoIP phi h tr mt phng php mt m mnh. H.323 v NAT: H.323 cng gp nhng vn tng t nh SIP khi trin khai vi NAT. Phng php n gin nht l cho forward nhng port nht nh qua thit b tch hp NAT i vi cc client ni b. tip nhn cuc gi, TCP port 1720 phi lun c forward. Thm vo , port UDP cho cc d liu RTP v RTCP cng phi c forward. Nhng client c nh MS Netmeeting cng yu cu forward port TCP cho vic tunnel ca giao thc H245. Nu c mt s lng cc client ng sau thit b c tch hp NAT, chng ta phi s dng gatekeeper chy proxy mode. Gatekeeper s cn mt Interface lin lc vi mt mng IP subnet v mng Internet. H.323 client trn mng ring s ng k n gatekeeper, sau gatekeeper s gi cuc gi thay mt cho client. Cc client bn ngoi Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 12 mun gi bn trong cng phi thc hin th tc ng k n proxy server.Vo thi im hin ti, Asterisk khng th ng vai tr gatekeeper, chng ta phi s dng cc ng dng c lp nh Open H.323 Gatekeeper.
2.5.2 Giao thc khi to phin SIP : SIP (Session Initiation Protcol ) l giao thc bo hiu iu khin lp ng dng c dng thit lp, duy tr, kt thc cc phin truyn thng a phng tin (multimedia). SIP c IETF a ra trong RFC 2543. N l mt giao thc da trn tng v cu trc ca HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) giao thc trao i thng tin ca World Wide Web v l mt phn trong kin trc multimedia ca IETF. S ra i ca SIP gip pht trin mnh VoIP. y l mt giao thc thng dng ca VoIP. Tt c cc user v doanh nghip u c xu hng h tr SIP. SIP cn c trng ch h tr c nhng chc nng khng c trong VoIP nh video, m nhc v cc dch v multimedia thi gian thc khc. SIP c h tr bi module trong Asterisk l chan_sip.so . Giao thc SIP hot ng trn Lp ng Dng, s dng port 5060 lin lc. N c th truyn d liu thng qua lp vn chuyn UDP hoc TCP. Hin ti, Asterisk cha h tr giao thc SIP thng qua TCP, nhng rt c th trong tng lai, Asterisk s h tr vic ny. SIP c dung khi to, thay i, v kt thc phin thng tin chng hn nh nhng cuc gi Internet.
Hnh 2.5: Giao thc bo hiu SIP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 13 SIP s dng cc bn tin mi (INVITE) thit lp cc phin v mang cc thng tin m t phin truyn dn. SIP h tr cc phin n b (unicast) v qung b (multicast) tng ng cc cuc gi im ti im v cuc gi a im. C th s dng nm chc nng ca SIP thit lp v kt thc truyn dn l nh v thu bao, kh nng thu bao, sn sng ca thu bao, thit lp cuc gi v x l cuc gi . V kha cnh bo mt, SIP s dng h thng challenge/response xc nhn user. Khi u l cu lnh INVITE c gi n proxy n cc thit b u cui mong mun. Proxy lc ny s gi n mt gi tin l 407 Proxy Authorization Request, cha cc k t c ci t mt cch ngu nhin thng c gi l nonce. Nonce ny c s dng cng vi password to ra m MD5 c gi ngc tr li cho lnh INVITE. Gi s m MD5 ph hp vi m m proxy to ra, client c xc thc. DoS (Denial of Service) c xem nh phng thc tn cng thng dng nht trn mng VoIP. Mt phin tn cng DoS s din ra khi c mt s lng ln cc li mi INVITE khng hp lnh n proxy server lm qu ti h thng. SIP c mt vi phng thc gim thiu tc ng ca DoS nhng khng th hon ton phng nga n. Mt lc h tr tnh bo mt c ci t thm bi SIP l mt m phng thc truyn ti (TLS- Transport Layer Security). N c s dng thit lp kt ni gia ngi gi v domain. Yu cu c gi mt cc b mt n u cui, da trn cc chnh sch bo mt ca mng. Lu rng phng thc mt m khng nm trong kh nng ca SIP v phi c kt hp mt cch c lp SIP v NAT: Mt trong nhng vn ln nht khi trin khai SIP l truyn ti thng qua lp NAT. Bi v SIP mt m thng tin a ch trong cu trc khung ca n. NAT lp mng s khng nhn ng a ch ny v do dng d liu s khng c truyn ti ng nh mong mun. Nh vy, cc firewall c tch hp chc nng NAT s loi b cc kt ni SIP ny.
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 14 Cc thnh phn trong mng SIP:
Hnh 2.6: Cc thnh phn trong mng SIP
SIP Client: l thit b h tr giao thc SIP nh SIP phone, chng trnh chat, y chnh l giao din v dch v ca mng SIP cho ngi dng. SIP Server: l thit b trong mng x l cc bn tin SIP vi cc chc nng c th nh sau: Proxy Server: l thc th trong mng SIP lm nhim v chuyn tip cc SIP request ti thc th khc trong mng. Nh vy, chc nng chnh ca n trong mng l nh tuyn cho cc bn tin n ch. Proxy server cng cung cp cc chc nng xc thc trc khi cho khai thc dch v. Mt proxy c th lu (stateful) hoc khng lu trng thi (stateless) ca bn tin trc . Thng thng, proxy c lu trng thi, chng duy tr trng thi trong sut transaction (khong 32 giy). Redirect Server: tr v bn tin lp 300 thng bo thit b l chuyn hng bn tin ti a ch khc t lin lc thng qua a ch tr v. Registrar server: l server nhn bn tin SIP REGISTER yu cu v cp nht thng tin t bn tin request vo location database nm trong Location Server. Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 15 Location Server: lu thng tin trng thi hin ti ca ngi dng trong mng SIP. Bn tin SIP: Cc loi bn tin SIP Bn tin yu cu (Request): c gi t client ti server. RFC 3261 nh ngha 6 kiu bn tin request cho php UA v proxy c th xc nh ngi dng, khi to, sa i, hy mt phin. uhc tnh ca phin trc .Trong bn tin ny c s dng SDP nh ngha v cc thng s media ca phin. Mt response thnh cng c gi tr 200 c tr li cc thng s m ngi c gi chp nhn trong phin media. Bn tin ACK: xc nhn rng client nhn c response cui cng ca bn tin INVITE. ACK ch c s dng km vi bn tin INVITE. ACK c gi t u cui n u cui cho response 200 OK. ACK cng c th cha phn thn bn tin vi m t phin cui cng nu bn tin INVITE khng cha. Bn tin OPTIONS: UA s dng request ny truy vn ti server v kh nng ca n. Bn tin BYE: UA s dng bn tin ny yu cu hy mt phin c thit lp trc . Bn tin CANCEL: cho php client v server hy mt request, v d nh INVITE. N khng nh hng ti request hon thnh trc m server gi response. Bn tin REGISTER: Mt client s sng REGISTER yu cu ng k v tr ca n ti AOR (address of record) ca ngi dng vi SIP server. Bn tin p ng (Response): server gi bn tin SIP p ng (SIP response) ti client bo v trng thi ca SIP request m client gi trc . Cc SIP response c nh s t 100 n 699, c chia
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 16 thnh cc lp ngha khc nhau:
Bng 2.2 Lp Thng Tin M tr v 100 180 181 182 183 M t ang thc hin kt ni ang chung Cuc gi ang c chuyn tip c t vo hng i Phin ang c x l
Bng 2.3 Lp Thnh Cng M tr v 200 M t Thnh cng
Bng 2.4 Lp Chuyn Hng M tr v 300 301 302 305 380 M t Nhiu la chn Chuyn vnh vin Chuyn tm thi S dng proxy Dch v khc
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 17 Bng 2.5 Lp Li Client M tr v 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 410 413 414 415 416 420 421 423 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP M t Yu cu khng hp l Khng nhn dng c Yu cu thnh ton B cm Khng tm thy Phng thc khng c php Khng chp nhn Yu cu xc thc Proxy Request timeout di i Yu cu qu di URL c yu cu qu ln Khng h tr kiu media Khng h tr URI Phn m rng li Yu cu phn m rng Khong thi gian gia hai s kin qu ngn Tm thi cha sn sang Transaction khng tn ti Pht hin thy loop (chu trnh) Qu nhiu hop a ch khng Mt m khng r rang ang bn Yu cu b hy
488 491 493
Khng th chp nhn ti y Yu cu cha c gii quyt Khng gii m c
Bng 2.6 Lp Li Server M tr v 500 501 502 503 504 505 513 M t Li ni ti trong server Cha c thc hin u Gateway li Dch v khng tn ti Server timeout Phin bn SIP khng c h tr Bn tin qu ln
Bng 2.7 Lp Li Ton Cc M tr v 600 603 604 606 M t Bn khp mi ni Suy sp Khng tn ti Khng th chp nhn
Cu trc bn tin SIP: Bn tin Request: Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 19 INVITE sip:bob@proxy.company.com SIP/2.0 Via:SIP/2.0/UDP ph1.company.com:5060;branch=z9hG4bK83749.1 From:Alice <sip:alice@company.com>;tag=1234567 To: Bob <sip:bob@proxy.company.com> Call-ID: 12345601@ph1.company.com CSeq: 1 INVITE Contact: <sip:alice@ph1.company.com> Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: ... v=0 o=alice 2890844526 28908445456 IN IP4
172.18.193.102 s=Session SDP c=IN IP4 172.18.193.102 t=0 0 m=audio 49170 RTP/AVP 0 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 Bn tin Response: SIP/2.0 200 OK Via:SIP/2.0/UDP ph1.company.com:5060;branch=z9hG4bK83749.1
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 20 SIP/2.0 200 OK From:Alice <sip:alice@company.com>;tag=1234567 To:Bob <sip:bob@proxy.company.com>;tag=9345678 Call-ID: 12345601@ph1.company.com CSeq: 1 INVITE Content-Length: ... v=0 o=bob 3800844316 3760844696 IN IP4
172.18.193.109 s=Session SDP c=IN IP4 172.18.193.109 t=0 0 m=audio 48140 RTP/AVP 0 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
ngha cc trng trong bn tin: Bng 2.8: ngha cc trng trong bn tin SIP Tiu SIP From To M t Thng l AOR(Address of Record) ca ngi gi. N bao gm SIP hoc SIPS URI v vi ty chn tn c hin th. M t ngi nhn ca bn tin SIP, AOR ca ngi nhn.
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 21 Vi chc nng forward hay redirect th khng phi l a ch ngi nhn. Trng ny ging trng From. nh ngha series ca bn tin SIP. Call-ID phi c xc Call-ID nh trong mi bn tin SIP c gi bi tt c cc UA trong mt dialog. Cha mt gi tr nguyn v tn phng thc. Trng ny Cseq dng xc nh, sp xp, nh du chui SIP request trong mt dialog. Cseq c th khc nhau gia bn tin c truyn li v truyn mi. Via Xc nh ng i c ch ra request v cc response s c gi. Cha SIP hoc SIPS URI ca UA mun nhn c SIP request mi. Lit k tp cc phng thc SIP c h tr bi UA. Lit k tp cc phn m rng ca SIP h tr bi UA. Trng ny rt ging nh trng Supported nhng l ca cc UA xa cn thit cho mt transaction c x l.
Contact Allow Supported Require
Content-Type Kiu ca phn thn ca bn tin SIP (nu c phn thn) ContentLength Kch thc ca phn thn bn tin SIP. Trng ny l bt buc khi bn tin SIP c truyn trn TCP.
M t hot ng SIP hiu r hot ng ca SIP, xt mt m hnh cuc gi SIP in hnh nh sau:
Hnh 2.7: Cuc gi SIP in hnh
Hnh trn miu t mt cuc gi SIP in hnh din ra qua 16 bc: Bc 1: User UA1 mun kt ni ti User UA2, khi UA1 s to mt bn tin INVITE v gi n Proxy c a ch c xc nh trc. Bc 2: Proxy tip nhn c yu cu ca Softphone nh Listen trn port 20050/UDP v lp tc tr li bng mt p ng 100(TRYING) nhm yu cu Client ch kt ni. Bc 3: Proxy xem xt yu cu INVITE, xc nh host m User c gi ang login vo v chuyn tip yu cu INVITE n . Bc 4: UA2 s tr li Proxy bng mt p ng 100( TRYING) Bc5: UA2 gi p ng 180( RINGING) v cho Proxy bo rng ang chung. Bc 6: Proxy chuyn tip 180( RINGING) v UA1 Bc7: UA1 nhn c 180 lp tc pht m hiu RingBack Tone dng Color Ring da vo cu hnh nhc chung c thit lp sn. Bc 8: User c gi UA2 nhc my. UA2 thng bo cho Proxy tn hiu nhc my bng 200 (OK) Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 23 Bc 9: Proxy chuyn tip 200(OK) cho UA1 Bc 10: UA1 gi yu cu ACK cho Proxy nhm Confirm rng n nhn c 200(OK) Bc 11: Proxy chuyn tip ACK cho UA Bc12: UA1 to RTP stream vi UA2 v bt u truyn Voice. Bc 13, 14: Gi s User UA1 gc my trc, UA1 to yu cu BYE v gi n UA2 thng qua Proxy Bc 15, 16: UA2 nhn c yu cu BYE ca UA1, n tr li bng p ng 200 (OK), ng thi kt thc cuc gi.
So snh gia giao thc H.323 v giao thc SIP: Bng 2.9 So snh giao thc H.323 v SIP SIP Ngun gc Quan h mng Khi im u cui IETF Ngang cp K tha cu trc HTTP. SIP Proxy Server Redirect Server Server Location Server Registrar Servers. Khun dng Tr thit lp cuc gi Gim st trng thi cuc gi Text, UTF-8 1.5 RTT C 2 la chn: Trong thi gian thit lp Nh phn 6-7 RTT hoc hn Phin bn 1 v 2: my ch phi gim st trong sut H.323 Gatekeeper H.323 ITU-T Ngang cp K tha Q.931, Q.SIG H.323
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 24 thi gian cuc gi v phi cuc gi. Sut thi gian cuc gi. gi trng thi kt ni TCP. iu ny hn ch kh nng m rng v gim tin cy. Bo hiu qung b C h tr Khng iu khin
S dng cc giao thc Gatekeeper Cht lng dch v
khc nh RSVP, OPS, bng thng. H.323 khuyn OSP m bo cht ngh dng RSVP lu d lng dch v. ng k ti Registrar ti nguyn mng. Ch ng k khi trong mng c Gatekeeper, xc nhn v m ho theo chun H.235. nh v u cui s dng
Bo mt
server, c xc nhn u cui v m ho.
nh v u cui v nh tuyn cuc gi
Dng SIP URL nh a ch. nh tuyn nh s dng Redirect v Location server.
E.164 hoc tn o H.323 v phng php nh x a ch nu trong mng c Gatekeeper. m nhim. c thit k nhm h tr rt nhiu tnh nng hi Chc nng nh tuyn do Gatekeeper
Tnh nng thoi
H tr cc tnh nng ca ngh, k c thoi, hnh nh cuc gi c bn. v d liu, qun l tp trung nn c th gy tc nghn Gatekeeper.
Kh nng m rng
D dng
Hn ch
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 25 2.5.3 Giao thc IAX ( Inter-Asterisk eXchange): IAX l mt giao thc m, c ngha l mi ngi u c th download v pht trin n. Phin bn hin ti ca n l IAX2, nhng tt c cc h tr cho IAX1 khng cn tn ti na. V vy khi ni n IAX c ngha l IAX2. Trong Asterisk, IAX c h tr bi module chan_iax2. IAX c pht trin bi Digium vi mc ch giao tip gia cc server Asterisk vi nhau, v th n c gi l Inter-Asterisk eXchange. IAX l giao thc truyn ti (ging nh SIP), s dng port UDP 4569 cho c knh tn hiu ln dng d liu RTP. IAX c kh nng kt hp nhiu phin kt ni thnh mt dng d liu duy nht. Vic kt hp ny lm tng kh nng s dng bng thng. Thm vo vic s dng mt header chung duy nht lm gim thi gian overhead cho mi knh ring l. Giao thc ny thch hp khi c nhiu knh kt ni gia hai u cui. V IAX c ti u ha cho thoi, nn trn thc t n khng u vit lm khi truyn tn hiu video. Tuy nhin, v n l mt giao thc m, nn vic m rng dnh cho cc loi d liu khc ngoi thoi l iu hon ton c th. V kha cnh bo mt, IAX c kh nng xc nhn user bng 3 cch nh sau: Plain text. M ha MD5. M ha trao i kha RSA. IAX2 c thit k tng thch vi cc thit b s dng giao thc NAT. Vic s dng duy nht mt port UDP cho c tn hiu bo hiu v truyn dn dn n tng cg tnh nng bo mt ca firewall. iu ny lm cho IAX l mt trong cc giao thc bo mt tt nht cho mng. 2.5.4 Giao thc MGCP MGCP- Media Gateway Control Protocol c thit k n gin ha thit b u cui. Vic thc hin x l u c tin hnh ti media gateway v call agent. Khng ging nh SIP, MGCP s dng cu trc tp trung. Cuc gi MGCP khng th c tin hnh trc tip m phi i qua controller. Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 26 Asterisk h tr MGCP qua module chan_mgcp.so v u cui c inh ngha thng qua file cu hnh mgcp.conf. Bi v Asterisk cung cp cc cuc gi c bn nn n khng th gi lp MGCP phone. Nu c mt MGCP phone, chng ta c th s dng chng vi Asterisk. Tuy nhin khng th xem MGCP phone nh mt sn phm ca h thng Asterisk v n c nhng chun ring. 2.5.5 Cc Codec m ha trong VoIP: Cc codec c th hiu nh l cc thut ton c dng m ha, hoc nn cc tin hiu m thanh dng tng t thnh dng s. C nhiu thut ton codec thc hin chuyn i tn hiu analog sang tn hiu s dng nh phn (0,1) nh G711, GSM, G729ng vi mi thut ton c nhng u im ring, c bit l vic ti u s dng bng thng trn ng truyn. Mc tiu cui cng l cc thut ton a ra phi m bo cht lng cuc gi nht v tit kim bng thng nht. Bng 2.10 Cc codec in hnh Codec G.711 G.726 G.729a GSM Tc bit d liu (Kbps) 64 Kbps 16, 24, 32 hoc 40 Kbps 8 Kbps 13 Kbps Bn quyn? Khng Khng C Khng
2.5.6 Kt ni gia mng VoIP v mng PSTN: Vi s hnh thnh v pht trin trn phm vi th gii, mng PSTN tr thnh mng vin thng rng ln nht. Mng VoIP khng th t bn thn n tn ti mt cch n l trn mi tng Internet m tch khi h thng vin thng ton cu. Chnh vic gii quyt c bi ton kt ni mng PSTN v mng VoIP em li thnh cng rc r cho mng VoIP nh ngy nay. Di y l mt s m hnh c bn th hin s kt ni ny:
Hnh 2.8: Kt ni mng PSTN v mng VoIP mng VoIP c th kt ni vi mng PSTN, hai thnh phn mi cn thit c mt trong mng VoIP: Media Gateway: thc hin nhim v truyn ti tn hiu knh 64kb/s trn ng Trunk thnh cc gi RTP truyn trn mng Internet. y chnh l tn hiu thoi gia cc ngi dng u cui vi nhau. Media Gateway c b m ha vi tc bit thp, c kh nng trit cc khong lng gip gim lu lng truyn trn mng khng cn thit. Signaling Gateway: c xem nh l giao din ca mng VoIP vi mng bo hiu SS7 ca PSTN. Nh c Signaling Gateway m thng tin bo hiu cuc gi c th nhn t PSTN ti mng VoIP v ngc li. Signaling Gate truyn bn tin SS7 qua mng IP thng qua giao thc Sigtran ti Softswitch. V y, SoftSwitch s lm nhim v ca mnh l khi to cc bn tin thit lp cuc trong mng VoIP. C hai thit b ny u c mt trong hu ht cc giao thc mng VoIP khi mun kt ni vi PSTN. Giao thc s dng trn Signaling Gateway th chung cho hu ht cc giao thc bo hiu VoIP. Tri li, vi mi giao thc khc nhau th vic bo hiu gia Media Gateway v VoIP Server (Gatekeeper vi giao thc H.323; SIP Server vi giao thc SIP) li khc nhau. Mt im quan trng cn lu na l c hai thit b ny u c hai giao din: mt giao din vi mng VoIP, mt giao din vi mng PSTN
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 28 2.6 Cc ng dng ca VoIP Cc ng dng ca VoIP: Mc ch ca in thoi IP l ti to kh nng ca in thoi vi mt chi ph vn hnh thp hn nhiu v a ra cc bin php k thut b sung cho mng PSTN.
Thoi thng minh:
H thng in thoi ngy cng tr nn hu hiu: r, ph bin, d s dng, c ng. Trong nhng nm gn y, ngi ta c gng to ra thoi thng minh nhng mi c gng u tht bi do s tn ti ca cc h thng c sn. Internet s thay i iu ny. K t khi Internet ph khp ton cu, n c s dng tng thm tnh thng minh cho mng in thoi ton cu. Gia mng my tnh v mng in thoi tn ti mt mi lin h. Internet cung cp cch gim st v iu khin cc cuc thoi mt cch tin li hn. Chng ta c th thy c kh nng kim sot v iu khin cc cuc thoi thng qua mng Internet.
Dch v in thoi Web:
World Wide Web lm cuc cch mng trong vic giao dch gia khch hng vi cc doanh nghip. in thoi Web hay cn gi l bm s (click to dial) cho php cc nh doanh nghip c th a thm cc phm bm ln trang web kt ni ti h thng in thoi ca h. Dch v bm s l cch d nht v an ton nht a thm cc knh trc tip t trang web ca bn vo h thng in thoi. Truy cp cc trung tm tr li in thoi: Truy nhp n cc trung tm phc v khch hng qua mng Internet s thc y mnh m thng mi in t. Dch v ny s cho php mt khch hng c cu hi v mt sn phm no c cc nhn vin cng ty tr li trc tuyn.
Dch v Fax qua IP:
Nhng phng thc ny bao gm vic tr chuyn trc tuyn, vn cho php khch hng bt u mt cuc ni chuyn bng cc k t vn bn thi gian thc vi mt nhn vin bn hng. Sau nhn vin bn hng ny c th x l bt c cu hi Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 29 hoc mi quan tm no c nu ra v trao i v cc thuc tnh ca sn phm gip cho vic hon tt cuc mua bn. Nhng h thng nh vy cng cho php nhn vin bn hng y mt a ch Web ti trnh duyt ca khch hng, gip khch hng c th mc s th nhng thng tin thch hp. Tuy nhin gi tr chnh ca cc h thng giao tip da trn giao thc Internet l cung cp cho nhng ngi i mua sm trn mng kh nng kch chut ni chuyn (click-to-talk). iu ny cho php cc khch hng bt u mt phin thoi qua giao thc Internet min ph vi mt i l bn hng trnh chuyn mn, ngi c th a ra nhng li khuyn, t vn cng c nim tin cho khch hng v a h qua cc bc cui cng ca cuc mua bn.
CHNG III: TNG QUAN V TCP/IP

3.1 Gii thiu v TCP/IP TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) l mt b giao thc cho php cc thit b khc nhau c th truyn thng c vi nhau trn mng my tnh. TCP/IP c pht trin nh mt d n nghin cu bt u vo nm 1969 ca ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency) thuc B quc phng M nhm kt ni cc my tnh ca cc trung tm nghin cu ln trong ton lin bang, nh du s pht trin ca mng ARPA, tin thn ca mng thng tin ton cu Internet ngy nay. Trong phm vi mt h thng mng, cc yu cu v d liu t mt my tnh c chuyn qua b phn trung gian (c th l dy cp mng hoc ng in thoi). Mt my tnh tng tc vi th gii thng qua mt hoc nhiu ng dng. Nhng ng dng ny thc hin cc nhim v c th v qun l d liu ra v vo. Nu my tnh l mt phn ca h thng mng, th mt trong s cc ng dng trn s c th giao tip vi cc ng dng trn cc my tnh khc thuc cng h thng mng. B giao thc mng l mt h thng cc quy nh chung gip xc nh qu trnh truyn d liu phc tp. D liu i t ng dng trn my ny, qua phn cng v mng ca my, ti b phn trung gian v n ni nhn, thng qua phn cng ca my tnh ch ri ti ng dng.
Hnh 3.1: Mng my tnh n gin
Chng III: Tng quan v TCP/IP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 32 Cc giao thc TCP/IP c vai tr xc nh qu trnh lin lc trong mng v quan trng hn c l nh dng hnh dng ca mt n v d liu v nhng thng tin cha trong n my tnh ch c th dch thng tin mt cch chnh xc. TCP/IP v cc giao thc lin quan to ra mt h thng hon chnh qun l qu trnh d liu c x l, chuyn v nhn trn mt mng s dng TCP/IP. Mt h thng cc giao thc lin quan, chng hn nh TCP/IP, c gi l b giao thc. Mt chun TCP/IP l mt h thng cc quy nh qun l vic trao i trn cc mng TCP/IP. B lc TCP/IP l mt phn mm c chc nng cho php mt my tnh ho vo mng TCP/IP. Mc ch ca cc chun TCP/IP nhm o bo tnh tng thch ca tt c cc b lc. 3.2 Cc thuc tnh ca TCP/IP a ch logic: Trn nhng mng c nh tuyn, ngi qun tr cn c cch chia nh mng thnh nhng phn nh (gi l tiu mng) v thit lp cc cp thng tin c th di chuyn ti ch mt cch hiu qu. TCP/IP cung cp kh nng chia tiu mng thng qua a ch logic. Mt a ch logic l a ch c thit lp bng phn mm ca mng. Trong TCP/IP, a ch logic ca mt my tnh c gi l a ch IP. Mt a ch IP bao gm: m s (ID) mng, dng xc nh mng; ID tiu mng dng xc nh v tr tiu mng trong h thng; ID my ngun (ch), dng xc nh v tr my tnh trong tiu mng. H thng to a ch IP cng cho php qun tr mng t ra h thng s ca mng mt cch hp l khi cn m rng c th d dng b sung v qun l. nh tuyn: B nh tuyn l thit b c bit c th c c thng tin a ch logic v iu khin d liu trn mng ti c ch ca n. B nh tuyn phn chia tiu vng t h thng mng. D liu cn chuyn ti my nm trong cng tiu vng th khng qua b nh tuyn. Nu d liu cn ti my tnh nm ngoi tiu vng ca my gi i th b nh tuyn s lm nhim v ca mnh. Trong nhng mng c quy
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 33 m ln hn, chng hn nh mng Internet, s c v vn b nh tuyn cung cp cc l trnh khc nhau t ngun ti ch. TCP/IP bao gm nhng b nh tuyn c chc nng xc nh cch cc b nh tuyn tm l trnh trong mng. Gii php a ch dng tn: Mi ngi chc chn s gp kh khn khi nh cc a ch IP nh: 172.168.1.3 hay 192.168.1.4. V th TCP/IP cung cp mt a ch dng k t tng ng vi a ch s, nhng a ch k t ny c gi l tn min hay DNS (Dch v tn min). Mt s my tnh c bit c gi l my ch, qun l tn min lu tr cc bng hng dn cch gn tn min vi a ch s. Kim tra li v kim sot giao thng: B giao thc TCP/IP cung cp cc thuc tnh m bo mc tin cy ca vic vn chuyn d liu trn mng.Nhng thuc tnh ny bao gm vic kim tra li trong qu trnh vn chuyn ( xc nh d liu ti ni chnh l ci c gi i) v xc nhn vic thng tin c nhn. Lp vn chuyn ca TCP/IP xc nh cc vic kim tra li v xc nhn thng qua giao thc TCP. Nhng giao thc cp thp hn, Lp Truy Cp Mng, cng ng mt vai tr trong ton b qu trnh kim tra li. H tr ng dng: B giao thc phi cung cp giao din cho ng dng trn my tnh nhng ng dng ny c th tip cn c phn mm giao thc v c th vo mng. Trong TCP/IP, giao din t mng cho ti ng dng chy trn my mng cc b c thc hin thng qua cc knh logic (port). Mi cng c mt s nh du .
Hnh 3.2: Hot ng Tng ng dng 3.3 Nguyn tc hot ng ca TCP/IP B giao thc Internet l mt tp hp cc giao thc truyn thng c s dng cho mng Internet v cc mng tng t khc. Hai trong s nhng giao thc quan trng nht ca n l: Giao thc iu khin truyn dn (TCP) v Giao thc Internet (IP), l hai giao thc mng u tin c xc nh theo theo tiu chun ny. B giao thc Internet, cng ging nh nhiu b giao thc khc, c xy dng thnh mt tp hp cc tng. Mi tng gii quyt mt lot cc vn lin quan n vic truyn ti d liu. c bit, cc tng c vai tr xc nh phm vi hot ng bn trong cc giao thc. Thng thng, mt thnh phn ca mt tng s cung cp mt dch v c nh r cho cc giao thc tng trn v c th s dng dch v t cc tng thp hn n. Xt v logic th tng trn c gn kt vi ngi s dng hn v x l vi nhng d liu tru tng hn, da trn cc giao thc tng thp hn dch d liu thnh cc dng cui cng c th s c truyn ti. M hnh TCP/IP bao gm bn tng (RFC 1122). T thp nht n cao nht l cc tng Link, tng Internet, tng Chuyn ti, v tng ng dng. Cc chng trnh s m thoi vi tng ng dng. Trn tng ng dng bn s thy c cc giao thc ng dng nh SMTP (cho e-mail), FTP (truyn tp tin) v HTTP (cho php trnh duyt web). Sau khi x l yu cu chng trnh, giao thc trn tng ng dng s m thoi vi mt giao thc khc t tng Chuyn ti, thng
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 35 l TCP. Tng ny c nhim v nhn d liu c gi bi tng trn, chia chng thnh cc gi tin, sau gi chng cho cc tng di l Internet. Trn tng Internet chng ta c IP (Giao thc Internet) vi cc gi tin nhn c t tng chuyn ti v cho bit thm thng tin a ch o, tc l a ch ca cc my tnh ang gi d liu v a ch ca my s nhn c d liu. Cc a ch o c gi l a ch IP. Sau , gi tin c gi ti tng thp hn l Giao din Mng. Trn tng ny, nhng gi tin s c gi ra cc gi d kin. Tng Giao din mng s nhn c cc gi tin gi bi tng Internet v gi chng qua mng (hoc nhn chng t mng, nu my tnh ang nhn d liu). Nhng g c trong tng ny s ph thuc vo loi mng m my tnh ca bn ang s dng. Ngy nay hu nh tt c cc my tnh u s dng mt loi mng gi l Ethernet (c mc tc khc nhau; cc mng khng dy cng l mng Ethernet) v do bn s tm thy cc tng Ethernet bn trong tng Giao din mng. Cc tng l Logic Link Control (LLC) , Media Access Control (MAC) v Physical, c lit k theo chiu t trn xung di. Cc gi tin truyn qua mng c gi l khung d liu. 3.3.1 Hot ng Tng ng dng Tng ny thc hin vic truyn thng gia cc chng trnh v giao thc chuyn ti. Trn tng ng dng ny, c nhiu loi giao thc khc nhau hot ng. Giao thc c bit n nhiu nht l HTTP (Giao thc Truyn Siu Vn bn), SMTP (Giao thc Truyn Th n gin), FTP (Giao thc Truyn Tp tin), SNMP (Giao thc Qun l Mng n gin), DNS (H thng Tn Min) v Telnet (Chng trnh m phng thit b u cui, cho php ngi dng login vo my ch t mt my tnh no trn mng). Khi bn yu cu chng trnh e-mail ca mnh (c gi l khch hng email) ti v cc e-mail c lu tr trn mt my ch e-mail, n s yu cu tc v ny i vi tng ng dng TCP/IP c phc v bi cc giao thc SMTP. Khi bn g mt a ch www trn trnh duyt web ca mnh m mt trang web, trnh
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 36 duyt ca bn s yu cu tc v ny n tng ng dng TCP/IP lp ng dng ang c phc v bi cc giao thc HTTP ( l l do ti sao cc trang web li bt u vi "http:// "). Tng ng dng m thoi vi tng Chuyn ti thng qua mt cng. Cc cng c nh s v nhng trnh ng dng tiu chun lun lun s dng cng mt cng. V d, giao thc SMTP lun lun s dng cng 2, giao thc HTTP lun lun s dng cng 80 v giao thc FTP lun lun s dng cng 20 ( truyn d liu) v 21 ( kim sot). 3.3.2 Hot ng Tng chuyn ti Tng Chuyn ti nhn c d liu t tng ng dng v chia chng ra thnh nhiu gi. TCP (Giao thc Kim sot Truyn pht) l giao thc c s dng nhiu nht trn tng Chuyn ti. Giao thc TCP s lp li trt t ca cc gi tin v kim tra xem ni dung ca nhng gi tin nhn c nguyn vn hay khng v gi mt tn hiu xc nhn ti my truyn pht cho bit rng cc gi tin c gi c nguyn vn ti im n khng. Mt giao thc khc hot ng trn tng ny l UDP (Giao thc Gi d liu ca Ngi s dng). UDP thng c s dng khi khng c d liu quan trng no ang c truyn i, thng l trn cc yu cu DNS (H thng Tn Min). V giao thc UDP khng thc hin sp xp li cng khng c h thng xc nhn nn n nhanh hn TCP. C UDP v TCP u s nhn d liu t tng ng dng v thm vo mt tiu khi truyn d liu. Khi d liu c nhn, tiu s c g b trc khi d liu c gi n cng thch hp. Trn tiu ny c mt s thng tin kim sot, c bit l s cng ngun, s cng mc tiu, s th t (ca h thng sp xp li v xc nhn c s dng trn TCP) v thng tin kim tra tng (mt php tnh c s dng kim tra xem d liu c nguyn vn ti im n hay khng). Tiu UDP ch c 8 byte trong khi tiu ca TCP c n 20 hoc 24 byte (d cho phn ty chn c c s dng tng ng hay khng).
Hnh 3.3: Hot ng Tng chuyn ti
3.3.3 Hot ng Tng Internet. Trn mng TCP/IP mi my tnh u c nhn dng bng mt a ch o duy nht, c gi l a ch IP. Tng Internet c nhim v thm mt tiu - n s thm vo a ch IP ngun (ngi gi) v a ch IP ch (ngi nhn). Trn tt c cc mng c kt ni Internet u c mt thit b, gi l b nh tuyn lm cu ni gia cc my tnh trn mng cc b ca bn v mng Internet. Khi my tnh ca bn gi mt gi d liu ti Internet, b nh tuyn c kt ni vi mng ca bn s xc nh trc xem n bit v my tnh ch (ngi nhn) khng. Nu khng bit, n s gi gi tin n b nh tuyn khc. Sau , qu trnh ny s lp li cho n khi cc gi d liu n c im ch ca n. C mt s giao thc hot ng trn tng Internet l: IP (Giao thc Internet), ICMP (Giao thc Thng bo Kim sot mng Internet), ARP (Giao thc Phn gii a ch) v RARP (Giao thc Phn gii a ch ngc). Cc gi d liu c gi bng cch s dng giao thc IP. Giao thc IP nhn cc gi d liu t tng Chuyn ti (giao thc TCP) v chia chng thnh cc b d liu. Mi b d liu IP c th c kch c ti a l 65,535 byte, bao gm c phn tiu . Phn tiu c thm vo giao thc IP c cha a ch IP ngun, IP ch v nhiu thng tin kim sot khc.
Hnh 3.4: Hot ng Tng Internet
3.3.4 Hot ng Tng Giao din mng. Cc b d liu c to ra trn lp Internet s c gi xung tng Giao din mng. Nu chng ta ang gi d liu, tng Giao din mng s nhn c d liu t mng, v gi cho tng Internet nu chng ta nhn c d liu.Tng ny c xc nh bi loi mng vt l m my tnh ca bn kt ni. Hu ht cc my tnh thng c kt ni vi mng Ethernet. TCP / IP l mt b giao thc c nhim v giao dch vi cc tng t 3 n 7 theo m hnh tham chiu OSI, trong khi Ethernet li l mt b giao thc giao dch vi cc tng t 1 v 2 trong m hnh c ngha Ethernet giao dch v cc kha cnh vt cht ca qu trnh truyn d liu.
Tng Kim sot Kt ni Logic (LLC): c nhim v thm vo cc thng
tin ca giao thc gi d liu trn tng Internet n c truyn i. V vy, khi nhn c mt khung d liu t mng, tng ny trn my tnh nhn cn phi bit c giao thc ca tng Internet c th phn phi d liu. Tngny c xc nh bi giao thc IEEE 802.2.
Tng Kim sot Truy cp Phng tin (MAC): c nhim v lp ghp
khung d liu s c gi qua mng. Tng ny cn ph trch vic thm vo cc a ch MAC ngun v a ch MAC ch. a ch MAC l a ch vt l ca mt cc mng. Cc mng ca mi my tnh u c n nh mt a ch vt l. a ch ny c vit trn b nh ch c th Chng III: Tng quan v TCP/IP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 39 mng (ROM) v c gi l a ch MAC.
Hnh 3.5: So snh m hnh TCP/IP vi OSI
Cc tng LLC v MAC thm tiu ca chnh chng vo b d liu m chng nhn c t tng Internet.
Hnh 3.6: Chi tit cc tng hot ng giao thc TCP/IP 3.4 Khun dng cc gi tin ca giao thc TCP/IP 3.4.1 Gi tin UDP-User Datagram Protocol UDP hot ng Tng chuyn ti (Transport layer) ca m hnh mng TCP/IP. N cho php chng trnh ng dng truy cp trc tip n gi tin ca dch v chuyn giao ging nh dch v m m giao thc IP cung cp. N cho php ng dng trao i thng tin qua mng vi t thng tin iu khin nht.
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 40 Cu trc gi tin UDP:
Hnh 3.7: Cu trc gi tin UDP Mi gi thng tin UDP gi l mt phn trong Datagram, c phn lm hai phn Header v Data. Trong Header cha thng tin v a ch cng ngun, a ch cng ch, di ca gi v checksum. Source Port: s hiu cng trm ngun gi tin Destination Port: s hiu cng trm cui nhn tin Length: tng di, tnh theo byte ca gi tin (bao gm c phn tiu v phn d liu) Checksum: y l trng duy nht trong gi tin UDP cung cp cho mc ch kim tra li v sa li. Nu gi tr tnh checksum c tnh ton bi trm ch khng khp vi gi tr checksum trong gi tin th gi tin s b loi b. Thng thng trm ch thng s dng mt b nh m lu gi hng i ca cc gi tin n cn x l. Mt Server khi thng tin vi trm khch thng khng bit trc c bao nhiu gi tin s n trong mt khng thi gian, nu nh s lng gi tin n qu kh nng ca hng i th cc gi tin n sau s b loi b m khng c x l. 3.4.2 Gi tin TCP ( Transmission Control Protocol) Cu trc gi tin TCP:
Hnh 3.8: Gi tin TCP cha trong mt Ethenet frame
Source Port (16bit): cng ngun trm gi Destination Port (16bit): cng c trm nhn Sequence Number (32bit): s th t ca gi tin Acknownledment Number (32bit): S hiu ca Segment tip theo m trm ngun ang ch nhn Offset (32bit): s lng cc t 32 bit trong TCP Header Reserved: dnh, khng s dng Flag: c dn Window (16bit): cp pht Credit kim sot lung d liu. y chnh l s lng cc byte d liu, bt u t byte c ch ra trong vng ACK Number m trm ngun sn sng nhn. Checksum (16bit): M kim tra li s dng CRC (Circle Reduntant Check) cho ton b Segment Urgent Pointer (16bit): Con tr tr ti s hiu ca byte i theo d liu khn, cho php bn nhn bit c di ca d liu khn, vng ny ch c hiu lc khi bit URP c thit lp. Option ( di thay i): khai bo cc la chn ca TCP, trong c di ti a ca vng TCP data trong mt Segment. Padding: phn chn thm vo Header m bo Header lun kt thc mt mc 32bit, n bao gm ton s 0. Data: cha d liu tng trn gi xung, c di ti a ngm nh 536 byte, gi tr ny c th iu chnh bng khai bo trong phn Chng III: Tng quan v TCP/IP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 42 OPTION. Mt chng trnh ng dng trong mt host truy nhp vo cc dch v do TCP cung cp thng qua mt cng. Mt cng kt hp vi mt a ch IP to thnh mt Socket duy nht trong mt lin mng. Dch v TCP c cung cp nh mt lin kt gia mt cp Socket. Mt Socket c th tham gia vo nhiu lin kt vi cc socket xa khc nhau. Trc khi truyn d liu, gia hai trm cn phi thit lp mt lin kt TCP gia chng v khi khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu th lin kt c gii phng. 3.4.3 Gi tin IP ( Internet Protocol) Cu trc gi tin IP:
Hnh 3.9: Gi thng tin IP trong mt Ethernet frame Time to live: di 8bit, dng xc nh xem datagram ny c b truyn lp li hay khng (thng thng n c gn l 1, nu b lp li n s b gn li l 0) Protocol: di 8 bit, trng ny cho bit lp giao thc cao hn no s c s dng (UDP hay l TCP) CRC: trng ny dng kim tra s ton vn ca Header IP Option: cha cc thng tin nh bo mt, d ng, xc nhn thi gian Padding: trng in thm cc s 0 m bo Header kt thc ti mt a ch bi ca 32. Source IP Address, Destination IP Address: cha a ch ca Station gi v a ch ca Station ch. Gi tin IP cha mt trng checksum kim tra tnh ton ton vn ca IP Header. Nu IP header li, gi tin IP b loi b v giao thc lp trn s truyn mt Chng III: Tng quan v TCP/IP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 43 gi tin khc. Tng IP lm cng vic dn ng cc gi tin qua mng Internet t my tnh ny ti my tnh khc, qua cc mng khc nhau cho n khi n n c trm ch hoc b li. Vic truyn gi tin qua cc mng khc nhau c thc hin thng qua mt thit b kt ni gia hai mng gi l gateway. Khi mt thng tin truyn qua cc mng khc nhau, n c th b chia ra thnh cc gi nh hn. Thng tin truyn c th qu ln c th truyn trn mt gi tin trn mt mng khc. Vn ny ch gp khi gateway c ni gia cc mng vt l khc nhau. Mi kiu mng c mt di ti a gi tin c th truyn (Maximum Transmission Unit-MTU). Nu thng tin nhn c t mng ny c MTU di hn MTU ca mng kia, n cn phi c chia nh ra thnh nhiu mnh truyn. 3.5 a ch IP a ch IP dng xc nh duy nht mi trm lm vic trn mng TCP/IP. Do vic nh a ch cn m bo khng trng lp ngay c khi c mt s lng ln cc trm kt ni vo mng. a ch trn TCP/IP c phn thnh 3 loi: a ch vt l (a ch MAC): a ch ny c di 48bit, n c xc nh bi cc thit b giao din mng NIC. Mi NIC khi sn xut c mt a ch vt l v khi n c s dng kt ni cc trm vo mng th cc trm s mang a ch vt l ca NIC . Tn Internet (Internet Address): Mi trm khi kt ni vo mng u c cung cp mt tn duy nht. y l a ch 32bit vi Version 4 v 128bit vi Version 6 v thng c biu din bi cc nhm 8 bit Tn trm (Host name): Vic biu din cc a ch Internet d sao vn gy cho ngi s dng kh nh, thay v mi trm c mt a ch Internet th mi trm s c xc nh bng cc tn, c biu din bng cc ch ci v c phn cp mt cch d nh. Trn thc t, vic s dng tn trm l kh ph bin. B giao thc gip phn gii t a ch IP sang a ch vt l v ngc li l ARP/RARP (Address Resolution Protocol/
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 44 Reversed Address Resolution Protocol) v dch v DNS (Domain Name Services) c s dng nh x t a ch IP sang tn Hostname v ngc li. Phn lp a ch IP Mng Internet dng h thng a ch IP 32bit nh v cc my tnh lin kt vi n. C hai cch nh a ch, ph thuc vo cch lin kt ca tng my: Nu cc my tnh lin kt trc tip vi mng Internet th trung tm thng tin Internet (Network Information Center-NIC) s cp cho my mt a ch IP. Nu cc my tnh khng kt ni trc tip vi mng Internet thng qua mt mng cc b th ngi qun tr mng s cp cho cc my tnh mt a ch IP. H thng a ch ny c thit k mm do qua mt s phn lp. C 5 lp a ch IP l: A, B, C, D ,E. S khc nhau c bn gia cc lp a ch ny l kh nng t chc cc cu trc con ca n.
Hnh 3.10: Cu trc phn lp a ch IP a ch lp A: Lp A s dng byte u tin ca 4 byte nh a ch mng. Nh hnh trn, n c nhn ra bi bit u tin trong byte u tin ca da ch, c gi tr l 0. Ba byte cn li c s dng nh a ch my trong mng. C 2 7 - 2 = 126 a ch lp A vi s my tnh trong mng l 2 24 2 = 16.777.214 my cho mi a ch lp A. Nguyn nhn ch c 126 network trong khi dng 8 bit v bit u tin mang gi tr 0 dng nh ngha lp A. Do vy cn 7 bit nh t 0-127, tuy nhin ngi ta khng s dng mt a ch cha ton cc s 1 hoc 0 nn ch cn li 126 mng lp A c s dng. a ch lp A c dng Network.Host.Host.Host a ch lp B:
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 45 Mt a ch lp B c nhn ra bi 2 bit u tin ca byte th nht mang gi tr 10. Lp B s dng 2 byte u tin ca 4 byte nh a ch mng v 2 byte cui nh a ch my trong mng. C 2 14 2 =16.384 a ch mng lp B vi 2 16 2 = 65.534 my cho a ch lp B. Byte u tin c gi tr nm trong khong t 128 n 191. a ch lp B c dng: Network.Network.Host.Host. a ch lp C: Mt a ch lp C c nhn ra vi 3 bit u mang gi tr 110. Mng lp C s dng 3 byte u tin nh a ch mng v 1 byte cui cng nh a ch my trong mng. C 221 2 = 2.097.150 a ch lp C, mi a ch lp C c 2 8 2 = 254 my. Byte u tin ca a ch lp C c gi tr trong khong 192 ti 223. a ch lp C c dng Network.network.network.Host. a ch lp D dng vi mc ch qung b (Broadcast, Multicast). a ch lp E dng cho mc ch nghin cu trong tng lai.
CHNG IV: TNG QUAN V GIAO THC SIP

4.1 Gii thiu SIP - Session Initiation Protocol (giao thc khi to phin) ,hin l giao thc c s dng ph bin trong VoIP, c dng thit lp, qun l v kt thc phin lm vic a phng tin. Cc c tnh c bn: 4.2 Thit lp, thay i v kt thc phin lm vic a phng tin N c th mi thnh vin mi vo mt phin hin hu hoc to ra mt phin hon ton mi. SIP hon ton c lp vi cc chng loi ca phin a phng tin c s l v phng php x dng m t phin lm vic. SIP hu hiu cho Videoconference, audio calls, gaming sessions. Cc phin lm vic bao gm RTP x l audio hay SDP (Session Description Protocol ) thng c khai bo x l video. Tuy nhin, mt s phin c th c khai bo vi nhng giao thc c m t khc. V d, Bob mun chi c vi Laura, anh ta s dng mt phin Chess ring thay v s dng SDP. 4.3 Tnh c ng cho ngi dng URLs: - SIP khng th phn phi mt phin miu t n mt ngi nu ngi cha mt ni c nh. Thng thng, mt User c th vi v tr, chng hn nh mt sinh vin trong phng my ca trng i hcc th s dng nhiu my khc nhau trong cng mt ngy. V th, ngi ny c th nhng a ch IP (Internet Protocol) khc nhau ty vo tng my.
Chng IV: Tng quan v giao thc SIP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 47 - Ngi dng trong mi trng SIP c nhn din bi SIP URLs (Uniform Resource Locators). SIP c nh dng tng t nh mt a ch Email bao gm username v tn min. V d : SIP:Bob@131.160.1.112. Registration: - Khi mt User ng k n mt server, n cng ng k v tr hin ti n server c th pht hin. V d, Bob ang lm vic trn laptop ti a ch 131.160.1.112, anh ta ng k vi tn l Bob km theo a ch hin ti ti server ca cng ty l company.com.
Hnh 4.1: Thu bao ng k v tr hin ti ti SIP server By gi Laura mun lin lc vi Bob vi a ch c cung cp l Bob.Johnson@company.com. Laura s lin lc ti server v tm Bob, y SIP cung cp hai ch hot ng: Proxy mode: server s lin h vi Bob ti 131.160.1.112 v chuyn m t phin ca Laura n Bob. Redirec mode: server s bo Laura try n SIP:
Bob@131.160.1.112.
Hnh 4.2: Proxy Sip Server SIP gip kt ni gia hai thit b cui, tuy nhin n khng tham gia vn chuyn media(thoi, video). Khi cuc gi c thit lp, giao thc vn chuyn thi gian thc( RTP Real-time Transport Protocol) s c s dng trong vic vn chuyn lung media gia cc im u cui. Hnh 1.1 m t quan h gia SIP v RTP.
Phone A
Phone B
Hnh 4.3: Hnh thang SIP Khi phone A mun gi ti phone B , phone A s ng k ti server v server s tm ti phone B (SIP). Khi cuc gi c thit lp, hai my s kin lc trc tp vi nhau. iu ny gip tit kim ti nguyn cho my ch. Ngoi SIP, cn nhiu chun VoIP c s dng nh :H.323, MGCP, IAX
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 49 4.4 Cc thnh phn SIP Cc phin giao dch SIP s dng hai thnh phn chnh: SIP User Agent v SIP Server. Nhng thnh phn ny cng vi nhau to nn cc h thng c th phn pht nhng thng ip bao hm phn ni dung c nh ngha bi giao thc SDP v cc c trng ca n hon thnh mt phin SIP.
Hnh 4.4: Cc thnh phn SIP 4.4.1 User Agents: User Agents (UA) l thnh phn ca SIP tng tc vi ngi dng. N c chc nng khi to mt yu cu SIP. Sau y l v d v chc nng ca SIP User Agent: Bob mun to cuc gi qua Internet bng my tnh ca mnh. Bob s dng chng trnh c cha User Agents. User tng tc vi UA thng qua giao din ngi dng, thng l t hp cc phm chn. Khi Bob chn phm Call Laura, UA kch hot thng ip SIP tng ng thit lp cuc gi.
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 50 Laura cng c mt SIP UA trn my ca mnh. Khi UA nhn li mi t Bob, n thng bo cho Laura bit vi hai ty chn: Accept v Reject call. Tt c tng tc gia users v SIP c gin xp bi UA.
Hnh 4.5: Cc thit b User Agents Tuy nhin, mt s h thng dng SIP khng kt ni trc tip ti users. Chng hn nh Bob c th chuyn tt c li mi phin t 0h-7h sng ti SIP answeringmachine ca mnh. Thit b ny s t ng thit lp phin lm vic thc hin vic ghi li tin nhn. N cng gm mt UA, d khng cn tng tc trc tip vi user nhng vn c th p li hoc chuyn nhng li mi phin thay cho Bob. SIP chuyn mt m t phin ti SIP UA. Nu phin c m t l voice, UA s phn phi tip n n Media Tool l voice tool x l cc vn audio. Tng t vi cc loi phin khc cng s c UA chuyn n media tool thch hp. SIP Uas c th thc thi trn nhiu h thng khc nhau. N c th chy nh l mt trong cc ng dng trn my tnh, hoc trn thit b chuyn dng nh SIP phone. Loi thit b khng nh hng n SIP, Media Tool c th a dnh ty loi phin nhng p ng SIP th khng thay i.
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 51 4.4.2 Redirect Server L server nhn yu cu SIP, sau tin hnh dch a ch nhn t ngi dng sang a ch mi v gi tr v cho ng dng khch (client). Hay ni cch khc, n cng cp a ch m user c th ang hin din. Sau y l v d:
Hnh 4.6: Hot ng ca Redirect Server

Laura mun lin lc vi Bob, Laura chn biu tng Call Bob trn mn
hnh my tnh ca mnh. UA ca Laura u tin s lin lc vi a ch public ca Bob l Bob.Johnson@company.com, nhng tn min company.com c mt SIP redirect server nm bt cc cuc gi n. UA ca Laura s lin h ti redirect server ny. V n bit rng Bob ang v tr SIP:Bob@131.160.1.112 khi anh ta ang lm vic ti

SIP:Bob@university.com. Do , redirect server s gii thiu UA ca Laura try ti SIP:Bob131.160.1.112 v SIP:Bob@university.com thay v ti company.com.
Group Addresses: Redirect server cng c dng cho group address. V d nh public address ca phng h tr khch hng trong cng ty l
support@company.com , ti y Bob lm vic t 8AM-4PM, Peter t 4PM-0AM, Mary
t 0AM-8AM, Redirect server company.com c th tr v nhng a ch khc nhau ty vo nhng thi im khc nhau. 4.4.3 Proxy Server L server trung gian dng to yu cu SIP. Cc yu cu ny c th c phc v ngay ti server hoc chuyn sang sever khc. V d UA ca Laura lin lc SIP:BOb.Johnson@company.com, n s ti proxy server ca company.com, ti y s try ti SIP:Bob@university.com thay cho UA ca Laura. Nu university.com cng c mt proxy sever, n s try ti
SIP:Bob@workstation1234.university.com, ni Bob ang hin din. Nh vy, d Laura
ch lin h vi mt a ch nhng li i qua nhiu proxy gia cc UA.
Hnh 4.7: Hot ng ca Proxy Server Forking Proxies: Khi mt proxy server tm thy nhiu hn mt a ch cho user, n c gi l fork li mi. Forking proxies c th thc hin ng thi hoc tun t ty vo vic cu hnh. Group Addresses: Proxy server cng to group address. Proxy server s try ti tt c cc user cho n khi tm c user rnh.
Hnh 4.8: Group Addresses 4.4.4 Registrars Registrar cho php ng k ti mt SIP server. Mt registrar thng i km vi mt redirect server hoc proxy server. 4.4.5 Location Servers Location servers khng phi l thnh phn SIP, nhng n gi thnh phn quan trng trong bt k kin trc no c dng SIP. Mt location server s lu tr v tr li v tr c th c cho users.
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 55 4.5. nh dng bn tin SIP SIP l mt giao thc da trn text v s dng b k t UTF-8. Mt thng ip SIP hoc l mt yu cu c gi t client n server, hoc l mt p ng c gi t server n client. Thng ip yu cu v thng ip p ng u c mt dng bt u, mt hoc vi trng tiu , mt dng trng nh du kt thc cc trng tiu v sau c th c thm phn thn. Dng trng lun tn ti ngay c khi thng ip khng c phn thn. 4.5.1 SIP request SIP requests l cc thng ip c gi t cc my client n cc server yucu mt SIP operation. Mt SIP request bao gm: mt dng yu cu (request-line), vi header, mt dng trng (empty line ), v phn thn ( body ) bn tin. Phn thn bn tin c th ty chn, mt s bn tin c th khng cn n. Bng 5-4 di y trnh by khun dng ca mt SIP Request: Request-line Several headers Empty line Message body Hnh 4.9: Khun dng ca SIP Resquest Trong , dng yu cu ( Request Line ) gm 3 thnh phn: phng thc, yu cu_URI, v phin bn ca giao thc. Phng thc cho bit loi yu cu, v s c gii thch nhng phn sau. Yu cu_URI cho bit hop k tip m SIP request c nh tuyn n nh trnh by trong hnh di:
Hnh 4.10: Request Line cha ng dn n host k tip Trong hnh trn, ti SIP proxy company.com nhn c mt bn tin INVITE vi yu cu_URI l :Bob.Johnson@company.com. SIP proxy ny bit rng Bob c th ti c ti hai a ch, v vy n to ra hai bn tin INVITE gi n hai a ch: university.com v 131.160.1.112. Cui cng, phin bn ca giao thc c ch ra bi SIP/2.0 4.5.2 SIP response Mt SIP Response bao gm: mt dng trng thi ( status line ), vi header, mt dng trng ( empty line ), v phn thn ( thn ) bn tin. Phn thn bn tin c th ty chn, mt s bn tin c th khng cn n. Trong , dng trng thi ( Status Line) gm 3 thnh phn: phin bn ca giao thc, trng thi m, v mt cm t ch l do. Phin bn hin ti l 2.0. Trng thi m bo co v trng thi giao dch. Nh c cp, trng thi m l nhng s nguyn t 100 n 699 v chia thnh 6 nhm lp khc nhau. Cm t ch l do ch c ngha cho con ngi quan st. N khng c ngha cho qu trnh x l p ng SIP ca my tnh. Mt v d v trng thi ng truyn c th th nh sau: SIP/2.0 180 Ringing Khun dng ca SIP Response c trnh by di y:
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 57 Bng 2.11. Khun dng ca SIP Response Status-line Several headers Empty line Message body tin cy ca s truyn cc p ng : Cc p ng cui cng phi c truyn tin cy gia server v client bng cch truyn li hoc s dng mt giao thc truyn ti ng tin bo m cho s phn pht. Cc p ng tm thi th khng dng cch ny. Chng c th c nhn bi mt client khc hoc b mt trong mng. SIP a ra cch gii quyt ny v n quan tm n mt phin c thit lp hoc cha, v l do ti sao n cha c thit lp hn l qu trnh thit lp phin din ra nh th no. Do , trong mt cuc gi SIP, nhng ngi gi s c thng bo chnh xc l cuc gi c chp nhn nhng c th khng bit r thi im m ngi b gi bt u c thng bo.
Hnh 4.11: SIP khng m bo cc p ng tm thi c nhn
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 58 Nu cn thit, SIP c th c m rng phn pht tin cy cc p ng tm thi. 4.5.3 SIP Headers Cc SIP Request bao gm vi header theo sau dng yu cu, trong khi cc SIP Response t cc header ny sau dng trng thi. Cc header cung cp thng tin v yu cu ( hoc p ng ) v v phn thn ca bn tin cha chng. Mt s header c th c dng chung cho c hai loi bn tin, yu cu v p ng, mt s khc ch c dng ring hoc cho yu cu hoc cho p ng. Header bao gm tn ca header, n du hai chm ( : ), cui cng gi tr header. V d, mt header From c dng nh sau: From: Bob Johnson <sip:Bob.johnson@company.com> Nh ta thy trong v d trn, mt gi tr header c th c vi trng. Trong v d ny, header From c 2 trng: tn v SIP URL ca bn gi. Trong RFC 3261, cc trng tiu c phn bit thnh cc loi: ch dng cho yu cu, ch dng cho p ng, dng cho yu cu v c p ng v dng trong thng ip SIP. Cc trng tiu dng trong yu cu v p ng: Alert-Info, AllowEvents, Date, Encryption, Organization, Record-Route, Retry-After, Subject, Supported, Timestamp, User-Agent v 6 trng tiu ph bin Call-ID, Contact, From, To, Cseq, Via. Cc trng tiu dng trong yu cu: Accept, Accept-Contact, Accept-Encoding, Accept-Language, Authorization, Call-Info, Event, Hide, InReply-To, Join, Priority, Privacy, Proxy-Authorization, Proxy-Require, P-OSPAuth-Toke, nP-Asserted-Identity, P-Prefered-Identity, Max-Forwards, Reason, Refer-To, Refered-By, Reply-To, Replaces, Reject-Contact, Request-Disposition, Require, Response-Key, Route, Rack, Session-Expires, Subscription-State.
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 59 Cc trng tiu dng trong p ng: Authenticaton-Info, ContentEncoding, Content-Disposition, Content-Language, Content-Length, Content-Type, Expires, MIME-Version. Cc trng tiu dng trong phn thn thng ip: Allow, ContentEncoding, Content-Disposition, Content-Language, Content-Length, ContentTypes, Expires, MIME-Version. Sau y ta s gii thch mc ch ca cc SIP header quan trng nht v a ra cch s dng chng qua cc v d n gin. Call-ID: header Call-ID miu t mt mi quan h v bo hiu SIP c chia s gia hai user hoc nhiu hn. N s nhn ra mt li mi ring no v tt c cc giao dch n sau lin kt vi li mi trong mt nh dng nh sau: Call-ID: 456fcdw211kfgte12ax@worksation1234.university.com Ni cch khc, trng ny s nhn ra mt dy ni tip ca mt bn tin. Mt server s sp xp li cc bo hiu SIP cho nhiu phin dch v Call-ID nhm kt hp cc bn tin n cho ng phin ca ca n. Contact: header Contact cung cp mt URI ni m user c th lin kt n mt cch trc tip. Tnh nng ny l quan trng v n s gim ti cho cc SIP server m khng c trong ng truyn bo hiu sau khi nh tuyn bn tin INVITE u tin. V d, Laura gi Bob bng bn tin: SIP:Bob.Johnson@company.com. Proxy ca company.com s gi bn tin INVITE n SIP:Bob@131.160.1.112, ni m Bob c . Bob chp nhn cuc gi. Trm ca Bob gi li p ng 200 OK vi header Contact nh sau: Contact: Bob Johnson <sip:Bob131.160.1.112> Khi trm ca Laura nhn c p ng 200 OK ny, n s gi ACK n trm ca Bob. V v tr ca Bob c th tm c trong header lin h, xc nhn ACK
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 60 c gi trc tip n SIP:Bob@131.160.1.112 v xc nhn ACK khng phi i ngang qua proxy ti company.com nh trnh by hnh 5-15 di y:
Hnh 4.12: Header Contact gip proxy sever xc nh c v tr ca thu bao Cseq ( Command Sequence ): header Cseq c hai trng: mt s nguyn v tn phng thc. Thnh phn s ca Cseq thng c dng sp xp th t cho cc yu cu khc nhau trong phm vi ca mt phin ( nh ngha bi mt Call-ID ring ). N cng c dng to ra s ph hp cho cc yu cu ty vo cc p ng. V d, Bob gi mt bn tin INVITE n Laura vi Cseq sau y:
Cseq: 1 INVITE Laurra tr li mt p ng 200 OK c cng Cseq vi bn tin INVITE. Nu Bob mun sa i phin thit lp ny, Bob s gi mt bn tin INVITE th hai ( re-INVITE ) vi Cseq nh sau: Cseq: 2 INVITE Nu s truyn li p ng 200 OK b tr bi mng v n trm ca Bob sau khi n to ra bn tin INVITE th hai th n bit rng c mt p ng cho bn tin INVITE u tin nh vo header Cseq.
Tn phng thc ch ra loi p ng ( ACK hay INVITE ) v ch s trong Cseq ca ACK v INVITE l ging nhau. From: header From bao gm ni khi to yu cu v mt SIP URL: From: Bob Johnson <sip:Bob.Johnson@company.com> Record-Route v Route: truyn bo hiu cho c phin, cc proxy trong tuyn bo hiu s dng hai header. Nh ta bit, header Contact lm cho cc UA c th gi cc yu cu trc tip ti cc UA khc. iu ny gip gim ti cho cc proxy trong tuyn, cc proxy s nh tuyn cho bn tin INVITE u tin n ng ch v sau cho php cc UA bt u trao i bo hiu. Tuy nhin, khi mt proxy cn lu li tuyn bo hiu th s cn c mt c ch tch cc UA ra khi tuyn bo hiu bi chnh n. C ch ny bao gm hai header: Route v RecordRoute.
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 62 Mt proxy c th mun gi nguyn tuyn bo hiu sau bn tin INVITE u tin v nhiu l do. Mt trong s c th l bo mt. Trong phm vi ca cc proxy bo mt, v d tng la, th cc bn tin n phm vi s c lc. Cc bn tin SIP m khng i qua c cc proxy bo mt th s khng c chp nhn cho vo phm vi . Mt l do khc l cung cp dch v. Mt proxy cung cp dch v c lin quan n phin cn bit qu trnh din bin ca cc phin din ra, mc ch y l khi no mt UA gi mt yu cu BYE n mt UA khc. Hnh di y minh ha cch lm vic ca hai header Route v RecordRoute. Luara gi cho Bob mt bn tin INVTE. Bn tin ny i qua mt SIP proxy trong tuyn bo hiu gia Laura v Bob. Proxy ny thm vo bn tin INVITE mt header Record-Route cha a ch ca n. Trm ca Bob s nhn c bn tin INVITE hon chnh vi header Record-Route ny v thm n vo trong bn tin p ng 200 OK. Trm ca Bob cng s thm vo header Contact trong p ng ca n.
Hnh 4.13: Minh ha cch lm vic ca Route v Record-Route Tham s maddr va xut hin trong Record-Route cha a ch IP ca server, n c thm vo ghi nh a ch IP tht ca server nhm phc v cho cc p ng trong tng lai. Trm ca Laura nhn c p ng 200 OK v to ra mt header Route s dng cho cc p ng tip theo. Header Route c to ra t c hai header
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 63 Record-Route v header Contact hin c trong p ng. V ch c mt proxy cn c t trong tuyn bo hiu, tt c cc yu cu t Laura n Bob sau , v d ACK v BYE, s c gi n proxy ny. Cc yu cu s cha mt header Route c ghi a ch Contact ca Bob. Theo cch ny, proxy s gi yu cu n a ch cha trong header Route. To: Header To lun cha ni nhn cc yu cu. N thng cha a ch cng cng ca thit b ch. Phn bit r u l header To trong bn tin yu cu v v u l Request-URI l rt quan trng. Header To th dnh cho cc UA xa, n s c gi nguyn trong ton phin. N khng b thay i bi cc proxy. Cn Request-URI cha a ch ca hop k tip trong tuyn bo hiu, v vy c th thay i cho mi proxy trong tuyn bo hiu.
Hnh 4.14: Cc header To khng thay i trong sut phin Via: Header Via cha ng dn chim c bi yu cu ( hnh 5-21). Thng tin ny c dng lp vng trong nh tuyn. Nu c mt yu cu c gi i b lp vng th bt c proxy no cng c th nhn ra d dng bng cch xem xt k cc header Via. Nu mt proxy tm thy a ch ca n , n s bit rng n bt c yu cu ny. Mt dng ca header Via nh sau: Via: SIP/2.0/UDP workstation1234.company.com
Hnh 2.16: Cc header Via lu gi ng dn chim c bi mt yu cu Cc header Via cng c s dng nh tuyn cc p ng v pha client, ni to ra yu cu. Theo cch ny, mt p ng SIP s i qua cc proxy ging nh l mt yu cu nhng theo hng ngc li. 4.5.4 SIP Bodies C hai loi bn tin yu cu v p ng u c th c phn thn, s khc nhau ca cc bn tin header c ch ra bi mt dng rng ( empty line ). Phn thn ca mt bn tin thng l phn miu t phin nhng cng c th bao gm bt k mt i tng khng trong sut no . Bi v cc SIP proxy khng cn thit phi ch n phn thn bn tin. Kt qu l cc phin c truyn end to end gia hai UA. Tt c thng tin m cc proxy cn nh tuyn cho cc bn tin SIP th cha trong dng yu cu v dng trng thi ng truyn ca cc SIP header. Bi v phn thn bn tin ch c ngha cho cc UA nn n c th c vit thnh mt m end to end m khng lm gim bt c chc nng no. i khi mt vi proxy no cng c th mun kim tra phn miu t phin. V d, mt proxy bo mt ( tng la ) cn thng tin v cc thng tin ang c trao i m c th ngn chn cc lu lng khng c php.
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 65 Cng nh cc bn tin e-mail c th c nhiu hn mt phn nh km, cc bn tin SIP cng c th c vi phn thn. V d, Laura c th gi mt bn tin INVITE vi hai thnh phn: thnh phn miu t phin v nh ca Laura. Theo cch , trm ca Bob c th xem hnh ca Laura trn mn hnh trong khi Bob c cnh bo. 4.5.5 So snh SIP vi H323 Cc tiu chun ca IETF c th phi hp hot ng vi cc tiu chun ca ITU-T mc truyn thoi bi v ITU-T tch hp giao thc RTP ca IETF trong b giao thc H.323 ca n. Tuy nhin, hai t chc ny li ngh cc giao thc bo hiu khc nhau. ITU-T dng tiu chun H.323 trong khi IETF ngh SIP. Hin nay, tiu chun no trong hai tiu chun ny s chim u th vn l mt vn c tranh ci. Mc d s trin khai ca SIP bt u tr hn, n dng nh ang c ch . SIP c chp nhn bi 3GPP, nhiu nh cung cp ln... Nhn t chnh kch thch iu ny l xut pht t c im k thut: ngay t u, SIP c thit k c th m rng nhng vn gi c tnh n gin. Cc on sau y s so snh nhng im chnh ca hai giao thc ny. M ho SIP s dng m ho k t trong khi H.323 s dng m ho nh phn. M ho k t thng dn n lng bng thng lng ph cao hn. Tuy nhin, trong cc ng dng multimedia, bng thng dng cho vic truyn media ng k hn nhiu, v vy y khng phi l vn ln. M ho k t d dng m rng, sa li v x l bi cc cng c x l k t. tr thit lp cuc gi
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 66 C hai giao thc c mt thi gian thit lp cuc gi khong 1.5 RTT. Tuy nhin, vi H.323, yu cu tng thch li vi cc phin bn c c th tng thi gian ny n 7 RTT do kt qu ca vic thit k giao thc v s s dng TCP. phc tp phc tp ca SIP c th chp nhn: n l mt giao thc nh HTTP. Ngc li, phc tp ca H.323 l cao, vi vic s dng nhiu giao thc khc nhau (H.240, H.225, H.245). Kin trc SIP c mt kin trc module. N bao gm bo hiu gi c bn, s nh v ngi s dng v s ng k. Cc chc nng khc (cht lng dch v, truy cp danh b, pht hin dch v, m t phin) nm cc giao thc trc giao ring bit. Kin trc ca H.323 l tch hp. Hn hp cc dch v cung cp bi cc thnh phn H.323 bao gm trao i kh nng, iu khin hi ngh, cc hot ng bo tr, bo hiu c bn, cht lng dch v, ng k v pht hin dch v. Cch thit k ny lm cho vic cp nht cc thnh phn kh khn v tn km. Cch nh a ch SIP c th dng bt k URL no gm a ch email, H.323, http, E.164... H.323 s dng host (khng c tn ngi s dng), cc tn alias c phn gii bi gatekeeper (chui bt k c phn bit ch hoa v ch thng, v d nh a ch email), cc s in thoi E.164. Giao thc vn chuyn SIP dng UDP v TCP, hu ht hin thc dng UDP. H.323 cng dng UDP v TCP nhng hu ht hin thc dng TCP. Vic dng TCP lm cho thi gian thit lp cuc gi di hn. nh tuyn cuc gi lin min SIP: nh tuyn theo cy da vo DNS H.323: nh tuyn tnh theo Annex. G Chng IV: Tng quan v giao thc SIP
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 67 S chun ho dch v SIP: "Chun ho giao thc, khng phi dch v": Ch chun ho nhng giao din tng qut v cc v d c nu ra. H.323: "Chun ho mi th": Cc dch v ph bin c chun ho chi tit ( v d chui H.450).
CHNG V: TNG QUAN H THNG

5.1 Nhu cu thc t Hin nay Vit Nam c rt nhiu doanh nghip v nhu cu lin lc trong doanh nghip v cc chi nhnh trong nc hoc nc ngoi l mt nhu cu c thc. Trong khi chi ph in thoi ng di qua mang PSTN l khng nh v th gii php xy dng mng VoIP vi chi ph r v cht lng c th chp nhn rt c cc doanh nghip quan tm. Hin ti kh nhiu cc doanh nghip trong nc trin khai h thng VoIP cho cng ty mnh v khon chi ph tit kim so vi mng in thoi truyn thng ngy cng hp dn nhiu doanh nghip. Nhu cu ca cng ty c th chia lm 3 loi: in thoi ni b, in thoi trong nc v in thoi quc t. Tht vy,cng ty gm nhiu phng ban khc nhau, cc phng ban ny u c nhu cu lin lc vi nhau v lin lc vi bn ngoi. Bn cnh , mt vi b phn thng xuyn lin h vi khch hng nc ngoi. 5.2 M hnh tng qut V mt l thuyt, c hai cch trin khai m hnh VoIP: Trin khai IP telephony ton mng v Trin khai lai ghp. Trin khai lai ghp ngha l, trin khai mng VoIP trn c s cng ty ang hot ng v u t h thng tng i in thoi truyn thng, mun m rng lin lc nhng mun tit kim chi ph. V d: Gi s rng mt Cng ty c tr s t ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, v mt chi nhnh t ti Nng, chng ta hon ton c th trin khai m hnh VoIP cho Cng ty nh sau:
Chng V: Tng quan h thng

Router Chi nhnh TP HCM
Inter net
Chi nhnh Nng
Router
ATA Analog Telephone Adaptors
Analog PC phone
Hnh 5.1: M hnh kt ni thit b minh ha Vi m hnh nh trn th vic thng tin lin lc gia cc chi nhnh v tr s chnh gn nh l min ph v c thc hin qua mi trng Internet. Tuy nhin do
Soft phone on Lun vn ny em s trin khai m hnh hn ch v mt thit b phn cng, nn trong
mng VoIP (tng i IP) trong mt phm vi hp hn, vi qui m nh hn. Yu cu thit b phn cng bao gm: My tnh Server: dng lm tng i Card TDM: l thit b trung gian phc v cho vic ng b v kt ni h thng Analog vi h thng IP Switch chuyn mch to mng LAN Thit b u cui: Analog phones, Softphone (X-lite, 3CX, Express Talk..)
Pc
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 69 ng truyn ADSL thc hin cuc gi ra ngoi Internet v ngcli.
5.3
Chc nng c bn ca h thng

Kt ni cc cuc gi ni b v mng in thoi c nh: My tnh ti my tnh (Computer-to-computer, PC-to-PC): y l
cch d nht s dng VoIP. Bn thm ch khng phi tr tin cho cc cuc gi ng di. Tt c nhng th cn l phn mm (soft phone), Microphone, Speaker, Sound Card v mt kt ni Internet.
My tnh ti in thoi (Computer-to-Telephone, PC-to-Phone): y
l phng php cho php bn gi ti bt k ai (ngi c in thoi) t my tnh ca ngi s dng. Ging nh cuc gi t my tnh ti my tnh n cng yu cu mt phn mm. Phn mm ny min ph nhng cuc gi c cc ph tng i t.
in thoi ti my tnh (Telephone-to-Computer, Phone-to-PC): C
mt vi cng ty cung cp cc s in thoi c bit hoc Card cho php ngi s dng my in thoi thng thng thc hin cuc gi ti ngi s dng my tnh. Ngi s dng my tnh phi c phn mm ca nh cung cp c ci t v ang chy trn my. Chi ph cuc gi ny thng r hn rt nhiu so vi cuc gi ng di truyn thng.
in thoi ti in thoi (Telephone-to-telephone, phone-to-phone ):
Qua vic s dng cc IP Gateway, chng ta c th kt ni trc tip vi bt c ngi no khc trn th gii s dng in thoi thng thng. Ngi s dng phi gi vo trong IP Gateway ca h sau bm s cn gi h kt ni qua mng IP.
m thoi nhiu ngi - Conference call
Khi cn gi in ti nhiu ngi nhng ch thng bo cho h cng mt ni dung. Tht l mt thi gian v bt tin khi phi ln lt bm s ca tng
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 70 ngi gi. Chc nng Conference call - m thoi nhiu ngi, s gip gii quyt iu ny. Cc cuc m thoi nhiu ngi c thit lp cho php ngi nhn cuc gi tham gia m thoi xuyn sut cuc gi hoc c th c thit lp ngi nhn cuc gi ch c php nghe m khng c ni. C th cho php ngi gi gi ti nhng ngi khc v thm h vo tham d cuc m thoi. Mt s dch v t ng : Phn phi cuc gi t ng vi hng i ACD, Call forwarding, Call transfer, Call pick up, Call parking, Music on hold, Tng tc thoi (Auto-Attendent hay IVR), Ngn thc hin cuc gi vi nhng s khng mong mun (Blacklist), ng dng thi gian thc vi MySQL
CHNG VI: GII THIU V 3CX PHONE SYSTEM

6.1 Gii thiu H thng in thoi 3CX chy trn Windows l mt h thng IP PBX bng phn mm thay th cho cc h thng PBX / PABX bng phn cng truyn thng. IP PBX ca 3CX c pht trin ring cho Microsoft Windows v c da trn chun SIP d dng hn trong vic qun l ,cho php s dng bt k in thoi SIP no (phn cng hoc phn mm). Mt h thng IP PBX / PABX bng phn mm cung cp nhiu li ch: Khng cn ng dy in thoi ring cc in thoi s dng mng my tnh Ci t v qun l d hn thng qua giao din cu hnh trn web H thng IP PBX bng phn mm r hn rt nhiu so vi h thng PBX / PABX bng phn cng Nhn vin c th chuyn vn phng m khng cn chy li dy hoc cu hnh li IP PBX C th chn nhiu loi in thoi phn cng chun SIP thay v phi dng c nh mt nh sn xut Nghe & Gi qua ng PSTN (in thoi thng thng) bng Gateways Tit kim chi ph gi s dng cc dch v SIP VOIP hoc WAN Yu cu phn cng my server : 3CX Phone System yu cu cc yu t sau: Windows XP Pro, Vista Business, 7 , 2003 server, 2008 server or 2008R2 Port 5060 (SIP), 5090 (Tunnel - Optional) phi m
Chng VI: Gii thiu v 3CX Phone System
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 72 Port 5480, 5481, 5482, 5483, 5484, 5485, 5486, 5487,5488 to be free Mt port dng cho dch v IIS mc nh l 80 hoc Abyss mc nh 5481.NET
Framework version 3.5 hoc hn B nh RAM 1GB tr ln,CPU Pentium 4 hoc hn Internet Explorer v7 hoc Firefox 2 tr ln Nu s dng lm VoIP Provider cn s dng a ch IP tnh.Cu hnh DNS ng th khng c h tr.
S Kt Ni Thit B
Hinh 6.1: S kt ni thit b
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 73 Cu hnh router:
Router s dng Buffalo HP-G54 h tr 802.11 b/g Bt DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) IP pool 192.168.3.11-192.168.3.254/24 M ha WPA Personal Cu hnh server 3CX: Gn IP Static 192.168.3.10/24 Cu hnh IP Phone(SIP Phone) nh trn trnh by Cu hnh PC Client : obtain IP t Router
6.2 Ci t 3CX
Thit b phn cng gm c: My server My client AP thit lp mng ni b in thoi c WIFI h tr SIP (Nokia E63) Phn mm: 3CX Phone System(v9) X-Lite 4.0 Ci t 3CX ln my server
Nhn Next
Chp nhn cc iu khon v bn quyn,nhn Next
Chn ng dn,Next
Chn dch v web server, y ta chn Abyss(default),tip tc Next
Nhn Install ci t
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 77 Sau khi finish phn ci t,phn mm chuyn sang ch wizard.Ngn ng chn English (3CX cha h tr ting Vit)
n phn Default Local IP Address,y l a ch ca server trong mng WLAN,ta tip tc nhn Next
C 2 ty chn, to h thng mi chn Creat new Nu trc ta backup h thng,v l do no mun restore li nh c chn mc th 2. y ta chn Creat new
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 79 H thng hi l ta mun di dy s ca mi extension(user) l bao nhiu ch s,ty do mc ln nh ca h thng, y ta chn 3 digits
Thit lp voice mail:khi c user1 gi n m user2 khng bt my th h thng s record li message ging ni ca user1 v gi n user2.user2 gi vo mailbox ca mnh nghe.Ta nhn Next tip tc
To user.Ta nhn add
Extension number: s ca user First name: tn user Authentication ID:ti khon ng nhp h thng ca user Authentication password: mt m ng nhp MAC Address:nh km extension(user) vi thit b c MAC ny Ta nhn Add
Tip tc nhn Next,ta c th to thm user sau khi ci t wizard xong
Tip tc Next Chng VI: Gii thiu v 3CX Phone System
Thng tin v Provider, y ta cha ra WAN,chn skip
Phn ng k vi 3CX ta nhn next
Kt thc ci t wizard
6.3 Cu hnh Server 3CX:

Ca s Management Console, tin hnh ng nhp
Giao din qun l ca 3CX, y ta c th to mi extension,to cc rules inbound,out bound Ta tin hnh to thm 3 extension na theo bng thng k sau:
Extension 222 333 444
ID ng nhp 222 333 444
Password 222 333 444
Thit b i km ex PC client Nokia e63 Nokia e71
6.4 Cu hnh SIP cho Nokia E63: Vo Menu\Tools\Settings\Connection\SIP Settings\Option\Add default profile
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 86 Profile name g 3CX,chuyn xung Service Profile chn IETF(s dng cho WLAN) Xung Default Access point chn mng WLAN access point thit lp
Public user name in vo c php "<extension_number>@<pbx_ip_address>" v d trng hp ny extension ca my Nokia l 333@192.168.3.10
Mc Use Compression chn No,Registration chn Always On.Mc Use security chn No Mc Proxy Server: Proxy server address nhp vo IP ca server l 192.168.3.10 Realm nhp 3CXPhoneSystem Username:in extension 333 Password 333 Allow Loose Routing chjon Yes Transport Type chn giao thc UDP Port 5060(port SIP) Registra server:IP ca server 3CX 192.168.3.10 Realm nhp 3CXPhoneSystem Username:in extension 333 Password 333 Transport Type chn giao thc UDP Port 5060(port SIP)
H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 87 Li li connection v enter vo Internet settings To New Profile 3CX,SIP Profile chn 3CX Khi ng li my s kt ni extension 333 vo h thng 3CX 6.5 Thc hin cuc gi : Cc PC mun gi VoIP vi nhau cn thng qua 1 phn mm h tr SIP, y dng X-Lite v4.0 h tr nn Windows Giao din X-Lite:
Cu hnh cc thng s cho extension 222(my client)
thit lp cuc gi
My Nokia(333) gi server(111)
Menu\Call\Internet Call
thit lp cuc gi
Nhn cuc gi t client Chng VI: Gii thiu v 3CX Phone System
Phn C Ph lc v ti liu tham kho
DANH MC CC T VIT TT
A AC ACD ACK AOR API ARP ATM C CAS CCIS CCITT Chanel Associated Signaling Common Chanel Interoffice Signaling Comit Consultatif International Tlphonique et Tlgraphique CCS CLI D DAHDI DC DHCP DNS DoS Digium Asterisk Hardware Device Interface Direct Current Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Domain Name System Denial of Service Common Channel Signaling Command-Line Interface Alternating Current Automatic Call Distributor Acknowledgement Address of Record Application Programing Interface Address Resolution Protocol Asynchronous Transfer Mode
DTMF F FISU FTP FXO FXS G GSM H HTTP I IAX ICMP IETF IN IP ISDN IVR L LAN LLC LSSU
Dial Tone Multi Frequency
Fill-In Signaling Unit File Transfer Protocol Foreign Exchange Office Foreign Exchange Station
Global System for Mobile communications
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
Inter- Asterisk eXchange Internet Control Message Protocol Internet Engineering Task Force Intelligent Network Internet Protocol Integrated Services Digital Network Interactive Voice Response
Local Area Network Link Logic Control Link Status Signaling Unit
M MAC MGCP MS MSU N NAT NIC O OSI P PBX PC PCM PDD PLMN PSTN Public Branch eXchange Personal Computer Pulse-Code Modulation Post Dial Delay Public Land mobile Network Public Switch Telephone Network Open System Interconnection Network Address Translation Network Information Center Media Address Control Media Gateway Control Protocol Mobile Station Message Signaling Unit
R RARP RFC RTCP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol Request for Comments Real-time Transport Control Protocol
RTP S SCCP SDL SDP SIP SMTP SP SPC STP SU T TCP/IP TDM TLS U UA UDP URI V VoIP
Real-time Transport Protocol
Skinny Client Control Protocol Signaling Data Link Session Description Protocol Session Initiation Protocol Simple Mail Transport Protocol Signaling Point Signaling Point Code Signaling Transfer Point Signaling Unit
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Time-Division Multiplexing Transport Layer Security
User Agnet Unit Datagram Protocol Uniform Resource Identifier
Voice over Internet Protocol
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] [2] [3]
Source: Vnexpress.net.TCP/IP. Collected by Hattori UDS. L Quc Ton. Sch Asterisk. http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn. Nir Simionovich.Published March 2008. Asterisk Now.
Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.32 Lincoln RoadOltonBirmingham, B27 6PA, UK. [4] Jonathan Davidson, James Peters, Manoj Bhatia, Satish
Kalidindi, Sudipto Mukherjee. Voice over IP Fundanmentals, 2nd Edition. Cisco Press [5] Packtpub Asterisk the Professionals Guide. Colman Carpenter,
David Duffett, Nik Middleton, Ian Plain. Copyright 2009 Packt Publishing. [6] The complete reference SQL third edition - Paul Weinberg James Groff Andrew Oppel. [7] Sams Teach yourseft SQL in 10 minutes, third edition by Ben Forta. [8] JasperReports 3.6 Development Cookbook - Bilal Siddiqui [9] Building Telephony Systems with Asterisk -David Gomillion and Barrie Dempster. [10] [11] [12] http:// www.voip-info.org/ http://www.3cx.com/VOIP/softphone.html http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn/blog/?id=801186

Luan Van Tot Nghiep: Voip

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PHN A GII THIU

B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC VN HIN KHOA IN T -VIN THNG

H THNG TNG I VoIP

GVHD: ThS. H VN KHA LY SVTH: V TN NGC MSSV: 07EV031

Tp.HCM, ngy 4 thng 07 nm 2011 V TN NGC

NHN XT CA GING VIN HNG DN

. Tp.HCM, ngy thng nm 2011

Ging vin hng dn H Vn Kha Ly

NHN XT CA GING VIN PHN BIN

. Tp.HCM, ngy thng nm 2011 Ging vin phn bin

Gii thiu chung:..........................................................................................5

2.2 u nhc im ca VoIP:...............................................................................6 vi

Cc kiu kt ni s dng VoIP:....................................................................7

3.4 Khun dng cc gi tin ca giao thc TCP/IP...............................................39

Nhu cu thc t..........................................................................................67 M hnh tng qut......................................................................................67

CHNG VI: GII THIU V 3CX PHONE SYSTEM

Danh sch hnh v

Proxy sip server................................................................................48

DANH SCH BNG BIU

H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 14

H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 1

CHNG I: GII THIU MNG PSTN

Hnh 1.1: H thng mng PSTN

Chng 1: Gii thiu mng PSTN

Hnh 1.2: Bo hiu knh ring

Chng 1: Gii thiu mng PSTN

Chng 1: Gii thiu mng PSTN

H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 5

CHNG II: GII THIU V VoIP

Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP

Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP

Hnh 2.2: Qu trnh thc hin cuc gi gia hai my IP Phone

Hnh 2.4: Giao thc bo hiu H.323

Hnh 2.5: Giao thc bo hiu SIP

Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP

Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP

H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 14 Cc thnh phn trong mng SIP:

Hnh 2.6: Cc thnh phn trong mng SIP

Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP

H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 16 thnh cc lp ngha khc nhau:

Bng 2.3 Lp Thnh Cng M tr v 200 M t Thnh cng

Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP

H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 18

488 491 493

Khng th chp nhn ti y Yu cu cha c gii quyt Khng gii m c

Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP

Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP

Contact Allow Supported Require

Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP

H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 22

Hnh 2.7: Cuc gi SIP in hnh

Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP

S dng cc giao thc Gatekeeper Cht lng dch v

server, c xc nhn u cui v m ho.

nh v u cui v nh tuyn cuc gi

Dng SIP URL nh a ch. nh tuyn nh s dng Redirect v Location server.

Tnh nng thoi

Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP

Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP

H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 27

Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP

Chng II: Gii thiu v VoIP

H THNG TNG I VoIP Trang 31