Charles Quintin Allaga BS-ICT 1 Operating Systems: 1.

Linux

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History of Linux: Linus Torvalds, who was then a student at the University of Helsinki in Finland, developed Linux in 1991. He released it for free on the Internet. Due to the far reach of the Free Software Foundation (FSF) and the GNU Project, Linux popularity increased rapidly, with utilities developed and released for free online. A commercial version of Unix was released by RedHat in the early 1990s (combining the OS with technical support and documentation) and the popularity of Linux continued to skyrocket. A system is termed UNIX only if it complies fully with (and is certified by) the Single Unix Specification (SUS) standards. Similar systems that do not comply fully or are not certified, such as Linux, are termed Unix-like operating systems. Description: Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. Linux started out as a personal computer system used by individuals, and has since gained the support of several large corporations, such as Sun Microsystems, HP and IBM. It is now used mostly as a server operating system, with some large organizations using an enterprise version for desktops. Linux is a prime example of open-source development, which means that the source code is available freely for anyone to use. Logo:

Charles Quintin Allaga BS-ICT 1 2. Ubuntu History:

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Ubuntu is a fork of the Debian project's codebase. The original aim of the Ubuntu developers was to create an easyto-use Linux desktop with new releases scheduled on a predictable six-month basis, resulting in a frequently updated [8][26] system. Ubuntu's first release was on 20 October 2004. Since then, Canonical has released new versions of Ubuntu every six [27] [28] months with commitment to support each release for nine months (eighteen months prior to 13.04) by providing security fixes, patches to critical bugs and minor updates to programs. Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On 8 July 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical Ltd. announced the creation of theUbuntu Foundation and provided an initial funding of US$10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support anddevelopment for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation as an [35] "emergency fund" (in case Canonical's involvement ends). On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for 3rd party cloud management platforms, such as for those [36] used at Amazon EC2. Beginning with version 10.10, Ubuntu Netbook Edition used the Unity desktop as its desktop interface. [39] with Ubuntu 11.04, the netbook edition has been merged into the desktop edition.
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Starting

Mark Shuttleworth announced on 31 October 2011 that Ubuntu's support for smartphones, tablets, TVs and smart screens [40] is scheduled to be added by Ubuntu 14.04. On 9 January 2012, Canonical announced Ubuntu TV at the Consumer Electronics Show. Description: Ubuntu (/bntu/ uu-BUUN-too) is an operating system with Linux kernelbased on Debian and distributed as free and open source software. Ubuntu uses the Unity Desktop as its default desktop environment. It is named after the Southern African philosophy of ubuntu, which can be translated as "humanity towards others" or "the belief in a [9] universal bond of sharing that connects all humanity".
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Logo:

Charles Quintin Allaga BS-ICT 1

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Varied Application Softwares: 1. Adobe Photoshop

History: In 1987, Thomas Knoll, a PhD student at the University of Michigan began writing a program on his Macintosh Plus to display grayscaleimages on a monochrome display. This program, called Display, caught the attention of his brother John Knoll, an Industrial Light & Magic employee, who recommended that Thomas turn it into a full-fledged image editing program. Thomas took a six-month break from his studies in 1988 to collaborate with his brother on the program. Thomas renamed the program ImagePro, [8] but the name was already taken. Later that year, Thomas renamed his program Photoshop and worked out a short-term deal with scanner manufacturer Barneyscan to distribute copies of the program with a slide scanner; a "total of about 200 copies of Photoshop were shipped" this way.

During this time, John traveled to Silicon Valley and gave a demonstration of the program to engineers at Apple and Russell Brown, art director at Adobe. Both showings were successful, and Adobe [8] decided to purchase the license to distribute in September 1988. While John worked on plug-ins in California, Thomas remained in Ann Arbor writing code. Photoshop 1.0 was released in 1990 for [10] Macintosh exclusively. The Barneyscan version included advanced color editing features that were stripped from the first Adobe shipped version. The handling of color slowly improved with each release from Adobe and Photoshop quickly became the industry standard in digital color editing. At the time Photoshop 1.0 was released, digital retouching on dedicated high end systems, such as the SciTex, cost around $300 an hour for basic photo retouching.

Description: Adobe Photoshop is a leading paint program from Adobe Systems, Inc. For many years, Photoshop has been the model against other paint programs are compared. Initially, it ran only on Macintosh systems, which was a strong selling point for Macs, especially among graphic artists. Today, Photoshop runs on both macs and windows. It is the best application in terms of graphic editing. Everything is almost possible with this application, all you need is your imagination to work well.

Usage: This application focuses on helping the user in editing a picture. It requires a lot of practice to master. But the basic functions are very understandable, you can crop, resize, increase brightness and contrast of your photos, add texts, add basic effects and more by just a few clicks of your mouse. But if you would like to go deeper and master this application, tutorials can be found all over the internet.

2. Google Chrome History: Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google that uses the WebKit layout [note 2] engine as of its latest stable release. It was released as a beta version for Microsoft Windows on September 2, 2008, and as a stable public release on December 11, 2008. As of April 2013, according toStatCounter, Google Chrome has a 39% worldwide usage share of web browsers making it the most widely [11] used web browser in the world. Net Applications, however, indicates that Chrome is only third when it comes to [12] the size of its user base, behind Internet Explorer and Firefox.
[7]

Google's Eric Schmidt opposed the development of an independent web browser for six years. He stated that "at the time, Google was a small company," and he did not want to go through "bruising browser wars." After co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page hired several Mozilla Firefox developers and built a demonstration of Chrome, however, Schmidt admitted that "It was so good that it essentially forced me to change my mind.

Description: Google Chrome is a computer web browser developed by Google. It is the most used browser today for its unique features and efficiency when it comes to loading pages. It is the simplest browser yet the most powerful one.

Usage: It is used just like the other web browsing softwares (eg. Internet Explorer, Firefox). Open it and put the web address where you want to navigate and enjoy!

3. MS Paint History: The first version of Paint was introduced with the first version of Windows, Windows 1.0. It was a licensed version of ZSoft Corporation'sPC Paintbrush, and supported only 1-bit monochrome graphics under a proprietary "MSP" format. Paint was later superseded by Paintbrush in Windows 3.0, with a redesigned user interface, color support and support for the BMP and PCX file formats. In Windows 95 Microsoft introduced a new version of Paint. The same icons and color palette continued to be used through Windows XP. The version of Paint included in Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0 allowed saving and loading a custom set of color wells as color palette files ( *.pal) using Save colors and Get [1] colors functions from the Colors menu. This functionality worked correctly only if the color depth of images was 16-bits per pixel (bpp) or higher (65,536 (64k) colors [High Color]). The support for PCX and RLE files has been removed. The Windows 98, Windows 2000 or Windows Me versions of Paint can save images in JPEG and GIF and PNG formats if the necessary Microsoft graphics filters are installed, usually by another Microsoft application such as Microsoft Office or Microsoft PhotoDraw. FromWindows Me onwards (excluding Windows 2000), the canvas size expands automatically when larger images are opened or pasted, instead of asking. In Windows XP and later versions, Paint (mspaint.exe) uses GDI+ and therefore
[2]

can natively save

images as JPEG, GIF, TIFF and PNG (in addition to BMP) without requiring additional graphics filters. However, alpha channel transparency is still not supported because the GDI+ version of Paint can only handle up to 24-bit depth images. Support for acquiring images from a scanner or a digital camera was also added to Paint. Description: MS Paint is a built-in Picture editing software developed by Microsoft. It is just like Adobe Photoshop, but the capabilities of the software are limited. It can only do basic things like Cropping, adding texts, lines, shapes and more. Usage: Everything is basic in this application. All you need to do is to use your mouse for the functions and your brain for your imagination. Everything is really understandable and doesnt require too much of your brain to work.