Giáo Trình Máy Điện-Khí Cụ Điện

TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP.
HCM
KHOA IEN
BO MON: C S KY THUAT IEN
------------0-----------
GVC-ThS.NGUYEN TRO NG THANG
GV-ThS.TRAN PHI LONG

GIAO TRNH

MAY IEN-KH CU IEN

TP. HCM Thang 12 / 2005
LI NOI AU

Giao trnh MAY IE N-KH CU IEN nham giup sinh vie n ba c ai ho c hoa c cao
ang nganh Cong nghe ien- ie n t, Cong nghe ien t Vien thong cua trng
a i Ho c S Pham Ky Thua t TP.HCM lam ta i lieu ho c tap cung co the du ng lam ta i
lieu tham khao cho sinh vie n nga nh ien Co ng Nghie p, ien T ong va ca c nganh
kha c lien quan en lnh v c ie n-ien t .
Giao trnh Ma y ien- Kh cu ien trnh bay nhng ly thuye t c ban ve: cau tao;
nguyen ly lam vie c; ca c quan he ie n t ; ca c ac tnh cung nh ca c hien t ng vat ly
xay ra trong: May ie n mot chieu; May bie n ap; May ien khong ong bo, May ien
ong bo va cac kh cu ien thong dung.
e giup sinh vien de dang tiep thu kien thc mon hoc, giao trnh trnh ba y noi dung
mot ca ch ngan gon, c ban. moi chng co v du minh ho a, ca u ho i va ba i tap e
sinh vien co the hieu sau hn nhng van e mnh a ho c.

Ca c ta c ga
Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM http://www.hcmute.edu.vn
Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn
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Trang
PHN 1: MY IN ................................................................................... 1
CHNG I: MY IN MT CHIU ................................................................2
1.1. i cng v my in mt chiu..................................................................2
1.2. Cc quan h in t trong my in mt chiu.............................................7
1.3. My pht in mt chiu..............................................................................15
1.4. M my v iu chnh tc ng c in mt chiu................................32

CHNG II: MY BIN P ................................................................................43
2.1. i cng v my bin p..............................................................................43
2.2. T ni dy v mch t ca my bin p..........................................................54
2.3. Cc quan h in t trong my bin p...........................................................67
2.4. My bin p lm vic ti xc lp i xng...................................................85

CHNG III: CC VN L LUN CHUNG
CA MY IN XOAY CHIU ...................................................98
3.1. Sc in ng ca dy qun my in xoay chiu..........................................98
3.2. Dy qun my in xoay chiu........................................................................106
3.3. Sc t ng ca dy qun my in xoay chiu..............................................115

CHNG IV: MY IN KHNG NG B ................................................126
4.1. i cng v my in khng ng b...........................................................126
4.2. Quan h in t trong my in khng ng b............................................ 130
4.3. M my v iu chnh tc ng c khng ng b...................................158

CHNG V: MY IN NG B ..................................................................172
5.1. i cng v my in ng b.......................................................................172
5.2. Quan h in t trong my in ng b........................................................ 178
5.3. My pht in ng b.....................................................................................189
5.4. M my v iu chnh cng sut phn khng ca ng c ng b............... 204

PHN 2: KH C IN ...........................................................................208

CHNG I: MCH T V S BIN I NNG LNG IN C ......... 209

1.1. Khi nim chung..................................................................................................209
1.2. T dn trong khe h khng kh............................................................................213
1.3. Nam chm in t mt chiu................................................................................215
1.4. Nam chm in t xoay chiu .............................................................................218
1.5. Nam chm vnh cu..............................................................................................222
1.6. Lc in ng.......................................................................................................226

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CHNG II: CC LOI KH C IN THNG DNG .........................................233

2.1. Contactor.............................................................................................................233
2.2. Cu ch bo v.....................................................................................................237
2.3. Aptomat...............................................................................................................241
2.4. Thit b chng dng in r.................................................................................248
2.5. Relay dng in...................................................................................................251
2.6. Relay in p........................................................................................................252
2.7. Relay trung gian...................................................................................................253
2.8. Relay thi gian.....................................................................................................254
2.9. Relay tc .........................................................................................................255

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1

PHN 1 :
MY IN
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CHNG 1 : MY IN MT CHIU

1.1 I CNG V MY IN MT CHIU

Trong nn sn xut hin i, my in mt chiu vn c coi l mt loi my quan trng. N c
th dng lm ng c in, my pht in ...
ng c in mt chiu c c tnh iu chnh tc rt tt, v vy c dng nhiu trong
nhng ngnh cng nghip c yu cu cao v iu chnh tc nh cn thp, hm m ...
My pht in mt chiu dng lm ngun in cho ng c in mt chiu, lm ngun in mt
chiu kch thch t trong my in ng b, dng trong cng nghip m in...
Nhc im ca my in mt chiu : Gi thnh t, s dng nhiu kim loi mu, ch to v bo
qun c gp phc tp...

I. CU TO CA MY IN MT CHIU:
Kt cu ca my in mt chiu c th phn thnh 2 phn chnh l : phn tnh v phn quay .
1.Phn tnh (stato):
y l phn ng yn ca my gm cc b phn chnh sau:
a.Cc t chnh:
L b phn sinh ra t trng gm c li st cc t v dy qun kch t lng ngoi li st cc t.
Li st cc t lm bng nhng l thp k thut in hay thp cacbon dy 0,5 n 1mm p li v tn
cht . Trong my in nh c th dng thp khi . Cc t c gn cht vo v my nh cc bulng.
Dy qun kch t c qun bng dy ng bc cch in v mi cun dy u c bc cch in
k thnh 1 khi v tm sn cch in trc khi t trn cc cc t . Cc cun dy kch t t trn cc
cc t ny c ni ni tip vi nhau .

Hnh 1-1. Cc t chnh

b. Cc t ph:
c t gia cc cc t chnh v dng ci thin i chiu. Li thp ca cc t ph thng
lm bng thp khi v trn thn cc t ph c t dy qun m cu to ging nh dy qun cc t
chnh. Cc t ph c gn vo v nh bulng.
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3

c. Gng t:
Dng lm mch t ni lin cc cc t, ng thi lm v my. Trong my in va v nh
thng dng thp tm dy un v hn li. Trong my in ln thng dng thp c .
d. Cc b phn khc:
- Np my : Bo v my khi b nhng vt ngoi ri vo lm h hng dy qun hay an ton
cho ngi khi chm phi in. Trong my in va v nh, np my c tc dng lm gi bi .

- C cu chi than : a dng in t phn quay ra ngoi. C cu chi than gm c chi
than t trong hp chi than v nh 1 l xo t cht ln c gp. Hp chi than c c nh trn gi
chi than v cch in vi gi. Gi chi than c th quay c iu chnh v tr chi than cho
ng ch. Sau khi iu chnh xong th dng vt c nh cht li.

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4
2. Phn quay ( rto ):

Gm cc b phn sau :

a. Li st phn ng: Dng dn t.
Thng dng nhng tm thp k thut in dy 0,5 mm ph cch in mng 2 mt ri p
cht li gim hao tn do dng in xoy gy nn. Trn l thp c dp hnh dng rnh sau khi p
li th t dy qun vo.
Trong nhng my c trung tr nn, ngi ta cn dp nhng l thng gi khi p li thnh li
st c th to c nhng l thng gi dc trc .

Trong nhng my hi ln th li st chia thnh tng on nh. Gia cc on y c 1 khe h
gi l khe thng gi ngang trc. Khi my lm vic, gi thi qua cc khe lm ngui dy qun v li
st .
Trong my in nh, li st phn ng c p trc tip vo trc. Trong my in ln, gia trc
v li st c t gi rto. Dng gi rto c th tit kim thp k thut in v gim nh trng lng
rto .

b. Dy qun phn ng:
L phn sinh ra sc in ng v c dng in chy qua. Dy qun phn ng thng lm bng
dy ng c bc cch in. Trong my in nh dng dy c tit din trn. Trong my in va v
ln dng dy tit din ch nht. Dy qun c cch in cn thn vi rnh ca li thp .
trnh khi quay b vng ra do sc ly tm, ming rnh c dng nm cht hoc phi
ai cht dy qun. Nm c th lm bng tre, g hay baklit .

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5

Hnh 1-7. Mt ct rnh phn ng

c. C gp: Dng i chiu dng in xoay chiu thnh 1 chiu .
C gp gm nhiu phin ng c ui nhn cch in vi nhau bng lp mica dy 0,4 n 1,2
mm v hp thnh 1 tr trn. Hai u tr trn dng 2 vnh p hnh ch V p cht li. Gia vnh p v
tr trn cng cch in bng mica. ui vnh gp c cao hn ln mt t hn cc u dy ca cc
phn t dy qun vo cc phin gp c d dng .

Hnh 1- 8. C gp.

d. Cc b phn khc :
- Cnh qut : qut gi lm ngui my.
- Trc my : Trn t li st phn ng, c gp, cnh qut v bi. Trc my thng lm
bng thp cacbon tt .
2. Cc tr s nh mc:
Ch lm vic nh mc ca my in l ch lm vic trong nhng iu kin m xng ch
to quy nh. Ch c c trng bng nhng i lng ghi trn nhn my v gi l nhng
i lng nh mc.
- Cng sut nh mc P
m
( KW hay W)
- in p nh mc U
m
(V)
- Dng in nh mc I
m
(A)
- Tc nh mc n
m
( vg/ph)
- Hiu sut nh mc q
m

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CU HI

1. Ti sao li st phn ng phi lm bng thp k thut in ? Ti sao v my mt chiu khng
dng gang l vt liu r tin v d c ?
2. ngha ca tr s cng sut nh mc ghi trn nhn my ? Cng sut nh mc ghi trn ng c
in l cng sut c u trc hay cng sut in a vo ng c in ?
3. Cc b phn chnh ca my in mt chiu v cng dng ca cc b phn ?

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7
1.2 CC QUAN H IN T TRONG MY IN MT CHIU.

I. Sc in ng cm ng trong dy qun my in mt chiu:
Cho dng in kch thch vo dy qun kch thch th trong khe h s sinh ra t thng. Khi phn
ng quay vi mt tc nht nh no th trong dy qun s cm ng mt sc in ng. Sc
in ng ph thuc vo t thng di mi cc t, tc ca my, s thanh dn ca dy qun v
kiu dy qun .
V dy qun c 2a mch nhnh ghp song song nn sc in ng ca dy qun bng sc in
ng cm ng trn mt mch nhnh, ngha l bng tng s.. ca cc thanh dn ni tip trong mch
nhnh .
Sc in ng trung bnh cm ng trong thanh dn c chiu di tc dng l, chuyn ng trong t
trng vi tc v bng :

e
tb
= B
tb
.l.v ( 1-1)

Tc quay : v =
60
2
60
. n
p
n D
t
t
=
B
tb
=
l . t
o
u

Trong :
B
tb
: t cm trung bnh trong khe h
D : ng knh ngoi phn ng
t : bc cc
p : s i cc
n : tc quay phn ng
o
u : t thng khe h di mi cc

Th vo biu thc (1-1) ta c :
e
tb
= 2p
o
u
60
n
( 1-2)

Gi N l tng s thanh dn ca dy qun th mi mch nhnh song song c N/2a thanh dn ni tip
nhau v nh vy s.. ca my bng :

E
= n C n
a
N p
e
a
N
e tb o o
u = u =
60
.
2
( V) ( 1-3)
Trong :
o
u ( Wb).
n ( vg/ph).
C
e
=
a
N p
60
.
: h s ph thuc vo kt cu ca my v dy qun

Chiu ca E
ph thuc vo chiu
o
u v n v c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi ( hnh 1- 9 ).

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8

Hnh 1-9. Xc nh s.. phn ng v mmen in t
trong my pht in mt chiu

S phn tch trn da trn gi thit dy qun bc , s.. trn cc thanh dn ca phn t u
cng s hc vi nhau. Nu l bc ngn th s.. ca cc thanh dn ca mt phn t s cng vct
nn s.. ca c phn t s nh hn so vi phn t bc v nh vy s.. phn ng cng nh i
mt t. Nhng v trong my in 1 chiu khng cho php bc ngn ln nn nh hng t ( thng l
khng xt n khi tnh s.. ).

II. Mmen in t v cng sut:

Khi my in lm vic, trong dy qun phn ng s c dng in chy qua. Tc dng ca t
trng ln dy dn c dng in s sinh ra mmen in t trn trc my.
Gi thit mt ch lm vic no ca my in mt chiu, t trng v dng in phn ng
di 1 cc nh hnh :

Theo quy tc bn tay tri mmen in t do lc in t tc dng ln cc thanh dn c chiu t
phi sang tri .
Lc din t tc dng ln tng thanh dn bng :
f = B
tb
l.i
(1- 4)
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9
Nu tng s thanh dn ca dy qun bng N, dng in trong mch nhnh
a
I
i

2
=
th mmen in t tc dng ln dy qun phn ng bng :

2
.
2
D
N l
a
I
B M

tb
= ( 1-5)

Trong :
B
tb
: t cm trung bnh trong khe h
I
: dng din phn ng

a : s i mch nhnh
l: chiu di tc dng ca thanh dn
D : ng knh ngoi phn ng

Ta c : D =
t
t p 2
, B
tb
=
l t
o
u

=> M =
o
t
u
a
pN
2
I
= C
M
o
u
I
( N.m) (1-6)

=> M =
o
t
u
a
pN
2 81 , 9
1
I
( kG.m) ( 1-7)
Trong :
o
u : t thng di mi cc tnh bng Wb
a
N p
C
M
. 2
.
t
= : h s ph thuc vo kt cu ca my in

Trong my pht in, khi quay my theo mt chiu nht nh trong t trng th trong dy dn
sinh ra s.. m chiu c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi. Khi c ti th dng in sinh ra s
cng chiu vi s.. nn mmen in t sinh ra s ngc chiu vi chiu quay ca my. V vy
my pht in, mmen in t l mmen hm ( hnh 1-10).
Trong ng c in, khi cho dng in vo phn ng th di tc dng ca t trng, trong dy
qun s sinh ra mmen in t ko my quay, v vy chiu quay ca my trng vi chiu quay ca
mmen ( hnh 1-10).
Cng sut ng vi mmen in t ly vo ( my pht ) hay a ra ( ng c ) gi l cng sut
in t v bng :

P
t
= Me ( 1-8 )

Trong :
M : momen in t
e =
60
. 2 n t
: tc gc phn ng

Thay vo cng thc ( 1-5 ) ta c :

P
t
= Me =
a
N p
t 2
.
o
u I
o
t
u = n
a
pN n
60 60
2
I
= E
.I
( W) ( 1- 9 )

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10
Nh vy, trong my pht in cng sut in t chuyn cng sut c Me thnh cng sut
in E
. Ngc li, trong ng c in cng sut in t chuyn cng sut in E

I

thnh cng
sut c Me .
III. Qu trnh nng lng v cc phng trnh cn bng:
1. Tn hao trong my in mt chiu:
a. Tn hao A p
c
: Gm tn hao bi, tn hao ma st chi than vi vnh gp, tn hao do thng gi,
tn hao ny ph thuc ch yu vo tc quay ca my v lm cho bi, vnh gp nng ln .

b.Tn hao st Ap
Fe
: Do t tr v dng in xoy trong li thp gy nn. Tn hao ny ph thuc
vo vt liu, chiu dy ca tm thp, trng lng li thp, t cm v tn s f . Khi li thp nh
hnh th t hao thp t l vi f
(1,2 1,6)
v B
2
.
Hai loi tn hao trn khi khng ti tn ti nn gi l tn hao khng ti :
P
0
= Ap
c
+ Ap
Fe
( 1-10)
Tn hao c v st sinh ra mmen hm v mmen ny tn ti khi khng ti nn gi l mmen
khng ti M
0
.
M
0
=
e
0
P
( 1-11)
vi e l tc gc ca rto.

c. Tn hao ng Ap
cu
: Tn hao ng trong mch phn ng Ap
Cu.
v tn hao ng trong mch
kch thch Ap
Cu.t

Tn hao ng trong mch phn ng bao gm tn hao ng trong dy qun phn ng I
2
r
; tn
hao ng trong dy qun cc t ph I
2
r
f
; tn hao tip xc gia chi than v vnh gp Ap
tx
. Thng
vi chi than graphit in p ging trn ch tip xc ca hai chi than 2
tx
U A = 2 V nn Ap
tx
= 2 I
.
Hin nay thng gp tt c cc tn hao ng trn phn ng li v vit di dng Ap
= I

2
R

vi R
= r
+ r
f
+ r
tx
bao gm in tr dy qun phn ng r
, in tr dy qun ph r
f
, in tr tip
xc chi than r
tx
.
Tn hao ng trong mch kch thch gm tn hao ng ca dy qun kch thch v tn hao ng
ca in tr iu chnh trong mch kch thch. V vy Ap
Cu.t
= U
t
I
t
, vi U
t
l in p t trn mch
kch thch; I
t
l dng in kch thch.

d. Tn hao ph Ap
f
:
Tn hao ph trong thp c th do t trng phn b khng u trn b mt phn ng, cc
bulng c vt trn phn ng lm t trng phn b khng u trong li st, nh hng ca rng, rnh
lm t trng p mch ... sinh ra .
Tn hao trong ng c th do qu trnh i chiu lm dng in trong phn t thay i, dng
in phn b khng u trn b mt chi than lm tn hao tip xc ln, t trng phn b khng u
trong rnh lm cho trong dy dn sinh ra dng in xoy, tn hao trong dy ni cn bng sinh ra.
Trong my in 1 chiu Ap
f
tng i kh tnh, thng ly bng 1% cng sut nh mc .
2. Qu trnh nng lng trong my in mt chiu v cc phng trnh cn bng:
a. My pht in:
My pht in bin c nng thnh in nng nn my do mt ng c s cp bt k ko quay
vi mt tc nht nh .
Gi thit cng sut kch t do mt my khc cung cp nn khng tnh vo cng sut a t
ng c s cp vo my pht in. Cng sut c a vo P
1
, tiu hao i mt phn b vo tn hao
c Ap
c
v t hao st Ap
Fe
, cn i b phn bin i thnh cng sut in t P
t
.
Ta c :
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11
P
1
= P
t
+( Ap
c
+ Ap
Fe
) = P
t
+ P
o
(1-12)

P
t
= E
I

(1-13)

Khi c dng in chy trong dy dn th c tn hao ng nn cng sut in a ra P
2
bng :
P
2
= P
t
Ap
cu
= E

- I

2
R
= UI

( 1-14)

Gin nng lng :

Hnh 1-11. Gin nng lng ca my pht in mt chiu.

Chia 2 v ca phng trnh trn vi I
ta c :

U = E
- I
( 1-15)

y l phng trnh cn bng s.. ca my pht in 1 chiu
C th vit cng sut a vo, cng sut khng ti v cng sut in t theo dng mmen nhn
vi tc gc v nh vy cng thc ( 1- 12) vit thnh :

M
1
e = M
0
e + Me

Chia 2 v cho e ta c :
M
1
= M
0
+ M ( 1-16)

y l phng trnh cn bng mmen ca my pht in 1 chiu
Trong :
M
1
l mmen a vo
M l mmen in t
M
0
l mmen khng ti

b. ng c in:
ng c in ly cng sut in vo v truyn cng sut c ra u trc
Cng sut in m ng c nhn c t li vo bng :
P
1
= UI = U(I
+ I
t
) ( 1-17)

Trong :
I = I
+ I
t
l dng in t li in vo ( I
l dng in vo phn ng, I

t
l dng in kch
thch ) .
U l in p u cc my
Cng sut P
1
, mt phn cung cp cho mch kch thch UI
t
cn phn ln i vo phn ng UI
,
tiu hao mt t trn dy qun ng trn mch phn ng Ap
Cu.
, cn i b phn l cng sut in t
P
t
.

P
1
= Ap
Cu.
+ Ap
Cu.t
+ P
t
( 1-18)

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12
Cng sut in t sau khi chuyn thnh cng sut c th cn tiu hao mt t b vo tn hao
c Ap
c
v tn hao st Ap
Fe
( gi chung l tn hao khng ti P
o
). Phn cn li l cng sut a ra
u trc P
2
= M
2
e .

P
t
= Ap
c
+ Ap
Fe
+ P
2
= P
0
+ P
2
( 1- 19)

Gin nng lng nh hnh :

T cng thc ( 1-17 ) v ( 1-18 ) ta c cng sut in trong mch phn ng bng :

UI

= P
t
+ Ap
Cu.
= E
+ I
2
R
(1-20)

Chia 2 v cho I
ta c :

U = E
+ I
R

( 1-21)

y l phng trnh cn bng s.. ca ng c in 1 chiu
T cng thc (1-19) ta c th vit :

Me = M
0
e + M
2
e ( 1-22)

Chia 2 v cho e ta c :
M = M
0
+ M
2
( 1-23)

y l phng trnh cn bng mmen ca ng c in 1 chiu
Vi :
M
2
l mmen a ra u trc my
M
0
l mmen khng ti
IV. TNH CHT THUN NGHCH TRONG MY IN MT CHIU:
My in 1 chiu c th dng lm my pht in, cng c th dng lm ng c in. Trong my
pht in, chiu ca mmen in t v tc quay ngc nhau, cn dng in v s.. cng chiu .
Trong ng c in th mmen v tc quay cng chiu cn dng in v s.. ngc chiu nhau.
V vy ch cn c iu kin khch quan khc nhau th my s c tnh cht lm vic khc nhau.
Gi s my ang lm vic trng thi my pht :

R
U E
I

= ngha l E

> U . My sinh ra in t hm .
Nu ta gim t thng u hoc tc n gim E
xung mt cch thch ng th E
s nh hn
U v dng in I
s i chiu, E
v I
ngc chiu nhau. Do chiu ca t thng u khng i nn

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13
mmen in t ( M = C
M
uI
) s i du, ngha l M v n cng chiu v mmen in t t

mmen hm thnh mmen quay. My chuyn t my pht in sang ng c in. y l tnh
cht thun nghch ca my in. Tch ng c s cp ra ta s c 1 ng c in mt chiu thng
thng.

V D

V d 1: Mt my pht in 1 chiu lc quay khng ti tc n = 1000 vg/ph th s.. pht ra
bng E
0
= 222 V . Hi lc khng ti mun pht ra s.. nh mc
E
0.m
= 220 V th tc n
o.m
bng bao nhiu khi gi dng in kch t khng i ?

Gii

Gi dng in kch t khng i ngha l t thng u khng i
Theo cng thc ( 1-3) ta c :
m o m o e
e
m o
o
n
n
n C
n C
E
E
. . .
= =
u
u

Khi E
o.m
= 220 V th :
n
o.m
= n.
o
m o
E
E
.
= 1000. 990
222
220
= vg/ph

V d 2 : Mt ng c in 1 chiu kch thch song song, cng sut nh mc P
m
= 5,5 kW,
U
m
= 110 V, I
m
= 58 A ( tng dng in a vo bao gm dng in phn ng I
v kch t I
t
,
n
m
= 1470 vg/ph. in tr phn ng R
= 0,15 O , in tr mch kch t r

t
= 137 O , in p ging
trn chi than 2
tx
U A = 2 V. Hi s.. phn ng, dng in phn ng v mmen in t ?

Gii
Dng in kch t :
I
t
=
t
r
U
= 8 , 0
137
110
= A

Dng in phn ng :
I
= I
m
I
t
= 58 0,8 = 57,2 A
Sc in ng phn ng :

E
= U I
- 2
tx
U A = 110 ( 57,2 . 0,15 ) 2 = 99,4 V

Mmen in t :
M = 9 , 36
60
1470 . 2
2 , 57 . 4 , 99
60
2
= = =
t t
e
n
I E I E

N.m

Nu tnh ra kG.m th :
M = 76 , 3
81 , 9
9 , 36
= kG.m
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14
CU HI

1. Sc in ng trong my in 1 chiu ph thuc vo nhng yu t no ?
2. Phn tch gin nng lng ca my pht v ng c in 1 chiu , t a ra cc quan h
v cng sut, mmen, dng in v s.. ?
BI TP

1. Mt ng c in 1 chiu kch thch song song c cc s liu sau : U
m
= 220 V, R
= 0,4 O ,
I
m
= 52 A , r
t
= 110 O v tc khng ti n
o
= 1100 vg/ph . Hy tm :
- Sc in ng phn ng lc ti nh mc
- Tc lc ti nh mc
- Cng sut in t v mmen in t lc ti nh mc
Khi phn tch b qua dng in khng ti .
p s : E
.m
= 200 V
n
m
= 1000 vg/ph
P
t
= 10 kW , M
t
= 95,5 N.m
2. Mt ng c in 1 chiu kch thch song song c cc s liu sau :
P
m
= 96 kW, U
m
= 440 V, I
m
= 5 A, I
t
= 5 A, n
m
= 500 vg/ph, R
= 0,078 O. Tnh :
-Mmen nh mc u trc M
2

-Mmen in t khi dng in nh mc
-Tc quay lc khng ti k tng ( I = 0)
p s : M
2
= 1833,5 N.m
M
t
= 2007,7 N.m
n
o
= 523 vg/ph

3. Mt my pht in kch thch ngoi c U
m
= 220 V , n
m
= 1000vg/ph . Bit rng tc
n = 750 vg/ph th s.. lc khng ti E
o
= 176 V. Hi s.. v dng in phn ng lc ti nh mc
ca my l bao nhiu, bit in tr phn ng R
= 0,4 O.
p s : E
.m
= 234,6 V
I
.m
= 36,5 A

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15
1.3 MY PHT IN MT CHIU

I. I CNG:
Trong nn kinh t quc dn, nhiu ngnh sn xut nh luyn kim, ho cht, giao thng vn ti ...
i hi phi dng ngun in mt chiu, v ngy nay vn khng th thay th c dng in mt
chiu mc d vic dng dng in xoay chiu trong cng nghip rt ph bin. Thng thng
c ngun in mt chiu c th dng cc my pht in mt chiu quay bng cc ng c s cp nh
ng c in xoay chiu, ng c t trong, tuabin ...

Hnh 1-13. S nguyn l ca my pht in mt chiu

a. My pht in mt chiu kch thch c lp
b.My pht in mt chiu kch thch song song
c. My pht in mt chiu kch thch ni tip
d. My pht in mt chiu kch thch hn hp

Ty theo cch kch thch cc t chnh, my pht in mt chiu c phn loi nh sau :

1. My pht in mt chiu kch thch c lp : Bao gm my pht kch thch bng nam chm
vnh cu v my pht kch thch in t. Loi u ch c ch to vi cng sut nh. Loi th hai
c dy qun kch thch ly dng in t cquy, li in mt chiu hoc my pht in mt chiu
ph v c dng nhiu trong cc trng hp cn iu chnh in p trong phm vi rng, cng sut
ln, in p thp (4 24)V hoc in p cao trn 600 V.

2.My pht in mt chiu t kch thch : C dng in kch thch ly t bn thn my pht in.
Tu theo cch ni cc dy qun kch thch, ta c :
My pht in mt chiu kch thch song song
My pht in mt chiu kch thch ni tip
My pht in mt chiu kch thch hn hp
Trong mi trng hp, cng sut kch thch chim (0,3 5) % cng sut nh mc ca my.
Theo hnh (1-13) ta thy rng cc my pht kch thch song song v kch thch hn hp I= I
I
t

cn my pht kch thch ni tip I = I
= I
t
.
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16
II. CC C TNH CA MY PHT IN MT CHIU

My pht in mt chiu c 4 i lng c trng l U, I
, I
t
v n . Tr tc n c ng c
s cp gi khng i, ba i lng cn li : U, I
, I
t
l nhng i lng bin thin c lin h cht
ch vi nhau . Vi 3 i lng c th thnh lp 3 mi quan h c bn : U = f(I
) khi I
t
= C
te
; U =
f(I
t
) khi I
= C
te
v I
= f(I
t
) khi U = C
te
.

Da vo , khi nghin cu my pht in mt chiu ta c cc c tnh sau y :

1) c tnh khng ti U
o
= E
o
= f(I
t
) khi I= 0, n= C
te
.
2) c tnh ngn mch I
n
= f(I
t
) khi U= 0 , n= C
te
.
3) c tnh ngoi U = f(I) khi I
t
= C
te
, n= C
te
.
4) c tnh ti U = f(I
t
) khi I
= C
te
, n= C
te
.
5) c tnh iu chnh I
t
= f(I) khi U = C
te
, n= C
te
.

Trong nm c tnh trn th c tnh khng ti l trng hp c bit ca c tnh ti khi I

= 0 v
c tnh ngn mch l trng hp c bit ca c tnh iu chnh khi U=0 . Tt c 5 c tnh u
c th thnh lp c bng th nghim trc tip trn my pht in. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng
hp, n gin ch cn lm 2 th nghim khng ti v ngn mch, sau da vo tam gic c tnh
suy ra 3 c tnh cn li.
Di y ta s nghin cu chung cc c tnh khng ti, c tnh ngn mch v cch thnh lp tam
gic c tnh ca cc loi my pht in. V v c bn chng khng c g khc nhau. Cn cc c
tnh lm vic bao gm c tnh ngoi v c tnh iu chnh s c nghin cu ring bit i vi
tng loi my .

c tnh khng ti U
o
= E
o
= f(I
t
) khi I = 0, n = C
te
.

Lm th nghim cho my pht in lm vic tc n khng i , cu dao h mch khng
ni vi ti bn ngoi ( I = 0 ), o cc tr s I
t
v U tng ng ta s c c tnh khng ti .

Cn ch rng, i vi my pht in kch thch c lp, do c th i chiu dng in kch
thch nn ta c th v c ton b chu trnh tr i xng ABABA gia hai tr s gii hn ca dng
in kch thch I
tm
ng vi in p c ( 1,15 1,25)U
m
.

Hnh 1-14. c tnh khng ti ca my pht in mt chiu.

i vi my pht in t kch thch, do cc tnh u my ( chi than ) l c nh v khng
th thc hin c I
t
nn ta ch c th v c chu trnh ph ABA gia + I
tm
v 0 .
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on OB trn hnh (1-14) l s.. ng vi t d trong mch t ca my. S.. ny rt nh,
thng bng 2 3% U
m
nn ta c th b qua, v vy c tnh khng ti ca my pht in mt chiu
l ng trung bnh i qua gc to AOA biu th bng ng t nt. cng chnh l ng
cong t ho ca my pht in suy ra c khi tnh ton mch t ca my lc khng ti .

c tnh ngn mch I
n
= f(I
t
) khi U= 0 , n= C
te
.

Hnh 1-15. c tnh ngn mch
ca my pht in mt chiu

Trc ht cn ch rng c c tnh ngn mch tt c cc loi my pht in mt chiu u
phi c kch thch c lp. Nu em ni ngn mch cc chi than v cho my pht in lm vic
tc khng i ri o cc tr s I
t
v I tng ng ta c c tnh ngn mch. Khi ngn mch :
U = E

- I
= 0 => E

= I
R

Do R

rt nh, mt khc phi gi cho dng in I khi ln qu tr s (1,25 1,5)I
m
nn E
rt nh
v dng in kch thch I
t
tng ng cng rt nh . V I
t
nh nn mch t ca my khng bo ho
( = C
te
) , E
I
t
do I I
t
v c tnh ngn mch l mt ng thng. Nu my c kh
t d th ng thng ny i qua gc to ( ng 1 trn hnh 1-15 ). Nu my cha c kh t
d ta s c ng 2 . c c tnh ngn mch tiu chun ta v ng thng song song vi ng 2
qua gc ta .

Tam gic c tnh
Nu thnh lp tam gic c tnh trn h ta chung c trc honh I
t
, ta v cc c tnh khng
ti ( ng 1 ) v c tnh ngn mch (ng 2) nh hnh (1-16) .

Hnh 1-16. Xy dng tam gic c tnh
trong trng hp phn ng phn ng kh t
I

I
t

1
2
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18

Gi s rng khi ngn mch trong phn ng c dng in I
m
tng ng vi dng in kch
thch I
t
= OC. Dng in kch thch dnh mt phn OD sinh ra s.. khc phc in p ri trn
in tr phn ng I
m
R
= AD = BC ; phn cn li DC = AB dng khc phc phn ng phn ng

lc ngn mch. Tam gic ABC gi l tam gic c tnh c cnh BC t l vi dng in phn ng I v
cnh AB trong iu kin mch t khng bo ho t l vi phn ng phn ng ( ngha l cng t l vi
dng in I ) .
ln ca cnh AB ph thuc vo loi my v ln nht my in 1 chiu khng c dy
qun b v cc t ph. my c dy qun b v cc t ph th phn ng phn ng hu nh b trit
tiu ( cnh AB ~0 ). my in 1 chiu kch thch hn hp, dy qun ni tip c tc dng tr t v
nu s.t. ca n ln hn AB , ngha l ngoi phn s.t. trit tiu nh hng ca phn ng cn s.t.
tr t th cnh AB s nm v pha bn phi ca BC ( hnh 1-17 ) .

Hnh 1-17. Xy dng tam gic c tnh
trong trng hp phn ng phn ng tr t

1. c tnh lm vic ca my pht in mt chiu kch thch c lp
a. c tnh ngoi U = f(I) khi I
t
= C
te
, n= C
te
.
Khi I tng, in p ri trn dy qun phn ng tng. Mt khc, do phn ng phn ng tng theo
I nn s.. E gim. Kt qu l in p U u my pht in gim xung.
Dng ca c tnh ngoi ca my pht in kch thch c lp c trnh by trn hnh (1-18) .

Hnh 1-18. c tnh ngoi ca my pht in
mt chiu kch thch c lp

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19
Hiu s in p lc khng ti v lc ti nh mc vi iu kin dng in kch t bng dng
in kch t nh mc c quy nh l bin i in p nh mc :
100 %
m
m o
m
U
U U
U = A
my pht in mt chiu kch thch c lp AU
m
= 5 15% .
Nh ni trn, c tnh ngoi c th c c bng th nghim trc tip hoc bng phng
php gin tip da vo c tnh khng ti v tam gic c tnh nh trnh by trn hnh (1-19). Hy
cho c tnh khng ti ca my v on OP = I
t
= C
te
, on PP ng vi I
t
cho biu th in p
U = E

lc khng ti E
o
( I = 0 ) v xc nh im xut pht D ca c tnh ngoi. t tam gic ABC
c cnh AB, BC theo t l ng vi I= I
m
sao cho im A nm trn c tnh khng ti v cnh BC
trn ng thng ng PP th on PC s l in p khi I = I
m
v tng ng ta c im D v gc
phn t th hai .
chng minh ta thy rng, nu U = PC th E
= U + I
m
R
= PC+ CB = BP = AQ . Lc khng
ti c E
= AQ cn c dng in kch thch t I

t (o)
= OQ ; khi c ti nh mc phi tng dng in
kch thch ln mt lng AI
t
= QP = AB b li s kh t ca phn ng phn ng. Ton dng in
kch thch lc ny ng l :
I
t
= I
t (o)
+ AI
t
= OQ + QP = OP nh cho trc .
Nu I =
2
1
I
m
th tam gic c tnh c cc cnh bng mt na cnh ca tam gic ABC. Cng
lm nh trn ta s xc nh c im D. Tip tc theo trnh t trn, ta xc nh c mt s im
khc ng vi cc tr s khc nhau ca dng in I. Ni cc im D, D, D ... li ta c c tnh
ngoi U = f(I) khi I
t
= C
te
, n = C
te
. Trn thc t do nh hng ca bo ho, khi I tng v U gim,
cnh AB ca tam gic c tnh khng cn t l vi I nn ng c tnh ngoi thu c bng th
nghim trc tip hi lch i theo ng t nt trn hnh (1-19) .

Hnh 1-19. Xy dng c tnh ngoi ca my pht in kch thch
c lp t c tnh khng ti v tam gic c tnh.
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im ng vi U = 0 ca c tnh ngoi cho ta tr s ca dng in ngn mch khi kch thch hon
ton y . V R
rt b, dng in ngn mch I

n
= (5 15)I
m
v rt nguy him c th gy vng la
trn vnh gp v ng lc in ng rt ln do phi trang b my ct t ng cc nhanh tch my
pht in ra khi li khi xy ra ngn mch t nhin. Ch rng bin php ny khng bo v c
khi xy ra ngn mch bn trong my

b. c tnh iu chnh I
t
= f(I) khi U = C
te
, n= C
te
.

c tnh iu chnh cho ta bit cn iu chnh dng in kch thch th no gi cho in p
u ra ca my pht khng i khi thay i ti. ng biu din c tnh iu chnh trn hnh (1-20)
cho thy khi ti tng cn phi tng dng in kch thch sao cho b c in p ri trn I
v nh
hng ca phn ng phn ng . T khng ti ( U= Um ) tng n ti nh mc (I = Im ) thng
phi tng dng in kch thch ln 15 25% .

Phng php dng c tnh iu chnh bng c tnh khng ti v tam gic c tnh c trnh by
trn hnh 1-21 .

Hnh 1-21.Xy dng c tnh iu chnh ca my pht in
kch thch c lp t c tnh khng ti v tam gic c tnh

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21

Vi tr s xc nh ca U
o
= U
m
= MP , khi I = 0 ta c im M ng vi dng in kch thch
I
t
= OM. Nu t tam gic c tnh ABC ng vi ti nh mc I
m
sao cho nh A nm trn c tnh
khng ti v nh C nm trn ng thng FC ( ng vi U = U
m
= C
te
) v h ng thng BN th
on ON cho ta tr s dng in kch thch ti nh mc. Vic chng minh c tin hnh tng t
nh trng hp dng c tnh ngoi mc a. tm nhng im khc ta k nhng on thng AC,
AC ,...song song vi cnh AC, nm gia c tnh khng ti v ng thng CF sau h nhng
ng thng ng ct trc honh ti N , N ...Cc on ON, ON, ...s biu th cc dng in kch
thch ng vi cc tr s ca dng in i xc nh bng t s gia cc on AC, AC, ... vi cnh
huyn AC .
Do nh hng ca bo ho, ng c tnh iu chnh thu c bng th nghim trc tip c
dng theo ng t nt trn hnh (1-21) .
2. c tnh ca my pht in mt chiu kch thch song song
My pht in mt chiu kch thch song song c dy qun kch thch c ni song song vi
dy qun phn ng c th t sinh ra dng in kch thch cn thit m khng cn ngun in bn
ngoi.
Ta bit, khi my ngng hot ng, trong li thp cc t, gng t cn li t d. Nu h
mch kch thch ( I
t
=0 ) v quay my pht in n tc nh mc, do c t thng d trong dy
qun phn ng s cm ng c sut in ng E v trn cc my s to ra mt in p
U = (2 3)%U
m
. Nu ni kn mch kch thch th trong n s c dng in I
t
=
t
r
U
vi r
t
l in tr
ca mch kch thch. Kt qu l sinh ra s.. I
t
w
t
. Nu sut in ng ny sinh ra t thng c chiu
trng vi t thng d th my s uc tng kch t, in p u cc s tng v c tip tc nh vy
my s tip tc t kch thch c. Nu t thng sinh ra ngc chiu vi t d th my s b kh t,
khng th t kch v to ra in p c .

thy r qu trnh to ra in p ca my pht in kch thch song song ta vit phng
trnh in p cho mch vng kn bao gm dy qun kch thch v dy qun phn ng. B qua phn
ng phn ng rt nh sinh ra bi dng in I
t
khi chy qua dy qun phn ng v gi s rng h s
t cm ca dy qun kch thch I
t
= C
te
, c th b qua R
v n rt nh so vi r
t
, ta c :

E
dt
di
L i r
t
t t t
= + ( 1-24)

vi iu kin ban u t = 0 , i
t
= 0 .

Theo biu thc trn, s.. cm ng sinh ra trong dy qun phn ng ph thuc vo dng in
kch thch i
t
v tc quay n ca my . Nu gi thit n = C
te
th E = f(I
t
) , y chnh l c tnh khng
ti ca my pht in .

Phng trnh vi phn (1-24) c th gii trn my tnh hoc tnh bng phng php gn ng .
mun tnh bng phng php gn ng th phi biu th c tnh khng ti cho bit ca my bng
biu thc gii tch c dng :

n
t n t o
i a i a a E + + + = ...
1
1
(1-25)

vi 0 >
o
a , chnh l s.. E
d
do t thng d sinh ra
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Gii h phng trnh (1-24), (1-25) ta c s bin i ca dng in i
t
t i
t
= 0 n tr s xc
lp i
t
= I
t
. Khi dng in t n tr s xc lp I
t
th 0 =
dt
di
t
v in p to ra u my bng :

r
t
I
t
= E = U
o
(1-26)
T phng trnh (1-24), (1-25) ta thy iu kin c nghim (hay iu kin my t kch
v to ra c in p) l :

- Khi i
t
= 0 tr s 0 =
o
a ngha l my phi c t d v nu khng phng trnh (1-24) khng
c li gii no khc i
t
= 0, ni khc i l my khng th t kch thch c .
- Chiu quay ca my pht phi theo chiu nht nh sinh ra dng in i
t
> 0 v nu i
t
< 0
s lm cho E = 0, phng trnh (1-24) khng c li gii v my khng th t kch c .
- Nu r
t
qu ln, dng in I
t
xc lp s rt nh, in p xc lp bng E
d
ca my .
in p U
o
thnh lp c u my theo biu thc (1-26) cng c th tm trn hnh (1-22)
v chnh l giao im M ng vi tr s i
t
= I
t
ca c tnh khng ti v ng thng 1 biu th
quan h U= i
t
r
t
.

Hnh 1-22. in p xc lp ca my pht kch thch song song
ng vi cc tr s khc nhau ca r
t

T hnh (1-22) ta thy rng khi i
t
< I
t
th o hm :

t t
t
t
i r E
dt
di
L = > 0

V dng in i
t
tng, kt qu l my s t kch thch c n in p ng vi giao im M
0 =
dt
di
L
t
t
v dng in kch thch c tr s xc lp bng I
t
.

Nu r
t
tng th ng U = i
t
r
t
c dc ln hn ( ng 2), in p thnh lp s nh hn. Tr s
r
t
ng vi ng 3 trng vi on thng ca c tnh khng ti gi l in tr ti hn r
t(th)
, khi
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in p u my pht s khng n nh. Nu r
t
> r
t(th)
ta c ng thng 4 v in p u my bng
s.. E
d
, hay my khng th t kch c .
Do tnh cht bo ho ca mch t , bng cch tng r
t
ta c th iu chnh c in p xc lp
u my n tr s nh nht U
min
= (0,65 0,75)U
m
. Trong trng hp cn iu chnh trong phm vi
rng ng vi Um:U
min
= 5:1 ( hoc 10:1) cn phi un cong on u ca c tnh khng ti
(hnh 1-23). Mun vy, phi lm cho mch t sm bo ho bng cch x rnh cc t .

Hnh 1-23. Un cong phn thng ca c tnh khng ti
ca my pht in mt chiu

a. c tnh ngoi U = f(I) khi r
t
= C
te
, n= C
te
.

Hnh 1-24. c tnh ngoi ca my pht in mt chiu
kch thch song song (2) v kch thch c lp (1)

Khi tng ti, in p ca my pht in kch thch song song gim nhiu hn in p ca my
pht in kch thch c lp v ngoi nh hng ca phn ng phn ng v in p ri trn R
nh
trong my pht in kch thch c lp, trong my pht in kch thch song song vi s.. E cn
gim theo dng in kch t I
t
. V vy m thay i in p kch thch song song cng ln hn,
thng % 12 10 = A
m
U .
im c bit ca my pht kch thch song song l dng in ti ch tng n mt tr s nht
nh I = I
th
, sau nu tip tc gim r
t
ca ti mch ngoi th I khng tng m gim nhanh n tr
s I
o
xc nh bi t d ca my in v ng vi im P .
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S d nh vy l do my lm vic trong tnh trng khng bo ho ng vi on thng ca ng
cong t ho, dng I
t
gim lm cho E, U gim rt nhanh. in p U gim nhanh hn I
t
lm cho dng
in ti I gim n tr s I
o
. Nh vy, s c ngn mch u my pht kch thch song song khng
gy nguy him nh trng hp my pht kch thch c lp.
Cch thnh lp c tnh ngoi t c tnh khng ti v tam gic c tnh tin hnh nh my
pht kch thch c lp . iu khc c bn l my pht kch thch c lp I
t
= const, cn y I
t

ph thuc vo U v ng U = r
t
I
t
l ng OP qua gc ta (hnh 1-25) .

Hnh 1-25. Xy dng c tnh ngoi ca my pht in mt chiu
kch thch song song bng c tnh khng ti v tam gic c tnh

Tam gic c tnh ABC y s tnh tin trong vng gii hn gia c tnh khng ti v ng
OP, trong khi my pht kch thch c lp, trong vng gii hn gia c tnh khng ti v ng
thng ng PP ( hnh 1-19) .

b. c tnh iu chnh I
t
= f(I) khi U = C
te
, n= C
te
.
c tnh iu chnh ca my pht kch thch song song ging nh my pht kch thch c lp.
Bi v, i vi bn thn my pht vic iu chnh dng in kch thch gi in p khng i khi
ti thay i khng ph thuc vo vic dng in kch thch c ly t u - t mt ngun khc bn
ngoi hay t u cc ca my. iu cn ch l my pht kch thch song song khi tng ti, in
p st nhu hn nn mc tng dng in kch thch phi nhiu hn, do c tnh iu chnh s
dc hn
3. c tnh ca my pht in mt chiu kch thch ni tip:

Trong my pht kch thch ni tip, dy qun kch thch c mc ni tip vi dy qun phn
ng . Cng v vy m s vng dy ca dy qun kch thch t hn nhiu so vi s vng dy ca dy
qun kch thch ca my pht kch thch song song, nhng tit din ca dy ln hn mt cch tng
ng .
My pht kch thch ni tip thuc loi t kch thch, cn phi c t d v phi c quay theo
chiu quy nh t thng ban u trng vi t d, hn na mch ngoi phi khp kn qua 1 in
tr, ni khc i l my ch c kch thch khi c ti. V I
t
= I
r
= I nn khi n= C
te
ch cn 2 i lng
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bin i l U v I. Do my pht in ny ch c 1 c tnh ngoi U = f(I) , cn cc c tnh khc
ch c th thnh lp c theo s kch thch c lp .
c tnh ngoi (ng cong 2) v phng php suy t tam gic c tnh c trnh by trn
hnh 1-26.

Hnh 1-26. c tnh ngoi ca
my pht in mt chiu kch thch ni tip

Trn hnh, ng cong 1 l c tnh khng ti, ng 3 l quan h IR
= f(I) .
Tnh tin tam gic c tnh ABC ng vi I
m
n v tr ABC sao cho A nm trn c tnh khng
ti th C s nm trn c tnh ngoi. Thay i cc cnh ca tam gic c tnh ng vi tr s dng
in I v tin hnh tng t nh trn ta c ton b ng c tnh ngoi .
T c tnh ngoi ta thy in p ca my pht kch thch ni tip thay i rt nhiu theo ti nn
thc t loi my ny rt t c s dng .
4. c tnh ca my pht in mt chiu kch thch hn hp

My pht in kch thch hn hp c ng thi hai dy qun kch thch song song v ni tip
cho nn trong n tp hp cc tnh cht ca 2 loi my ny. Tu theo cch ni, s.. ca hai dy qun
kch thch c th cng chiu hoc ngc chiu nhau .

Trng hp sau rt t gp v ch p dng vi nhng mc ch c bit (nh my pht hn).
Khi ni thun hai dy qun hai dy qun kch thch, dy qun song song ng vai tr chnh cn dy
qun ni tip ng vai tr b li tc dng ca phn ng phn ng v in p ri trn R
, nh m
my c kh nng iu chnh t ng c in p trong 1 phm vi ti nht nh .

a. c tnh ngoi U = f(I) khi n= C
te

Hnh 1-27. c tnh ngoi ca my pht in
mt chiu kch thch hn hp
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Hnh 1-27 trnh by c tnh ngoi ca my pht kch thch hn hp. Khi ni thun, in p
u cc c gi hu nh khng i (ng 2) . Trng hp b tha in p s tng khi ti tng
(ng 1 ). iu ny c ngha c bit khi cn b hao ht in p trn ng dy ti in gi
cho in p h tiu th in khng i .
Nu ni ngc 2 dy qun kch thch, khi ti tng, in p s gim nhanh hn my pht kch
thch song song (ng 3 v 4) .
Phng php dng c tnh ngoi t c tnh khng ti v tam gic c tnh ging trng hp
my pht kch thch song song.

Hnh 1-28. Xy dng c tnh ngoi ca my pht in mt chiu
kch thch hn hp bng c tnh khng ti v tam gic c tnh

Trn hnh (1-28), ng cong 1 biu th c tnh khng ti, ng 2 quan h U = I
t
r
t
v
ng 3 - in p ri trn in tr phn ng I
. Tam gic c tnh trn hnh ng vi trng hp

b tha (xem hnh 1-17). Cho A
1
B
1
C
1
l tam gic c tnh ng vi
2
m
I
I = . Tnh tin A
1
B
1
C
1
theo
ng thng 2 sao cho nh C
1
chim v tr C
1
trn ng thng 2 v nh A
1
chim v tr A
1
trn
ng 1 th on CG
1
= D
1
E
1
l in p ng vi dng in ti bng
2
m
I
. Nu ABC l tam gic c
tnh ng vi I = I
m
th tng t ta c CG = DE l in p ng vi ti nh mc . Nu nh C trng
vi M giao im ca ng cong 1 v ng thng 2 th U
m
= U
o
. Khi cn b in p ri trn
ng dy ti in gi cho h dng in nhn c in p nh mc phi tng cng dy qun
kch thch ni tip sao cho in p u cc my pht bng on DE ng vi c tnh ngoi c dng
theo ng nt t .

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b. c tnh iu chnh I
t
= f(I) khi U = C
te
, n= C
te
.
c tnh iu chnh ca my pht kch thch hn hp trnh by trn hnh 1-29, trongh ng
cong 1 l c tnh iu chnh khi ni thun hai dy qun kch thch v b bnh thng, ng cong
2 b tha v ung cong 3 khi ni ngc .

Hnh 1-29. c tnh iu chnh ca my pht in mt chiu
kch thch hn hp

III. MY PHT IN MT CHIU LM VIC SONG SONG
Nhng my pht in c ghp lm vic cng mt ng dy phn phi in nng l mt
i hi thc t nhm bo m an ton cung cp in v s dng kinh t nht cc my pht. Vi mt
h thng my pht nh vy, v d khi ti gim, mt hoc mt s my pht s ngng hot ng cc
my pht cn li lm vic vi cng sut nh mc, do hiu sut s cao. l s lm vic song
song ca cc my pht.
Di y ta s xt cc iu kin cn thit ghp cc my pht lm vic song song v s
phn phi cng nh chuyn cng sut gia cc my pht .

1. iu kin lm vic song song ca my pht in mt chiu
Gi s c hai my pht in mt chiu I v II, trong my I lm vic vi mt ti I no .
Mun ghp my pht II vo lm vic song song vi my pht I cn phi gi ng nhng iu kin
sau :
- iu kin cng cc tnh, ngha l phi ni cc dng ca my II vo cc dng ca thanh gp
v cc m vo cc m ca thanh gp .
- S.. ca my pht II phi bng in p U ca thanh gp.
- Nu nhng my lm vic song song thuc loi my pht kch thch hn hp th cn c iu
kin th 3 : ni dy cn bng gia cc im m v n nh hnh (1-30) .

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Hnh 1-30. My pht in mt chiu lm vc song song :
a) my pht kch thch song song; b) my pht kch thch hn hp
iu kin th nht cn phi m bo tht cht ch, v nu khng, sau khi ng cu dao ghp
sonh song hai my pht I v II s b ni ni tip nhau thnh mch kn khng qau in tr ca ti, gy
nn tnh trng ngn mch ca c 2 my. Nu iu kin th 2 khng tho mn th sau khi ghp vo,
my II hoc phi nhn ti t ngt (nu E > U) v lm cho in p ca li in thay i hoc lm
vic theo ch ng c (nu E < U). S cn thit ca iu kin th 3 c th gii thch nh sau : nu
khng c dy cn bng th sau khi ghp song song nu t nhin v mt l do no tc ca 1
trong 2 my , v d ca my I tng th s.. E
1
tng do I
1
tng. V cc dy qun kch thch song
song v ni tip ca my pht kch thch hn hp thng c ni thun nn khi I
1
tng, E
1
cng
tng v c tip tc nh vy khin cho my I s ginh ly ht ti v b qu ti, ng thi buc my II
gim dn ti v chuyn t ch my pht sang ch ng c. Nu c dy cn bng th s trnh
c hin tng trn, v dng in phn ng ca my I tng s c phn phi cho dy qun kch
thch ni tip ca c 2 my khin cho s.. ca c 2 my u tng .

2. Phn phi v chuyn ti gia cc my pht in:
Sau khi ghp my pht in II lm vic song song vi my pht in I , do E
2
= U nn my II
cha tham gia pht in v ton b ti vn do my I m nhim (I
1
= I , I
2
= 0). Lc c tnh
ngoi ca 2 my pht in c trnh by nh cc ng 1 v 2 trn hnh (1-31) .

Hnh 1-31. Phn phi ti gia cc my pht in

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Mun my II nhn ti phi tng E
2
> U v nh vy c tnh ngoi ca n s tnh tin ln trn
(ng nt t 2 ). V dng in ti tng I bn ngoi khng i nn mun gi cho in p U ca
mng in khng i th cng vi vic tng E
2
phi ng thi gim thch ng E
1
sao cho c tnh
ngoi ca my I tnh tin xung di n v tr thch ng (ng t nt 1 ), sao cho in p U =
C
te
ta c I
1
+ I
2
= I. Vic thay i E
1
v E
2
c thc hin bng cch thay i cc dng in kch
thch t I
t1
v I
t2
ca mi my hoc bng cch thay i tc quay ca cc ng c s cp ko cc
my pht . Trong thc t vn hnh, ngi ta thng dng phng php thay i dng in kch
thch phn phi li ti gia cc my pht. Tuy nhin c 2 phng php trn u khin cho cng
sut ca ng c thay i v lc b iu chnh ca chng s tc ng lm thay i lng nhin
liu a vo cc ng c s cp .
Nh vy nu mun chuyn ti hon ton t my pht I sang my pht II ch vic tip tc tng
E
2
v gim E
1
ng thi cho n khi E
1
= U. lc my pht II hon ton m nhim ti (I
2
= I) v
c th tch my I ra khi li in. Ch rng nu gim I
t1
qu nhiu th E
1
< U v my I s lm
vic ch ng c in tiu th cng sut in ly t my pht II. Nu ng c s cp l ng c
nhit hoc ng c thu lc th khng cho php lm vic ch , v s gy h hng ng c s
cp. Vic iu chnh cc dng in kch thch I
t1
v I
t2
phi tin hnh rt chm v lin tc v mt s
thay i nh ca cc dng in s lm cho dng in I
1
v I
2
thay i rt nhiu .
T hnh (1-31) ta thy rng khi lm vic song song trong iu kin lc khng ti s.. E bng
nhau v kch thch t khng i, th lc c ti my pht in no c c tnh ngoi cng ( dc
nh) s nhn nhiu ti (trng hp my I). Ngc li, my pht in c c tnh ngoi mm ( dc
ln) s nhn t ti (trng hp my II). Tnh trng lm vic nh vy khng li, v vy li dng tt
cng sut my cn phi m bo cho c tnh ngoi ca cc my pht in mt chiu lm vic song
song biu th trong h n v tng i hon ton trng nhau. Trong trng hp ti s lun lun
t ng phn phi gia cc my pht theo t l cng sut .

V D

V d 1 : cho mt my pht in mt chiu kch thch song song 25 kW, 1800 vg/ph,
R
= 0,09 O, in p ging trn chi than AU

tx
= 2 V, phn ng phn ng lc ti y (I
= I
m
, b
qua I
t
) tng ng vi dng in I
t
= 0,05 A . ng cong t ho ng vi tc nh mc nh sau

I
t
(A) 1 1,5 2 3 4 5 6
U
o
(V) 134 180 209 237 256 268 279

Tnh :
a.in tr ca mch kch t r
t
.
b.in p khng ti (in tr mch kch t gi khng i) .

Gii
a. Khi ti y :
I
m
= I
=
230
2500
= 108,7 A

E
= U + I
= 230 + 108,7. 0,09 +2 = 241,8 V

T ng cong t ho suy ra : I
t
= 3,25 A.
Tuy nhin khc phc phn ng phn ng, tn thc t ta phi c :
I
t
= 3,25 + 0,05 = 3,3 A
Vy : r
t
= 6 , 69
3 , 3
230
'
= =
t
I
U
O

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b. in p lc khng ti U
o
l giao im ca ng thng U
o
= r
t
I
t
= 69,6 I
t
v c tnh khng ti.
Bng phng php v ta suy ra giao im ng vi I
t
= 3,56 A v U
o
= 247,6 V.

V d 2 : cho mt my pht in kch thch c lp c cc s liu lc ti y U = 220 V, I
t
= 2,5
A = C
te
, I
= 10 A, n = 1000 vg/ph. s vng dy ca dy qun kch thch w

t
= 850 .
ng cong t ho 750 vg/ph c cc tr s :

I
t
(A) 1,0 1,6 2 2,5 2,6 3 3,6 4,4
U
o
(V) 78 120 150 176 180 193,5 206 225

Tnh :
a. in p khng ti n = 1000 vg/ph
b. S ampe-vng kh t ca phn ng phn ng khi ti y .
c. in p u cc khi qu ti 25%.

Gii

a. V s.. t l vi tc nn :
750
1000
) 750 (
) 1000 (
=
E
E

E
(1000)
= 176 235
750
1000
= V

b. Sc in ng ca my pht khi ti y tc 1000 vg/ph :
E
= U + I
= 220 + 10. 0,4 = 224 V

tc 750 vg/ph :
E
(750)
= 168
1000
224
750 = V
T ng cng t ho ta tm c ng in kch t tng ng I
t
= 2,35 A.

Vy s ampe-vng kh t bng :
850.(2,5 - 2,35) = 127,5 A.vg

c. Khi qu ti 25 % phn ng phn ng s tng 25% tng ng :
I
t
= (2,5 2,35).1,25 = 0,1875 A

Dng in kch thch c hiu qu bng :
I
t
= 2,5 - 0,1875 = 2,315 A

T ng cong t ho suy ra E
(750)
= 165 V .
Do :
E
(1000)
= 220
750
165
1000 = V
in p u cc s bng :
U = E I
= 220 (10.1,25).0,4 = 215 V

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31
CU HI :

1. Khi ly c tnh khng ti, trong qu trnh tng in p, c nn gim dng in kch t ri tng
tip tc khng ? Ti sao?
2. Vi mt in tr nh hn in tr ti hn r
t(th)
nu n < n
m
th trong qa trnh t kch thch ca
my pht in kch thch song song, in p u cc ca my s ra sao. Trong trng hp nh th
no my s khng th t kch c ?
3. Gii thch v sao cc c tnh suy ra t tam gic c tnh hi khc cc c tnh c c t th
nghim trc tip v c dng nh cc ng nt t trn hnh v ?
4. Tm cc nguyn nhn khin my pht in kch thch song song khng t kch v to ra c
in p ?
5. Nu my pht in kch thch song song khng t kch thch c do mt t d th gii quyt
nh th no to ra c in p .
6. Khi ti chung khng i nu tng kch thch ca my pht in I m khng gim kch thch
ca my pht in II lm vic song song vi my pht in I th ti s phn phi li gia 2 my nh
th no ? in p ca li lc ra sao ?
BI TP
1. Cho 1 my pht in mt chiu c P
m
= 215 kW, U
m
= 115 V v n = 450 vg/ph. in tr ca
dy qun phn ng v cc t ph bng 0,002 O , 2 2 = A
tx
U V . Cc s liu ca c tnh khng ti
v c tnh ngn mch nh sau :

I
t
(A) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
U
o
(V) 49 87 108 119,3 125,2 129,5 135

I
t
(A) 0 6
I
nm
(A) 0 I
m

a. V tam gic ngn mch
b. Dng kch thch ngoi sao cho my y ti U = U
m
, I = I
m
, n = n
m
. Nu b ti i, tnh % U A ?

c. Dng kch thch ngoi khin cho khi khng ti U = U
m
gi I
t
= C
te
th khi I = I
m
, % U A bng bao
nhiu ?
p s : b. 10 %
c. 18,2 %.

2. Hai my pht in kch thch song song c cc s liu sau :

My P
m
(kW) U
o
(V) N (vg/ph) U
m

I 20 1000 230 210
II 15 1200 240 210

Gi s quan h U = f(I) l ng thng . Tnh :
a. Cng sut ca mi my khi ti tng l 20kW v in p lc ?
b. Ti tng ln nht vi iu kin khng my no b qu ti ?
p s : a. P
1
= P
2
= 10 kW ; U = 220 V
b. 5 3
= P kW

3. Cho hai my pht in mt chiu lm vic song song vi ti tng P = 100 kW . Sc in ng ca
chng E
1
= 250 V, E
2
= 248 V, dng kch t I
t1
= I
t2
= 21 A . in tr ca dy qun phn ng R
1
=
R
2
= 0,05 O . Hy xc nh in p chung v cng sut ca mi my .
p s :U= 237,42
P
1
= 45,25 kW
P
2
= 54,75 kW
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32
1.4 M MY V IU CHNH TC
NG C IN MT CHIU

I. M my ng c in mt chiu
m my ng c in mt chiu c tt, phi thc hin c nhng yu cu sau:
+ Mmen m my (hay khi ng) M
k
phi c tr s cao nht c th c hon thnh qu trnh
m my, ngha l t c tc quy nh trong thi gian ngn nht.
+ Dng m my (hay khi ng ) I
k
phi c hn ch n mc nh nht trnh cho dy
qun khi b chy hoc nh hng n i chiu.

Trong khun kh nhng yu cu trn, ngi ta p dng 3 phng php m my sau y :

a. M my trc tip (U= U
m
)
b. M my nh bin tr
c. M my bng in p thp (U < U
m
)

Trong tt c mi trng hp, khi m my bao gi cng phi m bo c
max
u ngha l trc
khi ng ng c vo ngun in, bin tr iu chnh dng in kch thch phi v tr ng vi tr s
nh nht sau khi ng cu dao ng c c kch thch ti mc ti a v theo biu thc (1-6)
mmen ng vi mi tr s ca dng in I
lun lun ln nht. Hn na phi m bo khng xy

ra t mch kch thch v trong trng hp 0 = u , M = 0, ng c khng quay c, do
E
= 0 v theo biu thc (1-21) dng in I
s rt ln lm chy vnh gp v dy qun .

Khi m my, chiu quay ca ng c in mt chiu ph thuc vo chiu ca mmen. thay
i chiu ca mmen c th dng 2 phng php l : i chiu dng in trong phn ng hoc i
chiu t thng, c th l dng in kch thch. Vic c th thc hin c bng cch trao i cch
ni cc u dy qun phn ng hoc cc u dy qun kch thch trc lc m my. Vn i
chiu quay ca ng c in lc ang quay v nguyn tc cng c th thc hin c bng c 2
phng php trn.

Tuy nhin, trn thc t ch c dng phng php i chiu dng in phn ng I
v dy
qun kch thch c nhiu vng dy do h s t cm L
t
rt ln v vic thay i chiu dng in
kch thch dn n s xut hin s.. t cm rt cao, gy ra qu in p nh thng cch in ca dy
qun kch thch .

Sau y ta xt cc phng php m my ng c in mt chiu :

1. M my trc tip:
Phng php ny c thc hin bng cch ng thng ng c in vo ngun. Nh vy lc
rto cha quay s.. E
= 0 v dng in qua phn ng bng :

I
R
U
R
E U
=

V trong thc t R
*
= 0,02 0,1 nn vi in p nh mc U
*
= 1 dng in I
s rt ln v
bng (5 10) I
m
cho nn phng php m my trc tip ch p dng c cho cc ng c in c
cng sut vi trm ot. c my ny R

tng i ln do khi m my I s (4 6) I
m
. Trong
nhng trng hp c bit mi cho php m my trc tip i vi nhng ng c c cng sut vi
kW .

2. M my nh bin tr:
trnh nguy him cho ng c v dng in m my qu ln, ngi ta dng bin tr m
my R
k
, gm c 1 s in tr ni tip khc nhau v t trn mch phn ng (hnh 1-32).
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33

Hnh 1-32. S m my ng c in mt chiu
kch thch song song bng bin tr.

Nh vy trong qu trnh m my ta c :

ki
i
R R
E U
I
+
= vi i l ch s ng vi th t cc bc ca in tr .

Bin tr m my c tnh sao cho dng in m my I
k
= (1,4 1,7)I
m
i vi cc ng c
ln v I
k
= (2 2,5)I
m
i vi cc ng c nh. Trc lc m my tip im T nm ti v tr O v
con chy ca bin tr mch kch thch v tr b ( r
c
= 0). Khi bt u m my, gt T v v tr 1.
Nh cung ng M, dy qun kch thch c t di ton b in p v t thng c tr s cc i
max
u = u . Nu mmen do ng c in sinh ra ln hn mmen cn (M > M
c
) rto bt u quay v
s.. s tng t l vi tc quay n . Do s xut hin v tng ln ca E, dng in phn ng I
s
gim theo, M gim khin n tng chm hn (hnh 1-33).

Hnh 1-33. Cc quan h I, M v n i vi thi gian
khi m my ng c

Khi I
gim n tr s (1,1 1,3)I

m
ta gt T n v tr 2. V mt bc in tr b loi tr, I
lp
tc tng n gii hn trn ca n ko theo M, n, E tng. Sau I, M li gim theo quy lut trn. Ln
lt chuyn T n cc v tr 3, 4, 5. Qu trnh trn c lp li cho n khi my t n tc n = n
m

th R
k
cng c loi tr hon ton v ng c lm vic vi ton b in p.

S bin thin ca M, I, n trong qu trnh m my trnh by trn hnh (1-33) cho thy mi khi
loi mt bc in tr, I v M tng vi hng s thi gian T
~0 v h s t cm ca phn ng rt b.
Tri li s gim dn ca I v M xy ra chm chp v ph thuc vo s tng s.. E hay tc n,
ngha l ph thuc vo hng s thi gian T
c
rt ln ca c khi quay .
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34
S bc ca in tr m my v in tr ca mi bc c thit k sao cho dng in m my
cc i v cc tiu mi bc u nh nhau m bo cho qu trnh m my c tt nht .
3. M my bng in p thp (U
k
< U
m
)
Phng php ny i hi phi dng 1 ngun in c lp c th iu chnh in p c
cung cp cho phn ng ca ng c, trong khi mch kch thch phi c t di in p
U = U
m
ca 1 ngun khc .
y l phng php thng dng hn c trong vic m my cc ng c in cng sut ln
ngoi ra cn kt hp vi vic iu chnh tc bng cch thay i in p.

II. iu chnh tc ng c in mt chiu

T biu thc E = C
e u
n => n =
u
=
u
e

e
C
R I U
C
E
(1-27)

m M = C
M u
I
nn ta c :

n =
2
u
u
e M
e
C C
M R
C
U
(1-28)

T biu thc (1-28) ta thy rng vic iu chnh tc ca ng c in mt chiu c th thc hin
c bng cch thay i u, R
v U .

- Phng php iu chnh tc bng cch thay i u c p dng tng i ph bin, c
th thay i c tc lin tc v kinh t. Trong qu trnh iu chnh hiu sut q = C
te
v s iu
chnh da trn vic tc dng ln mch kch thch c cng sut rt nh so vi cng sut ng c. Ch
rng bnh thng ng c lm vic ch nh mc vi kch thch ti a (u = u
max
) nn ch
c th iu chnh theo chiu hng gim u, tc l iu chnh tc trong vng trn tc nh
mc v gii hn iu chnh tc b hn ch bi cc iu kin c kh v i chiu ca my .
- Phng php iu chnh tc bng cch thm in tr ph vo mch phn ng tng R

ch cho php iu chnh tc quay trong vng di tc quay nh mc v lun km theo tn hao
nng lng trn in tr ph, lm gim hiu sut ca ng c in. V vy phng php ny ch p
dng ng c in c cng sut nh v trn thc t thng dng ng c in trong cn trc .
- Phng php iu chnh tc bng cch thay i in p cng ch cho php iu chnh tc
quay di tc nh mc v khng th nng cao in p hn in p nh mc ca ng c in.
Phng php ny khng gy thm tn hao trong ng c in nhng i hi phi c ngun ring c
in p iu chnh c .
Sau y ta s xt c tnh c v cch iu chnh tc ca tng loi ng c in:
1. ng c in kch thch song song hoc kch thch c lp:
Vi nhng iu kin U = C
te
, I
t
= C
te
khi M (hoc I
) thay i, t thng u ca ng c in
hu nh khng i, v thc ra nh hng lm gim bt t thng ca phn ng ngang trc ca phn
ng rt nh cho nn biu thc (1-28) c th vit di dng :
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35
k
M R
n n

o
.
= (1-29)

V c tnh c ca ng c in kch thch song song l 1 ng thng nh hnh (1- 34). ng
c tnh c ng vi trng hp trn mch ca phn ng khng c in tr ph v c gi l c
tnh c t nhin .

Hnh 1- 34. c tnh c (v c tnh tc ) t nhin ca
ng c in mt chiu kch thch song song

Do R
rt nh nn khi ti thay i t thng n nh mc, tc gim rt t (khong 2 3% tc

nh mc ) cho nn c tnh c t nhin ca ng c in kch thch song song rt cng. Vi c
tnh c nh vy, ng c in kch thch song song c dng trong trng hp tc hu nh
khng i khi ti thay i (my ct kim loi ...).

a. iu chnh tc bng cch thay i t thng u:
Nu tng in tr r
c
trn mch kch thch t (hnh 1-32) ng vi cc tr s khc nhau ca in
3 kch thch ta c cc c tnh c tng ng nh trn hnh (1-35) .

Hnh 1-35. c tnh c (v c tnh tc ) ca ng c in mt chiu
kch thch song song vi nhng dng in kch thch khc nhau

Cc ng c n
o
ln hn n
om
v c nghing khc nhau , giao nhau trn trc honh ti
in ng vi dng in rt ln I

=
R
U
theo iu kin n = 0 ca cc biu thc (1-29) hoc (1-27).
ng thp nht trn hnh ng vi t thng
m
u . Giao im ca ng mmen cn ca ti
M
c
= f(n) vi cc ng trn cho bit tc xc lp ng vi cc tr s khc nhau ca t thng .
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36
Do iu kin i chiu, cc ng c thng dng hin nay c th iu chnh tc quay bng
phng php ny trong gii hn 1 : 2 . Cng c th sn xut nhng ng c gii hn iu chnh 1 : 5
thm ch n 1 : 8 nhng phi dng nhng phng php khng ch c bit. Do cu to v cng
ngh ch to phc tp khin cho gi thnh ca my tng ln .
b. iu chnh tc bng cch thay i in tr ph R
f
trn mch phn ng:
Nu ni thm in tr ph R
f
vo mch phn ng th biu thc (1-29) tr thnh :
( )
k
M R R
n n
f
o
. +
= (1-30)

Hnh (1- 36) trnh by cc c tnh c ng vi cc tr s khc nhau ca R
f
, trong ng vi R
f
= 0 l
c tnh c t nhin.

Hnh 1-36. c tnh c (v c tnh tc ) ca ng c in
mt chiu kch thch song song nhng in tr ph khc nhau

Nu R
f
cng ln c tnh c s c dc cng cao v do cng mm hn, ngha l tc s
thay i nhiu khi ti thay i. Cng nh trn, giao im ca nhng ng vi ng M
o
= f(n)
cho bit tr s tc xc lp khi iu chnh tc bng thay i in tr ph R
f
.
c. iu chnh tc bng cch thay i in p:
Phng php ny ch p dng c i vi ng c in mt chiu kch thch c lp hoc
ng c in kch thch song song lm vic ch kch thch c lp. Vic cung cp in p c th
iu chnh c cho ng c t 1 ngun c lp c thc hin trong k thut bng cch ghp thnh
t my pht - ng c c s nguyn l trnh by trn hnh 1-37 .

Hnh 1-37. S t my pht - ng c dng iu chnh tc
bng thay i in p ng c in mt chiu kch thch c lp.
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37
Khi thay i U ta c mt h c tnh c c cng 1 dc (hnh 1-38) : ng 1 ng vi U
m
,
ng 2, 3 ng vi U
m
> U
2
> U
3
v ng 4 ng vi U
4
> U
m
.

Hnh 1-38. c tnh c (v c tnh tc ) ng c in mt chiu
kch thch c lp nhng in p trn phn ng khc nhau.

Ni chung v khng cho php vt qu in p nh mc nn vic iu chnh tc trn tc
nh mc khng c p dng hoc ch c thc hin trong 1 phm vi hp. c im ca phng
php ny l lc iu chnh tc , mmen khng i v u v I

u khng i . S d I

khng i
l v khi gim U, tc n gim lm E cng gim, nn :
te
C
R
E U
I =
=

Ngy nay, t my pht- ng c thng dng trong cc my ct kim loi v my cn thp ln
a tc ng c vi hiu sut cao trong gii hn rng 1:10 hoc hn na .

2. ng c in mt chiu kch thch ni tip:
ng c in mt chiu kch thch ni tip, dng in kch thch chnh l dng in phn ng
I
t
= I

= I. V vy trong mt phm vi kh rng c th biu th :
u = I k
|
(1-31)

Trong
|
k l h s t l, l hng s trong vng I < 0,8 I
m
, khi I > (0,8 0,9)I
m
th hi gim
xung do nh hng bo ho ca mch t .

Biu thc mmen c dng :
|
k
C I C M
M M
2
u
= u = (1-32)
Kt hp vi biu thc (1-28) ta c :
|
k C
R
M k C
U C
n
e
e
M
=
.
.
(1-33)

Nu b qua R

th :
M
U
n hay
2
2
n
C
M = (1-34)

Nh vy khi mch t cha bo ho c tnh c ca ng c in mt chiu kch thch ni tip
c dng ca ng hypecbn bc hai nh hnh 1-39 (ng 1 ).

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38

Hnh 1-39. c tnh c ca ng c in mt chiu kch thch ni tip
cc trng hp iu chnh tc khc nhau

Ta thy rmg ng c in mt chiu kch thch ni tip, tc quay n gim rt nhanh khi M
tng v khi mt ti (I = 0, M = 0) c tr s rt ln. Do khng c cho loi ng c in ny lm
vic nhng iu kin c th xy ra mt ti nh dng ai truyn, v khi xy ra t hoc trt ai
truyn tc quay tng ln rt cao. Thng thng ch cho php ng c lm vic vi ti ti thiu
P
2
= (0,2 0,25)P
m
.

Trn thc t do nh hng ca bo ho khi ti tng, tc ca ng c gim t hn theo ng
nt t (hnh 1-39) .
Vi c tnh c rt mm nh vy, ng c in kch thch ni tip rt u vit trong nhng ni
cn iu kin m my nng n v cn tc thay i trong 1 vng rng nh cc u my ko ti (xe
in, u my in ...) .

a. iu chnh tc bng cch thay i t thng
T thng ca ng c kch thch ni tip c th thay i bng nhng bin php sau y : mc
sun dy qun kch thch bng mt in tr, thay i s vng dy ca dy qun kch thch, mc sun
dy qun phn ng, theo cc s hnh (1-40) .

Hnh 1- 40. Cc s iu chnh tc ng c in mt chiu kch thch ni tip
a) mc sun dy qun kch thch; b) thay i s vng dy ca dy qun kch thch;
c) mc sun phn ng; d) thm in tr vo mch phn ng
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39

Hai bin php u dn n cng mt kt qu. Nu dng in kch thch lc u l I
t
= I th
dng in kch thch sau khi p dng cc bin php trn s gim xung I
t
= kI, trong k l h s
gim :
-
st t
st
R R
R
k
+
= < 1 nu mc sun dy qun kch thch .
trong R
st
l in tr sun .
-
t
t
w
w
k
'
= < 1 nu thay i s vng dy ca dy qun kch thch .
Nh vy trong cng thc (1-33) h s
|
k c thay bng
|
k k . . R rng vi cc phng php
trn ch iu chnh c
m
u < u v tc s thay i c trong vng
trn nh mc v ng c tnh s nm v pha trn ca c tnh t nhin (ng 2 hnh 1-39) .
Nu dng bin php th ba, mc sun phn ng, th in tr tng ca ton mch s b i, dng
in I = I
t
v u tng ln v tc quay gim xung. Nh vy phng php ny ch iu chnh c
tc di vng nh mc v ng c tnh c tng ng nm pha di ca c tnh c t nhin
(ng 3 trn hnh 1-39). V R
t
rt b nn R
s.
hu nh c t di ton b in p ca mng in
cho nn tn hao rt ln v hiu sut ca ng c gim i nhiu. Mt khc hiu qu ca iu chnh tc
bng cch tng t thng u cn b hn ch bi s bo ho ca mch t nn phng php ny rt t
s dng .

b. iu chnh tc bng cch thm in tr vo mch phn ng:
S trn hnh 1-40 ch iu chnh c tc di tc nh mc v km theo tn hao trn
in tr ph lm gim hiu sut ca ng c nn t c ng dng . c tnh c ng vi trng hp
ny c trnh by trn hnh 1-39 ( ung 4 v 5 ).

c. iu chnh tc bng cch thay i in p:
Phng php ny ch iu chnh c tc di tc nh mc v khng cho php tng in
p qu nh mc nhng li gi c hiu sut cao do khng gy thm tn hao khi iu chnh.
Phng php ny c p dng rng ri trong giao thng vn ti v c thc hin bng cch i
ni song song thnh ni tip hai ng c. Nh vy khi lm vic song song, cc ng c s lm vic
in p U =
2
1
U
m
. c tnh c ca ng c in trong trng hp ny c dng ca ng 6 trn
hnh (1-39) .

3. ng c in mt chiu kch thch hn hp:
ng c in mt chiu kch thch hn hp c ch to sao cho tc dng ca cc dy qun kch
thch song song v ni tip hoc b nhau hoc ngc nhau. Trn thc t , ngi ta ch s dng loi
ng c in kch thch hn hp b v ng c in kch thch hn hp ngc khng m bo c
iu kin lm vic n nh. ng c in kch thch hn hp b c c tnh c mang tnh cht trung
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40
gian gia hai loi ng c kch thch song song v kch thch ni tip . Khi ti tng t thng u tng,
do c tnh c ca ng c in kch thch hn hp b mm hn so vi c tnh c ca ng c
in kch thch song song. Tuy nhin mc tng cau khng mnh nh ng c in kch thch
ni tip, cho nn c tnh c ca ng c in kch thch hn hp b cng hn so vi c tnh c ca
ng c in kch thch ni tip.

tin so snh, c tnh c ca cc loi ng c in ni trn c trnh by trn hnh (1-41).

Hnh 1-41. c tnh c ca ng c in mt chiu kch thch hn hp
so snh vi cc loi ng c in mt chiu khc

ng 1 : kch thch hn hp b
ng 2 : kch thch hn hp ngc
ng 3 : kch thch song song
ng 4 : kch thch ni tip

Tc ca ng c in mt chiu kch thch hn hp c iu chnh nh trng hp ng
c kch thch song song, d rng v nguyn tc c th p dng nhng phng php iu chnh tc
dng cho ng c in kch thch ni tip .
ng c in mt chiu kch thch hn hp c dng trong nhng ni cn cc iu kin
mmen m my ln, gia tc quay khi m my ln, tc bin i theo ti trong mt vng rng nh
my p, my bo, my nng ti ... Thi gian gn y, ng c kch thch hn hp cn c dng
trong giao thng vn ti v c u im hn so vi ng c kch thch ni tip ch d hm bng ch
pht in tr nng lng v li in .

V D :
Cho 1 my pht in kch thch song song c P
m
=27 kW, U
m
= 115 V,
n
m
= 1150 vg/ph, I
t
= 5 A, hiu sut
m
q = 86 % . in tr trong mch phn ng R
= 0,02 O,
2
tx
U A = 2 V .
a. Nu em dng nh ng c in (b qua tc dng phn ng phn ng ) vi U
m
= 110 V,
P
m
= 25kW, q = 0,86, tnh tc n ?
b. S bin i ca tc khi ti y n khng ti .
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41

Gii

a. Khi lm vic nh my pht in th :
E
F
= U + I
(F)
R
+ 2
tx
U A

vi : I
(F)
=
t
m
m
I
U
P
+ = 240 5
115
27000
= + A

=> E
F
= 115 + 240.0,02 + 2 = 121,8 V
Khi lm vic nh ng c in :
E
= U - I
()
R
- 2
tx
U A

vi : I
()
=
t
m
m
I
U
P
q
= 3 , 259
115
110
5
110 . 86 , 0
25000
= A

=> E
= 110 259,3.0,02 2 = 102,3 V

V :
8 , 121
3 , 102
=
u
u
=
F F e
e
F
n C
n C
E
E

V gi thit rng :
5
7 , 4
= =
u
u
tF
t
F
I
I

Ta c : 1030
8 , 4
5
.
8 , 121
3 , 102
1150 = =
n vg/ph

b. Khi ng c lm vic khng ti : I

~ 0 nn E
o
= U = 110 V = C
e

u
n
o
v ta c th vit :
3 , 102
110
= =
O
n
n
E
E

=> 1105
3 , 102
110
1030
3 , 102
110
= = =
O
n n vg/ph

CU HI :

1. iu kin lm vic n nh ca cc ng c in . So snh cc loi ng c in v phng
din ny ?
2.Phn loi ng c in mt chiu ?
3. So snh cc c tnh ca ng c in mt chiu ?
4. Hin tg xy ra khi m my ng c kch thch song song trong trng hp mch kch thch
b t. Cng nh vy trong trng hp in tr iu chnh trn mt kch thch r
c
qu ln ?
5. Nu chi in t khng ng v tr m b x dch ngc chiu quay ca roto th tc ca
ng c in s nh th no ?

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42

BI TP

1.Cho mt ng c in kch thch song song vi cc s liu sau : P
m
=95 kW, U
m
= 220 V,
I
m
= 470 A, I
tm
= 4,25 A, R
= 0,025 O, n
m
= 500 vg/ph .
Hy tnh :
a. Hiu sut ca ng c.
b. Tn hao ng trong my, tn hao khng ti v dng in khng ti .
c. Mmen ca ng c .
d. Tr s ca dng in ti hiu sut cc i .
e. in tr iu chnh R
f
cn thit ng c quay vi n = n
m
, I
= I
m
v t thng gim i 40% .
f. in tr R
f
c n = n
m
, I
= 0,85 I
m
v t thng gim i 25%.

p s : a. 91,8 %
b. P = 5,42 kW
P
o
= 2,04 kW, I
o
= 13,5 A
c. M = 1814 N.m
d. I = 349 A
e. R
f
= 0,18 O
f. R
f
= 0,136 O

2. Cho ng c in kch thch song song P
m
=17 kW, U
m
= 220 V, n
m
= 1150 vg/ph , R
=
0,1 O, M
t
= 12 kG.m. Hy tnh :
a. Cng sut in t P
t
v dng I
.
b. in tr iu chnh R
c
mc trn mch phn ng ng c quay vi tc 500 vg/pt khi
mmen ti khng i (b qua phn ng ca phn ng).

p s : a. P
t
= 14,15 kW , I
= 66,3 A
b. R
c
= 1,82 O .
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TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP.

: dng din phn ng

. Ngc li, trong ng c in cng sut in t chuyn cng sut in E

l dng in vo phn ng, I

xung mt cch thch ng th E

ngc chiu nhau. Do chiu ca t thng u khng i nn

) s i du, ngha l M v n cng chiu v mmen in t t

= 0,15 O , in tr mch kch t r

= AD = BC ; phn cn li DC = AB dng khc phc phn ng phn ng

= AQ cn c dng in kch thch t I

rt b, dng in ngn mch I

. Tam gic c tnh trn hnh ng vi trng hp

= 0,09 O, in p ging trn chi than AU

= 230 + 108,7. 0,09 +2 = 241,8 V

= 10 A, n = 1000 vg/ph. s vng dy ca dy qun kch thch w

= 220 + 10. 0,4 = 224 V

= 220 (10.1,25).0,4 = 215 V

lun lun ln nht. Hn na phi m bo khng xy

= 0 v theo biu thc (1-21) dng in I

s rt ln lm chy vnh gp v dy qun .

= 0 v dng in qua phn ng bng :

gim n tr s (1,1 1,3)I

rt nh nn khi ti thay i t thng n nh mc, tc gim rt t (khong 2 3% tc

= 110 259,3.0,02 2 = 102,3 V

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