Trn thc t c nhiu bi ton lin quan ti mt tp cc i tng v nhng mi lin h gia chng, i hi ton hc phi t ra mt m hnh biu

din mt cch cht ch v tng qut bng ngn ng k hiu, l th. Nhng tng c bn ca n c a ra t th k th XVIII bi nh ton hc Thu S Leonhard Euler, ng dng m hnh th gii bi ton v nhng cy cu Konigsberg ni ting. Mc d L thuyt th c khoa hc pht trin t rt lu nhng li c nhiu ng dng hin i. c bit trong khong vi mi nm tr li y, cng vi s ra i ca my tnh in t v s pht trin nhanh chng ca Tin hc, L thuyt th cng c quan tm n nhiu hn. c bit l cc thut ton trn th c nhiu ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh: Mng my tnh, L thuyt m, Ti u ho, Kinh t hc v.v... Chng hn nh tr li cu hi: Hai my tnh trong mng c th lin h c vi nhau hay khng?; hay vn phn bit hai hp cht ho hc c cng cng thc phn t nhng li khc nhau v cng thc cu to cng c gii quyt nh m hnh th. Hin nay, mn hc ny l mt trong nhng kin thc c s ca b mn khoa hc my tnh. L thuyt th l mt phn quan trng trong ni dung chng trnh chuyn ca mn Tin hc ti cc trng chuyn. Hu nh trong cc thi hc sinh gii u c cc bi ton lin quan n l thuyt th, do hc sinh c c kt qu cao chng ta cn trang b cho cc em mt nn tng tt cng nh cc k thut ci t cc bi ton c bn ca l thuyt th. Tuy nhin, l thuyt th l mt mn hc cn tn nhiu thi gian truyn t, c mt s vn th cn thit cho hc sinh trong cc k thi, mt s khc khng cn thit, c bit l mt s vn cn chng mnh, cc nh l. Mt khc mt s vn li phi c trang b su nhm gip hc sinh gii quyt tt vn trong cc thi li khng c trong nhiu ti liu l thuyt th c in. Nhng vn thng lin quan n ng dng ca l thuyt th gii quyt cc bi ton thc t.Mt vn kh khn m gio vin gp phi l qu thi gian ca chng ta rt t m ni dung ging dy nhiu. Do vn chn la nhng chuyn no dy v dy n u, nhng vn no nh hng cho hc sinh t hc cn phi t ra cho Gio vin ging dy cc lp chuyn Tin hc v cc i tuyn chun b cho cc k thi Hc sinh gii. Trong phm vi mt chuyn , khng th ni k v ni ht nhng vn ca l thuyt th m ch gii thiu cc bi ton c bn ca L thuyt th trong Tin hc cng vi phng php truyn t cho hc sinh. Tp bi ging ny s xem xt l thuyt th di gc ngi lp trnh, tc l kho st nhng thut ton c bn nht c th d dng ci t trn my tnh mt s ng dng ca n. Cc khi nim tru tng v cc php chng minh s c din gii mt cch hnh thc cho n gin v d hiu ch khng phi l nhng chng minh cht ch dnh cho ngi lm ton. Ngoi ra cng cung cp mt s bi tp trn mng c phn loi thnh cc dng gip gio vin c ngun bi tp cung cp cho hc sinh sau khi ging dy cc chuyn . Li gii ca cc bi tp c cung cp di dng chng trnh.

Ni dung chuyn l thuyt th Mc ch Trang b cho hc sinh cc kin thc c bn cn thit v th gii quyt cc bi ton thi hc sinh gii. Cc khi nim c bn 1. Cc phng php tm kim trn th 2. Chu trnh le v Hammilton 3. Cy Khung 4. ng i Ngn nht 5. Lung trn mng 6. Bi tp theo ch 7. Cc bi ton th trong cc k thi Quc gia 8. Chng trnh gii Ni dung cc bi ging t phn 1 ti phn 6 c son trn slide trong file nh km

7. Bi tp theo ch
Chuyn Tm kim theo chiu rng (BFS)

Lucky Numbers
M bi: LUCKYNUM

Trong mt s nc chu , 8 v 6 c coi l nhng ch s may mn. Bt c s nguyn no ch cha ch s 8 v 6 c coi l s may mn, v d 6, 8, 66, 668, 88, 886 . Nguyn l mt hc sinh rt thch ton. Nguyn thch cc s may mn nhng ch thch cc s c dng S = 8866 trong S c t nht mt ch s v ch s 6 v 8 khng nht thit phi ng thi xut hin. V d, 8, 88, 6, 66, 86, 886, 8866 l cc s c dng S. Cho trc mt s nguyn dng X (1 < X < 10 000), Nguyn mun tm s may mn nh nht dng S, c khng qu 200 ch s v chia ht cho X. Nhim v ca bn l vit mt chng trnh tm s cho Nguyn.

D liu vo D liu vo gm nhiu b d liu tng ng vi nhiu test. Dng u tin cha mt s nguyn dng khng ln hn 20 l s lng cc b d liu. Cc dng tip theo cha cc b d liu. Trn mi dng tip theo cha mt s nguyn X tng ng vi mi b d liu. D liu ra Vi mi b d liu, ghi ra trn mt dng s may mn dng S nh nht chia ht cho X. Trng hp khng tn ti s S c khng qu 200 ch s nh vy, ghi -1. V d
LUCKYNUM.INP LUCKYNUM.OUT

4 6 8 43 5
1. VOI06 Qun tng

6 8 86 -1

M bi: QBBISHOP

Xt bn c vung kch thc nn. Cc dng c nh s t 1 n n, t di ln trn. Cc ct c nh s t 1 n n t tri qua phi. nm trn giao ca dng i v ct j c gi l (i,j). Trn bn c c m (0 m n) qun c. Vi m > 0, qun c th i (ri, ci), i = 1,2,..., m. Khng c hai qun c no trn cng mt . Trong s cc cn li ca bn c, ti (p, q) c mt qun tng. Mi mt nc i, t v tr ang ng qun tng ch c th di chuyn n c nhng trn cng ng cho vi n m trn ng i khng phi qua cc c qun

Cn phi a qun tng t xut pht (p, q) v ch (s,t). Gi thit l ch khng c qun c. Nu ngoi qun tng khng c qun no khc trn bn c th ch c 2 trng hp: hoc l khng th ti c ch, hoc l ti c sau khng qu 2 nc i (hnh tri). Khi trn bn c cn c cc qun c khc, vn s khng cn n gin nh vy. Yu cu: Cho kch thc bn c n, s qun c hin c trn bn c m v v tr ca chng, xut pht v ch ca qun tng. Hy xc nh s nc i t nht cn thc hin a qun tng v ch hoc a ra s -1 nu iu ny khng th thc hin c. Input Dng u tin cha 6 s nguyn n, m, p, q, s, t. Nu m > 0 th mi dng th i trong m dng tip theo cha mt cp s nguyn ri , ci xc nh v tr qun th i. Hai s lin tip trn cng mt dng c ghi cch nhau t nht mt du cch. Output Gm 1 dng duy nht l s nc i tm c Example
QBBISHOP.INP 837214 54 34 QBBISHOP.OUT 3

47 Hn ch: Trong tt c cc test: 1 n 200. C 60% s lng test vi n 20.

Gm c
M bi: VMUNCH

Bessie rt yu bi c ca mnh v thch th chy v chung b vo gi vt sa bui ti. Bessie chia ng c ca mnh l 1 vng hnh ch nht thnh cc vung nh vi R (1 <= R <= 100) hng v C (1 <= C <= 100) ct, ng thi nh du ch no l c v ch no l . Bessie ng v tr R_b,C_b v mun n c theo cch ca mnh, tng vung mt v tr v chung 1,1 ; bn cnh ng i ny phi l ngn nht. Bessie c th i t 1 vung sang 4 vung khc k cnh. Di y l mt bn v d [vi ('*'), c ('.'), chung b ('B'), v Bessie ('C') hng 5, ct 6] v mt bn cho bit hnh trnh ti u ca Bessie, ng i c dnh du bng ch m. Bn ng i ti u 1 2 3 4 5 6 <-ct 1 2 3 4 5 6 <-ct 1B...*. 1Bmmm*. 2..*... 2..*mmm 3.**.*. 3.**.*m 4..***. 4..***m 5*..*.C 5*..*.m Bessie n c 9 c. Cho bn , hy tnh xem c bao nhiu c m Bessie s n c trn con ng ngn nht tr v chung (tt nhin trong chung khng c c u nn ng c tnh nh) D liu Dng 1: 2 s nguyn cch nhau bi du cch: R v C Dng 2..R+1: Dng i+1 m t dng i vi C k t (v khng c du cch) nh ni trn.

Kt qu Dng 1: Mt s nguyn l s c m Bessie n c trn hnh trnh ngn nht tr v chung.

V d
VMUNCH.INP VMUNCH.OUT

56 B...*. ..*... .**.*. ..***. *..*.C

Bi c ngon nht
M bi: VBGRASS

Bessie d nh c ngy s nhai c xun v ngm nhn cnh xun trn cnh ng ca nng dn John, cnh ng ny c chia thnh cc vung nh vi R (1 <= R <= 100) hng v C (1 <= C <= 100) ct. Bessie c g c th m c s khm c trn cnh ng. Mi khm c trn bn c nh du bng mt k t # hoc l 2 k t # nm k nhau (trn ng cho th khng phi). Cho bn ca cnh ng, hy ni cho Bessie bit c bao nhiu khm c trn cnh ng. V d nh cnh ng di dy vi R=5 v C=6: .#.... ..#... ..#..# ...##. .#.... Cnh ng ny c 5 khm c: mt khm hng u tin, mt khm to bi hng th 2 v th 3 ct th 2, mt khm l 1 k t nm ring r hng 3, mt khm to bi ct th 4 v th 5 hng 4, v mt khm cui cng hng 5. D liu Dng 1: 2 s nguyn cch nhau bi du cch: R v C Dng 2..R+1: Dng i+1 m t hng i ca cnh ng vi C k t, cc k t l # hoc . .

Kt qu

Dng 1: Mt s nguyn cho bit s lng khm c trn cnh ng.

V d
VBGRASS.INP 56 .#.... ..#... VBGRASS.OUT 5

..#..# ...##. .#....

Tng ng ha hai t
M bi: VWORDS

Cho hai t x, y v mt dy hu hn cc t (w1, w2, ..., wk). Php ton p * q mang ngha l php ni t p vi t q, hay ni cch khc p * q l mt t mi to thnh bng cch vit t q pha sau t p. Ta cn kim tra xem hai t x, y c th tng ng ha bng cch s dng cc t trong dy cho trc khng. V d: T abba v ab c th tng ng ha bng cch s dng cc t trong dy: baaabad aa badccaa cc. Ta cn ni vo t abba cc t: aa v badccaa, v ni vo t ab cc t baaabad, cc v aa theo th t. Trong c hai trng hp, ta s thu c cng mt t: abbaaabadccaa. Yu cu Cho bit t x, t y v dy t w1, w2, ..., wk. Cho bit t x v y c th tng ng ha bng cch s dng cc t trong dy cho trc c hay khng? Nu c th, hy tm s lng nh nht php ton * cn s dng. D liu Dng u tin cha mt s nguyn dng k 40. Dng th hai v dng th ba m t t x v y. K dng tip theo m t dy t w1, w2, ..., wk, mi t trn mt dng. M t ca mi t cha mt s nguyn cho bit di ca t, theo sau bi khong trng v mt chui th hin t . Mi t ch bao gm cc ch ci Latin in thng v c di khng vt qu 2000. Tng di cc t khng vt qu 5000.

Kt qu Nu khng tn ti li gii, in ra 'NIE'. Nu tn ti li gii, in ra mt s nguyn dng, l s lng nh nht cc php ton * cn tng ng ha hai t x v y.

V d

VWORDS.INP 4 4 abba 2 ab 7 baaabad 2 aa 7 badccaa 2 cc 4 1a 2 ab 2 bb 2 ab 2 ba 2 aa GUMBI

M bi: LEM2

VWORDS.OUT 5

NIE

Mt TV c N phm bm nh s 1..N. Trc y TV cn tt, khi n 1 phm xung mi phm khc u tt v ch c phm va n l bt. By gi TV c, khi n 1 phm,ch c 1 s phm khc tt(nu n ang bt), cc phm khc khng i Mt phm d ang bt hay tt khi ta n n th phm ny s bt. Cc phm b n tc ng s tt nu ang bt. Bn c cho bit kt qu bm ca mi phm v 1 hin trng ca cc phm. Hy tm 1 dy bm lin tip 1 s t nht phm sao cho cui cng ch cn li phm K, 1 <= K <= N, l bt cc phm cn li u tt. Input - Gm 1 test duy nht: - Dng u l 2 s nguyn N, K ( 3 N 20 ) - N dng tip theo, dng th i: * u tin l s S ( s phm m phm i tc ng ) . Tip theo S s l dy phm m phm i tc ng khi bt n - Dng cui l N s 0 or 1 m t hin trng bn phm ang tt or bt Output - Gm 1 s nguyn duy nht l s ln bm phm t nht. Nu ko c p n ghi ra -1

Example
LEM2.INP 33 223 213 212 110 43 3234 11 11 0 0101 LEM2.OUT 1

Chuyn DFS

Qung co
M bi: ADS

Nhn dp Tt sp n cng ty Jelly-for-Kids quyt nh tng cng vic qung b sn phm n ngi tiu dng. V th gim c marketing, ng Fruit-Jelly mun gi i s lng nhn vin ti a c th, lm nhim v tip th ti i l trong thnh ph Trong thnh ph c m con ng, n i l bn ko (nh s t 1 n n). Mi con ng ch ni trc tip gia 2 i l, v c k hiu bng ch s ca 2 i l m n ni. ng thi, gia 2 i l bt k c khng qu 1 con ng ni chng ng Fruit-Jelly ngh rng, ng ta s qun l nhn vin d hn nu xp mi ngi tip th trn nhng hnh trnh c tnh cht th t. Tc l nhng i l bn ko trn hnh trnh tha cc iu kin sau C ng ni trc tip gia 2 i l lin tip nhau trn hnh trnh T mt i l bt k trong hnh trnh c th i qua tt c cc on ng trong hnh trnh ri tr v ni xut pht m khng i qua on ng no qu mt ln Hnh trnh phn cng cho mi nhn vin phi c t nht mt on ng cha c nhn vin no khc i tip th. Mi nhn vin ch di chuyn trn hnh trnh m anh ta c phn cng. Hy tnh s lng nhn vin ti a m ng Fruit-Jelly c th xp vic, v hnh trnh c th m mi ngi c xp. Input Dng u l 2 s t nhin N v M (N<=2000) (M<=5000) Trong M dng tip theo, mi dng ghi 2 s nguyn m t mt on ng, mi on ng c m t bi ch s ca 2 i l m n ni. Output Dng u tin ghi Q l s lng nhn vin ti a tm c Example

ADS.INP 56 12

ADS.OUT 2

24 45 35 13 23
Truyn tin
M bi: MESSAGE

Mt lp gm N hc sinh, mi hc sinh cho bit nhng bn m hc sinh c th lin lc c (ch lin lc ny l lin lc mt chiu : u c th gi tin ti v nhng v th cha chc c th gi tin ti u). Thy ch nhim ang c mt thng tin rt quan trng cn thng bo ti tt c cc hc sinh. tit kim thi gian, thy ch nhn tin ti 1 s hc sinh ri sau nh cc hc sinh ny nhn li cho tt c cc bn m cc hc sinh c th lin lc c, v c ln lt nh th lm sao cho tt c cc hc sinh trong lp u nhn c tin . Hy tm mt s t nht cc hc sinh m thy ch nhim cn nhn. Input - Dng u l N, M (N <= 800, M l s lng lin lc 1 chiu) - Mt s dng tip theo mi dng gm 2 s u , v cho bit hc sinh u c th gi tin ti hc sinh v Output - Gm 1 dng ghi s hc sinh cn thy nhn tin. Example

MESSAGE.INP 12 15 13 36 61 68 8 12

MESSAGE.OUT 2

12 9 96 24 45 52 46 7 10 10 11 11 7 10 9
B ba cao th
M bi: NKTRIO

thi lon, giang h c rt nhiu cao th v lm, mi ngi trong s h li c nhng tuyt chiu. Nu 2 cao th giang h so ti vi nhau th t nhng s trng v s on ca h, ta c th bit trc c cao th no s thng. Nhng cao th ang c VNOI nh conankudo, gothdn, kaiel, nahnhnahk, pirate... ang mun thi ti xem ai c chn lm b ba cao th. mu nghip ln, minh ch v lm Nuga cn tm ra mt b ba trong s cc cao th giang h hin ti. cc cao th ny quy phc di trng ca mnh v khng lm phn, Nuga mun b ba cao th ny c th khc ch c nhau; iu ny c ngha l nu 3 cao th c chn l A, B v C th A phi thng c B, B phi thng c C v C phi thng c A. Bn hy gip Nuga chn ra mt b ba cao th tho mn yu cu ca ng. D liu: Dng u tin ghi n l s cao th trn giang h (3 n 1000) Tip theo l n dng, mi dng c n s. A[i,j] = 1 l ngi i thng j. D liu lun m bo A[i,j] + A[j,i] = 1. A[i,i] = 0 vi mi i. Kt qu: Ghi ra ba s nguyn A, B v C l th t ca ba cao th tho mn A thng B, B thng C v C thng A. Trong trng hp c nhiu cch la chn, bn ch cn ch ra mt cch; trong trng hp khng c cch la chn tho mn yu cu, ghi ra ba s -1. V d:
NKTRIO.INP 5 01110 00110 00001 NKTRIO.OUT 235

00100 11010 3 011 001 000

Mng my tnh an ton
M bi: SAFENET2

-1 -1 -1

C n my tnh nh s t 1 n n v m dy cp mng,gia 2 my tnh c th c mt hoc nhiu ng dy cp mng ni chng,khng c cp mng ni mt my vi chnh n.Hai my tnh c th truyn d liu cho nhau nu c ng cp ni trc tip gia chng hoc truyn qua mt s my trung gian. Mt tp S cc my tnh c gi l h thng an ton nu d mt my tnh bt k b tn cng (do s t m ca ngi dn :-(,c thch truy cp v hack nhng trang cm :-( ) th trong s nhng my tnh cn li,nhng my tnh thuc tp S vn c th truyn c d liu cho nhau. Xc nh s lng ln nht c th cc my tnh ca tp S Input -Dng 1 cha 2 s nguyn n,m(1<=n<=30.000,0<=m<=100.000) -m dng tip theo ghi thng tin v cc dy cp mng,gm 2 ch s ca 2 my c dy ni trc tip Output Ghi mt s nguyn duy nht l s lng my tnh ln nht tm c Example
SAFENET2.INP SAFENET2.OUT

8 10 12 23 31 14 45 51 16 67 78 81
1. Vng ua xe p

M bi: BIC

Mt vng ua xe p c t chc trn N thnh ph, nh s t 1 n N. C M ng ni (mt chiu) gia cc thnh ph. Vng ua bt u t thnh ph 1 v kt thc ti thnh ph 2. Yu cu Hi c bao nhiu cch t chc cc vng ua? (Bit hai vng ua l khc nhau nu chng khng s dng cc tuyn ng nh nhau) D liu Dng 1: N, M M dng tip theo: mi dng cha hai s nguyn A, B, cho bit c mt ng ni gia thnh ph A v thnh ph B Cc thnh ph c th ni vi nhau bi nhiu hn mt con ng Kt qa Gm 1 dng duy nht: s cch t chc cc vng ua. Nu kt qa c nhiu hn 9 ch s, ch cn in ra 9 ch s cui cng. Nu c v s cch t chc cc ng ua, in ra inf. Gii hn

1 N 104 1 M 105

V d
BIC.INP BIC.OUT

8 14 67 68 75 52 53 48 16 52 75 64 14 52 74 83 22 12

inf

21
2. Xy cu
M bi: BRIDGES

t nc Delta l quc o ln trn th gii. t nc gm N o nh c nh s t 1 n N. Vic i li gia cc o l rt kh khn. V kinh t cn rt km pht trin, nh nc phi kh khn lm mi m c N 1 tuyn ph bin ngi dn ngi dn c th i li c gia hai o bt k. Cch y khng lu, t nc mi nhn c s u t ln ca cc nc t bn. Nh vua quyt nh xy mi K cy cu thay cho K tuyn ph. Cc cy cu mi c xy dng s ni lin hai o m trc y c tuyn ph ni trc tip. Nh vua mun tnh ton chn K tuyn ph no xy thnh cu sau cho tng thi gian i li gia mi cp nh l nh nht. Tc l: t gi tr nh nht. Trong o TA B l thi gian i t o A n o B. Bn hy gip nh Vua tnh ton chn ra K trong s N 1 tuyn ph thay th bng cu. Input Dng th nht ghi 4 s nguyn N, K, VP, VC trong VP l vn tc nu i bng ph v VC l vn tc nu i bng cu. VP v VC c n v l m/s N 1 dng tip theo, mi dng ghi 3 s U V L th hin gia o U v o V c mt tuyn ph, v khong cch gia U v V l L mt.

Output In ra K s l s hiu ca tuyn ph cn c thay th bng cu. Gii hn

1 K < N 10 000 1 VP, VC 100 000 1 LU V 106 Thi gian: 1s/test

Example
BRIDGES.INP 6212 125 326 144 464 455 BRIDGES.OUT 13

Chuyn : NG I NGN NHT

Bin Laden
M bi: BINLADEN

Trm khng b Bin Laden trn trong 1 cn hm c o su xung mt t M tng, mi tng c N phng. Cc phng c ngn cch bng cc ca rt kh ph. Cc phng c ca xung phng ngay pha di v 2 phng 2 bn. T trn mt t c N ca xung N phng tng -1. Bin Laden tng di cng (tng -M) phng th N (phng bn phi nht). Mi ca c lm bng mt kim loi khc nhau vi dy khc nhau nn vic ph ca cn thi gian khc nhau. Bn hy tm cch i t mt t xung phng ca Bin Laden nhanh nht khng hn thot mt. D liu Dng 1 ghi M v N Dng 2 n 2M + 1, dng chn ghi N s, dng l ghi N - 1 s l chi ph ph ca.

Kt qu Ghi ra 1 s l thi gian nh nht n c phng ca Bin Laden V d

BINLADEN.INP

BINLADEN.OUT

42 99 10 1 10 99 1 99 10 1 10 99 1 +--99--+--10--+ | | | | 1 | | | | +--10--+--99--+ | | | | 1 | | | | +--99--+--10--+ | | | | 1 | | | | +--10--+--99--+ | | | | 1 | | | | +------+------+ i theo ng zigzac Gii hn

44

1 <= M <= 2222 1 <= N <= 10 Chi ph ca cc cnh ca thuc [0, 1000].

Xc xc
M bi: XUCXAC

Mt mt bn nm ngang c chia lm li vung, trong mi c ghi mt s t nhin. Cho 1 con xc xc nm va vn trn mt ca li. Mi mt ca xc xc l mt s t 1 n 6. Ban u, mt trc l s 1, mt trn l s 2 v mt bn phi l s 3, cc mt i din c tng s l 7. Mi ln, con xc xc c th ln v pha tri, phi, trc, sau. Mi ln tip xc vi mt bn, ta mt mt chi ph bng s ghi trn m xc xc ang nm trn nhn vi s trn mt ca xc xc ang tip xc vi mt bn. Hy tm cch ln t mt n mt khc trn mt bn t chi ph nh nht. D liu

Dng u ghi 2 s M, N ln lt l s dng v s ct ca li trn mt bn. M dng sau, mi dng ghi N s nguyn khng qu 100 l s ghi trn cc li ca mt bn. Cc dng c lit k theo th t t xa n gn, cc s trn mi dng lit k t tri sang phi. Dng cui ghi 2 cp s ln lt l ta (dng, ct) ca bt u v kt thc.

Kt qu Ghi ra mt s duy nht l chi ph nh nht tm c. Gii hn 1 M,N 50. V d

XUCXAC.INP 33 123 456 789 2233 Traffic Network
M bi: TRAFFICN

XUCXAC.OUT 52

Mng li giao thng thnh ph gm n nt c nh s t 1 n n v m ng mt chiu ni cc cp nt. gim c di ca ng i ngn nht gia hai nt trng yu s v t khc nhau, mt danh sch gm k ng hai chiu c xut xem xt xy dng. Nhim v ca bn l vit mt chng trnh chn ra mt ng trong danh sch xut trn xy dng sao cho di ng i ngn nht gia s v t l nh nht. D liu vo D liu vo gm nhiu b d liu tng ng vi nhiu test. Dng u tin cha mt s nguyn dng khng ln hn 20 l s lng cc b d liu. Cc dng tip theo cha cc b d liu. Vi mi b d liu, dng u tin cha nm s nguyn dng n (n 10 000), m (m 100 000), k (k < 300), s (1 s n), t (1 t n) cch nhau bi du trng. Dng th i trong m dng tip theo cha ba s nguyn dng di, ci, li cch nhau bi du trng, trong li l di ( 0< li 1000) ca ng mt chiu th i t nt di n nt ci. Dng th j trong k dng tip theo cha ba s nguyn dng uj, vj v qj (qj 1000) cch nhau bi du trng, trong qj l di ca ng hai chiu c xut th j ni gia hai nt uj v vj. D liu ra

Vi mi b d liu, ghi ra trn mt dng di nh nht c th ca ng i ngn nht gia hai nt trng yu sau khi xy dng xong mt ng hai chiu t danh sch xut. Trng hp khng c ng i t s n t, ghi -1. D liu vo
TRAFFICN.INP TRAFFICN.OUT

1 45314 1 2 13 2 3 19 3 1 25 3 4 17 4 1 18 1 3 23 235 2 4 25
1. Roads
M bi: ROADS

35

C N thnh ph 1..N ni bi cc con ng mt chiu. Mi con ng c hai gi tr: di v chi ph phi tr i qua. Bob thnh ph 1. Bn hy gip Bob tm ng i ngn nht n thnh ph N, bit rng Bob ch c s tin c hn l K m thi. D liu Dng u tin ghi t l s test. Vi mi test, dng u ghi K (0 K 10000). Dng 2 ghi N, 2 N 100. Dng 3 ghi R, 1 R 10000 l s ng ni. Mi dng trong N dng sau ghi 4 s nguyn S, D, L, T m t mt con ng ni gia S v D vi di L ( 1 L 100) v chi ph T (0 T 100). Lu c th c nhiu con ng ni gia hai thnh ph. Kt qu Vi mi test, in ra di ng i ngn nht t 1 n N m tng chi ph khng qu K. Nu khng tn ti, in ra -1. V d
ROADS.INP ROADS.OUT

2 5 6 7 1223 2433 3424 1341 4621

11 -1

3520 5432 0 4 4 1452 1210 2311 3410

2. V tr tt nht
M bi: BESTSPOT

Bessie, lun lun mun cuc sng ca mnh tt hn , thy r rng c ta tht s rt thch gh thm F (1 <= F <= P) cnh ng yu thch F_i trong tng s P (1 <= P <= 500;1 <= F_i <= P) cnh ng (c nh s t 1-> P) thuc s hu ca nng dn John. Bessie bit rng c y c th xc nh c C (1 <= C <= 8000) con ng hai chiu (c nh s 1 .. C) kt ni tt c cc cnh ng trong ton b nng tri. ng vi mi con ng P_i l thi gian i T_i (1 <= T_i <= 892) v ni 2 cnh ng a_i v b_i (1 <= a_i <= P; 1 <= b_i <= P). Bessie mun tm cnh ng tt nht ng tha mn bnh qun thi gian i n F cnh ng yu thch ca c ta l nh nht. V d, hy xem xt mt nng trang c trnh by nh mt bn di y , ni * 'd l cch ng c yu thch.Cc s trong ngoc l thi gian tng ng di chuyn gia 2 cnh ng . 1 *-- [4] - 2 - [2] - 3 || [3] [4] || 4 - [3] - 5 - [1] --- 6 --- [6] --- 7 - [7] - 8 * |||| [3] [2] [1] [3] |||| 13 * 9 - [3] - 10 *-- [1] - 11 *-- [3] - 12 * Bng sau y cho thy cc khong cch trung bnh nu ngh ti cc cnh ng 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, v 12: 4 7 16 5 6 9 3 46/6 = 7.67 5 10 13 2 3 6 6 40/6 = 6.67 6 11 12 1 2 5 7 38/6 = 6.33 7 16 7 4 3 6 12 48/6 = 8.00 9 12 14 3 4 7 8 48/6 = 8.00 10 12 11 0 1 4 8 36/6 = 6.00 ** BEST 11 13 10 1 0 3 9 36/6 = 6.00 12 16 13 4 3 0 12 48/6 = 8.00 Kt qu ti u l cnh ng 10 D liu

Dng 1: 3 s nguyn P,F,C Dng 2..F+1: Dng i+2 cha 1 s Nguyn F_i Dng F+2..C+F+1 : Mi dng cha 3 s Nguyn a_i, b_i, F_i m t 1 con ng 2 chiu l thi gian di chuyn gia chng.

Kt qu Gm 1 dng duy nht l cnh ng c chn . nu c nhiu kt qu , chn cnh ng c ch s nh nht ! V d

BESTSPOT.INP 13 6 15 11 13 10 12 8 1 243 7 11 3 10 11 1 4 13 3 9 10 3 232 354 592 676 561 124 453 11 12 3 6 10 1 787 S ph thuc

BESTSPOT.INP 10

M bi: SUMS

Cho tp s nguyn A gm n phn t, A={a1, a2,..., an}. S k c gi l ph thuc vo tp A, nu k c to thnh bng cch cng cc phn t ca tp A(mi phn t c th cng nhiu ln). V d cho A={2,5,7}. Cc s nh 2, 4(2+2), 12(5+7 hoc 2+2+2+2+2) c gi l ph thuc vo tp A. S 0 cng gi l ph thuc vo tp A. Yu cu: Cho mt dy B, hy kim tra xem bi c phi l s ph thuc vo tp A hay khng . D liu: Dng u tin cha s nguyn n (1 n 5000). N dng tip theo cha cc phn t ca tp A, a1 < a2 < ... < an (1 ai 50000 ). Dng th N+2 cha s nguyn m (1 m 10000 ). M dng tip theo cha dy s nguyn b1, b2, ..., bm (0 bi 1000000000 ).

Kt qu: Gm m dng, dng th i ghi ra TAK nu bi l s ph thuc vo tp A v NIE nu khng phi l s ph thuc. V d:
SUMS.INP SUMS.OUT

3 2 5 7 6 0 1 4 12 3 2
3. CENTRE
M bi: CENTRE28

TAK NIE TAK TAK NIE TAK

Theo thng k cho bit mc tng trng kinh t ca nc Peace trong nm 2006 rt ng kh quan. C nc c tng cng N thnh ph ln nh c nh s tun t t 1 n N pht trin kh ng u. Gia N thnh ph ny l mt mng li gm M ng i hai chiu, mi tuyn ng ni 2 trong N thnh ph sao cho khng c 2 thnh ph no c ni bi qu 1 tuyn ng. Trong N thnh ph ny th thnh ph 1 v thnh ph N l 2

trung tm kinh t ln nht nc v h thng ng m bo lun c t nht mt cch i t thnh ph 1 n thnh ph N. Tuy nhin,c 2 trung tm ny u c du hiu qu ti v mt dn s. V vy, c vua Peaceful quyt nh chn ra thm mt thnh ph na u t thnh mt trung tm kinh t th ba. Thnh ph ny s tm ngng mi hot ng thng nht, cng nh mi lung lu thng ra vo tin hnh nng cp c s h tng. Nhng trong thi gian sa cha y, phi bo m ng i ngn nht t thnh ph 1 n thnh ph N khng b thay i, nu khng nn kinh t quc gia s b tr tr. V tr v ng ni gia N thnh ph c m t nh mt th N nh M cnh. Hy gip nh vua m s lng thnh ph c th chn lm trung tm kinh t th ba sao cho thnh ph c chn tha mn cc iu kin trn Input Dng u tin ghi 2 s nguyn dng N v M l s thnh ph v s tuyn ng. Dng th i trong s M dng tip theo ghi 3 s nguyn dng xi, yi v di vi ngha tuyn ng th i c di di v ni gia 2 thnh ph xi, yi. Output Dng u tin ghi s t nhin S l s lng cc thnh ph c th chn lm trung tm kinh t th ba. S dng tip theo, mi dng ghi 1 s nguyn dng l s th t ca thnh ph c chn ( In ra theo th t tng dn ) Example
CENTRE28.INP 66 121 231 361 1 4 100 4 5 100 5 6 100 CENTRE28.OUT 2 4 5

Gii hn

2 N 30000 1 M 100000 1 di 1000

Floyd hoc Dijkstra ( C bn )

M bi: FLOYD

Cho n th v hng N nh v M cnh, trng s cc cnh u nguyn dng. C 2 loi cu hi : 0 u v : Cho bit ng i ngn nht t u ti v c di l bao nhiu. 1 u v : Hy ch ra 1 ng i ngn nht t u => v Bi c bn ny nhm kim tra k nng xy dng cc module chng trnh con dnh cho truy vt 1 cch hp l, s dng nhun nhuyn chng trnh con, li gi hm . Download test v solution ti y Input Dng 1 : 3 s nguyn N , M , K . ( 1 N 100 , 1 M N*(N-1)/2 , 1 K 1000 ) M dng tip theo , dng th i gm 3 s nguyn dng u , v , c cho bit cnh (u,v) c trng s l c ( 1 c 10000 ) K dng tip theo l K cu hi , dng th j s c nh dng nh nu trn . Output ng vi mi cu hi trong K cu hi th ta phi tr li trn mi dng nh sau . Cu hi 0 u v : Ghi ra 1 s nguyn duy nht l di ng i ngn nht t u -> v. Cu hi 1 u v : Ghi ra s u tin l s X l s nh trn ng i ngn nht ny , tip ghi ra X s l ch s cc nh theo th t xut hin trn hnh trnh . Example
FLOYD.INP 332 123 231 135 012 113 Hai ng i
M bi: HIWAY

FLOYD.OUT 3 3123

Mt mng giao thng gm N nt giao thng, v c M ng hai chiu ni mt s cp nt, thng tin v mt ng gm ba s nguyn dng u, v l tn hai nt u mt ca ng, v l l di on ng . Bit rng hai nt giao thng bt k c khng qu 1 ng hai chiu nhn chng lm hai u mt. Cho hai nt giao thng s v f, hy tm hai ng i ni gia s vi f sao cho hai trn hai ng khng c cnh no c i qua hai ln v tng di 2 ng i l nh nht. Input

- Dng u ghi N, M (N 100) - Dng th 2 ghi hai s s, f. - M dng tip theo, mi dng m t mt ng gm ba s nguyn dng u, v, l. Output - Dng u ghi T l tng di nh nht tm c hoc -1 nu khng tm c. - Nu tm c, hai dng sau, mi dng m t mt ng i gm: s u l s nt trn ng i ny, tip theo l dy cc nt trn ng i bt u t s, kt thc ti f. Ch :Phm vi tnh ton trong vng Longint. Example
HIWAY.INP 58 15 121 148 235 241 351 438 451 131 Vn chuyn hng
M bi: QBTRANS

HIWAY.OUT 5 3135 41245

Cng ty MCA l mt cng ty vn ti ni ting ti t nc Peace, vi mng li hot ng trong khp c nc. Sp n k nim 30 nm thnh lp, gim c cng ty quyt nh m mt t khuyn mi ln cho tt c cc khch hng. C th l cng ty s m mt s tuyn ng vn chuyn min ph cho khch hng. Mi tuyn ng nh vy s xut pht t mt thnh ph, qua mt s thnh ph (khng i qua thnh ph no 2 ln) ri quay v ni xut pht. Nu tnh chi ph vn chuyn trung bnh trn tng tuyn ng th chi ph chi ra cho t khuyn mi ny s khng nh nn gim c cng mun cc tuyn ng ny tha iu kin tng di ng i chia cho tng s con ng trong tuyn ng (gi l chi ph ca tuyt ng) l nh nht. Cho mt mng li vn chuyn hng ca cng ty MCA hy tm ra tuyn ng thch hp nht (tha c 2 iu kin trn) cho t khuyn mi. Xut ra chi ph ca tuyn ng tm c. Input Dng u tin ghi hai s nguyn N v M l s thnh ph v s con ng trong mng li. ( 1 N 100, 1 M 9000 )

M dng tip theo, mi dng ghi ba s nguyn a b c vi ngha c ng i mt chiu t a n b vi di l c. ( 1 c 223 ) Output Gm 1 dng duy nht ghi mt s thp phn vi l chi ph nh nht. Nu khng tn ti tuyn ng no tha mn ghi ra -1. ( ghi chnh xc n 2 ch s sau du phy ) Example
QBTRANS.INP QBTRANS.OUT 33 1.00 121 231 311 VOI06 Knh xung yu
M bi: QBCIRARC

Mt h thng n my tnh (cc my tnh c nh s t 1 n n) c ni li thnh mt mng bi m knh ni, mi knh ni hai my no v cho php truyn tin mt chiu t my ny n my kia. Ta gi mt mch vng ca mng cho l mt dy cc my tnh v cc knh ni chng c dng: u1, e1, u2, ...,ui, ei, ui+1, ..., uk-1, ek-1, uk, ek, u1 Trong u1, u2, ..., uk l cc my tnh khc nhau trong mng, ei knh truyn tin t my ui n my ui+1 (i = 1, 2, ..., k-1), ek l knh truyn tin t my uk n my u1. Mt knh truyn tin trong mng c gi l knh xung yu nu nh bt c mch vng no ca mng cng u cha n. Yu cu: Hy xc nh tt c cc knh xung yu ca mng cho. Input Dng u tin cha 2 s nguyn dng n v m. Dng th i trong s m dng tip theo m t knh ni th i bao gm hai s nguyn dng ui, vi cho bit knh ni th i cho php truyn tin t my ui n my vi. Cc s trn cng mt dng c ghi cch nhau bi du cch. Output Dng u tin ghi s nguyn k l s lng knh xung yu trong mng cho. Ghi k = -1 nu mng khng cha knh xung yu.

Nu k>0 th mi dng trong s k dng tip theo ghi thng tin v mt knh xung yu tm c theo qui cch m t ging nh trong file d liu vo. ng thi cc knh c in ra theo th t t in Example
QBCIRARC.INP 22 12 21 QBCIRARC.OUT 2 12 21

Hn ch: Trong tt c cc test: n 1000, m 20000. C 50% s lng test vi n 200.

Mng 3 nh
M bi: THREE

Cho mt a th v hng N nh, M cnh, mi cnh c 1 trng s nguyn dng. Yu cu: Hy chn ra mt s cnh sao cho th to bi N nh v cc cnh c chn ny m bo lin thng gia 3 nh 1, 2, 3 v tng trng s ca cc cnh c chn l nh nht. D liu vo m bo c phng n. Gii hn

3 N 100 4 M 20000 Trng s 1 cnh 10000

Input Dng u tin gm 2 s nguyn: N, M. M dng tip theo: dng th i gm 3 s nguyn dng U V C tng ng l cnh ny ni lin nh U vi nh V, trng s l C.

Output

Dng 1: Chi ph nh nht. Dng 2: S nguyn K l s cnh chn ra. Ghi ra K s l ch s cc cnh chn, cc s ghi cch nhau t nht mt du

cch. Example
THREE.INP 34 121 234 THREE.OUT 3 2 13

132 123
Xy dng ng
M bi: QBBUILD

Vua Peaceful va khai hoang mt vng t lp ra t nc Peace, lc u ch c N thnh ph (c nh s t 1 n N) v khng c con ng no. Vua Peace chn ra 4 thnh ph c bit lm trung tm kinh t v 4 thnh ph ny phi c lin thng vi nhau. Chi ph xy dng cc con ng khng phi nh v th nh vua mun s dng chi ph t nht xy dng cc con ng sao cho 4 thnh ph c bit vn lin thng. Bn c bit chi ph c tnh xy dng mt s con ng v bn hy chn mt s con ng xy dng theo ng nh vua bit rng lun tn ti t nht mt phng n xy dng ng sao cho 4 thnh ph c bit lin thng. Input Dng u tin ghi s nguyn dng N l s lng cc thnh ph.( 1 N 100 ) Dng th hai ghi 4 s nguyn l s hiu ca 4 thnh ph c bit. Trong mt s dng tip theo, mi dng ghi 3 s nguyn u, v v c vi ngha mun xy dng mt con ng hai chiu ni trc tip gia 2 thnh ph u v v th chi ph l c. ( 1 c 5000 ) Output Gm 1 dng duy nht l tng chi ph nh nht xy dng h thng ng. Example

QBBUILD.INP QBBUILD.OUT 5 5 2341 1 2 10 151 521 141 433 322

Chuyn : CHU TRNH EULER

Thm him m cung

Mt m cung gm c N phng v M hnh lang ni cc phng, gia hai phng bt k c khng qu mt hnh lang ni chng. Mt ngi mun khm ph m cung, anh ta s xut pht t mt phng v i dc theo tt c cc hnh lang sao cho mi hnh lang c i qua ng mt ln, ri li tr v v tr xut pht. Mi hnh lang c mt gi tr c cho bit khi i qua n th nng lng nh thm him s cng thm vi c (c c th m hay dng). Nh thm him bt u xut pht vi nng lng bng 0, anh ta s cht nu sau khi i ht mt hnh lang no m mc nng lng nh hn 0. Yu cu: Hy gip nh thm him tm ra mt hnh trnh an ton tha mn cc yu cu a ra. D liu Dng 1 l 2 s nguyn N, M. ( 1 N 200 ) M dng tip theo, dng th i gm 3 s nguyn u, v, c cho bit c 1 hnh lang ni phng u vi phng v v gi tr nng lng l c. ( |c| 10000 ) .

Kt qu Nu c khng c hnh trnh no an ton th ghi ra -1. Ngc li ghi ra M+1 s nguyn l ch s phng trn ng i. T phng xut pht, qua cc phng, hnh lang ri quay tr v phng xut pht.

V d
MC.INP 33 122 1 3 -1 2 3 -1 MC.OUT 2132

Ngi a th
M bi: NKPOS

Mt bu t vng qu cn chuyn th cho ngi dn cc ngi lng cng nh trn cc con ng ni gia cc ngi lng. Bn cn gip bu t tm hnh trnh i qua mi ngi lng v mi con ng t nht mt ln (d liu vo m bo mt hnh trnh nh vy tn ti). Tuy nhin, mi hnh trnh cn c gn vi mt chi ph. Ngi dn cc ngi lng u mun bu t n lng mnh cng sm cng tt. V vy mi ngi lng tha thun vi bu in, nu lng i l lng th k phn bit c thm trn hnh trnh v k w i, lng i s tr wi k euros cho bu in. Nu k > wi , bu in ng tr k - wi euros cho ngi lng. Ngoi ra, bu in cn tr bu t mt euro khi i qua mi con ng trn hnh trnh. C n ngi lng, c nh s t 1 n n. Bu in c t ngi lng s mt, do hnh trnh cn bt u v kt thc ti ngi lng ny. Mi ngi lng c t giao im

ca hai, bn, hoc tm con ng. C th c nhiu ng ni gia hai ngi lng. Con ng c th l mt vng ni mt ngi lng vi chnh n. Yu cu: Vit chng trnh xc nh mt hnh trnh i qua mi ngi lng v mi con ng t nht mt ln, sao cho tng li nhun ca bu in l ln nht (hay tng thit hi l b nht). D liu Dng u tin cha 2 s nguyn n, m, cch nhau bi khong trng; n (1 n 200), l s ngi lng v m l s con ng. Mi dng trong s n dng sau cha mt s nguyn dng. Dng th i+1 cha s wi, 0 wi 1000, xc nh chi ph c tr bi lng i. Mi dng trong s m dng sau cha hai s nguyn dng cch nhau bi khong trng, m t mt con ng ni hai ngi lng.

Kt qa Dng u tin cha s nguyn dng k, di ca hnh trnh. Dng th hai theo cha k+1 s cho bit cc ngi lng c thm theo th t trn hnh trnh, cch nhau bi khong trng, trong v1=vk+1=1.

V d

NKPOS.INP 67 1 7 4 10 20 5 24 15 21 45 36 16 13

NKPOS.OUT 7 15421631

Chuyn : CY KHUNG NH NHT

Cy khung nh nht ( HEAP )

M bi: QBMST

Cho n th v hng lin thng G = (V, E) gm n nh v m cnh, cc nh c nh s t 1 ti n v cc cnh c nh s t 1 ti m. Hy tm cy khung nh nht ca th G Input Dng 1: Cha hai s n, m (1 <= n <= 10000; 1 <= m <= 15000) M dng tip theo, dng th i c dng ba s nguyn u, v, c. Trong (u, v) l ch s hai nh u mt ca cnh th i v c trng s ca cnh (1 <= u, v <= n; 0 <= c <= 10000). Output Gm 1 dng duy nht: Ghi trng s cy khung nh nht Example
QBMST.INP 69 121 131 241 232 251 351 361 452 562 Vng ua F1
M bi: NKRACING

QBMST.OUT 5

Singapore s t chc mt cuc ua xe Cng Thc 1 vo nm 2008. Trc khi cuc ua din ra, xut hin mt s cuc ua v m tri lut. Chnh quyn mun thit k mt h thng kim sot giao thng bt gi cc tay ua phm lut. H thng bao gm mt s camera t trn cc tuyn ng khc nhau. m bo tnh hiu qu cho h thng, cn c t nht mt camera dc theo mi vng ua. H thng ng Singapore c th c m t bi mt dy cc nt giao thng v cc ng ni hai chiu (xem hnh v). Mt vng ua bao gm mt nt giao thng xut pht, tip theo l ng i bao gm t nht 3 tuyn ng v cui cng quay tr li im xut

pht. Trong mt vng ua, mi tuyn ng ch c i qua ng mt ln, theo ng mt hng. Chi ph t camera ph thuc vo tuyn ng c chn. Cc s nh trong hnh v cho bit chi ph t camera ln cc tuyn ng. Cc s ln xc nh cc nt giao thng. Camera c t trn cc tuyn ng ch khng phi ti cc nt giao thng. Bn cn chn mt s tuyn ng sao cho chi ph lp t l thp nht ng thi vn m bo c t nht mt camera dc theo mi vng ua. Vit chng trnh tm cch t cc camera theo di giao thng sao cho tng chi ph lp t l thp nht.

D liu Dng u tin cha 2 s nguyn n, m ( 1 n 10000, 1 m 100000) l s nt giao thng v s ng ni. Cc nt giao thng c nh s t 1 n n. m dng tip theo m t cc ng ni, mi dng bao gm 3 s nguyn dng cho bit hai u mt ca tuyn ng v chi ph lp t camera. Chi ph lp t thuc phm vi [1, 1000].

Kt qa In ra 1 s nguyn duy nht l tng chi ph lp t tht nht tm c. V d

NKRACING.INP NKRACING.OUT 67 6 125

233 145 454 564 633 523

Ti nc ng c
M bi: FWATER

Nng dn John quyt nh mang nc ti cho N (1 <= N <= 300) ng c ca mnh, thun tin ta nh s cc ng c t 1 n N. ti nc cho 1 ng c John c th chn 2 cch, 1 l o ng c 1 ci ging hoc lp ng ni dn nc t nhng ng c trc c nc ti. o mt ci ging ng c i cn 1 s tin l W_i (1 <= W_i <= 100,000). Lp ng dn nc ni 2 ng c i v j cn 1 s tin l P_ij (1 <= P_ij <= 100,000; P_ij = P_ji; P_ii=0). Tnh xem nng dn John phi chi t nht bao nhiu tin tt c cc ng c u c nc. D LIU Dng 1: Mt s nguyn duy nht: N Cc dng 2..N + 1: Dng i+1 cha 1 s nguyn duy nht: W_i Cc dng N+2..2N+1: Dng N+1+i cha N s nguyn cch nhau bi du cch; s th j l P_ij

KT QU Dng 1: Mt s nguyn duy nht l chi ph ti thiu cung cp nc cho tt c cc ng c.

V D

FWATER.INP FWATER.OUT 4 9 5 4 4 3 0222

2033 2304 2340 GII THCH C 4 ng c. Mt 5 tin o 1 ci ging ng c 1, 4 tin o ng c 2, 3 v 3 tin o ng c 4. Cc ng dn nc tn 2, 3, v 4 tin ty thuc vo n ni ng c no vi nhau. Nng dn John c th o 1 ci ging ng c th 4 v lp ng dn ni ng c 1 vi tt c 3 ng c cn li, chi ph tng cng l 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 9.
Xy dng thnh ph
M bi: NKCITY

Nc Anpha ang lp k hoch xy dng mt thnh ph mi v hin i. Theo k hoch, thnh ph s c N v tr quan trng, c gi l N trng im v cc trng im ny c nh s t 1 ti N. B giao thng lp ra mt danh sch M tuyn ng hai chiu c th xy dng c gia hai trng im no . Mi tuyn ng c mt thi gian hon thnh khc nhau. Cc tuyn ng phi c xy dng sao cho N trng im lin thng vi nhau. Ni cch khc, gia hai trng im bt k cn phi di chuyn c n nhau qua mt s tuyn ng. B giao thng s chn ra mt s tuyn ng t trong danh sch ban u a vo xy dng sao cho iu kin ny c tha mn. Do nhn c u t rt ln t chnh ph, b giao thng s thu hn mt i thi cng ring cho mi tuyn ng cn xy dng. Do , thi gian hon thnh ton b cc tuyn ng cn xy dng s bng thi gian lu nht hon thnh mt tuyn ng no . Yu cu: Gip b giao thng tnh thi gian hon thnh cc tuyn ng sm nht tha mn yu cu nu. D liu Dng cha s N v M (1 N 1000; 1 M 10000). M tip theo, mi dng cha ba s nguyn u, v v t cho bit c th xy dng tuyn ng ni gia trng im u v trng im v trong thi gian t. Khng c hai tuyn ng no ni cng mt cp trng im. Kt qu Mt s nguyn duy nht l thi gian sm nht hon thnh cc tuyn ng tha mn yu cu nu. V d

NKCITY.INP NKCITY.OUT 57 3 122 151 251 143 132 532 344

Chuyn : CP GHP

Cp ghp khng trng s

M bi: MATCH1

Cho th hai pha G = (X U Y, E); Cc nh ca X k hiu l x1, x2, ..., xm, cc nh ca Y k hiu l y1, y2, ..., yn. Mt b ghp trn G l mt tp cc cnh thuc E i mt khng c nh chung. Yu cu: Hy tm b ghp cc i (c nhiu cnh nht) trn G. Ch : Dng Eof ch khng dng SeekEof. Input Dng 1: Cha hai s m, n (1 m, n 100) Cc dng tip, mi dng cha hai s nguyn dng i, j cho bit thng tin v mt cnh (xi, yj) thuc E. Output Dng 1: Ghi s cnh trong b ghp cc i tm c (K). K dng tip theo, mi dng ghi thng tin v mt cnh c chn vo b ghp cc i: Gm 2 s u, v th hin cho cnh ni (xu, yv).

Example

MATCH1.INP 45 11 14 21 22 24 32 33 42 43 B ghp y trng s cc tiu

M bi: MATCH2

MATCH1.OUT 4 11 24 33 42

Cho th hai pha G = (X U Y, E); Cc nh ca X k hiu l x1, x2, ..., xn, cc nh ca Y k hiu l y1, y2, ..., yn. Mi cnh ca G c gn mt trng s khng m. Mt b ghp y trn G l mt tp n cnh thuc E i mt khng c nh chung. Trng s ca b ghp l tng trng s cc cnh nm trong b ghp. Rng buc: Lun tn ti t nht mt b ghp y trn G. Ch dng Eof ch khng dng SeekEof Input Dng 1: Cha s n (1 n 200) Cc dng tip theo, mi dng cha 3 s nguyn i, j, c cho bit c mt cnh (xi, yj) v trng s cnh l c (0 c 200). Output Dng 1: Ghi trng s b ghp tm c n dng tip, mi dng ghi hai s (u, v) tng trng cho mt cnh (xu, yv) c chn vo b ghp. Example
MATCH2.INP MATCH2.OUT

4 110 120 210 242 321 330 430 449

Cp ghp cc i trn th hai pha
M bi: NKBM

3 11 24 32 43

Trong l thuyt th, mt cp ghp hay tp cnh c lp ca mt th l mt tp cc cnh khng c nh chung. Bi ton ghp cp thng c quan tm trong trng hp th hai pha. th n v hng G=(V,E) l mt th hai pha nu nh tn ti mt cch phn hoch tp inh V thnh hai tp V1, V2 sao cho mi cnh thuc E u c dng v1v2 vi v1 thuc V1, v2 thuc V2. Mt v d l bi ton sp xp cng vic. Gi s c P ngi v J cng vic, mi ngi c th lm mt s cng vic no . Ta m hnh bi ton bng mt th hai pha vi P+J nh. Nu ngi pi c th lm cng vic ji th c mt cnh gia hai nh pi v ji trn th. Tm mt cp ghp cc i (cn c gi l cp ghp c lc lng ln nht) trn mt th hai pha G=(V=(X,Y), E) l mt bi ton quen thuc v n gin trong l thuyt th. nh l Konig ch ra rng trong mt th hai pha, kch thc ca cp ghp cc i bng kch thc ca ph nh nh nht. T kt qu ny, bi ton ph nh nh nht v bi ton tp c lp ln nht trn th hai pha c th gii c trong thi gian a thc. Bn hy th gii quyt bi ton tm cp ghp cc i trn th hai pha: cho bit th hai pha G=(V=(X,Y), E), hy tm cp ghp cc i (c nhiu cnh nht). D liu Dng u tin cha hai s x, y, m (x, y 1000), theo th t l s nh thuc tp X, tp Y ca th v s cnh ni. m dng tip theo mi dng ghi hai s i, j cch nhau bi mt du cch th hin c cnh ni gia hai nh xi, yj.

Kt qa In ra kch thc ca cp ghp cc i. V d

NKBM.INP 459 11 14 NKBM.OUT 4

21 22 24 32 33 42 43
Phn cng hoan thanh sm nht
M bi: ASSIGN1

C n ngi, n vic (1 < n 200). Ngi th i thc hin cng vic j mt C[i,j] n v thi gian. Gi s tt c bt u vo thi im 0, hy tm cch b tr mi cng vic cho mi ngi sao cho thi im hon thnh cng vic l sm nht c th. Input - Dng u: N - Tip theo l ma trn C[i,j]. (thuc kiu Integer) Output - Ghi thi im sm nht hon thnh. Example
ASSIGN1.INP ASSIGN1.OUT 4 5 10 10 10 2 10 10 3 10 4 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 Boxes
M bi: BOXES

C n ci hp xp theo vng trn nh s 1..n (1 n 1000) theo chiu kim ng h. Mi hp cha mt s qu bng, tng s qu bng khng qu n. Cn dch chuyn cc qu bng sao cho mi hp khng cha qu 1 qu. Mi bc, ta c th di chuyn mt qu bng t mt hp sang mt trong hai hp bn cnh. Tnh s bc di chuyn t nht. D liu Dng u tin cha t l s b test (t 20). Mi b test c dng:

Dng u tin: n - s hp. Dng th hai: n s nguyn khng m l s qu bng trong cc hp

Kt qu Vi mi b test in ra s bc t nht cn thit. V d

BOXES.INP 1 12 002431000001 IOI2008
M bi: IOI2008

BOXES.OUT 19

IOI 2008 din ra trong n + 1 ngy, cc bi ton ca IOI c nh s t 1 ti n.(n+1) v c phn b vo cc ngy thi theo lch sau (mi ngy thi c n bi ton): Ngy 1: Cc bi ton t 1 ti n Ngy 2: Cc bi ton t n + 1 ti 2n ... Ngy i: Cc bi ton t (i - 1).n + 1 ti i.n ... Ngy n+1: Cc bi ton t n.n + 1 ti n.(n+1) Cc bi thi c mt trong k dng, bi th j c dng l rj (1 <= rj<= k) Th thc thi c thng bo cho mi on nh sau: - Mi on s c n + 1 hc sinh tham gia - Hng ngy, Ban t chc s a mt hc sinh ca on i tham quan thnh ph, vic chn hc sinh no cho i tham quan l quyn ca trng on, nhng phi m bo iu kin: Cho n khi IOI kt thc, hc sinh no ca on cng c i tham quan thnh ph. Nh vy mi ngy on s cn li n hc sinh tham gia thi, vic giao cho hc sinh no lm bi no l quyn ca ph on nhng mi hc sinh ch c giao mt bi v hai hc sinh khc nhau s phi nhn hai bi khc nhau. Kt thc IOI, im ng i ca mi on s c tnh bng tng im ca tt c cc li gii cc bi ton cho.

Cc thy gio trng, ph on Vit Nam d on rng nu hc sinh th i ca on lm bi ton dng j th c th thu c s im l cij (cij = 0 tng ng vi li d on rng hc sinh th i khng lm c bi ton dng j). Hi cc thy s sp xp lch thi u cho cc hc sinh nh th no theo d on, on Vit Nam s thu c s im nhiu nht c th. Input Dng 1: Cha hai s n, k (1 <= n <= 100; 1 <= k <= 1000) Dng 2: Cha n.(n+1) s, s th p l rp. Cc dng tip, mi dng cha ba s nguyn dng i, j, p cho bit mt iu d on ca cc thy: hc sinh th i c th lm c bi ton dng j v t c s im l p (=c[i, j]). (1 <= p <= 100) Output Gm 1 dng duy nht : Ghi im ng i m theo d on on Vit Nam c th t

V d:
IOI2008.INP 34 124433142322 112 123 146 234 213 247 321 314 412 439 428 Harry Potter v m cung t thn
M bi: NHP

IOI2008.OUT 65

Trong chuyn phiu lu tm kim nhng bo bi t thn, Harry cng cc bn ca cu lc vo mt m cung b mt. Ngay khi h va bc chn vo, cc bc tng lp tc mc

ln bn pha, chia m cung thnh N*N phng c kch thc 1*1 v nhm ca Harry b nht trong mt s phng. Mi phng u c 4 cnh ca, mi chic nm trn 1 bc tng ca phng . Cc con qui vt ch xut hin trong cc phng c Harry v cc bn ca cu. S qui vt mt phng lun lun bng s ngi trong phng. iu ny c ngha l khi 1 ngi di chuyn t phng X sang phng Y, th phng Y s c thm 1 con qui vt. sng st, buc Harry v cc bn phi chin u vi l qui vt v tm ng thot ra ngoi. Thi gian tiu dit 1 con qui vt phng (I, J) l A[I, J]. (nh s cc phng t tri sang phi, t trn xung di). Mt ngi ch c th cng 1 lc chin u vi 1 con qui vt, v bt buc phi tiu dit xong qui vt mi c th chuyn sang phng khc. Nh tm bn o tc, Harry bit c nhng ngi bn ca mnh ang phng no. Cu cng pht hin ra rng, mi phng nht bn mnh u c sn bng mt mu ring bit, v cc cnh ca nm trn 4 bc tng bao ngoi ca m cung cng c nhiu mu sc khc nhau. By gi cu cn phi hng dn tng ngi chy ti cnh ca cng mu vi phng nht ngi . Nhng khi c mt ngi thot ra ngoi m cung, th ngay lp tc, qui vt trong m cung s hi phc li sc mnh nh ban u, v 4 bc tng ca cn phng b mt s quay 1 n v theo chiu kim ng h, lm cc cnh ca mu trn cng quay theo. Hay ni cch khc, nu ta i dc theo 4 bc tng ca cn phng b mt theo chiu kim ng h th mi cnh ca m ta i ti s i sang mu c ca cnh ca ngay

pha sau ta (Xem hnh v).

Do tnh th kh khn nn ch khi mt ngi thot khi m cung th Harry mi hng dn ngi tip theo. Bn hy gip Harry hng dn cho tt c cc bn ca mnh thot khi m cung trong thi gian ngn nht! (P/s: Nu bn hi Harry hng dn cho cc bn mnh bng cch no? Cu y dng thn ch Sonorus! (m vang) lm ging ni ca mnh vang vng khp m cung. :D)

D liu Dng u ghi 2 s nguyn dng N, K. Vi N l kch thc ca m cung, K l s ngi trong nhm bn ca Harry. Trong I dng tip theo, mi dng ghi J s nguyn khng m. S th J trn dng I l A[I, J] th hin thi gian cn thit tiu dit qui vt trong phng (I, J). Trong K dng tip, mi dng ghi 1 b 3 s nguyn khng m I, J, C. B s (I, J, C) trn dng th X th hin rng ngi bn th X ang phng (I, J) v phng ny c sn mu C. Dng cui cng ghi 4*N s nguyn khng m, l mu ca cc cnh ca trn 4 bc tng bao quanh m cung, ln lt theo chiu kim ng h, bt u t cnh ca bc tng pha trn ca phng nh (1,1). (Th t ging nh trong hnh 1) Kt qu Mt s nguyn duy nht l thi gian nh nht tt c mi ngi trong nhm bn ca Harry c th thot khi m cung. Gii hn

1 N 100 1 K 100, K N^2 0 C 100 0 A[I, J] 100

V d
NHP.INP 32 222 020 102 122 212 222222112112 Fast Maximum Matching
M bi: FMATCH

NHP.OUT 3

FJ c N (1 N 50,000) c b v M (1 M 50,000) ch b. Cho danh sch P (1 P 150,000) kh nng ghp i gia cc c b v ch b, hy tnh s cp ln nht c th ghp c. Tt nhin, mt c b c th ghp vi ti a l mt ch b v ngc li. D liu vo:

Dng u tin cha 3 s nguyn, N, M, v P. Mi dng trong s P dng tip theo cha 2 s nguyn A (1 A N) v B (1 B M), th hin vic c b A c th ghp c vi ch b B. Kt qu ra: In ra mt s nguyn th hin s cp ln nht c th t c. V d:
FMATCH.INP 546 52 12 43 31 22 44 FMATCH.OUT 3

C b 1 c th c ghp vi ch b 2, c b 3 vi ch b 1, v c b 4 vi ch b 3.

Chuyn : LUNG TRN MNG

Lung cc i trn mng

M bi: NKFLOW

Trong l thuyt th, mng lung l mt th c hng, trong mi cnh c mt thng qua v mt gi tr lung. Lng lung trn mi cnh khng c vt qu thng qua ca cnh . Lng lung i vo mt nh phi bng lng lung i ra khi n, tr khi l nh ngun (c nhiu lng lung i ra hn), hay nh ch (c nhiu lng lung i vo hn). Mng lung c th dng m hnh ha h thng ng giao thng, dng chy ca cht lng trong ng, dng in trong mch, hay bt k cc bi ton no tng t khi c s di chuyn trong mt mng cc nt. M hnh cc ng dn nc bng mt mng lung. Mi ng nc c ng knh xc nh nn ch cho php mt lu lng nc xc nh chy qua. ni giao im gia cc ng, lu lng nc i vo phi bng lu lng nc i ra nu khng nc s nhanh chng b tht thot. Ta c mt bn nc, hay nh pht, v mt vi nc, hay nh thu. Mt cch trc quan, gi tr lung trn mng chnh l vn tc nc chy ra t vi. Lung cn c th m hnh s lu chuyn ca ngi hay hng ha trn cc mng giao thng, dng in trong h thng phn phi,... i vi cc h thng mng ny, lung i vo cc nt trung gian cn phi bng lung i ra khi nt . Tnh cht ny cng ging nh nh lut dng in Kirchhoff. Mng lung cn c ng dng trong sinh thi hc: mng lung xut hin khi xem xt s lu chuyn cht dinh dng v nng lng gia cc nhm khc nhau trong mt mng thc n. Cc bi ton gn vi loi mng sinh thi ny hon ton khc vi trng hp mng cht lng hay mng giao thng. Bi ton lung cc i trn mng yu cu tm mt lung tng thch c gi tr ln nht trong mng lung c mt nh pht v mt nh thu. Bi ton lung cc i trn mng c th xem nh trng hp c bit ca lp cc bi ton mng phc tp hn, chng hng nh bi ton lu thng. nh l lung cc i-lt ct hp nht (max-flow min-cut theorem) ch ra gi tr lung cc i t s n t (nh pht n nh thu) bng gi tr ca lt ct s-t hp nht trn mng. Bn hy th gii quyt bi ton lung cc i trn mng: cho mt mng lung, hy tm gi tr lung cc i. D liu Dng u tin cha 4 s nguyn dng n, m, s, t, (2 n 1000) tng ng l s nh, s cnh ca th, ch s ca nh pht v nh thu. m dng tip theo, mi dng c dng ba s u, v, c cch nhau t nht mt du cch th hin c cung u, v trong mng vi kh nng thng qua l c (1 c 106).

Kt qa In ra mt s duy nht l gi tr ca lung cc i trn mng.

V d
NHP.INP 32 222 020 102 122 212 222222112112 NHP.OUT 3

D liu: 6816 125 135 246 253 343 351 466 566 Kt qa 9
Bo v
M bi: BAOVE

Mt mng li gm N thnh ph, v mt s ng mt chiu ni cc cp thnh ph (gia hai thnh ph c th c nhiu ng ni mt chiu). Qun ch ang tp trung thnh ph N, nh tin cng ta thnh ph 1, v chng s tin cng trn tt c cc con ng cha c bo v tin vo thnh ph 1. B ch huy ta cn xc nh s qun t nht trn cc con ng chn ch tin v thnh ph 1. Input Dng u ghi N (N 5000) Cc dng tip theo cho n ht file, mi dng mt t 1 ng gm u, v, s cho bit c on ng mt chiu t u n v, v phi cn t nht s qun chn ch trn ng ny. (s 65000) C khng qu 10000 ng. Output S qun t nht cn iu ng

V d
NKFLOW.INP 10 10 7 25050 6 1 12564 10 4 23916 5 1 61054 10 9 50950 9 1 35558 10 2 60941 3 1 22203 8 2 2853 5 7 31422 3 7 41491 8 7 27235 4 8 55965 8 6 41980 3 6 47707 2 3 45320 3 8 11237 7 6 38734 5 6 7561 3 5 8844 NKFLOW.OUT 79169

Example
Bo ng
M bi: ALERT

Th gii nhng nm 2077 hnh thnh nn 2 thi cc r rng , cc nc hoc l i theo con ng Ch Ngha X Hi hoc l theo T Bn Ch Ngha. Khi xng nn cc lung t tng ny l 2 nc Lo v Campuchia . Lo v 1 s nc thn Lo theo ng li X Hi Ch Ngha cn Campuchia v 1 s nc thn Campuchia theo T Bn Ch Ngha. Nh ta bit nn kinh t cc nm trong tng lai l nn kinh t tri thc v ca cc mi quan h. Nu trc y 2 nc X v Y c quan h kinh t l Z t la vi nhau v gi X theo CNXH cn Y theo TBCN th 2 nc ny s ct t mi quan h kinh t vi nhau , i vi nn kinh t th gii th thc s l 1 tn tht ln , cn nu 2 nc cng i theo cng 1 con ng chnh tr th mi quan h vn c duy tr . Tuy nhin nm nay mi l nm 2007 v th mi ch c Lo , cc nc thn Lo l theo CNXH v Campuchia v cc nc thn Campuchia theo TBCN , cn li cc nc vn theo con ng trung lp v ti nm 2077 h mi chn TBCN hay l XHCN. Bit bn rt gii lp trnh , cc chuyn gia thuc Lin Hp Quc mun nh bn hy lp trnh tnh xem ti nm 2077 th trong tnh hung tt nht th Tng Gi Tr Kinh T Ton

Cu l bao nhiu ? Bit rng Tng Gi Tr Kinh T Ton Cu c tnh bng tng gi tr cc mi quan h kinh t gia cc nc trn th gii . Input Dng 1 : S nguyn dng N ( 1 N 200 ) l s lng cc quc gia trn th gii , cc quc gia c nh s th t t 1 -> N . Dng 2 : S nguyn dng L l cc nc tnh ti thi im hin ti ang theo CNXH . Dng 3 : Gm L s nguyn dng l ch s ca cc nc ang theo CNXH . Dng 4 : S nguyn dng C l cc nc tnh ti thi im hin ti ang theo TBCN. Dng 5 : Gm C s nguyn dng l ch s ca cc nc ang theo TBCN . Dng 6 : S nguyn dng M ( 1 M N*(N-1)/2 ) l s quan h kinh t gia cc nc trn th gii . M dng tip theo , dng th i gm 3 s nguyn dng Xi Yi Zi ( 1 Xi Yi N , 1 Zi 1000 ) m t 1 mi quan h kinh t . Output Dng 1 : S nguyn dng K l Tng Gi Tr Kinh T Ton Cu trong tnh hung tt nht v s nguyn dng T l s nc theo XHCN trong tnh hung . Dng 2 : Ghi ra ch s ca T nc theo CNXH trong tnh hung tt nht . Nu c nhiu phng n th ch ra phng n m c s lng nc theo CNXH l nhiu nht . V d:
ALERT.INP 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 10 Monkey island
M bi: NKTRAFIC

ALERT.OUT 10 2 12

Sau khi phn chia t nc thnh cc thnh ph, o kh li ny sinh vn mi: phi ngn chn vic vn chuyn chui! o kh c N thnh ph nh s t 1 n N ni vi nhau bi M ng ni hai chiu. Gia hai thnh ph c nhiu nht mt con ng. Gia hai thnh ph bt k c t nht mt ng i (to bi mt hoc nhiu con ng). o kh c hai th l thnh ph 1 v thnh ph N. Gn y, vic vn chuyn chui gia hai th tng vt. tn cng vic vn chuyn, tng thng huy ng G binh lnh, mi binh lnh c th t ti v tr bt k trn mt con ng, c th gn thnh ph ty , nhng khng c nm trong thnh ph. Trong trng hp c lnh tn cng vo mt trong hai th , tt c binh lnh phi di chuyn n th

. Cc binh lnh di chuyn vi vn tc khng i. Thi gian cn thit huy ng mt cuc tn cng nh vy bng khong cch ln nht t cc binh lnh n mt trong hai th . Yu cu: xc nh mt cch b tr cc binh lnh sao cho mi ng i t th ny n th kia u i qua t nht mt con ng c binh lnh gc v thi gian huy ng tn cng trong trng hp xu nht l nh nht. D liu Dng u tin cha 3 s nguyn N, M, G cch nhau bi khong trng. Mi dng trong s M dng sau cha 3 s nguyn a, b, c cch nhau bi khong trng, cho bit c mt ng ni hai chiu gia thnh ph a v b vi di c.

Kt qa In ra mt s nguyn duy nht l thi gian nh nht tt c cc binh lnh c th di chuyn n mt th , vi ng mt ch s thp phn. Nu khng c li gii, in ra -1. Gii hn

2 < N < 155 2 < M < 5055 0 < di ca mt con ng < 1024 2 < G < 4096

V d
NKTRAFIC.INP 662 121 232 361 141 453 561 H thng n
M bi: LIGHT

NKTRAFIC .OUT 2.5

Khu vc t cc b xng ca mt Tng Cng Ty Xng Du c dng mt hnh ch nht c chia thnh m * n vung. Cc vung c nh ta 1 -> m t trn xung, 1 -> n t tri sang. Ti k ca li c t cc b xng. Ngi ta cn xy dng mt h thng n pha chiu sng, mi n ch chiu dc theo hoc l hng hoc l ct ca li vung sao cho mi b cha xng phi c chiu sng bi t nht mt n pha chiu dc theo hng hoc ct cha n. Bit:

- ai l chi ph xy dng n chiu sng dc theo hng. - bj l chi ph xy dng n chiu sng dc theo ct. Yu cu: Tm cch xy dng h thng n vi tng chi ph xy dng l nh nht. Input -Dng u tin cha 3 s nguyn dng m, n, k -Dng th hai cha m s nguyn a1, -Dng th ba cha n s nguyn b1, - Dng th i trong k dng tip theo cha ta ca b xng th i. Output Mt dng duy nht ghi tng chi ph theo cch xy dng tm c. V d:
LIGHT.INP 234 15 17 246 11 22 23 21 Lung vi chi ph nh nht
M bi: MINCOST

(m, n <= a2, ..., b2, ...,

100). am. bn.

LIGHT.OUT 12

Cho mt mng i xng c n nh, mi cnh ca mng c mt kh nng thng qua v mt cc ph vn chuyn nht nh (nh nhau theo c hai chiu). Cho trc mt lng hng S cn vn chuyn t nh ngun (nh s l s) ti nh ch (nh s l f). Hy tm mt phng n vn chuyn, ngha l hy xc nh trn mi cnh ca mng cn vn chuyn bao nhiu hng, theo chiu no, sao cho ph hp vi kh nng thng qua ca mng (trn mi cnh lng hng vn chuyn khng vt qu kh nng thng qua ca cnh) v vn chuyn c lng hng S t ngun v ch vi tng chi ph vn chuyn l nh nht. V mt ton hc, bi ton tm lung vi chi ph nh nht c th din t nh sau: Cc tiu ha hm chi ph cijxij vi iu kin:
1.
o o o

2.

(xij - xji) vi j = 1..n, c gi tr S nu i = s 0 nu i s; i n -S nu i = f 0 xij dij vi mi cnh (i, j)

 y nh ngun c nh s l s, nh ch l f, cij l chi ph vn chuyn mt n v hng trn cnh (i, j), dij l kh nng thng qua ca cnh (i, j); cn xij l khi lng hng vn chuyn trn cnh (i, j) cn xc nh. Input Dng u l n, m, k, s, f : S nh, s ng, s n v hng cn vn chuyn. nh bt u, nh kt thc m dng tip theo mi bao gm u, v, c, d cho bit c ng t u -> v, v -> u vi chi ph l c v kh nng thng qua l d.

Output Dng u, nu khng vn chuyn c ghi 1, nu c ghi tng chi ph vn chuyn. Nu c nghim th mt s dng tip ghi u, v, i cho bit vn chuyn i n v hng t trn cnh u -> v. Kt thc bng "0 0 0".

V d:
MINCOST.INP 68516 1212 1434 2314 2552 3424 3612 4641 5662 MINCOST.OUT 43 122 143 252 362 432 461 562 000

Gii hn:

n <= 100 dij<= 30000 cij<= 109

Phm vi tnh ton l Longint.

Phng my
M bi: WIFI

Cuc thi ACM sp ti ti thnh ph H Ch Minh s c N i thi. Ban t chc b tr N my thi cho cc i, i i ngi ti v tr x i yi. cc i c th truy cp h thng np bi d dng, ban t chc b tr M access point. Ban t chc mun t chc phng my sao cho:

Mi my tnh c kt ni vi ng 1 access point. S lng my kt ni vi cc access point chnh lch khng qu 1.

Tng "chp chn" ca mng l nh nht. chp chn ca mt my c tnh bng bnh phng khong cch gia my vi access point m my kt ni ti.

D liu

Dng th nht ghi 2 s M v N. M dng tip theo, mi dng ghi 2 s l ta ca cc access point. N dng tip theo, mi dng ghi 2 s l ta ca cc my tnh.

Kt qu

Dng th nht ghi ra tng chp chn ca mng nh nht c th. Dng th 2 ghi N s. S th i l s hiu ca access point m my th i kt ni

ti. V d
WIFI.INP 23 00 21 10 11 12 WIFI.OUT 4 122

Hnh v di y m t test v d trn. Cc my tnh l cc hnh vung mu en, cc access point l cc hnh vung mu trng.

Gii hn 1 N 200, 1 M 50. Cc ta l nguyn v tr tuyt i khng qu 1000.

Trao i thng tin

M bi: KWAY

Cho mt mng thng tin gm n trm v m ng ni hai chiu gia cc trm. Trm s l trm ch huy, trm f l trm iu khin. Sau mt ln b tin tc tn cng ly mt d liu t trm ch huy chuyn n trm iu khin, ch huy mng quyt nh chia thng tin chuyn i thnh k n v thng tin chuyn theo k ng n trm iu khin. M hai ng truyn bt k khng c chung bt k mt ng no. Hy tm cch truyn k n v thng tin sao cho tng chi ph l nh nht. Input - Dng u l n, m, k, s, f (n 100). - m dng tip l u, v, c cho bit c ng t u -> v v v -> u vi chi ph l c. Output - Dng u ghi 1 nu khng th chuyn k n v thng tin theo cch trn, ngc li ghi chi phi chuyn. - k dng tip ln lt ghi cch chuyn ca tng n v thng tin. S u l s lng trm trn ng truyn, tip l dy cc trm trn ng truyn (bt u t s, kt thc f) Ch :Phm vi tnh ton l Longint. V d:
KWAY.INP 8 11 3 1 8 121 141 151 231 241 271 381 361 351 681 781 KWAY.OUT 11 41238 515368 514278

8. Cc bi ton th trong cc k thi Quc gia

Mng my tnh (2006 vng 1)

Mt h thng n my tnh (cc my tnh c nh s t 1 n n) c ni li thnh mt mng bi m knh ni, mi knh ni hai my no v cho php ta truyn tin mt chiu t my ny n my kia. Gi s s v t l 2 my tnh trong mng. Ta gi ng truyn t my s n my t l mt dy cc my tnh v cc knh ni chng c dng:

s = u1, e1, u2, ..., ui, ei, ui+1, ..., uk-1, ek-1, uk = t trong u1, u2, ..., uk l cc my tnh trong mng, ei - knh truyn tin t my ui n my ui+1. (i = 1, 2,... , k-1). Mng my tnh c gi l thng sut nu nh i vi hai my u, v bt k ta lun c ng truyn tin t u n v v ng truyn tin t v n u. Mng my tnh c gi l hu nh thng sut nu i vi hai my u, v bt k, hoc l c ng truyn t u n v, hoc l c ng truyn t v n u. Bit rng mng my tnh cho l hu nh thng sut nhng khng thng sut. Yu cu: hy xc nh xem c th b sung ng mt knh truyn tin bin mng cho tr thnh thng sut c khng? D liu Dng u tin ghi 2 s nguyn n v m. Dng th i trong s m dng tip theo m t knh ni th i bao gm 2 s nguyn dng ui v vi cho bit knh ni th i cho php truyn tin t my u i n my vi, i=1,2,...,m.

Cc s trn cng mt dng c ghi cch nhau bi du cch. Kt qa Dng u tin ghi 'YES' nu cu tr li l khng nh, ghi 'NO' nu cu tr li l ph nh. Nu cu tr li l khng nh th dng th hai ghi hai s nguyn dng u, v cch nhau bi du cch cho bit cn b sung knh truyn tin t my u n my v bin mng thnh thng sut.

Hn ch Trong tt c cc test, n 2000, m 30000. V d

NHP.INP 32 12 2 3 Qun tng (2006 vng 1) NHP.OUT YES 13

Xt bn c vung kch thc nn. Cc dng c nh s t 1 n n, t di ln trn. Cc ct c nh s t 1 n n t tri qua phi. nm trn giao ca dng i v ct j c gi l (i,j). Trn bn c c m (0 m n) qun c. Vi m > 0, qun c th i (ri, ci), i = 1,2,..., m. Khng c hai qun c no trn cng

mt . Trong s cc cn li ca bn c, ti (p, q) c mt qun tng. Mi mt nc i, t v tr ang ng qun tng ch c th di chuyn n c nhng trn cng ng cho vi n m trn ng i khng phi qua cc c qun

Cn phi a qun tng t xut pht (p, q) v ch (s,t). Gi thit l ch khng c qun c. Nu ngoi qun tng khng c qun no khc trn bn c th ch c 2 trng hp: hoc l khng th ti c ch, hoc l ti c sau khng qu 2 nc i (hnh tri). Khi trn bn c cn c cc qun c khc, vn s khng cn n gin nh vy. Yu cu: Cho kch thc bn c n, s qun c hin c trn bn c m v v tr ca chng, xut pht v ch ca qun tng. Hy xc nh s nc i t nht cn thc hin a qun tng v ch hoc a ra s -1 nu iu ny khng th thc hin c. D liu vo: Dng u tin cha 6 s nguyn n, m, p, q, s, t. Nu m > 0 th mi dng th i trong m dng tip theo cha mt cp s nguyn ri , ci xc nh v tr qun th i. Hai s lin tip trn cng mt dng c ghi cch nhau t nht mt du cch. Kt qu ra: Gm 1 dng duy nht l s nc i tm c V d:
QUANTUONG.INP 837214 54 34 47 QUANTUONG.OUT 3

Hn ch:Trong tt c cc test: 1 n 200. C 60% s lng test vi n 20.

Knh xung yu (2006 vng 1)

Mt h thng n my tnh (cc my tnh c nh s t 1 n n) c ni li thnh mt mng bi m knh ni, mi knh ni hai my no v cho php truyn tin mt chiu t my ny n my kia. Ta gi mt mch vng ca mng cho l mt dy cc my tnh v cc knh ni chng c dng:

u1, e1, u2, ...,ui, ei, ui+1, ..., uk-1, ek-1, uk, ek, u1 Trong u1, u2, ..., uk l cc my tnh khc nhau trong mng, ei knh truyn tin t my ui n my ui+1 (i = 1, 2, ..., k-1), ek l knh truyn tin t my uk n my u1. Mt knh truyn tin trong mng c gi l knh xung yu nu nh bt c mch vng no ca mng cng u cha n. Yu cu: Hy xc nh tt c cc knh xung yu ca mng cho. Input Dng u tin cha 2 s nguyn dng n v m. Dng th i trong s m dng tip theo m t knh ni th i bao gm hai s nguyn dng ui, vi cho bit knh ni th i cho php truyn tin t my ui n my vi. Cc s trn cng mt dng c ghi cch nhau bi du cch. Output Dng u tin ghi s nguyn k l s lng knh xung yu trong mng cho. Ghi k = -1 nu mng khng cha knh xung yu. Nu k>0 th mi dng trong s k dng tip theo ghi thng tin v mt knh xung yu tm c theo qui cch m t ging nh trong file d liu vo. ng thi cc knh c in ra theo th t t in V d:
XUNGYEU.INP 22 12 21 XUNGYEU.OUT 2 12 21

Hn ch: Trong tt c cc test: n 1000, m 20000. C 50% s lng test vi n 200.

Robot cu ha (2007 - vng 1)

Trn mt mng li giao thng c n nt, cc nt c nh s t 1 n n v gia hai nt bt k c khng qu mt ng ni trc tip (ng ni trc tip l mt ng hai chiu). Ta gi ng i t nt s n nt t l mt dy cc nt v cc ng ni trc tip c dng: s = u1, e1, u2,..., ui, ei, ui+1, ..., uk-1, ek-1, uk = t, trong u1, u2, , uk l cc nt trong mng li giao thng, ei l ng ni trc tip gia nt ui v ui+1 (khng c nt uj no xut hin nhiu hn mt ln trong dy trn, j = 1, 2, , k).

Bit rng mng li giao thng c xt lun c t nht mt ng i t nt 1 n nt n. Mt robot cha y bnh vi w n v nng lng, cn i t trm cu ho t ti nt 1 n ni xy ra ho hon nt n, trong thi gian t nht c th. Thi gian v chi ph nng lng robot i trn ng ni trc tip t nt i n nt j tng ng l t ij v cij (1 i, j n). Robot ch c th i c trn ng ni trc tip t nt i n nt j nu nng lng cn li trong bnh cha khng t hn cij (1 i, j n). Nu robot i n mt nt c trm tip nng lng (mt nt c th c hoc khng c trm tip nng lng) th n t ng c np y nng lng vo bnh cha vi thi gian np coi nh khng ng k. Yu cu: Hy xc nh gi tr w nh nht robot i c trn mt ng i t nt 1 n nt n trong thi gian t nht. Input Dng u tin cha mt s nguyn dng n (2 n 500); Dng th hai cha n s, trong s th j bng 1 hoc 0 tng ng nt j c hoc khng c trm tip nng lng (j = 1, 2, , n); Dng th ba cha s nguyn dng m (m 30000) l s ng ni trc tip c trong mng li giao thng; Dng th k trong s m dng tip theo cha 4 s nguyn dng i, j, t ij, cij (tij, cij 10000) m t ng ni trc tip t nt i n nt j, thi gian v chi ph nng lng tng ng. Hai s lin tip trn mt dng trong file d liu cch nhau t nht mt du cch. Output Ghi ra s nguyn dng w tm c. V d:
Output: 3

NHP.INP 4 0110 5 1254 1343 1494 2441 3 4 5 2

NHP.OUT

L c (2008 vng 1)

Nhy l c l tr chi dn gian ca Vit Nam. Ngi trn hnh tinh X cng rt thch tr chi ny v h ci bin tr chi ny nh sau: Trn mt phng v n vng trn c nh s t 1 n n. Ti vng trn i ngi ta in s nguyn dng a i. Hai s trn hai vng trn

ty khng nht thit phi khc nhau. Tip n ngi ta v cc mi tn, mi mi tn hng t mt vng trn n mt vng trn khc. Quy tc v mi tn l: Nu c ba s ai, aj, ak tha mn ak = ai + aj th v mi tn hng t vng trn i n vng trn k v mi tn hng t vng trn j n vng trn k. Ngi chi ch c di chuyn t mt vng trn n mt vng trn khc nu c mi tn xut pht t mt trong s cc vng trn, di chyn theo cch mi tn v i n cc vng trn khc. Ngi thng cuc s l ngi tm c cch di chuyn qua nhiu vng trn nht. V d: Vi 5 vng trn v cc s trong vng trn l 1, 2, 8, 3, 5, tr chi c trnh by trong hnh di y:

Khi c th di chuyn c nhiu nht qua 4 vng trn (tng ng vi ng di chuyn c t m trn hnh v). Yu cu Hy xc nh xem trong tr chi m t trn, nhiu nht c th di chuyn c qua bao nhiu vng trn. D liu

Dng u cha s nguyn n (3 n 1000); Dng th hai cha dy s nguyn dng a1, a2, ..., an (ai 109, i=1, 2,..., n).

Hai s lin tip trn mt dng c ghi cch nhau bi du cch. Kt qu Ghi ra s lng vng trn trn ng di chuyn tm c. Rng buc

60% s tests ng vi 60% s im ca bi c 3 n 100.

V d D liu: 5 12835
Kt qa 4

Nt st - xung yu (2009 vng 1)

Bn giao thng ca hnh tinh X bao gm n thnh ph c nh s t 1 n n v m on ng mt chiu ni cc cp thnh ph, gia hai thnh ph bt k c khng qu mt on ng cng chiu ni chng. Thnh ph s l th ca hnh tinh, t c th di chuyn theo cc on ng ni gia cc thnh ph n bt c thnh ph no trong s cc thnh ph cn li. Thnh ph t l mt im du lch a thch ca ngi dn th . Hng nm c mt lng ln ngi dn th n ngh ngi ti im du lch hp dn ny. V th, trong cc ma du lch ch tc giao thng trn ng i t s n t thng xuyn xy ra ti mt s nt giao thng. Do , B Giao thng ca hnh tinh X mun xc nh cc nt giao thng ny. Ta ni thnh ph a ( a s v a t) l nt st-xung yu nu mi ng i t s n t u phi i qua a. Yu cu: Hy xc nh s lng cc nt st-xung yu. D liu: Dng u tin cha 4 s nguyn dng n, m, s, t (3 n 104, m 105); m dng tip theo m t s giao thng trn hnh tinh X: Dng th i cha hai s nguyn ui, vi cho bit c on ng mt chiu i t thnh ph ui n thnh ph i, i = 1, 2, ..., m. Cc s lin tip trn cng dng c ghi cch nhau bi t nht mt du cch.

Kt qu

Mt s nguyn duy nht l s lng nt st-xung yu.

V d D liu Kt qu 7 10 1 5 1 1 2 1 3 2 4 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 2 6 7 7 3 75 Rng buc: 60% s tests ng vi 60% s im ca bi c 3 n 100.

n nh (2010 vng 1)

Trong mng x hi, mi trang web c t chc trn mt my tnh thnh vin v cung cp dch v truy nhp ti mt s trang web khc. truy nhp ti mt trang web no khng c trong danh mc kt ni trc tip ca mnh, ngi dng phi truy nhp ti trang web

khc c kt ni vi mnh, da vo danh mc dch v ca trang web ny chuyn ti trang web khc theo ty chn, c nh th cho n khi ti c trang web mnh cn. Thi gian truy nhp ti mt trang web ph thuc ch yu v s ln m trang web trong qu trnh truy nhp. Nh vy, ngi dng cn ch ng chn l trnh truy nhp hp l. Sau mt thi gian lm vic trn mng, Sng - mt thnh vin nhit thnh tch ly kinh nghim, to mt c s d liu, cho bit t mt trang web c th i ti nhng trang web no trong mng. Trong c s d liu, cc trang web c nh s t 1 n n v c m bn ghi, mi bn ghi c dng cp c th t (u, v) cho bit trang web u c kt ni ti trang web v ( 1 u, v n, u v). C s d liu cha c chun ha, v vy c th cha cc cp (u, v) ging nhau. Trang web ca Sng c s hiu l s. Da vo c s d liu, Sng c th xc nh l trnh truy nhp nhanh nht (tc l s ln phi m trang web l t nht) t trang web s ti trang web u bt k. Tuy vy, mng x hi, mi chuyn u c th xy ra: mt khu vc no b mt in, my ca mt thnh vin b hng, trang web ang b ng nng cp, ... Kt qu l mt vi trang web no c th tm thi khng hot ng. Nh vy, nu t s c t nht hai l trnh nhanh nht khc nhau ti u th kh nng thc hin truy nhp c mt cch nhanh nht ti u l ln hn so vi nhng trang web ch c duy nht mt l trnh nhanh nht. Hai l trnh gi l khc nhau nu c t nht mt trang web c l trnh ny m khng c l trnh kia hoc c hai l trnh cng i qua nhng trang web nh nhau nhng theo cc trnh t khc nhau. Nhng trang web m t s ti c t ra l hai l trnh nhanh nht khc nhau c gi l n nh i vi s. Trang web m t s khng c l trnh ti n l khng n nh i vi s.

V d, vi mng nu hnh trn (n = 6, m = 9) cc trang web 4 v 3 l n nh vi s = 1 (t 1 ti 4 c 2 l trnh nhanh nht: 1 - 2 - 4 v 1 - 5 - 4, t 1 ti 3 cng c 2 l trnh nhanh nht: 1 - 2 - 4 - 3 v 1 - 5 - 4 - 3). Yu cu Cho cc s nguyn dng n, m, s v m cp s (u, v) xc nh t u c th kt ni trc tip ti c v. Hy xc nh s lng trang web n nh i vi s. D liu

Dng u tin cha 3 s nguyn n, m v s (2 10000, 1 m 50000, 1 s Mi dng trong m dng tip theo cha 2 s nguyn u v v (1 u, v n, u

n).

v).

Cc s trn mt dng c ghi cch nhau t nht mt du cch. Kt qu Mt s nguyn - s trang web n nh i vi s. V d Input: 6 11 1 15 15 56 12 54 24 43 54 52 32 65 Output: 2
Nng cp mng (2011 vng 1)

Mt h thng gm n my tnh nh s t 1 n n c kt ni thnh mt mng bi m on cp mng nh s t 1 n m. on cp mng th i c thng lng w i kt ni hai my ui, vi cho php truyn d liu theo c hai chiu gia hai my ny. Mt dy cc my x1, x2, , xp trong gia hai my xj v xj+1 (j = 1, 2, , p-1) c on cp ni c gi l mt ng truyn tin t my x1 ti my xp. Thng lng ca ng truyn tin c xc nh nh l thng lng nh nht trong s cc thng lng ca cc on cp mng trn ng truyn. Gi thit l mng c kt ni sao cho c ng truyn tin gia hai my bt k v gia hai my c khng qu mt on cp mng ni chng. Ngi ta mun nng cp mng bng cch tng thng lng ca mt s on cp ni trong mng. tng thng lng ca mi on cp mng thm mt lng d (d > 0) ta phi tr mt chi ph ng bng d. Vic nng cp mng phi m bo l sau khi hon tt, thng lng ca mi on cp mng i u bng thng lng ca ng truyn tin c thng lng ln nht t my ui ti my vi. Yu cu: Tm phng n nng cp cc on cp mng sao cho tng chi ph nng cp l nh nht. D liu:

Dng th nht: Cha hai s nguyn dng n, m (n, m <= 10^5). Dng th i trong s m dng tip theo cha ba s nguyn dng ui, vi, wi (wi<=

10^6), i = 1, 2, , m. Cc s trn cng mt dng c ghi cch nhau t nht mt du cch. Kt qu: ghi ra mt s nguyn duy nht l tng chi ph nng cp theo phng n tm c. V d: D liu 6 1 1 2 3 4 4 567 Kt qu 75 6 5 3 9 4 8

2 3 4 4 5 6

Rng buc: 50% s test ng vi 50% s im ca bi c n <= 100.

Phn cm (2006 vng 2)

Phn cm l mt bi ton c ngha ng dng quan trng trong cc lnh vc nh hc my, khai ph d liu, thu thp d liu v i hi phn hoch tp cc im d liu ra thnh cc nhm sao cho cc im trong cng mt nhm l gn nhau v cch xa cc nhm khc. Trong bi ny chng ta xt mt dng n gin ca bi ton phn cm. Cho tp gm n i tng X = {x1, x2, ..., xn}, khong cch d(xi, xj) gia mi cp xi xj v mt s nguyn dng k (k n). Gi thit l d(xi, xj) l cc s nguyn dng, d(xi, xj) = d(xj, xi) v d(xi, xi) = 0, vi mi i, j = 1, 2, ..., n. Ta gi mt cch phn cm l mt cch phn hoch tp X ra thnh k tp con khc rng (mi tp con nh vy c gi l mt cm). Cho C = {C1, C2, ..., Ck} l mt cch phn cm, ta gi phn tch ca cch phn cm C (k hiu l (C )) l gi tr nh nht trong s cc khong cch gia hai phn t bt k thuc hai cm khc nhau, ngha l

(C ) = min {d(u,v): u Cp, v Cq , p q }. Yu cu: Tm cch phn cm vi phn tch l ln nht. D liu: Vo t file vn bn CLUSTER.INP:

Dng u tin cha hai s nguyn n v k.

Dng th i trong s n dng tip theo ghi cc s d(xi, x1), d(xi, x2), ..., d(xi, xn), i = 1, 2, ..., n. Cc s trn cng mt dng c ghi cch nhau bi du cch. Kt qu: Ghi ra file vn bn CLUSTER.OUT phn tch ca cch phn cm tm c. V d: CLUSTER.INP CLUSTER.OUT 43 0123 1023 2203 3330 Hn ch:

Trong tt c cc test:1 n 200; d(xi, xj) 32000, i, j = 1, 2, ..., n. C 50% s lng test vi n 100.

Thot m cung (2006 vng 2)

M cung c dng li vung hnh ch nht kch thc mxn, cc dng ca li c nh s t 1 n m t trn xung di, cc ct c nh s t 1 n n t tri sang phi. nm trn giao ca dng i v ct j c gi l (i,j). Mi l mt phng. Vch ngn gia hai phng hoc gia phng vi phn bn ngoi c th c hoc khng c ca thng nhau. M cung c m t bi bn s B l bng mxn s nguyn, trong thnh phn v tr giao ca dng i vi ct j l Bij (0 Bij 4) cho bit s vch ngn c ca ca (i,j). Thi gian i t mt sang bn cnh hoc ra ngoi l 1, nu vch ngn tng ng c ca.

Yu cu: Cho bit m, n, bn s B v (u, v) to mt no trong m cung. Hy xc nh mt cch t ca cho cc phng m bo tha mn bn B v thi gian T thot ra khi m cung t phng (u, v) l t nht. Bit rng d liu bn s B m bo c t nht mt cch t ca thot ra ngoi. D liu vo

Dng u tin cha 4 s nguyn m, n, u v v. Dng th i trong m dng sau cha n s nguyn Bi1, Bi2,. . ., Bin.

Cc s trn cng mt dng c phn tch nhau bi du cch. Kt qa a ra s nguyn T. Hn ch

Trong tt c cc test: 2 m, n 50. C 50% s lng test vi m, n 25.

V d D liu mu 4433 1110 1032 1110 0100 Kt qa 3

Phng n phng th (2007 vng 2)

phng v cho mt trn a c dng li vung m n, B ch huy qun s tnh ton v vic thit lp cc cht phng th theo khu vc, mi cht s c t ti mt trong cc vung trn trn a v mi vung c khng qu mt cht. Gi s cc hng ngang c nh s t 1 n m theo trnh t t trn xung di v hng dc c nh s t 1 n n theo trnh t t tri sang phi. nm trn giao ca hng ngang i v hng dc j c gi l (i,j). H thng phng th cn phi bo m mi hng ngang, hng dc u c s lng cht cn thit. Bn cnh , da vo thng tin tnh bo, cc chuyn gia cng tnh ton c kh nng nh ph ca ch pij (pij<1000) vo tng (i,j) trn trn a (pij cng ln ngha l kh nng ch nh ph (i,j) cng cao). Cn c vo , ngi ch huy s b tr cc cht phng th.

Bn c mi lm c vn qun s, hy xc nh phng n t v tr cc cht phng th trn trn a m bo c cc yu cu v s lng cht phng th ng thi sao cho tng kh nng nh ph ca ch vo cc v tr c chn l nh nht. D liu vo t file vn bn DEFEND.INP: Dng u tin cha 2 s nguyn dng m, n (m, n 100),

Dng th 2 cha m s nguyn khng m ln lt l s lng cht cn c t hng ngang th 1 n hng ngang th m, Dng th 3 cha n s nguyn khng m ln lt l s lng cht cn c t hng dc th 1 n hng dc th n, m dng tip theo, mi dng cha n s nguyn khng m m t cc gi tr pij.

Cc s trn cng mt dng cch nhau bi mt du cch. Kt qu: ghi ra file vn bn DEFEND.OUT duy nht s -1 trong trng hp khng c phng n lp h thng cht phng th. Ngc li, ghi ra s nguyn l tng kh nng nh ph ca ch vo cc v tr c chn tng ng vi phng n tm c. V d: DEFEND.INP 44 2222 2222 1188 9 1 10 2 5523 2 4 10 10 DEFEND.OUT 22

T vn (2007 vng 2)

C N trung tm t vn (nh s t 1 n N), mi trung tm c kh nng t vn v mt s vn . Trong mt ngy lm vic, mi trung tm ch tip c mt s lng khch nht nh. Mt ngy cui nm, c M khch (nh s t 1 n M), mi khch cn t vn v mt vn . Khch ch c th n trung tm c kh nng t vn v vn ca mnh. Bn hy xc nh gip cn t nht bao nhiu trung tm hot ng c th t vn cho tt c cc khch trong ngy cui nm?

D liu vo t file vn bn ADVICE.INP gm:

Dng u ghi 2 s M (1 M 500), N (1 N 50),

Dng tip ghi M ch ci in hoa lin tip, trong ch th i m t vn cn t vn ca khch i, Dng th j trong N dng tip theo, ghi thng tin ca trung tm j, gm mt s nguyn l lng khch cho php t vn trong ngy (khng qu 50), sau l mt du cch, tip sau l mt dy cc ch ci in hoa lin nhau m t dy vn m trung tm c th t vn.

Cc s trn mt dng cch nhau bi mt du cch. D liu vo lun m bo tt c cc khch u c t vn. Kt qu: ghi ra file ADVICE.OUT mt s nguyn dng l s trung tm t nht tm c. V d: ADVICE.INP 84 BNFQISNS 40 QIC 35 UPSF 45 FPHBU 15 WPSCNG ADVICE.OUT 3