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CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V MNG VOIP 1.

1 GII THIU: VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) l cng ngh truyn ti cc cuc lin lc thoi trn giao thc Internet. VoIP ang tr thnh mt trong nhng cng ngh hp dn hin nay khng ch i vi cc doanh nghip m cn c vi nhng ngi s dng dch v. VoIP c th thc hin tt c cc dch v trn PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) vi tham s cht lng dch v chp nhn c. iu ny to thun li cho nhng ngi s dng c th tit kim chi ph bao gm chi ph cho c s h tng mng v chi ph lin lc, nht l lin lc ng di. i vi nh cung cp dch v, VoIP c xem nh mt m hnh hp dn c th mang li li nhun nh kh nng m rng v pht trin cc loi hnh dch v vi chi ph thp. VoIP cho php to cuc gi ng di qua mng d liu IP c sn thay v phi truyn qua mng PSTN. Ngy nay nhiu cng ty thc hin gii php VoIP ca h gim chi ph cho nhng cuc gi ng di gia nhiu chi nhnh xa nhau. Nguyn tc VoIP gm vic s ha tn hiu ging ni, nn tn hiu s ha, chia tn hiu thnh cc gi v truyn nhng gi s liu ny trn nn IP. n ni nhn, cc gi s liu c ghp li, gii m ra tn hiu tng t phc hi thnh tn hiu ging ni ban u. 1.2 CC U KHUYT IM CA MNG VOIP: 1.2.1 u im: VoIP ra i nhm khai thc tnh hiu qu ca cc mng truyn s liu, khai thc tnh linh hot trong pht trin cc ng dng vi giao thc IP v n c p dng trn mng Internet. Cc tin b ca cng ngh mang n cho VoIP nhng u im sau: - Tit kim chi ph: u im ni bt nht ca VoIP l tit kim chi ph v tn dng ti nguyn mng m khng c bt c rng buc no i vi ngi s dng. Vic lin lc ng di s dng k thut VoIP tit kim c chi ph hn l s dng mng PSTN thng thng. VoIP hiu qu hn PSTN trong cc dch v mi c bit l cc dch v multimedia. u im ca VoIP khng ch l tit kim ph lin lc, s dng VoIP cn tit kim c chi ph u t v h tng mng. Chng ta c kh nng s dng mt mng s liu duy nht phc v tt c cc loi hnh dch v nh thoi, fax v truyn s liu thay v lp t tng mng c lp. Hn na VoIP c th tch hp vi bt c loi hnh thit b thoi no, chng hn nh PC hay in thoi thng thng. VoIP c th p dng cho bt k loi hnh thoi no, chng hn nh thoi thng thng hay thoi a im cho ti in thoi c hnh hay truyn hnh hi tho. Vic chi s trang thit b v chi ph vn hnh cho c thoi v s liu c th tn dng c cho cc loi hnh d liu khc nhau, do thu hp phm vi knh thoi trn bng thng v tng dung lng truyn. - Qun l n gin: VoIP mng li cho ngi s dng kh nng qun l d dng hn. Vic kt hp mng thoi v mng s liu c th gim bt gnh nng cho vic qun l. Ch cn phi qun l mt mng s liu thng nht thay v qun l 2 mng

ring r nh trc y. i vi doanh nghip, tt c cc cuc gi ni b c th dng k thut VoIP m khng gp vn g v cht lng dch v. Cn khi cn gi ra ngoi ch cn mt s kt ni nht nh n mng PSTN thng qua cc gateway. i vi trong gia nh, p dng k thut VoIP khng h lm thay i cch s dng in thoi truyn thng (nu c th ch c th l cch bm s c di hn). - S dng hiu qu: Nh bit VoIP truyn thoi qua mng Internet v s dng giao thc IP. Hin nay IP l giao thc mng c s dng rng ri nht. C rt nhiu ng dng ang c khai thc trn c s cc giao thc ca mng IP. VoIP c th kt hp s dng cc ng dng ny nng cao hiu qu s dng mng. V d c dch v khc thc Web Phone. K thut VoIP c s dng ch yu kt hp vi cc mng my tnh do c th tn dng c s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin nng cao hiu qu s dng. Cc phn mm s h tr rt nhiu cho vic khai thc cc dch v ca mng VoIP. Cng ngh thng tin cng pht trin th vic khai thc cng c hiu qu, s xut hin nhiu dch v mi h tr ngi s dng trong mi lnh vc. 1.2.2 Khuyt im: - Cht lng dch v cha cao: Cc mng s liu vn d khng phi xy dng vi mc ch truyn thoi thi gian thc, v vy khi truyn thoi qua mng s liu cho cht lng cuc gi khng c m bo trong trng hp mng xy ra tc nghn hoc c tr ln. Tnh thi gian thc ca tn hiu thoi i hi cht lng truyn d liu cao v n nh. Mt yu t lm gim cht lng thoi na l k thut nn tit kim ng truyn. Nu nn xung dung lng cng thp th k thut nn cng phctp, cho cht lng khng cao v c bit l thi gian x l s lu, gy tr. - Vn ting vng: Nu nh trong mng thoi, tr thp nn ting vng khng nh hng nhiu th trong mng IP, do tr ln nn ting vng nh hng nhiu n cht lng thoi. - K thut phc tp:Truyn tn hiu theo thi gian thc trn mng chuyn mch gi l rt kh thc hin do mt gi trong mng l khng th trnh c v tr khng c nh ca cc gi thng tin khi truyn trn mng. c c mt dch v thoi chp nhn c, cn thit phi c mt k thut nn tn hiu t c nhng yu cu kht khe: t s nn ln ( gim c tc bit xung), c kh nng suy on v to li thng tin ca cc gi b tht lc... Tc x l ca cc b Codec (Coder and Decoder) phi nhanh khng lm cuc m thoi b gin on. ng thi c s h tng ca mng cng cn c nng cp ln cc cng ngh mi nh Frame Relay, ATM,... c tc cao hn hoc phi c mt c ch thc hin chc nng QoS (Quality of Service).Tt c cc iu ny lm cho k thut thc hin in thoi IP tr nn phc tp v khng th thc hin c trong nhng nm trc y. - Vn bo mt: Voice l mt loi d liu quan trng li c truyn trn mng IP c tnh cht rng khp, chu s tn cng t nhng k ph hoi l khng th trnh khi. Mng VoIP cn rt nhiu k h m cc nh cung cp dch v mng cn khc phc. 1.2.3 Cc yu cu pht trin VoIP:

Dch v VoIP cn quan tm mt s vn v cht lng, bo mt, .C th nh: - Cht lng thoi phi tng ng hoc hn mng PSTN v cc mng in thoi khc. - Mng IP c bn phi p ng c cc tiu ch hot ng kht khe: gim ti thiu vic t chi cuc gi, mt mt gi v mt lin lc, ngt qung trong m thoi. iu ny i hi ngay c khi mng b nghn hoc khi c nhiu ngi dng cng s dng chung ti nguyn ca mng cng mt thi im. - Tn hiu phi c kh nng tng tc vi cc mng khc khng gy ra s thay i khi chuyn giao gia cc mng. - Lin kt gia dch v PSTN/VoIP bao gm cc gateway gia cc mi trng mang thoi v d liu. Qun l h thng an ton, a ch ha v thanh ton phi c cung cp, tt nht l c hp nht vi cc h thng h tr hot ng. T khi ra i, VoIP c trin khai trn thc t kim nghim v c nhng ci tin v cng ngh, cc chun giao thc phong ph, cc nh khai thc VoIP ang dn nng cao cht lng dch v. 1.3 M hnh mng VoIP in hnh: T khi ra i n nay dch v VoIP c nhiu t chc vin thng trn th gii quan tm v pht trin cc giao thc i km. C nhiu chun mi chun ph hp cho mt loi giao thc c nh ngha.

Hnh 1.1: M hnh mng VoIP tng qut Hnh trn cho ta m hnh tng qut vi nhng yu t ph bin nht trong mng VoIP, c th v cc thit b nh sau: - Telephone: Telephone c th l cc in thoi IP (IP phone), cc phn mm h tr hot ng nh mt in thoi c ci trn PC hoc l nhng in thoi truyn thng (tng t hay ISDN). - Gateway: Gateway lin kt mng VoIP vi mng in thoi truyn thng. Thng s dng cc router h tr voice. Gateway cung cp mt s chc nng sau: o Trn mt giao din Gateway c cm ng dy in thoi. Gateway kt ni ti PSTN v thng tin vi bt k in thoi no trn th gii. o Trn mt giao din khc, Gateway kt ni ti mng IP v thng tin vi bt k my tnh no trn th gii. o Gateway thu tn hiu in thoi chun, s ha (nu tn hiu cha c s ha), nn, ng gi s dng IP, v nh tuyn gi tin n ch thng qua mng IP. o Gateway sp xp li cc gi tin n v chuyn tip cho cc in thoi. - Multipoint control units (MCU): Mt MCU c yu cu cho cc cuc hi ngh nhiu bn. Tt c cc thnh phn ca hi ngh c gi n MCU. MCU x l, qun l tt c cc thnh phn ca cuc hi ngh ny. - Application server: Application cung cp dch v XML c bn ti IP phone. Nhng ngi s dng IP phone truy cp ti cc th mc v c s d liu thng qua XML application. - Gatekeepers: Gatekeepers l rt hu ch, nhng n l thnh phn ty chn trong mng, c th c hoc c th khng. Gatekeeper cung cp chc nng ng k,nh tuyn v qun l tt c u cui (terminals, gateways, v MCUs) trong mt min mng nht nh. Gatekeeper cung cp iu khin thu np cuc gi (Call Admission Control - CAC). 1.4 Cc kiu kt ni s dng VoIP: 1.4.1 M hnh PC to PC: Trong m hnh ny, mi my tnh cn c trang b mt sound card, mt microphone, mt speaker v c kt ni trc tip vi mng Internet thng qua modem hoc card mng. Mi my tnh c cung cp mt a ch IP v hai my tnh c th trao i cc tn hiu thoi vi nhau thng qua mng Internet. Tt c cc thao tc nh ly mu tn hiu m thanh, m ho v gii m, nn v gii nn tn hiu u c my tnh thc hin. Trong m hnh ny ch c nhng my tnh ni vi cng mt mng mi c kh nng trao i thng tin vi nhau.

Hnh 1.2: M hnh PC to PC 1.4.2 M hnh PC to Phone: M hnh PC to Phone l mt m hnh c ci tin hn so vi m hnh PC to PC. M hnh ny cho php ngi s dng my tnh c th thc hin cuc gi n mng PSTN thng thng v ngc li. Trong m hnh ny mng Internet v mng PSTN c th giao tip vi nhau nh mt thit b c bit l Gateway. y l m hnh c s dn ti vic kt hp gia mng Internet v mng PSTN cng nh cc mng GSM hay a dch v khc.

Hnh 1.3: M hnh PC to Phone 1.4.3 M hnh Phone to Phone: y l m hnh m rng ca m hnh PC to Phone s dng Internet lm phng tin lin lc gia cc mng PSTN. Tt c cc mng PSTN u kt ni vi mng Internet thng qua cc gateway. Khi tin hnh cuc gi mng PSTN s kt ni n gateway gn nht. Ti gateway a ch s c chuyn i t a ch PSTN sang a ch IP c th nh tuyn cc gi tin n c mng ch. ng thi gateway ngun c nhim v chuyn i tn hiu thoi tng t thnh dng s sau m ho, nn, ng gi v gi qua mng. Mng ch cng c kt ni vi gateway v ti gateway ch, a ch li c chuyn i tr li thnh a ch PSTN v tn hiu c gii nn, gii m chuyn i ngc li thnh tn hiu tng t gi vo mng PSTN n ch.

Hnh 1.4: M hnh Phone to Phone 1.5 ng dng ca VoIP: Ch yu l pht trin cc ng dng a phng tin (multimedia) v a dch v : - Thoi thng minh: K t khi Internet ph khp ton cu, n c s dng tng thm tnh thng minh cho mng in thoi ton cu. Gia mng my tnh v mng in thoi tn ti mt mi lin h. Internet cung cp cch gim st v iu khin cc cuc thoi mt cch tin li hn. Chng ta c th thy c kh nng kim sot v iu khin cc cuc thoi thng qua mng Internet. - Dch v in thoi Web : World Wide Web lm cuc cch mng trong cch giao dch vi khch hng ca cc doanh nghip. in thoi Web hay bm s (click to dial) cho php cc nh doanh nghip c th a thm cc phm bm ln trang web kt ni ti h thng in thoi ca h. Dch v bm s l cch d nht v an ton nht a thm cc knh trc tip t trang Web ca bn vo h thng in thoi. - Truy cp cc trung tm tr li in thoi : Truy nhp n cc trung tm phc v khch hnh qua mng Internet s thc y mnh m thng mi in t. Dch v ny s cho php mt khch hnh c cu hi v mt sn phm c cho hng qua Internet c cc nhn vin ca cng ty tr li trc tuyn. - Dch v fax qua IP: Nu gi nhiu fax t PC, c bit l gi ra nc ngoi th vic s dng dch v Internet faxing s gip bn tit kim c tin v c knh thoi. Dch v ny s chuyn trc tip t PC ca bn qua kt ni Internet. Vic s dng Internet khng nhng c m rng cho thoi m cn cho c dch v fax. Khi s dng dch v thoi v fax qua Internet, c hai vn c bn: Nhng ngi s dng dch v thoi qua Internet cn c chng trnh phn mm chng hn FoneVNN Client, FPT Phone Dialer. Cu hnh ny cung cp cho ngi s dng kh nng s dng thoi qua Internet thay cho s dng in thoi bn truyn thng. Kt ni mt gateway thoi qua Internet vi h thng in thoi hin hnh. Cu hnh ny cung cp dch v thoi qua Internet ging nh vic m rng h thng in thoi hin hnh. - Dch v gi in c nhn thng thng: ng dng chung nht ca VoIP cho s dng c nhn hoc gia nh l cc dch v in thoi da trn Internet c chuyn mch in thoi. Vi ng dng ny, vn cn c mt s in thoi, vn phi quay s thc hin cuc gi nh s dng thng thng. Ngi c gi n s khng thy c s khc nhau so vi cc cuc gi t h thng in thoi truyn thng. Nhiu nh cung cp dch v cng cho ra nhng tnh nng s dng adapter VoIP bt k u c kt ni Internet tc cao. 1.6 Cc vn v cht lng VoIP: i hi c bn nht ca h thng VoIP l phi c cht lng thoi gn tng ng vi cht lng thoi trong mng PSTN. Cht lng thoi c chia thnh cc cp khc nhau. Vic nh gi cht lng thoi cn mang tnh ch quan nhng cng c mt s tham s c dng nh gi cht lng thoi. Ba tham s chnh quyt nh cht lng thoi l: 1.6.1 Tr (Delay)

Tr l mt nhn t nh hng nhiu n cht lng thoi. Tr c hiu l khong thi gian tiu tn ngi nghe nghe c m thanh pht ra t ngi ni trong mt cuc thoi (t ming ti tai). Tr xut hin do rt nhiu nguyn nhn t khi truyn tin qua mng IP cho ti lc pht li ting ni ti bn nhn, c th do b x l tn hiu s DSP, do thut ton nn v gii nn, jitter...Tr l yu t khng th trnh khi. Thi gian tr ln lm gim cht lng thoi rt nhiu. Mi h thng truyn thng ch cho php mt gii hn tr nht nh. Khi thi gian tr trong h thng vt qu 400ms th cht lng cuc lin lc l khng chp nhn c. Thi gian tr c th chp nhn c nm trong khong t 200ms n 400ms. Mun t c cht lng cuc gi tt th thi gian tr yu cu khng qu 200ms. Thi gian tr c phn chia thnh hai loi l thi gian tr c nh (nh thi gian tr truyn dn) v tr bin i (nh thi gian tr do xp hng i router). Yu cu gim tr l rt cn thit trong h thng VoIP c th nng cao cht lng dch v. Thng thng, tr trong mng in thoi truyn thng vo khong 50 70 ms. c c tr trong h thng VoIP xp x vi tr trong mng chuyn mch knh l l tng nhng iu kh c th thc hin c. Ta ch c th xy dng h thng VoIP c tr chp nhn c i vi ngi s dng. Theo khuyn ngh ca ITU th mt h thng VoIP m bo cht lng dch v tt khi tr mt chiu khng c vt qu 150ms.

Hnh 1.5 Cht lng voip Theo hnh trn, tr mt chiu khng c vt qu 450 ms. Thng thng tr chp nhn c vo khong 200 ms. 1.6.2 Trt (Jitter): Trt l s chnh lch v thi gian n ca cc gi trong mng gy ra do s chnh lch thi gian truyn dn ca cc gi thoi theo cc ng khc nhau t ngun n ch. c th ti to ting ni mt cch chnh xc trung thc th bn thu cn phi loi b jitter. Phng php c s dng loi b jitter hin ang c s dng l dng b m (buffer). Cc gi sau khi nhn s c lu trong b m v s c x l ln ln. Dng b m s trnh c nhng thi gian tr ln ca cc gi tin. Nhng b li th b m lm tng thm thi gian tr trong h thng. Thi gian trt cng ln th dung lng ca b m cng cng phi ln. Nhng b m cng ln th thi gian tr gy ra cng ln. Do vy vic tnh ton dung lng ca b m thch hp i vi tng h thng l rt cn thit sao cho trnh c trt m thi gian tr khng lm gim cht lng ca h thng. 1.6.3 Mt gi (Packet loss) Mng Internet khng th m bo rng tt c cc gi tin u c chuyn giao hoc chuyn giao ng th t. Cc gi tin c th b mt trong trng hp mng b qu

ti, nghn mng hoc do ng kt ni khng m bo. yu cu t l mt gi l nh hn 10%. Do hn ch ca thi gian tr nn cc giao thc truyn bo m khng thch hp gii quyt vn ny. duy tr cht lng thoi mc chp nhn c mc d khng th trnh khi cc nguyn nhn bt thng trong mng, mt s k thut c ua ra. l k thut thay th cc gi tin mt bng nhng khong im lng. Ngi ta cng gim s lng cc gi truyn qua mng bng k thut nn tn hiu. S dng b phn pht hin tch cc thoi, khi hai bn khng tch cc thoi th khng trao i thng tin v pht tp m d chu (theo cc nghin cu th thi gian tch cc thoi ch chim t 30% n 40% thi gian tin hnh cuc gi) v s dng phng php ny lm tng hiu qu s dng knh truyn. Ngoi ra cn nng cao tin cy ca ng truyn nh tng tc knh truyn tng dung lng h thng thit b truyn dn.

CHNG 2: MNG VOIP VI CC GIAO THC BO HIU Trn thc t, t khi dch v mng VoIP hnh thnh v pht trin cc t chc quc t v cc nh khai thc dch v mng lun tm kim cc cng c khai thc hiu qu nht. Da trn cc b giao thc khc nhau, m hnh mng VoIP cng thay i theo vi cc chun ph hp vi cc giao thc . 2.1 Mng VoIP vi chun H.323: Khi cp n thoi IP, tiu chun quc t thng c cp n l H.323. Giao thc H.323 c pht trin bi ITU-T, H.323 cung cp nn tng k thut cho truyn thng a phng tin nh: Audio thi gian thc, video v thng tin d liu qua mng chuyn mch gi. H.323 phin bn u tin c ITU-T a ra vo nm 1996. Trong qu trnh pht trin H.323 c nng cp v sa i ngy cng hon thin. Cc phin bn mun hn ca H.323 c a ra vo cc nm: H.323 v1 nm 1998, H.323 v2 nm 1999, H.323 v3 nm 2000, H.323 v4 nm 2003, H.323 v5 nm 2005, H.323 v6 nm 2006. i km theo chun H.323 l mt chng cc giao thc bao gm chc nng thit lp, iu khin, qun l thng tin a phng tin v qun l bng thng, ngoi ra cn cung cp cc giao din gia LAN v cc mng khc. 2.1.1 Thnh phn mng VoIP vi chun H.323: 2.1.1.1 Thit b u cui H.323 (H.323 Endpoint): Cc thit b nm ngoi phm vi khuyn ngh H.323 - Thit b vo ra Video. - Thit b vo ra Audio. - Thit b vo ra s liu. - Giao din mng LAN. - Giao din ngi s dng. Cc phn t nm trong phm vi khuyn ngh H.323 - B m ho v gii m Video. - B m ho v gii m Audio. - B m nhn d liu. - Khi iu khin h thng. Khi iu khin theo chun H.245: S dng knh iu khin H.245 mang cc bn tin iu khin im -im iu khin hot ng ca thc th H.323 bao gm : kh nng trao i, m v ng cc knh logic, cc yu cu ch hot ng thch hp, iu khin lung bn tin, pht cc lnh v cc ch th. iu khin bo hiu cuc gi: S dng bo hiu cuc gi theo khuyn ngh H.225 thit lp mt kt ni gia hai u cui H.323. Knh bo hiu cuc gi c lp vi knh RAS v knh iu khin H.245. Trong h thng khng c Gatekeeper th knh bo hiu cuc gi c thit lp gia hai u cui H.323 tham gia cuc gi. Cn trong h thng c Gatekeeper th knh bo hiu cuc gi c thit lp gia cc u cui v Gatekeeper hoc gia hai u cui vi nhau, vic la chn phng n thit lp knh bo hiu cuc gi nh th no l do Gatekeeper quyt nh. Chc nng bo hiu RAS: S dng cc bn tin H.225 thc hin: ng k, cho php dch v, thay i bng thng, trng thi, cc th tc tch ri gia cc u cui v Gatekeeper.

Hnh 2.1: S khi thit b u cui H.323 2.1.1.2 Gatekeeper: Mt min H.323 trn c s mng IP l tp hp tt c cc u cui c gn vi mt b danh. Mi min c qun tr bi mt Gatekeeper duy nht, l trung tm u no, ng vai tr gim st mi hot ng trong min . y l thnh phn tu chn trong h thng VoIP theo chun H.323. Tuy nhin nu c mt Gatekeeper trong mng th cc u cui H.323 v cc Gateway phi hot ng theo cc dch v ca Gatekeeper . Mi thng tin trao i ca Gatekeeper u c nh ngha trong RAS. Mi ngi dng ti u cui c Gatekeeper gn cho mt mc u tin duy nht. Mc u tin ny rt cn thit cho c ch bo hiu cuc gi m cng mt lc nhiu ngi s dng. H.323 nh ngha c nhng tnh cht bt buc ti thiu phi c cho Gatekeeper v nhng c tnh tu chn: - Cc chc nng bt buc ti thiu ca mt Gatekeeper gm : Phin dch a ch,iu khin cho php truy nhp, iu khin di thng, qun l min dch v. - Cc chc nng tu chn ca Gatekeeper gm c : Bo hiu iu khin cuc gi, cp php cho cuc gi, qun l cuc gi. Gatekeeper hot ng hai ch : - Ch trc tip: Gatekeeper ch c nhim v cung cp a ch ch m khng tham gia vo cc vic nh tuyn cc bn tin bo hiu.

Hnh 2.2: Phng thc nh tuyn trc tip Ch nh tuyn qua Gatekeeper : Gatekeeper l thnh phn trung gian, nh tuyn mi bn tin bo hiu trong mng H.323.

Hnh 2.3: Phng thc nh tuyn qua Gatekeeper Cc chc nng c th ca Gatekeeper c m t nh sau: Chc nng dch a ch: Gatekeeper s thc hin chuyn i a ch URI (dng tn gi hay a ch hp th ) ca mt u cui hay Gateway sang a ch truyn dn (a ch IP). Vic chuyn i c thc hin bng cch s dng bn i chiu a ch c cp nht thng xuyn bi cc bn tin ng k. Cng c th l vic chuyn i t quy cch nh s E.164 sang dng URI. iu khin truy cp: Gatekeeper cho php mt truy cp mng LAN bng cch s dng cc bn tin H.225 l ARQ/ACF/ARJ. Vic iu khin ny da trn s cho php cuc gi, bng thng, hoc mt vi thngs khc do nh sn xut quy nh. N c th l chc nng rng c ngha l chp nhn mi yu cu truy nhp ca u cui. iu khin rng bng thng: Gatekeeper h tr cc bn tin BRQ/BRJ/BCF cho vic qun l bng thng. N c th l chc nng rng ngha l chp nhn mi yu cu thay i bng thng. Gatekeeper c th hn ch mt s cc u cui H.323 cng mt lc s dng mng. Thng qua vic s dng knh bo hiu H.225, Gatekeeper c th loi b cc cc cuc gi t mt u cui do s hn ch bng thng. iu c th xy ra nu Gatekeeper thy rng khng bng

thng sn c trn mng tr gip cho cuc gi. Vic t chi cng c th xy ra khi mt u ang tham gia mt cuc gi yu cu thm bng thng. N c th l mt chc nng rng ngha l mi yu cu truy nhp u c ng . - Qun l min dch v: y min dch v (domain) ngha l tp hp tt c cc phn t H.323 gm thit b u cui. Gateway, MCU c ng k hot ng vi Gatekeeper thc hin lin lc gia cc phn t trong min dch v hay t dch v ny sang dch v khc. - iu khin bo hiu cuc gi: Gatekeeper c th la chn hai phng thc iu khin bo hiu cuc gi l: hon thnh bo hiu cuc gi vi cc u cui v x l bo hiu cuc gi chnh bn thn n, hoc Gatekeeper c th ra lnh cho cc u cui kt ni mt knh bo hiu cuc gi hng ti nhau. Theo phng thc ny th Gatekeeper khng phi gim st bo hiu trn knh H.225. - Qun l cuc gi: Mt v d c th v chc nng ny l Gatekeeper c th lp mt danh sch tt c cc cuc gi H.323 hng i ang thc hin ch th rng mt u cui b gi ang bn v cung cp thng tin cho chc nng qun l bng thng. 2.1.1.3 Khi iu khin a im: Khi iu khin a im (MCU) c s dng khi mt cuc gi hay hi ngh cn gi nhiu kt ni hot ng. Do c mt s hu hn cc kt ni ng thi, nn cc MCU gim st s tho thun gia cc u cui v s kim tra mi u cui v tnh nng m chng c th cung cp cho hi ngh hoc cuc gi. Cc MCU gm hai phn: B iu khin a im (MC) v B x l a im (MP). B iu khin a im c trch nhim trong vic tho thun v quyt nh kh nng ca cc u cui. Trong khi b x l a im c s dng x l multimedia, cc lung trong sut qu trnh ca mt hi ngh hoc mt cuc gi a im. 2.1.2 Giao thc H.323:

Hnh 2.4: Giao thc bo hiu H.323 Giao thc H.323c chia lm 3 phn chnh: - Bo hiu H.225 RAS (Registration, Admissions, and Status): bo hiu gia thit b u cui vi H.323 gatekeeper trc khi thit lp cuc gi. - Bo hiu H.225 Q.931 s dng kt ni, duy tr v hy kt ni gia hai u cui.

Bo hiu H.245 s dng thit lp phin truyn media s dng giao thc RTP. 2.1.2.1 Bo hiu RAS: Bo hiu RAS cung cp iu khin tin cuc gi trong mng H.323 c tn ti gatekeeper v mt vng dch v (do gatekeeper qun l). Knh RAS c thit lp gia cc thit b u cui v gatekeeper qua mng IP. Knh RAS c m trc khi cc knh khc c thit lp v c lp vi cc knh iu khin cuc gi v media khc. Bo hiu ny c truyn trn UDP cho php ng k, chp nhn, thay i bng thng, trng thi v hy. Bo hiu RAS chia lm cc loi sau: - Tm kim Gatekeeper: vic ny c th c thc hin th cng hoc t ng cho php xc nh gatekeeper m thit b u cui ng k; bao gm: o Gatekeeper Request (GRQ): bn tin multicast gi bi thit b u cui tm gatekeeper. o Gatekeeper Confirm (GCF): bn tin thng bo a ch knh RAS ca gatekeeper cho thit b u cui. o Gatekeeper Reject (GRJ): bo cho thit b u cui bit rng gatekeeper t chi. - ng k: cho php gateway, thit b u cui v MCU tham gia vo mt vng dch v do gatekeeper qun l v thng bo cho gatekeeper v a ch v b danh ca n; bao gm: o Registration Request (RRQ): c gi t thit b u cui ti a ch knh RAS ca gatekeeper. o Registration Confirm (RCF): c gi bi gatekeeper xc nhn cho php vic ng k bi bn tin RRQ. o Registration Reject (RRJ): khng chp nhn ng k ca thit b o Unregister Request (URQ): c gi bi thit b u cui hy ng k vi gatekeeper trc v c tr li bng Unregister Confirm (UCF) v Unregister Reject (URJ) (tng t nh trn). - Xc nh v tr thit b u cui: Thit b u cui v gatekeeper s dng bn tin ny ly thm thng tin khi ch c thng tin v danh c ch ra. Bn tin ny c gi thng qua a ch knh RAS ca gatekeeper hoc multicast. Loi bn tin ny bao gm: o Location Request (LRQ): c gi yu cu thng tin v thit b u cui, gatekeeper, hay a ch E.164. o Location Confirm (LCF): c gi bi gatekeeper chc cc knh bo hiu cuc gi hay a ch knh RAS ca n hay thit b u cui yu cu. o Location Reject (LRJ): c gi bi gatekeeper thng bo LRQ trc khng hp l. - Admissions: bn tin gia cc thit b u cui v gatekeeper cung cp c s cho vic thit lp cuc gi v iu khin bng thng sau ny. Bn tin ny bao gm c cc yu cu v bng thng(c th c thay i bi gatekeeper). Loi bn tin ny gm: o Admission Request (ARQ): Gi bi thit b u cui thit lp cuc gi -

o Admission Confirm (ACF): Cho php thit lp cuc gi. Bn tin ny c cha a ch IP ca thit b c gi hay gatekeeper v cho php gateway ngun thit lp cuc gi. o Admission Reject (ARJ): khng cho php thit b u cui thit lp cuc gi. - Thng tin trng thi: dng ly thng tin trng thi ca mt thit b u cui. Ta c th s dng bn tin ny theo di trng thi online hay offline ca thit b u cui trong tnh trng mng b li. Thng thng bn tin ny s c gi 10 giy mt ln. Trong qu trnh cuc gi, gatekeeper c th yu cu thit b u cui gi theo chu k cc bn tin trng thi. Loi bn tin ny bao gm: o Information Request (IRQ): gi t gatekeeper ti thit b u cui yu cu thng tin trng thi. o Information Request Response (IRR): c gi t thit b u cui ti gatekeeper tr li cho bn tin IRQ. Bn tin ny cng c gi t thit b u cui ti gatekeeper theo chu k. o Status Enquiry Sent : Thit b u cui hay gatekeeper c th gi bn tin ny ti thit b u cui khc xc thc v trng thi cuc gi. - iu khin bng thng: Dng thay i bng thng cho cuc gi vi cc bn tin nh sau: o Bandwidth Request (BRQ): gi bi thit b u cui yu cu tng hoc gim bng thng cuc gi. o Bandwidth Confirm (BCF): chp nhn thay i yu cu bi thit b u cui. o Bandwidth Reject (BRJ): khng chp nhn thay i yu cu bi thit b u cui. - Hy kt ni: Khi mun kt thc cuc gi th trc ht thit b u cui dng ht mi kt ni v ng ht cc knh logic li. Sau , n s ngt phin H.245 v gi tn hiu RLC trn knh bo hiu cuc gi. bc ny, nu khng c gatekeeper th cuc gi s c hy cn nu khng th cc bn tin sau s c gi trn knh RAS kt thc cuc gi: o Disengage Request (DRQ): Gi bi thit b u cui hay gatekeeper kt thc cuc gi. o Disengage Confirm (DCF): Gi bi thit b u cui hay gatekeeper chp nhn bn tin DRQ trc . o Disengage Reject (DRJ): c gi bi thit b u cui hoc gatekeeper thng bo khng chp nhn yu cu DRQ. 2.1.2.2 Giao thc iu khin bo hiu cuc gi H.225

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